Improved naming [skip ci]

Co-authored-by: Itai Spiegel <itai@mave.com>

.dockerignore

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-/.git/
-/dist/
-/results/
-/tmp_check/
-/sql/vector--?.?.?.sql
-regression.*
-*.o
-*.so

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -8,27 +8,31 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
+          - postgres: 20
+            os: ubuntu-26.04
+          - postgres: 19
+            os: ubuntu-26.04
+          - postgres: 18
+            os: ubuntu-26.04-arm
           - postgres: 17
             os: ubuntu-24.04
           - postgres: 16
-            os: ubuntu-24.04
+            os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
           - postgres: 15
             os: ubuntu-22.04
           - postgres: 14
-            os: ubuntu-22.04
+            os: ubuntu-22.04-arm
           - postgres: 13
-            os: ubuntu-20.04
-          - postgres: 12
-            os: ubuntu-20.04
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
       - uses: ankane/setup-postgres@v1
         with:
           postgres-version: ${{ matrix.postgres }}
           dev-files: true
       - run: make
         env:
-          PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-sign-compare
+          PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-sign-compare ${{ matrix.postgres >= 18 && '-Wno-missing-field-initializers' || '' }}
       - run: |
           export PG_CONFIG=`which pg_config`
           sudo --preserve-env=PG_CONFIG make install
@@ -46,18 +50,18 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          - postgres: 16
-            os: macos-14
+          - postgres: 18
+            os: macos-26
           - postgres: 14
-            os: macos-12
+            os: macos-15-intel
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
       - uses: ankane/setup-postgres@v1
         with:
           postgres-version: ${{ matrix.postgres }}
       - run: make
         env:
-          PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter
+          PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-unknown-warning-option ${{ matrix.postgres >= 18 && '-Wno-missing-field-initializers' || '' }}
       - run: make install
       - run: make installcheck
       - if: ${{ failure() }}
@@ -70,26 +74,35 @@ jobs:
           tar xf $TAG.tar.gz
           mv postgres-$TAG postgres
         env:
-          TAG: ${{ matrix.postgres == 16 && 'REL_16_2' || 'REL_14_11' }}
+          TAG: ${{ matrix.postgres == 18 && 'REL_18_2' || 'REL_14_21' }}
       - run: make prove_installcheck PROVE_FLAGS="-I ./postgres/src/test/perl -I ./test/perl"
         env:
           PERL5LIB: /Users/runner/perl5/lib/perl5
-      - run: make clean && $(brew --prefix llvm@15)/bin/scan-build --status-bugs make
+      - run: make clean && $(brew --prefix llvm@$LLVM_VERSION)/bin/scan-build --status-bugs make
         env:
+          LLVM_VERSION: ${{ matrix.os == 'macos-26' && 20 || 18 }}
           PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING
   windows:
-    runs-on: windows-latest
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'mac') }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - postgres: 17
+            os: windows-2025
+          - postgres: 14
+            os: windows-2022
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
       - uses: ankane/setup-postgres@v1
         with:
-          postgres-version: 14
+          postgres-version: ${{ matrix.postgres }}
       - run: |
-          call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat" && ^
+          call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\${{ matrix.os == 'windows-2025' && 18 || 2022 }}\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat" && ^
           nmake /NOLOGO /F Makefile.win && ^
           nmake /NOLOGO /F Makefile.win install && ^
-          nmake /NOLOGO /F Makefile.win installcheck && ^
+          nmake /NOLOGO /F Makefile.win installcheck ${{ matrix.postgres != 17 && 'PG_REGRESS=$(PGROOT)\bin\pg_regress' || '' }} && ^
           nmake /NOLOGO /F Makefile.win clean && ^
           nmake /NOLOGO /F Makefile.win uninstall
         shell: cmd
@@ -122,10 +135,10 @@ jobs:
     if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'mac') && !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'windows') }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
       - uses: ankane/setup-postgres-valgrind@v1
         with:
-          postgres-version: 16
+          postgres-version: 18
           check-ub: yes
       - run: make OPTFLAGS=""
       - run: sudo --preserve-env=PG_CONFIG make install

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,43 @@
+## 0.8.5 (2026-07-08)
+
+- Reduced memory usage for small tables for IVFFlat index builds
+
+## 0.8.4 (2026-06-30)
+
+- Fixed `hnsw graph not repaired` error with HNSW vacuuming
+- Fixed possible error with inserts during HNSW vacuuming
+- Fixed memory exceeding `maintenance_work_mem` with IVFFlat index builds
+
+## 0.8.3 (2026-06-17)
+
+- Fixed possible index corruption with HNSW vacuuming
+- Fixed performance regression with Hamming distance and Jaccard distance with Postgres 18
+
+## 0.8.2 (2026-02-25)
+
+- Fixed buffer overflow with parallel HNSW index build - [more info](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/issues/959)
+- Improved `install` target on Windows
+- Fixed `Index Searches` in `EXPLAIN` output for Postgres 18
+
+## 0.8.1 (2025-09-04)
+
+- Added support for Postgres 18 rc1
+- Improved performance of `binary_quantize` function
+
+## 0.8.0 (2024-10-30)
+
+- Added support for iterative index scans
+- Added casts for arrays to `sparsevec`
+- Improved cost estimation for better index selection when filtering
+- Improved performance of HNSW index scans
+- Improved performance of HNSW inserts and on-disk index builds
+- Dropped support for Postgres 12
+
+## 0.7.4 (2024-08-05)
+
+- Fixed locking for parallel HNSW index builds
+- Fixed compilation error with GCC 14 on i386 when SSE2 is not enabled
+
 ## 0.7.3 (2024-07-22)
 
 - Fixed `failed to add index item` error with `sparsevec`

Dockerfile

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
-ARG PG_MAJOR=16
-FROM postgres:$PG_MAJOR
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+
+ARG PG_MAJOR=17
+ARG DEBIAN_CODENAME=bookworm
+FROM postgres:$PG_MAJOR-$DEBIAN_CODENAME
 ARG PG_MAJOR
 
-COPY . /tmp/pgvector
+ADD https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git#v0.8.5 /tmp/pgvector
 
 RUN apt-get update && \
 		apt-mark hold locales && \

LICENSE

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2024, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2026, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 
 Portions Copyright (c) 1994, The Regents of the University of California
 

META.json

@@ -2,17 +2,17 @@
 	"name": "vector",
 	"abstract": "Open-source vector similarity search for Postgres",
 	"description": "Supports L2 distance, inner product, and cosine distance",
-	"version": "0.7.3",
+	"version": "0.8.5",
 	"maintainer": [
 		"Andrew Kane <andrew@ankane.org>"
 	],
 	"license": {
-		"PostgreSQL": "http://www.postgresql.org/about/licence"
+		"PostgreSQL": "https://www.postgresql.org/about/licence"
 	},
 	"prereqs": {
 		"runtime": {
 			"requires": {
-				"PostgreSQL": "12.0.0"
+				"PostgreSQL": "13.0.0"
 			}
 		}
 	},
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 		"vector": {
 			"file": "sql/vector.sql",
 			"docfile": "README.md",
-			"version": "0.7.3",
+			"version": "0.8.5",
 			"abstract": "Open-source vector similarity search for Postgres"
 		}
 	},
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 	"generated_by": "Andrew Kane",
 	"meta-spec": {
 		"version": "1.0.0",
-		"url": "http://pgxn.org/meta/spec.txt"
+		"url": "https://pgxn.org/meta/spec.txt"
 	},
 	"tags": [
 		"vectors",

Makefile

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 EXTENSION = vector
-EXTVERSION = 0.7.3
+EXTVERSION = 0.8.5
 
 MODULE_big = vector
-DATA = $(wildcard sql/*--*.sql)
+DATA = $(wildcard sql/*--*--*.sql)
+DATA_built = sql/$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
 OBJS = src/bitutils.o src/bitvec.o src/halfutils.o src/halfvec.o src/hnsw.o src/hnswbuild.o src/hnswinsert.o src/hnswscan.o src/hnswutils.o src/hnswvacuum.o src/ivfbuild.o src/ivfflat.o src/ivfinsert.o src/ivfkmeans.o src/ivfscan.o src/ivfutils.o src/ivfvacuum.o src/sparsevec.o src/vector.o
 HEADERS = src/halfvec.h src/sparsevec.h src/vector.h
 
@@ -26,6 +27,11 @@ ifneq ($(filter ppc64%, $(shell uname -m)), )
 	OPTFLAGS =
 endif
 
+# RISC-V64 doesn't support -march=native
+ifeq ($(shell uname -m), riscv64)
+	OPTFLAGS =
+endif
+
 # For auto-vectorization:
 # - GCC (needs -ftree-vectorize OR -O3) - https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/tree-ssa/vectorization.html
 # - Clang (could use pragma instead) - https://llvm.org/docs/Vectorizers.html
@@ -42,8 +48,6 @@ all: sql/$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
 sql/$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql: sql/$(EXTENSION).sql
 	cp $< $@
 
-EXTRA_CLEAN = sql/$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
-
 PG_CONFIG ?= pg_config
 PGXS := $(shell $(PG_CONFIG) --pgxs)
 include $(PGXS)
@@ -53,7 +57,7 @@ ifeq ($(PROVE),)
 	PROVE = prove
 endif
 
-# for Postgres 15
+# for Postgres < 15
 PROVE_FLAGS += -I ./test/perl
 
 prove_installcheck:
@@ -67,7 +71,7 @@ dist:
 	git archive --format zip --prefix=$(EXTENSION)-$(EXTVERSION)/ --output dist/$(EXTENSION)-$(EXTVERSION).zip master
 
 # for Docker
-PG_MAJOR ?= 16
+PG_MAJOR ?= 17
 
 .PHONY: docker
 
@@ -77,4 +81,9 @@ docker:
 .PHONY: docker-release
 
 docker-release:
-	docker buildx build --push --pull --no-cache --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 --build-arg PG_MAJOR=$(PG_MAJOR) -t pgvector/pgvector:pg$(PG_MAJOR) -t pgvector/pgvector:$(EXTVERSION)-pg$(PG_MAJOR) .
+	docker buildx build --push --pull --no-cache --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 --build-arg PG_MAJOR=$(PG_MAJOR) --build-arg DEBIAN_CODENAME=bookworm -t pgvector/pgvector:pg$(PG_MAJOR) -t pgvector/pgvector:pg$(PG_MAJOR)-bookworm -t pgvector/pgvector:$(EXTVERSION)-pg$(PG_MAJOR) -t pgvector/pgvector:$(EXTVERSION)-pg$(PG_MAJOR)-bookworm .
+
+.PHONY: docker-release-trixie
+
+docker-release-trixie:
+	docker buildx build --push --pull --no-cache --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 --build-arg PG_MAJOR=$(PG_MAJOR) --build-arg DEBIAN_CODENAME=trixie -t pgvector/pgvector:pg$(PG_MAJOR)-trixie -t pgvector/pgvector:$(EXTVERSION)-pg$(PG_MAJOR)-trixie .

Makefile.win

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 EXTENSION = vector
-EXTVERSION = 0.7.3
+EXTVERSION = 0.8.5
 
+DATA_built = sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
 OBJS = src\bitutils.obj src\bitvec.obj src\halfutils.obj src\halfvec.obj src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\sparsevec.obj src\vector.obj
 HEADERS = src\halfvec.h src\sparsevec.h src\vector.h
 
@@ -19,11 +20,6 @@ PG_CFLAGS = $(PG_CFLAGS) $(OPTFLAGS) /O2 /fp:fast
 # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/error-messages/tool-errors/vectorizer-and-parallelizer-messages
 # PG_CFLAGS = $(PG_CFLAGS) /Qvec-report:2
 
-all: sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
-
-sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql: sql\$(EXTENSION).sql
-	copy sql\$(EXTENSION).sql $@
-
 # TODO use pg_config
 !ifndef PGROOT
 !error PGROOT is not set
@@ -35,6 +31,9 @@ LIBDIR = $(PGROOT)\lib
 PKGLIBDIR = $(PGROOT)\lib
 SHAREDIR = $(PGROOT)\share
 
+# Use $(PGROOT)\bin\pg_regress for Postgres < 17
+PG_REGRESS = $(LIBDIR)\pgxs\src\test\regress\pg_regress
+
 CFLAGS = /nologo /I"$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\port\win32_msvc" /I"$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\port\win32" /I"$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)" /I"$(INCLUDEDIR)"
 
 CFLAGS = $(CFLAGS) $(PG_CFLAGS)
@@ -43,23 +42,26 @@ SHLIB = $(EXTENSION).dll
 
 LIBS = "$(LIBDIR)\postgres.lib"
 
+all: $(SHLIB) $(DATA_built)
+
 .c.obj:
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) /c $< /Fo$@
 
 $(SHLIB): $(OBJS)
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(OBJS) $(LIBS) /link /DLL /OUT:$(SHLIB)
 
-all: $(SHLIB)
+sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql: sql\$(EXTENSION).sql
+	copy sql\$(EXTENSION).sql $@
 
-install:
+install: all
 	copy $(SHLIB) "$(PKGLIBDIR)"
 	copy $(EXTENSION).control "$(SHAREDIR)\extension"
 	copy sql\$(EXTENSION)--*.sql "$(SHAREDIR)\extension"
-	mkdir "$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\extension\$(EXTENSION)"
+	if not exist "$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\extension\$(EXTENSION)" mkdir "$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\extension\$(EXTENSION)"
 	for %f in ($(HEADERS)) do copy %f "$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\extension\$(EXTENSION)"
 
 installcheck:
-	"$(BINDIR)\pg_regress" --bindir="$(BINDIR)" $(REGRESS_OPTS) $(REGRESS)
+	"$(PG_REGRESS)" --bindir="$(BINDIR)" $(REGRESS_OPTS) $(REGRESS)
 
 uninstall:
 	del /f "$(PKGLIBDIR)\$(SHLIB)"
@@ -70,6 +72,6 @@ uninstall:
 
 clean:
 	del /f $(SHLIB) $(EXTENSION).lib $(EXTENSION).exp
+	del /f $(DATA_built)
 	del /f $(OBJS)
-	del /f sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
 	del /f /s /q results regression.diffs regression.out tmp_check tmp_check_iso log output_iso

README.md

@@ -11,17 +11,19 @@ Store your vectors with the rest of your data. Supports:
 
 Plus [ACID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID) compliance, point-in-time recovery, JOINs, and all of the other [great features](https://www.postgresql.org/about/) of Postgres
 
+Have a lot of vectors? Use [quantization](#scaling) to scale
+
 [![Build Status](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/actions/workflows/build.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/actions)
 
 ## Installation
 
 ### Linux and Mac
 
-Compile and install the extension (supports Postgres 12+)
+Compile and install the extension (supports Postgres 13+)
 
 ```sh
 cd /tmp
-git clone --branch v0.7.3 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.8.5 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
 make
 make install # may need sudo
@@ -29,24 +31,16 @@ make install # may need sudo
 
 See the [installation notes](#installation-notes---linux-and-mac) if you run into issues
 
-You can also install it with [Docker](#docker), [Homebrew](#homebrew), [PGXN](#pgxn), [APT](#apt), [Yum](#yum), [pkg](#pkg), or [conda-forge](#conda-forge), and it comes preinstalled with [Postgres.app](#postgresapp) and many [hosted providers](#hosted-postgres). There are also instructions for [GitHub Actions](https://github.com/pgvector/setup-pgvector).
+You can also install it with [Docker](#docker), [Homebrew](#homebrew), [PGXN](#pgxn), [APT](#apt), [Yum](#yum), [pkg](#pkg), [APK](#apk), or [conda-forge](#conda-forge), and it comes preinstalled with [Postgres.app](#postgresapp) and many [hosted providers](#hosted-postgres). There are also instructions for [GitHub Actions](https://github.com/pgvector/setup-pgvector).
 
 ### Windows
 
-Ensure [C++ support in Visual Studio](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/building-on-the-command-line?view=msvc-170#download-and-install-the-tools) is installed, and run:
+Ensure [C++ support in Visual Studio](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/building-on-the-command-line?view=msvc-170#download-and-install-the-tools) is installed and run `x64 Native Tools Command Prompt for VS [version]` as administrator. Then use `nmake` to build:
 
 ```cmd
-call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Community\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
-```
-
-Note: The exact path will vary depending on your Visual Studio version and edition
-
-Then use `nmake` to build:
-
-```cmd
-set "PGROOT=C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\16"
+set "PGROOT=C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\18"
 cd %TEMP%
-git clone --branch v0.7.3 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.8.5 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
 nmake /F Makefile.win
 nmake /F Makefile.win install
@@ -82,7 +76,7 @@ Get the nearest neighbors by L2 distance
 SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <-> '[3,1,2]' LIMIT 5;
 ```
 
-Also supports inner product (`<#>`), cosine distance (`<=>`), and L1 distance (`<+>`, added in 0.7.0)
+Also supports inner product (`<#>`), cosine distance (`<=>`), and L1 distance (`<+>`)
 
 Note: `<#>` returns the negative inner product since Postgres only supports `ASC` order index scans on operators
 
@@ -100,13 +94,15 @@ Or add a vector column to an existing table
 ALTER TABLE items ADD COLUMN embedding vector(3);
 ```
 
+Also supports [half-precision](#half-precision-vectors), [binary](#binary-vectors), and [sparse](#sparse-vectors) vectors
+
 Insert vectors
 
 ```sql
 INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES ('[1,2,3]'), ('[4,5,6]');
 ```
 
-Or load vectors in bulk using `COPY` ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/bulk_loading.py))
+Or load vectors in bulk using `COPY` ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/loading/example.py))
 
 ```sql
 COPY items (embedding) FROM STDIN WITH (FORMAT BINARY);
@@ -144,7 +140,9 @@ Supported distance functions are:
 - `<->` - L2 distance
 - `<#>` - (negative) inner product
 - `<=>` - cosine distance
-- `<+>` - L1 distance (added in 0.7.0)
+- `<+>` - L1 distance
+- `<~>` - Hamming distance (binary vectors)
+- `<%>` - Jaccard distance (binary vectors)
 
 Get the nearest neighbors to a row
 
@@ -202,7 +200,7 @@ You can add an index to use approximate nearest neighbor search, which trades so
 
 Supported index types are:
 
-- [HNSW](#hnsw) - added in 0.5.0
+- [HNSW](#hnsw)
 - [IVFFlat](#ivfflat)
 
 ## HNSW
@@ -231,19 +229,19 @@ Cosine distance
 CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_cosine_ops);
 ```
 
-L1 distance - added in 0.7.0
+L1 distance
 
 ```sql
 CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l1_ops);
 ```
 
-Hamming distance - added in 0.7.0
+Hamming distance
 
 ```sql
 CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding bit_hamming_ops);
 ```
 
-Jaccard distance - added in 0.7.0
+Jaccard distance
 
 ```sql
 CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding bit_jaccard_ops);
@@ -252,9 +250,9 @@ CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding bit_jaccard_ops);
 Supported types are:
 
 - `vector` - up to 2,000 dimensions
-- `halfvec` - up to 4,000 dimensions (added in 0.7.0)
-- `bit` - up to 64,000 dimensions (added in 0.7.0)
-- `sparsevec` - up to 1,000 non-zero elements (added in 0.7.0)
+- `halfvec` - up to 4,000 dimensions
+- `bit` - up to 64,000 dimensions
+- `sparsevec` - up to 1,000 non-zero elements
 
 ### Index Options
 
@@ -308,17 +306,21 @@ Note: Do not set `maintenance_work_mem` so high that it exhausts the memory on t
 
 Like other index types, it’s faster to create an index after loading your initial data
 
-Starting with 0.6.0, you can also speed up index creation by increasing the number of parallel workers (2 by default)
+You can also speed up index creation by increasing the number of parallel workers (2 by default)
 
 ```sql
 SET max_parallel_maintenance_workers = 7; -- plus leader
 ```
 
-For a large number of workers, you may also need to increase `max_parallel_workers` (8 by default)
+For a large number of workers, you may need to increase `max_parallel_workers` (8 by default)
+
+The [index options](#index-options) also have a significant impact on build time (use the defaults unless seeing low recall)
+
+Use [binary quantization](#binary-quantization) for faster build times at scale
 
 ### Indexing Progress
 
-Check [indexing progress](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/progress-reporting.html#CREATE-INDEX-PROGRESS-REPORTING) with Postgres 12+
+Check [indexing progress](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/progress-reporting.html#CREATE-INDEX-PROGRESS-REPORTING)
 
 ```sql
 SELECT phase, round(100.0 * blocks_done / nullif(blocks_total, 0), 1) AS "%" FROM pg_stat_progress_create_index;
@@ -361,7 +363,7 @@ Cosine distance
 CREATE INDEX ON items USING ivfflat (embedding vector_cosine_ops) WITH (lists = 100);
 ```
 
-Hamming distance - added in 0.7.0
+Hamming distance
 
 ```sql
 CREATE INDEX ON items USING ivfflat (embedding bit_hamming_ops) WITH (lists = 100);
@@ -370,8 +372,8 @@ CREATE INDEX ON items USING ivfflat (embedding bit_hamming_ops) WITH (lists = 10
 Supported types are:
 
 - `vector` - up to 2,000 dimensions
-- `halfvec` - up to 4,000 dimensions (added in 0.7.0)
-- `bit` - up to 64,000 dimensions (added in 0.7.0)
+- `halfvec` - up to 4,000 dimensions
+- `bit` - up to 64,000 dimensions
 
 ### Query Options
 
@@ -404,7 +406,7 @@ For a large number of workers, you may also need to increase `max_parallel_worke
 
 ### Indexing Progress
 
-Check [indexing progress](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/progress-reporting.html#CREATE-INDEX-PROGRESS-REPORTING) with Postgres 12+
+Check [indexing progress](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/progress-reporting.html#CREATE-INDEX-PROGRESS-REPORTING)
 
 ```sql
 SELECT phase, round(100.0 * tuples_done / nullif(tuples_total, 0), 1) AS "%" FROM pg_stat_progress_create_index;
@@ -421,33 +423,131 @@ Note: `%` is only populated during the `loading tuples` phase
 
 ## Filtering
 
-There are a few ways to index nearest neighbor queries with a `WHERE` clause
+There are a few ways to index nearest neighbor queries with a `WHERE` clause.
 
 ```sql
 SELECT * FROM items WHERE category_id = 123 ORDER BY embedding <-> '[3,1,2]' LIMIT 5;
 ```
 
-Create an index on one [or more](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-multicolumn.html) of the `WHERE` columns for exact search
+A good place to start is creating an index on the filter column. This can provide fast, exact nearest neighbor search in many cases. Postgres has a number of [index types](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-types.html) for this: B-tree (default), hash, GiST, SP-GiST, GIN, and BRIN.
 
 ```sql
 CREATE INDEX ON items (category_id);
 ```
 
-Or a [partial index](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-partial.html) on the vector column for approximate search
+For multiple columns, consider a [multicolumn index](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-multicolumn.html).
+
+```sql
+CREATE INDEX ON items (location_id, category_id);
+```
+
+Exact indexes work well for conditions that match a low percentage of rows. Otherwise, [approximate indexes](#indexing) can work better.
+
+```sql
+CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops);
+```
+
+With approximate indexes, filtering is applied *after* the index is scanned. If a condition matches 10% of rows, with HNSW and the default `hnsw.ef_search` of 40, only 4 rows will match on average. For more rows, enable [iterative index scans](#iterative-index-scans), which will automatically scan more of the index when needed.
+
+```sql
+SET hnsw.iterative_scan = strict_order;
+```
+
+If filtering by only a few distinct values, consider [partial indexing](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-partial.html).
 
 ```sql
 CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops) WHERE (category_id = 123);
 ```
 
-Use [partitioning](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-partitioning.html) for approximate search on many different values of the `WHERE` columns
+If filtering by many different values, consider [partitioning](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-partitioning.html).
 
 ```sql
 CREATE TABLE items (embedding vector(3), category_id int) PARTITION BY LIST(category_id);
 ```
 
-## Half-Precision Vectors
+## Multitenancy
 
-*Added in 0.7.0*
+For applications with multiple tenants, sharing an approximate index between tenants means vectors from one tenant can affect recall (and speed) for other tenants.
+
+For tenant isolation, use [list partitioning](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-partitioning.html) or separate tables.
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE items (customer_id int, embedding vector(3)) PARTITION BY LIST(customer_id);
+```
+
+## Iterative Index Scans
+
+With approximate indexes, queries with filtering can return less results since filtering is applied *after* the index is scanned. Starting with 0.8.0, you can enable iterative index scans, which will automatically scan more of the index until enough results are found (or it reaches `hnsw.max_scan_tuples` or `ivfflat.max_probes`).
+
+Iterative scans can use strict or relaxed ordering.
+
+Strict ensures results are in the exact order by distance
+
+```sql
+SET hnsw.iterative_scan = strict_order;
+```
+
+Relaxed allows results to be slightly out of order by distance, but provides better recall
+
+```sql
+SET hnsw.iterative_scan = relaxed_order;
+# or
+SET ivfflat.iterative_scan = relaxed_order;
+```
+
+With relaxed ordering, you can use a [materialized CTE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/queries-with.html#QUERIES-WITH-CTE-MATERIALIZATION) to get strict ordering
+
+```sql
+WITH relaxed_results AS MATERIALIZED (
+    SELECT id, embedding <-> '[1,2,3]' AS distance FROM items WHERE category_id = 123 ORDER BY distance LIMIT 5
+) SELECT * FROM relaxed_results ORDER BY distance + 0;
+```
+
+Note: `+ 0` is needed for Postgres 17+
+
+For queries that filter by distance, use a materialized CTE and place the distance filter outside of it for best performance (due to the [current behavior](https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CAOdR5yGUoMQ6j7M5hNUXrySzaqZVGf_Ne%2B8fwZMRKTFxU1nbJg%40mail.gmail.com) of the Postgres executor)
+
+```sql
+WITH nearest_results AS MATERIALIZED (
+    SELECT id, embedding <-> '[1,2,3]' AS distance FROM items ORDER BY distance LIMIT 5
+) SELECT * FROM nearest_results WHERE distance < 5 ORDER BY distance;
+```
+
+Note: Place any other filters inside the CTE
+
+### Iterative Scan Options
+
+Since scanning a large portion of an approximate index is expensive, there are options to control when a scan ends.
+
+#### HNSW
+
+Specify the max number of tuples to visit (20,000 by default)
+
+```sql
+SET hnsw.max_scan_tuples = 20000;
+```
+
+Note: This is approximate and does not affect the initial scan
+
+Specify the max amount of memory to use, as a multiple of `work_mem` (1 by default)
+
+```sql
+SET hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier = 2;
+```
+
+Note: Try increasing this if increasing `hnsw.max_scan_tuples` does not improve recall
+
+#### IVFFlat
+
+Specify the max number of probes
+
+```sql
+SET ivfflat.max_probes = 100;
+```
+
+Note: If this is lower than `ivfflat.probes`, `ivfflat.probes` will be used
+
+## Half-Precision Vectors
 
 Use the `halfvec` type to store half-precision vectors
 
@@ -457,8 +557,6 @@ CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding halfvec(3));
 
 ## Half-Precision Indexing
 
-*Added in 0.7.0*
-
 Index vectors at half precision for smaller indexes
 
 ```sql
@@ -473,31 +571,23 @@ SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding::halfvec(3) <-> '[1,2,3]' LIMIT 5;
 
 ## Binary Vectors
 
-Use the `bit` type to store binary vectors ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hash_image_search.py))
+Use the `bit` type to store binary vectors ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/imagehash/example.py))
 
 ```sql
 CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding bit(3));
 INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES ('000'), ('111');
 ```
 
-Get the nearest neighbors by Hamming distance (added in 0.7.0)
+Get the nearest neighbors by Hamming distance
 
 ```sql
 SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <~> '101' LIMIT 5;
 ```
 
-Or (before 0.7.0)
-
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY bit_count(embedding # '101') LIMIT 5;
-```
-
 Also supports Jaccard distance (`<%>`)
 
 ## Binary Quantization
 
-*Added in 0.7.0*
-
 Use expression indexing for binary quantization
 
 ```sql
@@ -520,8 +610,6 @@ SELECT * FROM (
 
 ## Sparse Vectors
 
-*Added in 0.7.0*
-
 Use the `sparsevec` type to store sparse vectors
 
 ```sql
@@ -551,12 +639,10 @@ SELECT id, content FROM items, plainto_tsquery('hello search') query
     WHERE textsearch @@ query ORDER BY ts_rank_cd(textsearch, query) DESC LIMIT 5;
 ```
 
-You can use [Reciprocal Rank Fusion](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search_rrf.py) or a [cross-encoder](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search.py) to combine results.
+You can use [Reciprocal Rank Fusion](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search/rrf.py) or a [cross-encoder](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search/cross_encoder.py) to combine results.
 
 ## Indexing Subvectors
 
-*Added in 0.7.0*
-
 Use expression indexing to index subvectors
 
 ```sql
@@ -595,9 +681,13 @@ SHOW shared_buffers;
 
 Be sure to restart Postgres for changes to take effect.
 
+### Storing
+
+Use the `halfvec` type instead of `vector` for a smaller working set.
+
 ### Loading
 
-Use `COPY` for bulk loading data ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/bulk_loading.py)).
+Use `COPY` for bulk loading data ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/loading/example.py)).
 
 ```sql
 COPY items (embedding) FROM STDIN WITH (FORMAT BINARY);
@@ -609,6 +699,8 @@ Add any indexes *after* loading the initial data for best performance.
 
 See index build time for [HNSW](#index-build-time) and [IVFFlat](#index-build-time-1).
 
+Use [binary quantization](#binary-quantization) for smaller indexes and faster build times at scale.
+
 In production environments, create indexes concurrently to avoid blocking writes.
 
 ```sql
@@ -617,10 +709,10 @@ CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY ...
 
 ### Querying
 
-Use `EXPLAIN ANALYZE` to debug performance.
+Use `EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS)` to debug performance.
 
 ```sql
-EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <-> '[3,1,2]' LIMIT 5;
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS) SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <-> '[3,1,2]' LIMIT 5;
 ```
 
 #### Exact Search
@@ -639,6 +731,8 @@ SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <#> '[3,1,2]' LIMIT 5;
 
 #### Approximate Search
 
+Use [binary quantization](#binary-quantization) with re-ranking to keep indexes in-memory at scale.
+
 To speed up queries with an IVFFlat index, increase the number of inverted lists (at the expense of recall).
 
 ```sql
@@ -654,23 +748,20 @@ REINDEX INDEX CONCURRENTLY index_name;
 VACUUM table_name;
 ```
 
+## Scaling
+
+For a smaller working set:
+
+1. Use the `halfvec` type instead of `vector` for tables
+2. Use [binary quantization](#binary-quantization) for indexes (with re-ranking for search)
+
+Scale vertically by increasing memory, CPU, and storage on a single instance. Use existing tools to [tune parameters](#tuning) and [monitor performance](#monitoring).
+
+Scale horizontally with [replicas](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/hot-standby.html), or use [Citus](https://github.com/citusdata/citus), [PgDog](https://github.com/pgdogdev/pgdog), or another approach for sharding ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/citus/example.py)).
+
 ## Monitoring
 
-Monitor performance with [pg_stat_statements](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html) (be sure to add it to `shared_preload_libraries`).
-
-```sql
-CREATE EXTENSION pg_stat_statements;
-```
-
-Get the most time-consuming queries with:
-
-```sql
-SELECT query, calls, ROUND((total_plan_time + total_exec_time) / calls) AS avg_time_ms,
-    ROUND((total_plan_time + total_exec_time) / 60000) AS total_time_min
-    FROM pg_stat_statements ORDER BY total_plan_time + total_exec_time DESC LIMIT 20;
-```
-
-Note: Replace `total_plan_time + total_exec_time` with `total_time` for Postgres < 13
+Use existing tools like [pg_stat_statements](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html) or [PgHero](https://github.com/ankane/pghero) to monitor performance.
 
 Monitor recall by comparing results from approximate search with exact search.
 
@@ -681,42 +772,46 @@ SELECT ...
 COMMIT;
 ```
 
-## Scaling
-
-Scale pgvector the same way you scale Postgres.
-
-Scale vertically by increasing memory, CPU, and storage on a single instance. Use existing tools to [tune parameters](#tuning) and [monitor performance](#monitoring).
-
-Scale horizontally with [replicas](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/hot-standby.html), or use [Citus](https://github.com/citusdata/citus) or another approach for sharding ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/citus.py)).
-
 ## Languages
 
 Use pgvector from any language with a Postgres client. You can even generate and store vectors in one language and query them in another.
 
 Language | Libraries / Examples
 --- | ---
+Ada | [pgvector-ada](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-ada)
+Algol | [pgvector-algol](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-algol)
 C | [pgvector-c](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-c)
 C++ | [pgvector-cpp](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-cpp)
 C#, F#, Visual Basic | [pgvector-dotnet](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-dotnet)
+COBOL | [pgvector-cobol](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-cobol)
 Crystal | [pgvector-crystal](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-crystal)
+D | [pgvector-d](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-d)
 Dart | [pgvector-dart](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-dart)
 Elixir | [pgvector-elixir](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-elixir)
+Erlang | [pgvector-erlang](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-erlang)
+Fortran | [pgvector-fortran](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-fortran)
+Gleam | [pgvector-gleam](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-gleam)
 Go | [pgvector-go](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-go)
 Haskell | [pgvector-haskell](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-haskell)
 Java, Kotlin, Groovy, Scala | [pgvector-java](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-java)
 JavaScript, TypeScript | [pgvector-node](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-node)
-Julia | [pgvector-julia](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-julia)
+Julia | [Pgvector.jl](https://github.com/pgvector/Pgvector.jl)
 Lisp | [pgvector-lisp](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-lisp)
 Lua | [pgvector-lua](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-lua)
 Nim | [pgvector-nim](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-nim)
 OCaml | [pgvector-ocaml](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-ocaml)
+Pascal | [pgvector-pascal](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-pascal)
 Perl | [pgvector-perl](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-perl)
 PHP | [pgvector-php](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-php)
+Prolog | [pgvector-prolog](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-prolog)
 Python | [pgvector-python](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python)
 R | [pgvector-r](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-r)
+Racket | [pgvector-racket](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-racket)
+Raku | [pgvector-raku](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-raku)
 Ruby | [pgvector-ruby](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-ruby), [Neighbor](https://github.com/ankane/neighbor)
 Rust | [pgvector-rust](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-rust)
 Swift | [pgvector-swift](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-swift)
+Tcl | [pgvector-tcl](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-tcl)
 Zig | [pgvector-zig](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-zig)
 
 ## Frequently Asked Questions
@@ -731,11 +826,11 @@ Yes, pgvector uses the write-ahead log (WAL), which allows for replication and p
 
 #### What if I want to index vectors with more than 2,000 dimensions?
 
-You can use [half-precision indexing](#half-precision-indexing) to index up to 4,000 dimensions or [binary quantization](#binary-quantization) to index up to 64,000 dimensions. Another option is [dimensionality reduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction).
+You can use [half-precision vectors](#half-precision-vectors) or [half-precision indexing](#half-precision-indexing) to index up to 4,000 dimensions or [binary quantization](#binary-quantization) to index up to 64,000 dimensions. Other options are [indexing subvectors](#indexing-subvectors) (for models that support it) or [dimensionality reduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction).
 
 #### Can I store vectors with different dimensions in the same column?
 
-You can use `vector` as the type (instead of `vector(3)`).
+You can use `vector` as the type (instead of `vector(n)`).
 
 ```sql
 CREATE TABLE embeddings (model_id bigint, item_id bigint, embedding vector, PRIMARY KEY (model_id, item_id));
@@ -790,6 +885,8 @@ No, but like other index types, you’ll likely see better performance if they d
 SELECT pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size('index_name'));
 ```
 
+Use [half-precision indexing](#half-precision-indexing) or [binary quantization](#binary-quantization) for smaller indexes.
+
 ## Troubleshooting
 
 #### Why isn’t a query using an index?
@@ -835,7 +932,7 @@ ALTER TABLE items ALTER COLUMN embedding SET STORAGE PLAIN;
 
 #### Why are there less results for a query after adding an HNSW index?
 
-Results are limited by the size of the dynamic candidate list (`hnsw.ef_search`). There may be even less results due to dead tuples or filtering conditions in the query. We recommend setting `hnsw.ef_search` to at least twice the `LIMIT` of the query. If you need more than 500 results, use an IVFFlat index instead.
+Results are limited by the size of the dynamic candidate list (`hnsw.ef_search`), which is 40 by default. There may be even less results due to dead tuples or filtering conditions in the query. Enabling [iterative index scans](#iterative-index-scans) can help address this.
 
 Also, note that `NULL` vectors are not indexed (as well as zero vectors for cosine distance).
 
@@ -847,7 +944,7 @@ The index was likely created with too little data for the number of lists. Drop
 DROP INDEX index_name;
 ```
 
-Results can also be limited by the number of probes (`ivfflat.probes`).
+Results can also be limited by the number of probes (`ivfflat.probes`). Enabling [iterative index scans](#iterative-index-scans) can address this.
 
 Also, note that `NULL` vectors are not indexed (as well as zero vectors for cosine distance).
 
@@ -983,7 +1080,7 @@ l2_normalize(sparsevec) → sparsevec | Normalize with Euclidean norm | 0.7.0
 If your machine has multiple Postgres installations, specify the path to [pg_config](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-pgconfig.html) with:
 
 ```sh
-export PG_CONFIG=/Library/PostgreSQL/16/bin/pg_config
+export PG_CONFIG=/Library/PostgreSQL/18/bin/pg_config
 ```
 
 Then re-run the installation instructions (run `make clean` before `make` if needed). If `sudo` is needed for `make install`, use:
@@ -994,11 +1091,11 @@ sudo --preserve-env=PG_CONFIG make install
 
 A few common paths on Mac are:
 
-- EDB installer - `/Library/PostgreSQL/16/bin/pg_config`
-- Homebrew (arm64) - `/opt/homebrew/opt/postgresql@16/bin/pg_config`
-- Homebrew (x86-64) - `/usr/local/opt/postgresql@16/bin/pg_config`
+- EDB installer - `/Library/PostgreSQL/18/bin/pg_config`
+- Homebrew (arm64) - `/opt/homebrew/opt/postgresql@18/bin/pg_config`
+- Homebrew (x86-64) - `/usr/local/opt/postgresql@18/bin/pg_config`
 
-Note: Replace `16` with your Postgres server version
+Note: Replace `18` with your Postgres server version
 
 ### Missing Header
 
@@ -1007,14 +1104,20 @@ If compilation fails with `fatal error: postgres.h: No such file or directory`,
 For Ubuntu and Debian, use:
 
 ```sh
-sudo apt install postgresql-server-dev-16
+sudo apt install postgresql-server-dev-18
 ```
 
-Note: Replace `16` with your Postgres server version
+Note: Replace `18` with your Postgres server version
 
 ### Missing SDK
 
-If compilation fails and the output includes `warning: no such sysroot directory` on Mac, reinstall Xcode Command Line Tools.
+If compilation fails and the output includes `warning: no such sysroot directory` on Mac, your Postgres installation points to a path that no longer exists.
+
+```sh
+pg_config --cppflags
+```
+
+Reinstall Postgres to fix this.
 
 ### Portability
 
@@ -1032,6 +1135,14 @@ make OPTFLAGS=""
 
 If compilation fails with `Cannot open include file: 'postgres.h': No such file or directory`, make sure `PGROOT` is correct.
 
+### Mismatched Architecture
+
+If compilation fails with `error C2196: case value '4' already used`, make sure you’re using the `x64 Native Tools Command Prompt`. Then run `nmake /F Makefile.win clean` and re-run the installation instructions.
+
+### Missing Symbol
+
+If linking fails with `unresolved external symbol float_to_shortest_decimal_bufn` with Postgres 17.0-17.2, upgrade to Postgres 17.3+.
+
 ### Permissions
 
 If installation fails with `Access is denied`, re-run the installation instructions as an administrator.
@@ -1043,17 +1154,38 @@ If installation fails with `Access is denied`, re-run the installation instructi
 Get the [Docker image](https://hub.docker.com/r/pgvector/pgvector) with:
 
 ```sh
-docker pull pgvector/pgvector:pg16
+docker pull pgvector/pgvector:pg18-trixie
 ```
 
-This adds pgvector to the [Postgres image](https://hub.docker.com/_/postgres) (replace `16` with your Postgres server version, and run it the same way).
+This adds pgvector to the [Postgres image](https://hub.docker.com/_/postgres) (replace `18` with your Postgres server version, and run it the same way).
+
+Supported tags are:
+
+- `pg18-trixie`, `0.8.5-pg18-trixie`
+- `pg18-bookworm`, `0.8.5-pg18-bookworm`, `pg18`, `0.8.5-pg18`
+- `pg17-trixie`, `0.8.5-pg17-trixie`
+- `pg17-bookworm`, `0.8.5-pg17-bookworm`, `pg17`, `0.8.5-pg17`
+- `pg16-trixie`, `0.8.5-pg16-trixie`
+- `pg16-bookworm`, `0.8.5-pg16-bookworm`, `pg16`, `0.8.5-pg16`
+- `pg15-trixie`, `0.8.5-pg15-trixie`
+- `pg15-bookworm`, `0.8.5-pg15-bookworm`, `pg15`, `0.8.5-pg15`
+- `pg14-trixie`, `0.8.5-pg14-trixie`
+- `pg14-bookworm`, `0.8.5-pg14-bookworm`, `pg14`, `0.8.5-pg14`
+- `pg13-trixie`, `0.8.5-pg13-trixie`
+- `pg13-bookworm`, `0.8.5-pg13-bookworm`, `pg13`, `0.8.5-pg13`
 
 You can also build the image manually:
 
 ```sh
-git clone --branch v0.7.3 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.8.5 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
-docker build --pull --build-arg PG_MAJOR=16 -t myuser/pgvector .
+docker build --pull --build-arg PG_MAJOR=18 -t myuser/pgvector .
+```
+
+If you increase `maintenance_work_mem`, make sure `--shm-size` is at least that size to avoid an error with parallel HNSW index builds.
+
+```sh
+docker run --shm-size=1g ...
 ```
 
 ### Homebrew
@@ -1064,7 +1196,7 @@ With Homebrew Postgres, you can use:
 brew install pgvector
 ```
 
-Note: This only adds it to the `postgresql@14` formula
+Note: This only adds it to the `postgresql@18` and `postgresql@17` formulas
 
 ### PGXN
 
@@ -1079,29 +1211,29 @@ pgxn install vector
 Debian and Ubuntu packages are available from the [PostgreSQL APT Repository](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Apt). Follow the [setup instructions](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Apt#Quickstart) and run:
 
 ```sh
-sudo apt install postgresql-16-pgvector
+sudo apt install postgresql-18-pgvector
 ```
 
-Note: Replace `16` with your Postgres server version
+Note: Replace `18` with your Postgres server version
 
 ### Yum
 
 RPM packages are available from the [PostgreSQL Yum Repository](https://yum.postgresql.org/). Follow the [setup instructions](https://www.postgresql.org/download/linux/redhat/) for your distribution and run:
 
 ```sh
-sudo yum install pgvector_16
+sudo yum install pgvector_18
 # or
-sudo dnf install pgvector_16
+sudo dnf install pgvector_18
 ```
 
-Note: Replace `16` with your Postgres server version
+Note: Replace `18` with your Postgres server version
 
 ### pkg
 
 Install the FreeBSD package with:
 
 ```sh
-pkg install postgresql15-pgvector
+pkg install postgresql17-pgvector
 ```
 
 or the port with:
@@ -1111,6 +1243,14 @@ cd /usr/ports/databases/pgvector
 make install
 ```
 
+### APK
+
+Install the Alpine package with:
+
+```sh
+apk add postgresql-pgvector
+```
+
 ### conda-forge
 
 With Conda Postgres, install from [conda-forge](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/pgvector) with:
@@ -1143,36 +1283,6 @@ You can check the version in the current database with:
 SELECT extversion FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = 'vector';
 ```
 
-## Upgrade Notes
-
-### 0.6.0
-
-#### Postgres 12
-
-If upgrading with Postgres 12, remove this line from `sql/vector--0.5.1--0.6.0.sql`:
-
-```sql
-ALTER TYPE vector SET (STORAGE = external);
-```
-
-Then run `make install` and `ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE;`.
-
-#### Docker
-
-The Docker image is now published in the `pgvector` org, and there are tags for each supported version of Postgres (rather than a `latest` tag).
-
-```sh
-docker pull pgvector/pgvector:pg16
-# or
-docker pull pgvector/pgvector:0.6.0-pg16
-```
-
-Also, if you’ve increased `maintenance_work_mem`, make sure `--shm-size` is at least that size to avoid an error with parallel HNSW index builds.
-
-```sh
-docker run --shm-size=1g ...
-```
-
 ## Thanks
 
 Thanks to:
@@ -1229,7 +1339,7 @@ make clean && PG_CFLAGS="-DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING" make && make install
 To enable benchmarking:
 
 ```sh
-make clean && PG_CFLAGS="-DIVFFLAT_BENCH" make && make install
+make clean && PG_CFLAGS="-DHNSW_BENCH -DIVFFLAT_BENCH" make && make install
 ```
 
 To show memory usage:

sql/vector--0.7.3--0.7.4.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.7.4'" to load this file. \quit

sql/vector--0.7.4--0.8.0.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.8.0'" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(real[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(double precision[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE CAST (integer[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (real[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(real[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(double precision[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;

sql/vector--0.8.0--0.8.1.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.8.1'" to load this file. \quit

sql/vector--0.8.1--0.8.2.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.8.2'" to load this file. \quit

sql/vector--0.8.2--0.8.3.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.8.3'" to load this file. \quit

sql/vector--0.8.3--0.8.4.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.8.4'" to load this file. \quit

sql/vector--0.8.4--0.8.5.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.8.5'" to load this file. \quit

sql/vector.sql

@@ -782,6 +782,18 @@ CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_sparsevec(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS sparseve
 CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_to_halfvec(sparsevec, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(real[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(double precision[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
 -- sparsevec casts
 
 CREATE CAST (sparsevec AS sparsevec)
@@ -799,6 +811,18 @@ CREATE CAST (sparsevec AS halfvec)
 CREATE CAST (halfvec AS sparsevec)
 	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_sparsevec(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
 
+CREATE CAST (integer[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (real[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(real[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(double precision[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
 -- sparsevec operators
 
 CREATE OPERATOR <-> (

src/bitutils.c

@@ -31,10 +31,12 @@
 #define BIT_TARGET_CLONES
 #endif
 
-/* Use built-ins when possible for inlining */
-#if defined(HAVE__BUILTIN_POPCOUNT) && defined(HAVE_LONG_INT_64)
+/* Use built-ins when possible for Postgres < 19 for inlining */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
+#define popcount64(x) pg_popcount64(x)
+#elif defined(HAVE__BUILTIN_POPCOUNT) && (defined(HAVE_LONG_INT_64) || SIZEOF_LONG == 8)
 #define popcount64(x) __builtin_popcountl(x)
-#elif defined(HAVE__BUILTIN_POPCOUNT) && defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG_INT_64)
+#elif defined(HAVE__BUILTIN_POPCOUNT) && (defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG_INT_64) || SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == 8)
 #define popcount64(x) __builtin_popcountll(x)
 #elif !defined(_MSC_VER)
 /* Fails to resolve with MSVC */
@@ -169,7 +171,7 @@ BitJaccardDistanceAvx512Popcount(uint32 bytes, unsigned char *ax, unsigned char
 #endif
 
 TARGET_XSAVE static bool
-SupportsAvx512Popcount()
+SupportsAvx512Popcount(void)
 {
 	unsigned int exx[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
 

src/bitutils.h

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 #include "postgres.h"
 
 /* Check version in first header */
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120000
-#error "Requires PostgreSQL 12+"
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
+#error "Requires PostgreSQL 13+"
 #endif
 
 extern uint64 (*BitHammingDistance) (uint32 bytes, unsigned char *ax, unsigned char *bx, uint64 distance);

src/bitvec.c

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 #include "bitutils.h"
 #include "bitvec.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "utils/varbit.h"
 #include "vector.h"
 

src/halfutils.c

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #include "postgres.h"
 
+#include <math.h>
+
 #include "halfutils.h"
 #include "halfvec.h"
 

src/halfvec.c

@@ -13,15 +13,18 @@
 #include "port.h"				/* for strtof() */
 #include "sparsevec.h"
 #include "utils/array.h"
-#include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/float.h"
+#include "utils/fmgrprotos.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
-#include "utils/numeric.h"
+#include "utils/varbit.h"
 #include "vector.h"
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-#define TYPALIGN_DOUBLE 'd'
-#define TYPALIGN_INT 'i'
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+#include "varatt.h"
+#endif
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
+#include "parser/scansup.h"
 #endif
 
 #define STATE_DIMS(x) (ARR_DIMS(x)[0] - 1)
@@ -134,9 +137,9 @@ InitHalfVector(int dim)
 	return result;
 }
 
-/*
- * Check for whitespace, since array_isspace() is static
- */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
+#define halfvec_isspace(ch) scanner_isspace(ch)
+#else
 static inline bool
 halfvec_isspace(char ch)
 {
@@ -149,6 +152,7 @@ halfvec_isspace(char ch)
 		return true;
 	return false;
 }
+#endif
 
 /*
  * Check state array
@@ -164,24 +168,6 @@ CheckStateArray(ArrayType *statearray, const char *caller)
 	return (float8 *) ARR_DATA_PTR(statearray);
 }
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120003
-static pg_noinline void
-float_overflow_error(void)
-{
-	ereport(ERROR,
-			(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-			 errmsg("value out of range: overflow")));
-}
-
-static pg_noinline void
-float_underflow_error(void)
-{
-	ereport(ERROR,
-			(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-			 errmsg("value out of range: underflow")));
-}
-#endif
-
 /*
  * Convert textual representation to internal representation
  */
@@ -921,8 +907,21 @@ halfvec_binary_quantize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	half	   *ax = a->x;
 	VarBit	   *result = InitBitVector(a->dim);
 	unsigned char *rx = VARBITS(result);
+	int			i = 0;
+	int			count = (a->dim / 8) * 8;
 
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+	/* Auto-vectorized on aarch64 */
+	for (; i < count; i += 8)
+	{
+		unsigned char result_byte = 0;
+
+		for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++)
+			result_byte |= (HalfToFloat4(ax[i + j]) > 0) << (7 - j);
+
+		rx[i / 8] = result_byte;
+	}
+
+	for (; i < a->dim; i++)
 		rx[i / 8] |= (HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) > 0) << (7 - (i % 8));
 
 	PG_RETURN_VARBIT_P(result);

src/halfvec.h

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 /* F16C has better performance than _Float16 (on x86-64) */
 #if defined(__F16C__)
 #define F16C_SUPPORT
-#elif defined(__FLT16_MAX__) && !defined(HALFVEC_DISPATCH) && !defined(__FreeBSD__)
+#elif defined(__FLT16_MAX__) && !defined(HALFVEC_DISPATCH) && !defined(__FreeBSD__) && (!defined(__i386__) || defined(__SSE2__))
 #define FLT16_SUPPORT
 #endif
 

src/hnsw.c

@@ -1,22 +1,41 @@
 #include "postgres.h"
 
 #include <float.h>
+#include <limits.h>
 #include <math.h>
 
 #include "access/amapi.h"
+#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/reloptions.h"
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/pg_list.h"
+#include "storage/lwlock.h"
+#include "utils/float.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
+#include "utils/relcache.h"
 #include "utils/selfuncs.h"
+#include "utils/spccache.h"
+#include "vector.h"
 
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM < 150000
 #define MarkGUCPrefixReserved(x) EmitWarningsOnPlaceholders(x)
 #endif
 
+static const struct config_enum_entry hnsw_iterative_scan_options[] = {
+	{"off", HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF, false},
+	{"relaxed_order", HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_RELAXED, false},
+	{"strict_order", HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_STRICT, false},
+	{NULL, 0, false}
+};
+
 int			hnsw_ef_search;
+int			hnsw_iterative_scan;
+int			hnsw_max_scan_tuples;
+double		hnsw_scan_mem_multiplier;
 int			hnsw_lock_tranche_id;
 static relopt_kind hnsw_relopt_kind;
 
@@ -40,12 +59,20 @@ HnswInitLockTranche(void)
 								  sizeof(int) * 1,
 								  &found);
 	if (!found)
+	{
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
+		tranche_ids[0] = LWLockNewTrancheId("HnswBuild");
+#else
 		tranche_ids[0] = LWLockNewTrancheId();
+#endif
+	}
 	hnsw_lock_tranche_id = tranche_ids[0];
 	LWLockRelease(AddinShmemInitLock);
 
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 190000
 	/* Per-backend registration of the tranche ID */
 	LWLockRegisterTranche(hnsw_lock_tranche_id, "HnswBuild");
+#endif
 }
 
 /*
@@ -59,22 +86,28 @@ HnswInit(void)
 
 	hnsw_relopt_kind = add_reloption_kind();
 	add_int_reloption(hnsw_relopt_kind, "m", "Max number of connections",
-					  HNSW_DEFAULT_M, HNSW_MIN_M, HNSW_MAX_M
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-					  ,AccessExclusiveLock
-#endif
-		);
+					  HNSW_DEFAULT_M, HNSW_MIN_M, HNSW_MAX_M, AccessExclusiveLock);
 	add_int_reloption(hnsw_relopt_kind, "ef_construction", "Size of the dynamic candidate list for construction",
-					  HNSW_DEFAULT_EF_CONSTRUCTION, HNSW_MIN_EF_CONSTRUCTION, HNSW_MAX_EF_CONSTRUCTION
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-					  ,AccessExclusiveLock
-#endif
-		);
+					  HNSW_DEFAULT_EF_CONSTRUCTION, HNSW_MIN_EF_CONSTRUCTION, HNSW_MAX_EF_CONSTRUCTION, AccessExclusiveLock);
 
 	DefineCustomIntVariable("hnsw.ef_search", "Sets the size of the dynamic candidate list for search",
 							"Valid range is 1..1000.", &hnsw_ef_search,
 							HNSW_DEFAULT_EF_SEARCH, HNSW_MIN_EF_SEARCH, HNSW_MAX_EF_SEARCH, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 
+	DefineCustomEnumVariable("hnsw.iterative_scan", "Sets the mode for iterative scans",
+							 NULL, &hnsw_iterative_scan,
+							 HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF, hnsw_iterative_scan_options, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+
+	/* This is approximate and does not affect the initial scan */
+	DefineCustomIntVariable("hnsw.max_scan_tuples", "Sets the max number of tuples to visit for iterative scans",
+							NULL, &hnsw_max_scan_tuples,
+							20000, 1, INT_MAX, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+
+	/* Same range as hash_mem_multiplier */
+	DefineCustomRealVariable("hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier", "Sets the multiple of work_mem to use for iterative scans",
+							 NULL, &hnsw_scan_mem_multiplier,
+							 1, 1, 1000, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+
 	MarkGUCPrefixReserved("hnsw");
 }
 
@@ -106,37 +139,93 @@ hnswcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 {
 	GenericCosts costs;
 	int			m;
-	int			entryLevel;
+	double		ratio;
+	double		startupPages;
+	double		spc_seq_page_cost;
 	Relation	index;
 
 	/* Never use index without order */
-	if (path->indexorderbys == NULL)
+	if (path->indexorderbys == NIL)
 	{
-		*indexStartupCost = DBL_MAX;
-		*indexTotalCost = DBL_MAX;
+		*indexStartupCost = get_float8_infinity();
+		*indexTotalCost = get_float8_infinity();
 		*indexSelectivity = 0;
 		*indexCorrelation = 0;
 		*indexPages = 0;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
+		/* See "On disable_cost" thread on pgsql-hackers */
+		path->path.disabled_nodes = 2;
+#endif
 		return;
 	}
 
 	MemSet(&costs, 0, sizeof(costs));
 
+	genericcostestimate(root, path, loop_count, &costs);
+
 	index = index_open(path->indexinfo->indexoid, NoLock);
 	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, &m, NULL);
 	index_close(index, NoLock);
 
-	/* Approximate entry level */
-	entryLevel = (int) -log(1.0 / path->indexinfo->tuples) * HnswGetMl(m);
+	/*
+	 * HNSW cost estimation follows a formula that accounts for the total
+	 * number of tuples indexed combined with the parameters that most
+	 * influence the duration of the index scan, namely: m - the number of
+	 * tuples that are scanned in each step of the HNSW graph traversal
+	 * ef_search - which influences the total number of steps taken at layer 0
+	 *
+	 * The source of the vector data can impact how many steps it takes to
+	 * converge on the set of vectors to return to the executor. Currently, we
+	 * use a hardcoded scaling factor (HNSWScanScalingFactor) to help
+	 * influence that, but this could later become a configurable parameter
+	 * based on the cost estimations.
+	 *
+	 * The tuple estimator formula is below:
+	 *
+	 * numIndexTuples = entryLevel * m + layer0TuplesMax * layer0Selectivity
+	 *
+	 * "entryLevel * m" represents the floor of tuples we need to scan to get
+	 * to layer 0 (L0).
+	 *
+	 * "layer0TuplesMax" is the estimated total number of tuples we'd scan at
+	 * L0 if we weren't discarding already visited tuples as part of the scan.
+	 *
+	 * "layer0Selectivity" estimates the percentage of tuples that are scanned
+	 * at L0, accounting for previously visited tuples, multiplied by the
+	 * "scalingFactor" (currently hardcoded).
+	 */
+	if (path->indexinfo->tuples > 0)
+	{
+		double		scalingFactor = 0.55;
+		int			entryLevel = (int) (log(path->indexinfo->tuples) * HnswGetMl(m));
+		int			layer0TuplesMax = HnswGetLayerM(m, 0) * hnsw_ef_search;
+		double		layer0Selectivity = scalingFactor * log(path->indexinfo->tuples) / (log(m) * (1 + log(hnsw_ef_search)));
 
-	/* TODO Improve estimate of visited tuples (currently underestimates) */
-	/* Account for number of tuples (or entry level), m, and ef_search */
-	costs.numIndexTuples = (entryLevel + 2) * m;
+		ratio = (entryLevel * m + layer0TuplesMax * layer0Selectivity) / path->indexinfo->tuples;
 
-	genericcostestimate(root, path, loop_count, &costs);
+		if (ratio > 1)
+			ratio = 1;
+	}
+	else
+		ratio = 1;
 
-	/* Use total cost since most work happens before first tuple is returned */
-	*indexStartupCost = costs.indexTotalCost;
+	get_tablespace_page_costs(path->indexinfo->reltablespace, NULL, &spc_seq_page_cost);
+
+	/* Startup cost is cost before returning the first row */
+	costs.indexStartupCost = costs.indexTotalCost * ratio;
+
+	/* Adjust cost if needed since TOAST not included in seq scan cost */
+	startupPages = costs.numIndexPages * ratio;
+	if (startupPages > path->indexinfo->rel->pages && ratio < 0.5)
+	{
+		/* Change all page cost from random to sequential */
+		costs.indexStartupCost -= startupPages * (costs.spc_random_page_cost - spc_seq_page_cost);
+
+		/* Remove cost of extra pages */
+		costs.indexStartupCost -= (startupPages - path->indexinfo->rel->pages) * spc_seq_page_cost;
+	}
+
+	*indexStartupCost = costs.indexStartupCost;
 	*indexTotalCost = costs.indexTotalCost;
 	*indexSelectivity = costs.indexSelectivity;
 	*indexCorrelation = costs.indexCorrelation;
@@ -154,23 +243,10 @@ hnswoptions(Datum reloptions, bool validate)
 		{"ef_construction", RELOPT_TYPE_INT, offsetof(HnswOptions, efConstruction)},
 	};
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	return (bytea *) build_reloptions(reloptions, validate,
 									  hnsw_relopt_kind,
 									  sizeof(HnswOptions),
 									  tab, lengthof(tab));
-#else
-	relopt_value *options;
-	int			numoptions;
-	HnswOptions *rdopts;
-
-	options = parseRelOptions(reloptions, validate, hnsw_relopt_kind, &numoptions);
-	rdopts = allocateReloptStruct(sizeof(HnswOptions), options, numoptions);
-	fillRelOptions((void *) rdopts, sizeof(HnswOptions), options, numoptions,
-				   validate, tab, lengthof(tab));
-
-	return (bytea *) rdopts;
-#endif
 }
 
 /*
@@ -191,15 +267,76 @@ FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(hnswhandler);
 Datum
 hnswhandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
+	static const IndexAmRoutine amroutine = {
+		.type = T_IndexAmRoutine,
+		.amstrategies = 0,
+		.amsupport = 3,
+		.amoptsprocnum = 0,
+		.amcanorder = false,
+		.amcanorderbyop = true,
+		.amcanhash = false,
+		.amconsistentequality = false,
+		.amconsistentordering = false,
+		.amcanbackward = false,
+		.amcanunique = false,
+		.amcanmulticol = false,
+		.amoptionalkey = true,
+		.amsearcharray = false,
+		.amsearchnulls = false,
+		.amstorage = false,
+		.amclusterable = false,
+		.ampredlocks = false,
+		.amcanparallel = false,
+		.amcanbuildparallel = true,
+		.amcaninclude = false,
+		.amusemaintenanceworkmem = false,
+		.amsummarizing = false,
+		.amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL,
+		.amkeytype = InvalidOid,
+
+		.ambuild = hnswbuild,
+		.ambuildempty = hnswbuildempty,
+		.aminsert = hnswinsert,
+		.aminsertcleanup = NULL,
+		.ambulkdelete = hnswbulkdelete,
+		.amvacuumcleanup = hnswvacuumcleanup,
+		.amcanreturn = NULL,
+		.amcostestimate = hnswcostestimate,
+		.amgettreeheight = NULL,
+		.amoptions = hnswoptions,
+		.amproperty = NULL,
+		.ambuildphasename = hnswbuildphasename,
+		.amvalidate = hnswvalidate,
+		.amadjustmembers = NULL,
+		.ambeginscan = hnswbeginscan,
+		.amrescan = hnswrescan,
+		.amgettuple = hnswgettuple,
+		.amgetbitmap = NULL,
+		.amendscan = hnswendscan,
+		.ammarkpos = NULL,
+		.amrestrpos = NULL,
+		.amestimateparallelscan = NULL,
+		.aminitparallelscan = NULL,
+		.amparallelrescan = NULL,
+		.amtranslatestrategy = NULL,
+		.amtranslatecmptype = NULL,
+	};
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(&amroutine);
+#else
 	IndexAmRoutine *amroutine = makeNode(IndexAmRoutine);
 
 	amroutine->amstrategies = 0;
 	amroutine->amsupport = 3;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	amroutine->amoptsprocnum = 0;
-#endif
 	amroutine->amcanorder = false;
 	amroutine->amcanorderbyop = true;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
+	amroutine->amcanhash = false;
+	amroutine->amconsistentequality = false;
+	amroutine->amconsistentordering = false;
+#endif
 	amroutine->amcanbackward = false;	/* can change direction mid-scan */
 	amroutine->amcanunique = false;
 	amroutine->amcanmulticol = false;
@@ -210,21 +347,31 @@ hnswhandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	amroutine->amclusterable = false;
 	amroutine->ampredlocks = false;
 	amroutine->amcanparallel = false;
-	amroutine->amcaninclude = false;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-	amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false; /* not used during VACUUM */
-	amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
+	amroutine->amcanbuildparallel = true;
 #endif
+	amroutine->amcaninclude = false;
+	amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false; /* not used during VACUUM */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+	amroutine->amsummarizing = false;
+#endif
+	amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL;
 	amroutine->amkeytype = InvalidOid;
 
 	/* Interface functions */
 	amroutine->ambuild = hnswbuild;
 	amroutine->ambuildempty = hnswbuildempty;
 	amroutine->aminsert = hnswinsert;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
+	amroutine->aminsertcleanup = NULL;
+#endif
 	amroutine->ambulkdelete = hnswbulkdelete;
 	amroutine->amvacuumcleanup = hnswvacuumcleanup;
 	amroutine->amcanreturn = NULL;
 	amroutine->amcostestimate = hnswcostestimate;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
+	amroutine->amgettreeheight = NULL;
+#endif
 	amroutine->amoptions = hnswoptions;
 	amroutine->amproperty = NULL;	/* TODO AMPROP_DISTANCE_ORDERABLE */
 	amroutine->ambuildphasename = hnswbuildphasename;
@@ -245,5 +392,11 @@ hnswhandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	amroutine->aminitparallelscan = NULL;
 	amroutine->amparallelrescan = NULL;
 
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
+	amroutine->amtranslatestrategy = NULL;
+	amroutine->amtranslatecmptype = NULL;
+#endif
+
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(amroutine);
+#endif
 }

src/hnsw.h

@@ -3,15 +3,29 @@
 
 #include "postgres.h"
 
+#include <math.h>
+
 #include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/parallel.h"
 #include "lib/pairingheap.h"
 #include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "port.h"				/* for random() */
+#include "storage/bufpage.h"
+#include "storage/condition_variable.h"
+#include "storage/lwlock.h"
+#include "storage/s_lock.h"
 #include "utils/relptr.h"
 #include "utils/sampling.h"
 #include "vector.h"
 
+#ifdef HNSW_BENCH
+#include "portability/instr_time.h"
+#endif
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
+typedef Pointer Item;
+#endif
+
 #define HNSW_MAX_DIM 2000
 #define HNSW_MAX_NNZ 1000
 
@@ -68,6 +82,21 @@
 #define HnswPageGetOpaque(page)	((HnswPageOpaque) PageGetSpecialPointer(page))
 #define HnswPageGetMeta(page)	((HnswMetaPageData *) PageGetContents(page))
 
+#ifdef HNSW_BENCH
+#define HnswBench(name, code) \
+	do { \
+		instr_time	start; \
+		instr_time	duration; \
+		INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(start); \
+		(code); \
+		INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(duration); \
+		INSTR_TIME_SUBTRACT(duration, start); \
+		elog(INFO, "%s: %.3f ms", name, INSTR_TIME_GET_MILLISEC(duration)); \
+	} while (0)
+#else
+#define HnswBench(name, code) (code)
+#endif
+
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 150000
 #define RandomDouble() pg_prng_double(&pg_global_prng_state)
 #define SeedRandom(seed) pg_prng_seed(&pg_global_prng_state, seed)
@@ -76,11 +105,6 @@
 #define SeedRandom(seed) srandom(seed)
 #endif
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-#define list_delete_last(list) list_truncate(list, list_length(list) - 1)
-#define list_sort(list, cmp) ((list) = list_qsort(list, cmp))
-#endif
-
 #define HnswIsElementTuple(tup) ((tup)->type == HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_TYPE)
 #define HnswIsNeighborTuple(tup) ((tup)->type == HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_TYPE)
 
@@ -93,6 +117,9 @@
 /* Ensure fits on page and in uint8 */
 #define HnswGetMaxLevel(m) Min(((BLCKSZ - MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData) - MAXALIGN(sizeof(HnswPageOpaqueData)) - offsetof(HnswNeighborTupleData, indextids) - sizeof(ItemIdData)) / (sizeof(ItemPointerData)) / (m)) - 2, 255)
 
+#define HnswGetSearchCandidate(membername, ptr) pairingheap_container(HnswSearchCandidate, membername, ptr)
+#define HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(membername, ptr) pairingheap_const_container(HnswSearchCandidate, membername, ptr)
+
 #define HnswGetValue(base, element) PointerGetDatum(HnswPtrAccess(base, (element)->value))
 
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM < 140005
@@ -111,14 +138,24 @@
 
 /* Variables */
 extern int	hnsw_ef_search;
+extern int	hnsw_iterative_scan;
+extern int	hnsw_max_scan_tuples;
+extern double hnsw_scan_mem_multiplier;
 extern int	hnsw_lock_tranche_id;
 
+typedef enum HnswIterativeScanMode
+{
+	HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF,
+	HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_RELAXED,
+	HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_STRICT
+}			HnswIterativeScanMode;
+
 typedef struct HnswElementData HnswElementData;
 typedef struct HnswNeighborArray HnswNeighborArray;
 
 #define HnswPtrDeclare(type, relptrtype, ptrtype) \
 	relptr_declare(type, relptrtype); \
-	typedef union { type *ptr; relptrtype relptr; } ptrtype;
+	typedef union { type *ptr; relptrtype relptr; } ptrtype
 
 /* Pointers that can be absolute or relative */
 /* Use char for DatumPtr so works with Pointer */
@@ -134,6 +171,7 @@ struct HnswElementData
 	uint8		heaptidsLength;
 	uint8		level;
 	uint8		deleted;
+	uint8		version;
 	uint32		hash;
 	HnswNeighborsPtr neighbors;
 	BlockNumber blkno;
@@ -160,11 +198,13 @@ struct HnswNeighborArray
 	HnswCandidate items[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
 };
 
-typedef struct HnswPairingHeapNode
+typedef struct HnswSearchCandidate
 {
-	pairingheap_node ph_node;
-	HnswCandidate *inner;
-}			HnswPairingHeapNode;
+	pairingheap_node c_node;
+	pairingheap_node w_node;
+	HnswElementPtr element;
+	double		distance;
+}			HnswSearchCandidate;
 
 /* HNSW index options */
 typedef struct HnswOptions
@@ -188,8 +228,8 @@ typedef struct HnswGraph
 
 	/* Allocations state */
 	LWLock		allocatorLock;
-	long		memoryUsed;
-	long		memoryTotal;
+	Size		memoryUsed;
+	Size		memoryTotal;
 
 	/* Flushed state */
 	LWLock		flushLock;
@@ -240,6 +280,18 @@ typedef struct HnswTypeInfo
 	void		(*checkValue) (Pointer v);
 }			HnswTypeInfo;
 
+typedef struct HnswSupport
+{
+	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
+	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
+	Oid			collation;
+}			HnswSupport;
+
+typedef struct HnswQuery
+{
+	Datum		value;
+}			HnswQuery;
+
 typedef struct HnswBuildState
 {
 	/* Info */
@@ -259,9 +311,7 @@ typedef struct HnswBuildState
 	double		reltuples;
 
 	/* Support functions */
-	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
-	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
-	Oid			collation;
+	HnswSupport support;
 
 	/* Variables */
 	HnswGraph	graphData;
@@ -309,10 +359,10 @@ typedef struct HnswElementTupleData
 	uint8		type;
 	uint8		level;
 	uint8		deleted;
-	uint8		unused;
+	uint8		version;
 	ItemPointerData heaptids[HNSW_HEAPTIDS];
 	ItemPointerData neighbortid;
-	uint16		unused2;
+	uint16		unused;
 	Vector		data;
 }			HnswElementTupleData;
 
@@ -321,24 +371,42 @@ typedef HnswElementTupleData * HnswElementTuple;
 typedef struct HnswNeighborTupleData
 {
 	uint8		type;
-	uint8		unused;
+	uint8		version;
 	uint16		count;
 	ItemPointerData indextids[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
 }			HnswNeighborTupleData;
 
 typedef HnswNeighborTupleData * HnswNeighborTuple;
 
+typedef union
+{
+	struct pointerhash_hash *pointers;
+	struct offsethash_hash *offsets;
+	struct tidhash_hash *tids;
+}			visited_hash;
+
+typedef union
+{
+	HnswElement element;
+	ItemPointerData indextid;
+}			HnswUnvisited;
+
 typedef struct HnswScanOpaqueData
 {
 	const		HnswTypeInfo *typeInfo;
 	bool		first;
 	List	   *w;
+	visited_hash v;
+	pairingheap *discarded;
+	HnswQuery	q;
+	int			m;
+	int64		tuples;
+	double		previousDistance;
+	Size		maxMemory;
 	MemoryContext tmpCtx;
 
 	/* Support functions */
-	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
-	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
-	Oid			collation;
+	HnswSupport support;
 }			HnswScanOpaqueData;
 
 typedef HnswScanOpaqueData * HnswScanOpaque;
@@ -356,14 +424,14 @@ typedef struct HnswVacuumState
 	int			efConstruction;
 
 	/* Support functions */
-	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
-	Oid			collation;
+	HnswSupport support;
 
 	/* Variables */
-	struct tidhash_hash *deleted;
+	struct tidhash_hash *deleting;
 	BufferAccessStrategy bas;
 	HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
 	HnswElementData highestPoint;
+	HnswElementData fallbackPoint;
 
 	/* Memory */
 	MemoryContext tmpCtx;
@@ -373,30 +441,33 @@ typedef struct HnswVacuumState
 int			HnswGetM(Relation index);
 int			HnswGetEfConstruction(Relation index);
 FmgrInfo   *HnswOptionalProcInfo(Relation index, uint16 procnum);
+void		HnswInitSupport(HnswSupport * support, Relation index);
 Datum		HnswNormValue(const HnswTypeInfo * typeInfo, Oid collation, Datum value);
-bool		HnswCheckNorm(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum value);
+bool		HnswCheckNorm(HnswSupport * support, Datum value);
 Buffer		HnswNewBuffer(Relation index, ForkNumber forkNum);
 void		HnswInitPage(Buffer buf, Page page);
 void		HnswInit(void);
-List	   *HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, bool inserting, HnswElement skipElement);
+List	   *HnswSearchLayer(char *base, HnswQuery * q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, HnswSupport * support, int m, bool inserting, HnswElement skipElement, visited_hash * v, pairingheap **discarded, bool initVisited, int64 *tuples);
 HnswElement HnswGetEntryPoint(Relation index);
 void		HnswGetMetaPageInfo(Relation index, int *m, HnswElement * entryPoint);
 void	   *HnswAlloc(HnswAllocator * allocator, Size size);
 HnswElement HnswInitElement(char *base, ItemPointer tid, int m, double ml, int maxLevel, HnswAllocator * alloc);
 HnswElement HnswInitElementFromBlock(BlockNumber blkno, OffsetNumber offno);
-void		HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, int efConstruction, bool existing);
-HnswCandidate *HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement em, Datum q, Relation rel, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec);
+void		HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint, Relation index, HnswSupport * support, int m, int efConstruction, bool existing);
+HnswSearchCandidate *HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement entryPoint, HnswQuery * q, Relation index, HnswSupport * support, bool loadVec);
 void		HnswUpdateMetaPage(Relation index, int updateEntry, HnswElement entryPoint, BlockNumber insertPage, ForkNumber forkNum, bool building);
 void		HnswSetNeighborTuple(char *base, HnswNeighborTuple ntup, HnswElement e, int m);
 void		HnswAddHeapTid(HnswElement element, ItemPointer heaptid);
+HnswNeighborArray *HnswInitNeighborArray(int lm, HnswAllocator * allocator);
 void		HnswInitNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, int m, HnswAllocator * alloc);
-bool		HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, Datum value, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, bool building);
-void		HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement e, int m, bool checkExisting, bool building);
+bool		HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, HnswSupport * support, Datum value, ItemPointer heaptid, bool building);
+void		HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, HnswSupport * support, HnswElement e, int m, bool checkExisting, bool building);
 void		HnswLoadElementFromTuple(HnswElement element, HnswElementTuple etup, bool loadHeaptids, bool loadVec);
-void		HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, Datum *q, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec, float *maxDistance);
+void		HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, double *distance, HnswQuery * q, Relation index, HnswSupport * support, bool loadVec, double *maxDistance);
+bool		HnswFormIndexValue(Datum *out, Datum *values, bool *isnull, const HnswTypeInfo * typeInfo, HnswSupport * support);
 void		HnswSetElementTuple(char *base, HnswElementTuple etup, HnswElement element);
-void		HnswUpdateConnection(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswCandidate * hc, int lm, int lc, int *updateIdx, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation);
-void		HnswLoadNeighbors(HnswElement element, Relation index, int m);
+void		HnswUpdateConnection(char *base, HnswNeighborArray * neighbors, HnswElement newElement, float distance, int lm, int *updateIdx, Relation index, HnswSupport * support);
+bool		HnswLoadNeighborTids(HnswElement element, ItemPointerData *indextids, Relation index, int m, int lm, int lc);
 void		HnswInitLockTranche(void);
 const		HnswTypeInfo *HnswGetTypeInfo(Relation index);
 PGDLLEXPORT void HnswParallelBuildMain(dsm_segment *seg, shm_toc *toc);

src/hnswbuild.c

@@ -36,11 +36,14 @@
  */
 #include "postgres.h"
 
-#include <math.h>
+#include <limits.h>
 
+#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/parallel.h"
+#include "access/relscan.h"
 #include "access/table.h"
 #include "access/tableam.h"
+#include "access/tupdesc.h"
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xloginsert.h"
 #include "catalog/index.h"
@@ -48,11 +51,19 @@
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
+#include "storage/condition_variable.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/datum.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/rel.h"
+#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+#include "varatt.h"
+#endif
 
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 #include "utils/backend_progress.h"
@@ -60,12 +71,6 @@
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #endif
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-#define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER ItemPointer tid
-#else
-#define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER HeapTuple hup
-#endif
-
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 #include "utils/backend_status.h"
 #include "utils/wait_event.h"
@@ -75,9 +80,7 @@
 #define PARALLEL_KEY_HNSW_AREA			UINT64CONST(0xA000000000000002)
 #define PARALLEL_KEY_QUERY_TEXT			UINT64CONST(0xA000000000000003)
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-#define GENERATIONCHUNK_RAWSIZE (SIZEOF_SIZE_T + SIZEOF_VOID_P * 2)
-#endif
+#define HNSW_MAX_GRAPH_MEMORY (SIZE_MAX / 2)
 
 /*
  * Create the metapage
@@ -192,7 +195,9 @@ CreateGraphPages(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 
 		/* Initial size check */
 		if (etupSize > HNSW_TUPLE_ALLOC_SIZE)
-			elog(ERROR, "index tuple too large");
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+					 errmsg("index tuple too large")));
 
 		HnswSetElementTuple(base, etup, element);
 
@@ -374,12 +379,18 @@ AddElementInMemory(char *base, HnswGraph * graph, HnswElement element)
  * Update neighbors
  */
 static void
-UpdateNeighborsInMemory(char *base, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement e, int m)
+UpdateNeighborsInMemory(char *base, HnswSupport * support, HnswElement e, int m)
 {
 	for (int lc = e->level; lc >= 0; lc--)
 	{
 		int			lm = HnswGetLayerM(m, lc);
-		HnswNeighborArray *neighbors = HnswGetNeighbors(base, e, lc);
+		Size		neighborsSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_ARRAY_SIZE(lm);
+		HnswNeighborArray *neighbors = palloc(neighborsSize);
+
+		/* Copy neighbors to local memory */
+		LWLockAcquire(&e->lock, LW_SHARED);
+		memcpy(neighbors, HnswGetNeighbors(base, e, lc), neighborsSize);
+		LWLockRelease(&e->lock);
 
 		for (int i = 0; i < neighbors->length; i++)
 		{
@@ -389,9 +400,8 @@ UpdateNeighborsInMemory(char *base, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswEleme
 			/* Keep scan-build happy on Mac x86-64 */
 			Assert(neighborElement);
 
-			/* Use element for lock instead of hc since hc can be replaced */
 			LWLockAcquire(&neighborElement->lock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
-			HnswUpdateConnection(base, e, hc, lm, lc, NULL, NULL, procinfo, collation);
+			HnswUpdateConnection(base, HnswGetNeighbors(base, neighborElement, lc), e, hc->distance, lm, NULL, NULL, support);
 			LWLockRelease(&neighborElement->lock);
 		}
 	}
@@ -401,7 +411,7 @@ UpdateNeighborsInMemory(char *base, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswEleme
  * Update graph in memory
  */
 static void
-UpdateGraphInMemory(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement element, int m, int efConstruction, HnswElement entryPoint, HnswBuildState * buildstate)
+UpdateGraphInMemory(HnswSupport * support, HnswElement element, int m, HnswElement entryPoint, HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 {
 	HnswGraph  *graph = buildstate->graph;
 	char	   *base = buildstate->hnswarea;
@@ -414,7 +424,7 @@ UpdateGraphInMemory(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement element, int
 	AddElementInMemory(base, graph, element);
 
 	/* Update neighbors */
-	UpdateNeighborsInMemory(base, procinfo, collation, element, m);
+	UpdateNeighborsInMemory(base, support, element, m);
 
 	/* Update entry point if needed (already have lock) */
 	if (entryPoint == NULL || element->level > entryPoint->level)
@@ -427,9 +437,8 @@ UpdateGraphInMemory(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement element, int
 static void
 InsertTupleInMemory(HnswBuildState * buildstate, HnswElement element)
 {
-	FmgrInfo   *procinfo = buildstate->procinfo;
-	Oid			collation = buildstate->collation;
 	HnswGraph  *graph = buildstate->graph;
+	HnswSupport *support = &buildstate->support;
 	HnswElement entryPoint;
 	LWLock	   *entryLock = &graph->entryLock;
 	LWLock	   *entryWaitLock = &graph->entryWaitLock;
@@ -461,10 +470,10 @@ InsertTupleInMemory(HnswBuildState * buildstate, HnswElement element)
 	}
 
 	/* Find neighbors for element */
-	HnswFindElementNeighbors(base, element, entryPoint, NULL, procinfo, collation, m, efConstruction, false);
+	HnswFindElementNeighbors(base, element, entryPoint, NULL, support, m, efConstruction, false);
 
 	/* Update graph in memory */
-	UpdateGraphInMemory(procinfo, collation, element, m, efConstruction, entryPoint, buildstate);
+	UpdateGraphInMemory(support, element, m, entryPoint, buildstate);
 
 	/* Release entry lock */
 	LWLockRelease(entryLock);
@@ -476,34 +485,27 @@ InsertTupleInMemory(HnswBuildState * buildstate, HnswElement element)
 static bool
 InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid, HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 {
-	const		HnswTypeInfo *typeInfo = buildstate->typeInfo;
 	HnswGraph  *graph = buildstate->graph;
 	HnswElement element;
 	HnswAllocator *allocator = &buildstate->allocator;
+	HnswSupport *support = &buildstate->support;
 	Size		valueSize;
 	Pointer		valuePtr;
 	LWLock	   *flushLock = &graph->flushLock;
 	char	   *base = buildstate->hnswarea;
+	Datum		value;
+	Size		memoryMargin;
 
-	/* Detoast once for all calls */
-	Datum		value = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(values[0]));
-
-	/* Check value */
-	if (typeInfo->checkValue != NULL)
-		typeInfo->checkValue(DatumGetPointer(value));
-
-	/* Normalize if needed */
-	if (buildstate->normprocinfo != NULL)
-	{
-		if (!HnswCheckNorm(buildstate->normprocinfo, buildstate->collation, value))
-			return false;
-
-		value = HnswNormValue(typeInfo, buildstate->collation, value);
-	}
+	/* Form index value */
+	if (!HnswFormIndexValue(&value, values, isnull, buildstate->typeInfo, support))
+		return false;
 
 	/* Get datum size */
 	valueSize = VARSIZE_ANY(DatumGetPointer(value));
 
+	/* In a parallel build, add a margin so allocations never fail */
+	memoryMargin = base == NULL ? 0 : 1024 * 1024;
+
 	/* Ensure graph not flushed when inserting */
 	LWLockAcquire(flushLock, LW_SHARED);
 
@@ -512,7 +514,7 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid, Hn
 	{
 		LWLockRelease(flushLock);
 
-		return HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(index, value, values, isnull, heaptid, true);
+		return HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(index, support, value, heaptid, true);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -525,7 +527,7 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid, Hn
 	 * Check that we have enough memory available for the new element now that
 	 * we have the allocator lock, and flush pages if needed.
 	 */
-	if (graph->memoryUsed >= graph->memoryTotal)
+	if (graph->memoryUsed + memoryMargin >= graph->memoryTotal)
 	{
 		LWLockRelease(&graph->allocatorLock);
 
@@ -544,7 +546,7 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid, Hn
 
 		LWLockRelease(flushLock);
 
-		return HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(index, value, values, isnull, heaptid, true);
+		return HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(index, support, value, heaptid, true);
 	}
 
 	/* Ok, we can proceed to allocate the element */
@@ -560,7 +562,7 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid, Hn
 
 	/* Copy the datum */
 	memcpy(valuePtr, DatumGetPointer(value), valueSize);
-	HnswPtrStore(base, element->value, valuePtr);
+	HnswPtrStore(base, element->value, (char *) valuePtr);
 
 	/* Create a lock for the element */
 	LWLockInitialize(&element->lock, hnsw_lock_tranche_id);
@@ -578,17 +580,13 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid, Hn
  * Callback for table_index_build_scan
  */
 static void
-BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
+BuildCallback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values,
 			  bool *isnull, bool tupleIsAlive, void *state)
 {
 	HnswBuildState *buildstate = (HnswBuildState *) state;
 	HnswGraph  *graph = buildstate->graph;
 	MemoryContext oldCtx;
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-	ItemPointer tid = &hup->t_self;
-#endif
-
 	/* Skip nulls */
 	if (isnull[0])
 		return;
@@ -614,7 +612,7 @@ BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
  * Initialize the graph
  */
 static void
-InitGraph(HnswGraph * graph, char *base, long memoryTotal)
+InitGraph(HnswGraph * graph, char *base, Size memoryTotal)
 {
 	/* Initialize the lock tranche if needed */
 	HnswInitLockTranche();
@@ -622,7 +620,7 @@ InitGraph(HnswGraph * graph, char *base, long memoryTotal)
 	HnswPtrStore(base, graph->head, (HnswElement) NULL);
 	HnswPtrStore(base, graph->entryPoint, (HnswElement) NULL);
 	graph->memoryUsed = 0;
-	graph->memoryTotal = memoryTotal;
+	graph->memoryTotal = Min(memoryTotal, HNSW_MAX_GRAPH_MEMORY);
 	graph->flushed = false;
 	graph->indtuples = 0;
 	SpinLockInit(&graph->lock);
@@ -651,11 +649,7 @@ HnswMemoryContextAlloc(Size size, void *state)
 	HnswBuildState *buildstate = (HnswBuildState *) state;
 	void	   *chunk = MemoryContextAlloc(buildstate->graphCtx, size);
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	buildstate->graphData.memoryUsed = MemoryContextMemAllocated(buildstate->graphCtx, false);
-#else
-	buildstate->graphData.memoryUsed += MAXALIGN(size);
-#endif
 
 	return chunk;
 }
@@ -667,9 +661,17 @@ static void *
 HnswSharedMemoryAlloc(Size size, void *state)
 {
 	HnswBuildState *buildstate = (HnswBuildState *) state;
-	void	   *chunk = buildstate->hnswarea + buildstate->graph->memoryUsed;
+	Size		alignedSize = MAXALIGN(size);
+	void	   *chunk;
 
-	buildstate->graph->memoryUsed += MAXALIGN(size);
+	if (alignedSize > 1024 * 1024)
+		elog(ERROR, "hnsw allocation too large");
+
+	if (buildstate->graph->memoryUsed + alignedSize > buildstate->graph->memoryTotal)
+		elog(ERROR, "hnsw allocator out of memory");
+
+	chunk = buildstate->hnswarea + buildstate->graph->memoryUsed;
+	buildstate->graph->memoryUsed += alignedSize;
 	return chunk;
 }
 
@@ -691,27 +693,33 @@ InitBuildState(HnswBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, Index
 
 	/* Disallow varbit since require fixed dimensions */
 	if (TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypid == VARBITOID)
-		elog(ERROR, "type not supported for hnsw index");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("type not supported for hnsw index")));
 
 	/* Require column to have dimensions to be indexed */
 	if (buildstate->dimensions < 0)
-		elog(ERROR, "column does not have dimensions");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("column does not have dimensions")));
 
 	if (buildstate->dimensions > buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions)
-		elog(ERROR, "column cannot have more than %d dimensions for hnsw index", buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions);
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("column cannot have more than %d dimensions for hnsw index", buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions)));
 
 	if (buildstate->efConstruction < 2 * buildstate->m)
-		elog(ERROR, "ef_construction must be greater than or equal to 2 * m");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("ef_construction must be greater than or equal to 2 * m")));
 
 	buildstate->reltuples = 0;
 	buildstate->indtuples = 0;
 
 	/* Get support functions */
-	buildstate->procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC);
-	buildstate->normprocinfo = HnswOptionalProcInfo(index, HNSW_NORM_PROC);
-	buildstate->collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
+	HnswInitSupport(&buildstate->support, index);
 
-	InitGraph(&buildstate->graphData, NULL, maintenance_work_mem * 1024L);
+	InitGraph(&buildstate->graphData, NULL, maintenance_work_mem * (Size) 1024);
 	buildstate->graph = &buildstate->graphData;
 	buildstate->ml = HnswGetMl(buildstate->m);
 	buildstate->maxLevel = HnswGetMaxLevel(buildstate->m);
@@ -795,7 +803,11 @@ HnswParallelScanAndInsert(Relation heapRel, Relation indexRel, HnswShared * hnsw
 	buildstate.hnswarea = hnswarea;
 	InitAllocator(&buildstate.allocator, &HnswSharedMemoryAlloc, &buildstate);
 	scan = table_beginscan_parallel(heapRel,
-									ParallelTableScanFromHnswShared(hnswshared));
+									ParallelTableScanFromHnswShared(hnswshared)
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
+									,SO_NONE
+#endif
+		);
 	reltuples = table_index_build_scan(heapRel, indexRel, indexInfo,
 									   true, progress, BuildCallback,
 									   (void *) &buildstate, scan);
@@ -944,11 +956,13 @@ HnswBeginParallel(HnswBuildState * buildstate, bool isconcurrent, int request)
 	/* Leave space for other objects in shared memory */
 	/* Docker has a default limit of 64 MB for shm_size */
 	/* which happens to be the default value of maintenance_work_mem */
-	esthnswarea = maintenance_work_mem * 1024L;
+	esthnswarea = maintenance_work_mem * (Size) 1024;
 	estother = 3 * 1024 * 1024;
 	if (esthnswarea > estother)
 		esthnswarea -= estother;
 
+	esthnswarea = Min(esthnswarea, HNSW_MAX_GRAPH_MEMORY);
+
 	shm_toc_estimate_chunk(&pcxt->estimator, esthnswarea);
 	shm_toc_estimate_keys(&pcxt->estimator, 2);
 
@@ -991,8 +1005,7 @@ HnswBeginParallel(HnswBuildState * buildstate, bool isconcurrent, int request)
 								  snapshot);
 
 	hnswarea = (char *) shm_toc_allocate(pcxt->toc, esthnswarea);
-	/* Report less than allocated so never fails */
-	InitGraph(&hnswshared->graphData, hnswarea, esthnswarea - 1024 * 1024);
+	InitGraph(&hnswshared->graphData, hnswarea, esthnswarea);
 
 	/*
 	 * Avoid base address for relptr for Postgres < 14.5
@@ -1071,7 +1084,7 @@ ComputeParallelWorkers(Relation heap, Relation index)
  * Build graph
  */
 static void
-BuildGraph(HnswBuildState * buildstate, ForkNumber forkNum)
+BuildGraph(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 {
 	int			parallel_workers = 0;
 
@@ -1119,7 +1132,7 @@ BuildIndex(Relation heap, Relation index, IndexInfo *indexInfo,
 
 	InitBuildState(buildstate, heap, index, indexInfo, forkNum);
 
-	BuildGraph(buildstate, forkNum);
+	BuildGraph(buildstate);
 
 	if (RelationNeedsWAL(index) || forkNum == INIT_FORKNUM)
 		log_newpage_range(index, forkNum, 0, RelationGetNumberOfBlocksInFork(index, forkNum), true);

src/hnswinsert.c

@@ -1,13 +1,19 @@
 #include "postgres.h"
 
-#include <math.h>
-
+#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/generic_xlog.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
+#include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
+#include "storage/lwlock.h"
 #include "utils/datum.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/rel.h"
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+#include "varatt.h"
+#endif
 
 /*
  * Get the insert page
@@ -36,7 +42,7 @@ GetInsertPage(Relation index)
  * Check for a free offset
  */
 static bool
-HnswFreeOffset(Relation index, Buffer buf, Page page, HnswElement element, Size etupSize, Size ntupSize, Buffer *nbuf, Page *npage, OffsetNumber *freeOffno, OffsetNumber *freeNeighborOffno, BlockNumber *newInsertPage)
+HnswFreeOffset(Relation index, Buffer buf, Page page, HnswElement element, Size etupSize, Size ntupSize, Buffer *nbuf, Page *npage, OffsetNumber *freeOffno, OffsetNumber *freeNeighborOffno, BlockNumber *newInsertPage, uint8 *tupleVersion)
 {
 	OffsetNumber offno;
 	OffsetNumber maxoffno = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
@@ -98,6 +104,7 @@ HnswFreeOffset(Relation index, Buffer buf, Page page, HnswElement element, Size
 			{
 				*freeOffno = offno;
 				*freeNeighborOffno = neighborOffno;
+				*tupleVersion = etup->version;
 				return true;
 			}
 			else if (*nbuf != buf)
@@ -153,6 +160,7 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 	OffsetNumber freeOffno = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 	OffsetNumber freeNeighborOffno = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 	BlockNumber newInsertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;
+	uint8		tupleVersion;
 	char	   *base = NULL;
 
 	/* Calculate sizes */
@@ -202,7 +210,7 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 		}
 
 		/* Next, try space from a deleted element */
-		if (HnswFreeOffset(index, buf, page, e, etupSize, ntupSize, &nbuf, &npage, &freeOffno, &freeNeighborOffno, &newInsertPage))
+		if (HnswFreeOffset(index, buf, page, e, etupSize, ntupSize, &nbuf, &npage, &freeOffno, &freeNeighborOffno, &newInsertPage, &tupleVersion))
 		{
 			if (nbuf != buf)
 			{
@@ -212,6 +220,10 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 					npage = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, nbuf, 0);
 			}
 
+			/* Set tuple version */
+			etup->version = tupleVersion;
+			ntup->version = tupleVersion;
+
 			break;
 		}
 
@@ -334,6 +346,107 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 		*updatedInsertPage = newInsertPage;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Load neighbors
+ */
+static HnswNeighborArray *
+HnswLoadNeighbors(HnswElement element, Relation index, int m, int lm, int lc)
+{
+	char	   *base = NULL;
+	HnswNeighborArray *neighbors = HnswInitNeighborArray(lm, NULL);
+	ItemPointerData indextids[HNSW_MAX_M * 2];
+
+	if (!HnswLoadNeighborTids(element, indextids, index, m, lm, lc))
+		return neighbors;
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < lm; i++)
+	{
+		ItemPointer indextid = &indextids[i];
+		HnswElement e;
+		HnswCandidate *hc;
+
+		if (!ItemPointerIsValid(indextid))
+			break;
+
+		e = HnswInitElementFromBlock(ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(indextid), ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(indextid));
+		hc = &neighbors->items[neighbors->length++];
+		HnswPtrStore(base, hc->element, e);
+	}
+
+	return neighbors;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Load elements for insert
+ */
+static void
+LoadElementsForInsert(HnswNeighborArray * neighbors, HnswQuery * q, int *idx, Relation index, HnswSupport * support)
+{
+	char	   *base = NULL;
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < neighbors->length; i++)
+	{
+		HnswCandidate *hc = &neighbors->items[i];
+		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
+		double		distance;
+
+		HnswLoadElement(element, &distance, q, index, support, true, NULL);
+		hc->distance = distance;
+
+		/* Prune element if being deleted */
+		if (element->heaptidsLength == 0)
+		{
+			*idx = i;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get update index
+ */
+static int
+GetUpdateIndex(HnswElement element, HnswElement newElement, float distance, int m, int lm, int lc, Relation index, HnswSupport * support, MemoryContext updateCtx)
+{
+	char	   *base = NULL;
+	int			idx = -1;
+	HnswNeighborArray *neighbors;
+	MemoryContext oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(updateCtx);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get latest neighbors since they may have changed. Do not lock yet since
+	 * selecting neighbors can take time. Could use optimistic locking to
+	 * retry if another update occurs before getting exclusive lock.
+	 */
+	neighbors = HnswLoadNeighbors(element, index, m, lm, lc);
+
+	/*
+	 * Could improve performance for vacuuming by checking neighbors against
+	 * list of elements being deleted to find index. It's important to exclude
+	 * already deleted elements for this since they can be replaced at any
+	 * time.
+	 */
+
+	if (neighbors->length < lm)
+		idx = -2;
+	else
+	{
+		HnswQuery	q;
+
+		q.value = HnswGetValue(base, element);
+
+		LoadElementsForInsert(neighbors, &q, &idx, index, support);
+
+		if (idx == -1)
+			HnswUpdateConnection(base, neighbors, newElement, distance, lm, &idx, index, support);
+	}
+
+	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
+	MemoryContextReset(updateCtx);
+
+	return idx;
+}
+
 /*
  * Check if connection already exists
  */
@@ -354,14 +467,94 @@ ConnectionExists(HnswElement e, HnswNeighborTuple ntup, int startIdx, int lm)
 	return false;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Update neighbor
+ */
+static void
+UpdateNeighborOnDisk(HnswElement element, HnswElement newElement, int idx, int m, int lm, int lc, Relation index, bool checkExisting, bool building)
+{
+	Buffer		buf;
+	Page		page;
+	GenericXLogState *state;
+	HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
+	int			startIdx;
+	OffsetNumber offno = element->neighborOffno;
+
+	/* Register page */
+	buf = ReadBuffer(index, element->neighborPage);
+	LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE);
+	if (building)
+	{
+		state = NULL;
+		page = BufferGetPage(buf);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		state = GenericXLogStart(index);
+		page = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, buf, 0);
+	}
+
+	/* Get tuple */
+	ntup = (HnswNeighborTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offno));
+
+	/* Calculate index for update */
+	startIdx = (element->level - lc) * m;
+
+	/* Check for existing connection */
+	if (checkExisting && ConnectionExists(newElement, ntup, startIdx, lm))
+		idx = -1;
+	else if (idx == -2)
+	{
+		/* Find free offset if still exists */
+		/* TODO Retry updating connections if not */
+		for (int j = 0; j < lm; j++)
+		{
+			if (!ItemPointerIsValid(&ntup->indextids[startIdx + j]))
+			{
+				idx = startIdx + j;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		idx += startIdx;
+
+	/* Make robust to issues */
+	if (idx >= 0 && idx < ntup->count)
+	{
+		ItemPointer indextid = &ntup->indextids[idx];
+
+		/* Update neighbor on the buffer */
+		ItemPointerSet(indextid, newElement->blkno, newElement->offno);
+
+		/* Commit */
+		if (building)
+			MarkBufferDirty(buf);
+		else
+			GenericXLogFinish(state);
+	}
+	else if (!building)
+		GenericXLogAbort(state);
+
+	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
+}
+
 /*
  * Update neighbors
  */
 void
-HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement e, int m, bool checkExisting, bool building)
+HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, HnswSupport * support, HnswElement e, int m, bool checkExisting, bool building)
 {
 	char	   *base = NULL;
 
+	/* Use separate memory context to improve performance for larger vectors */
+	MemoryContext updateCtx = GenerationContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
+													  "Hnsw insert update context",
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 150000
+													  128 * 1024, 128 * 1024,
+#endif
+													  128 * 1024);
+
 	for (int lc = e->level; lc >= 0; lc--)
 	{
 		int			lm = HnswGetLayerM(m, lc);
@@ -370,92 +563,20 @@ HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Hns
 		for (int i = 0; i < neighbors->length; i++)
 		{
 			HnswCandidate *hc = &neighbors->items[i];
-			Buffer		buf;
-			Page		page;
-			GenericXLogState *state;
-			HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
-			int			idx = -1;
-			int			startIdx;
 			HnswElement neighborElement = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
-			OffsetNumber offno = neighborElement->neighborOffno;
+			int			idx;
 
-			/* Get latest neighbors since they may have changed */
-			/* Do not lock yet since selecting neighbors can take time */
-			HnswLoadNeighbors(neighborElement, index, m);
-
-			/*
-			 * Could improve performance for vacuuming by checking neighbors
-			 * against list of elements being deleted to find index. It's
-			 * important to exclude already deleted elements for this since
-			 * they can be replaced at any time.
-			 */
-
-			/* Select neighbors */
-			HnswUpdateConnection(NULL, e, hc, lm, lc, &idx, index, procinfo, collation);
+			idx = GetUpdateIndex(neighborElement, e, hc->distance, m, lm, lc, index, support, updateCtx);
 
 			/* New element was not selected as a neighbor */
 			if (idx == -1)
 				continue;
 
-			/* Register page */
-			buf = ReadBuffer(index, neighborElement->neighborPage);
-			LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE);
-			if (building)
-			{
-				state = NULL;
-				page = BufferGetPage(buf);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				state = GenericXLogStart(index);
-				page = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, buf, 0);
-			}
-
-			/* Get tuple */
-			ntup = (HnswNeighborTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offno));
-
-			/* Calculate index for update */
-			startIdx = (neighborElement->level - lc) * m;
-
-			/* Check for existing connection */
-			if (checkExisting && ConnectionExists(e, ntup, startIdx, lm))
-				idx = -1;
-			else if (idx == -2)
-			{
-				/* Find free offset if still exists */
-				/* TODO Retry updating connections if not */
-				for (int j = 0; j < lm; j++)
-				{
-					if (!ItemPointerIsValid(&ntup->indextids[startIdx + j]))
-					{
-						idx = startIdx + j;
-						break;
-					}
-				}
-			}
-			else
-				idx += startIdx;
-
-			/* Make robust to issues */
-			if (idx >= 0 && idx < ntup->count)
-			{
-				ItemPointer indextid = &ntup->indextids[idx];
-
-				/* Update neighbor on the buffer */
-				ItemPointerSet(indextid, e->blkno, e->offno);
-
-				/* Commit */
-				if (building)
-					MarkBufferDirty(buf);
-				else
-					GenericXLogFinish(state);
-			}
-			else if (!building)
-				GenericXLogAbort(state);
-
-			UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
+			UpdateNeighborOnDisk(neighborElement, e, idx, m, lm, lc, index, checkExisting, building);
 		}
 	}
+
+	MemoryContextDelete(updateCtx);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -545,7 +666,7 @@ FindDuplicateOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement element, bool building)
  * Update graph on disk
  */
 static void
-UpdateGraphOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement element, int m, int efConstruction, HnswElement entryPoint, bool building)
+UpdateGraphOnDisk(Relation index, HnswSupport * support, HnswElement element, int m, HnswElement entryPoint, bool building)
 {
 	BlockNumber newInsertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;
 
@@ -561,7 +682,7 @@ UpdateGraphOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement
 		HnswUpdateMetaPage(index, 0, NULL, newInsertPage, MAIN_FORKNUM, building);
 
 	/* Update neighbors */
-	HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(index, procinfo, collation, element, m, false, building);
+	HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(index, support, element, m, false, building);
 
 	/* Update entry point if needed */
 	if (entryPoint == NULL || element->level > entryPoint->level)
@@ -572,14 +693,12 @@ UpdateGraphOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement
  * Insert a tuple into the index
  */
 bool
-HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, Datum value, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, bool building)
+HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, HnswSupport * support, Datum value, ItemPointer heaptid, bool building)
 {
 	HnswElement entryPoint;
 	HnswElement element;
 	int			m;
 	int			efConstruction = HnswGetEfConstruction(index);
-	FmgrInfo   *procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC);
-	Oid			collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
 	LOCKMODE	lockmode = ShareLock;
 	char	   *base = NULL;
 
@@ -594,8 +713,8 @@ HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, Datum value, Datum *values, bool *isnull,
 	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, &m, &entryPoint);
 
 	/* Create an element */
-	element = HnswInitElement(base, heap_tid, m, HnswGetMl(m), HnswGetMaxLevel(m), NULL);
-	HnswPtrStore(base, element->value, DatumGetPointer(value));
+	element = HnswInitElement(base, heaptid, m, HnswGetMl(m), HnswGetMaxLevel(m), NULL);
+	HnswPtrStore(base, element->value, (char *) DatumGetPointer(value));
 
 	/* Prevent concurrent inserts when likely updating entry point */
 	if (entryPoint == NULL || element->level > entryPoint->level)
@@ -612,10 +731,10 @@ HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, Datum value, Datum *values, bool *isnull,
 	}
 
 	/* Find neighbors for element */
-	HnswFindElementNeighbors(base, element, entryPoint, index, procinfo, collation, m, efConstruction, false);
+	HnswFindElementNeighbors(base, element, entryPoint, index, support, m, efConstruction, false);
 
 	/* Update graph on disk */
-	UpdateGraphOnDisk(index, procinfo, collation, element, m, efConstruction, entryPoint, building);
+	UpdateGraphOnDisk(index, support, element, m, entryPoint, building);
 
 	/* Release lock */
 	UnlockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, lockmode);
@@ -627,31 +746,19 @@ HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, Datum value, Datum *values, bool *isnull,
  * Insert a tuple into the index
  */
 static void
-HnswInsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid)
+HnswInsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid)
 {
 	Datum		value;
 	const		HnswTypeInfo *typeInfo = HnswGetTypeInfo(index);
-	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
-	Oid			collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
+	HnswSupport support;
 
-	/* Detoast once for all calls */
-	value = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(values[0]));
+	HnswInitSupport(&support, index);
 
-	/* Check value */
-	if (typeInfo->checkValue != NULL)
-		typeInfo->checkValue(DatumGetPointer(value));
+	/* Form index value */
+	if (!HnswFormIndexValue(&value, values, isnull, typeInfo, &support))
+		return;
 
-	/* Normalize if needed */
-	normprocinfo = HnswOptionalProcInfo(index, HNSW_NORM_PROC);
-	if (normprocinfo != NULL)
-	{
-		if (!HnswCheckNorm(normprocinfo, collation, value))
-			return;
-
-		value = HnswNormValue(typeInfo, collation, value);
-	}
-
-	HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(index, value, values, isnull, heap_tid, false);
+	HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(index, &support, value, heaptid, false);
 }
 
 /*

src/hnswscan.c

@@ -1,43 +1,89 @@
 #include "postgres.h"
 
+#include <limits.h>
+
+#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/relscan.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
+#include "lib/pairingheap.h"
+#include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/pg_list.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
-#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
+#include "utils/float.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/relcache.h"
+#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+#include "varatt.h"
+#endif
 
 /*
  * Algorithm 5 from paper
  */
 static List *
-GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum q)
+GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 {
 	HnswScanOpaque so = (HnswScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
 	Relation	index = scan->indexRelation;
-	FmgrInfo   *procinfo = so->procinfo;
-	Oid			collation = so->collation;
+	HnswSupport *support = &so->support;
 	List	   *ep;
 	List	   *w;
 	int			m;
 	HnswElement entryPoint;
 	char	   *base = NULL;
+	HnswQuery  *q = &so->q;
 
 	/* Get m and entry point */
 	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, &m, &entryPoint);
 
+	q->value = value;
+	so->m = m;
+
 	if (entryPoint == NULL)
 		return NIL;
 
-	ep = list_make1(HnswEntryCandidate(base, entryPoint, q, index, procinfo, collation, false));
+	ep = list_make1(HnswEntryCandidate(base, entryPoint, q, index, support, false));
 
 	for (int lc = entryPoint->level; lc >= 1; lc--)
 	{
-		w = HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, 1, lc, index, procinfo, collation, m, false, NULL);
+		w = HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, 1, lc, index, support, m, false, NULL, NULL, NULL, true, NULL);
 		ep = w;
 	}
 
-	return HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, hnsw_ef_search, 0, index, procinfo, collation, m, false, NULL);
+	return HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, hnsw_ef_search, 0, index, support, m, false, NULL, &so->v, hnsw_iterative_scan != HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF ? &so->discarded : NULL, true, &so->tuples);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Resume scan at ground level with discarded candidates
+ */
+static List *
+ResumeScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan)
+{
+	HnswScanOpaque so = (HnswScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
+	Relation	index = scan->indexRelation;
+	List	   *ep = NIL;
+	char	   *base = NULL;
+	int			batch_size = hnsw_ef_search;
+
+	if (pairingheap_is_empty(so->discarded))
+		return NIL;
+
+	/* Get next batch of candidates */
+	for (int i = 0; i < batch_size; i++)
+	{
+		HnswSearchCandidate *sc;
+
+		if (pairingheap_is_empty(so->discarded))
+			break;
+
+		sc = HnswGetSearchCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_remove_first(so->discarded));
+
+		ep = lappend(ep, sc);
+	}
+
+	return HnswSearchLayer(base, &so->q, ep, batch_size, 0, index, &so->support, so->m, false, NULL, &so->v, &so->discarded, false, &so->tuples);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -60,13 +106,24 @@ GetScanValue(IndexScanDesc scan)
 		Assert(!VARATT_IS_EXTENDED(DatumGetPointer(value)));
 
 		/* Normalize if needed */
-		if (so->normprocinfo != NULL)
-			value = HnswNormValue(so->typeInfo, so->collation, value);
+		if (so->support.normprocinfo != NULL)
+			value = HnswNormValue(so->typeInfo, so->support.collation, value);
 	}
 
 	return value;
 }
 
+#if defined(HNSW_MEMORY)
+/*
+ * Show memory usage
+ */
+static void
+ShowMemoryUsage(HnswScanOpaque so)
+{
+	elog(INFO, "memory: %zu KB, tuples: " INT64_FORMAT, MemoryContextMemAllocated(so->tmpCtx, false) / 1024, so->tuples);
+}
+#endif
+
 /*
  * Prepare for an index scan
  */
@@ -75,20 +132,28 @@ hnswbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 {
 	IndexScanDesc scan;
 	HnswScanOpaque so;
+	double		maxMemory;
 
 	scan = RelationGetIndexScan(index, nkeys, norderbys);
 
 	so = (HnswScanOpaque) palloc(sizeof(HnswScanOpaqueData));
 	so->typeInfo = HnswGetTypeInfo(index);
-	so->first = true;
-	so->tmpCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
-									   "Hnsw scan temporary context",
-									   ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
 
 	/* Set support functions */
-	so->procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC);
-	so->normprocinfo = HnswOptionalProcInfo(index, HNSW_NORM_PROC);
-	so->collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
+	HnswInitSupport(&so->support, index);
+
+	/*
+	 * Use a lower max allocation size than default to allow scanning more
+	 * tuples for iterative search before exceeding work_mem
+	 */
+	so->tmpCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
+									   "Hnsw scan temporary context",
+									   0, 8 * 1024, 256 * 1024);
+
+	/* Calculate max memory */
+	/* Add 256 extra bytes to fill last block when close */
+	maxMemory = (double) work_mem * hnsw_scan_mem_multiplier * 1024.0 + 256;
+	so->maxMemory = Min(maxMemory, (double) (SIZE_MAX / 2));
 
 	scan->opaque = so;
 
@@ -104,6 +169,11 @@ hnswrescan(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanKey keys, int nkeys, ScanKey orderbys, int no
 	HnswScanOpaque so = (HnswScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
 
 	so->first = true;
+	/* v and discarded are allocated in tmpCtx */
+	so->v.tids = NULL;
+	so->discarded = NULL;
+	so->tuples = 0;
+	so->previousDistance = -get_float8_infinity();
 	MemoryContextReset(so->tmpCtx);
 
 	if (keys && scan->numberOfKeys > 0)
@@ -134,6 +204,10 @@ hnswgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 
 		/* Count index scan for stats */
 		pgstat_count_index_scan(scan->indexRelation);
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
+		if (scan->instrument)
+			scan->instrument->nsearches++;
+#endif
 
 		/* Safety check */
 		if (scan->orderByData == NULL)
@@ -160,27 +234,90 @@ hnswgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 
 		so->first = false;
 
-#if defined(HNSW_MEMORY) && PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-		elog(INFO, "memory: %zu MB", MemoryContextMemAllocated(so->tmpCtx, false) / (1024 * 1024));
+#if defined(HNSW_MEMORY)
+		ShowMemoryUsage(so);
 #endif
 	}
 
-	while (list_length(so->w) > 0)
+	for (;;)
 	{
 		char	   *base = NULL;
-		HnswCandidate *hc = llast(so->w);
-		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
+		HnswSearchCandidate *sc;
+		HnswElement element;
 		ItemPointer heaptid;
 
+		if (list_length(so->w) == 0)
+		{
+			if (hnsw_iterative_scan == HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF)
+				break;
+
+			/* Empty index */
+			if (so->discarded == NULL)
+				break;
+
+			/* Reached max number of tuples or memory limit */
+			if (so->tuples >= hnsw_max_scan_tuples || MemoryContextMemAllocated(so->tmpCtx, false) > so->maxMemory)
+			{
+				if (pairingheap_is_empty(so->discarded))
+					break;
+
+				/* Return remaining tuples */
+				so->w = lappend(so->w, HnswGetSearchCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_remove_first(so->discarded)));
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Locking ensures when neighbors are read, the elements they
+				 * reference will not be deleted (and replaced) during the
+				 * iteration.
+				 *
+				 * Elements loaded into memory on previous iterations may have
+				 * been deleted (and replaced), so when reading neighbors, the
+				 * element version must be checked.
+				 */
+				LockPage(scan->indexRelation, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ShareLock);
+
+				so->w = ResumeScanItems(scan);
+
+				UnlockPage(scan->indexRelation, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ShareLock);
+
+#if defined(HNSW_MEMORY)
+				ShowMemoryUsage(so);
+#endif
+			}
+
+			if (list_length(so->w) == 0)
+				break;
+		}
+
+		sc = llast(so->w);
+		element = HnswPtrAccess(base, sc->element);
+
 		/* Move to next element if no valid heap TIDs */
 		if (element->heaptidsLength == 0)
 		{
 			so->w = list_delete_last(so->w);
+
+			/* Mark memory as free for next iteration */
+			if (hnsw_iterative_scan != HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF)
+			{
+				pfree(element);
+				pfree(sc);
+			}
+
 			continue;
 		}
 
 		heaptid = &element->heaptids[--element->heaptidsLength];
 
+		if (hnsw_iterative_scan == HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_STRICT)
+		{
+			if (sc->distance < so->previousDistance)
+				continue;
+
+			so->previousDistance = sc->distance;
+		}
+
 		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
 
 		scan->xs_heaptid = *heaptid;

src/hnswvacuum.c

@@ -1,21 +1,30 @@
 #include "postgres.h"
 
-#include <math.h>
-
+#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/generic_xlog.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
+#include "nodes/pg_list.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/rel.h"
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+#include "varatt.h"
+#endif
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
+#define vacuum_delay_point() vacuum_delay_point(false)
+#endif
 
 /*
- * Check if deleted list contains an index TID
+ * Check if deletion list contains an element
  */
 static bool
-DeletedContains(tidhash_hash * deleted, ItemPointer indextid)
+DeletingElement(tidhash_hash * deleting, ItemPointer indextid)
 {
-	return tidhash_lookup(deleted, *indextid) != NULL;
+	return tidhash_lookup(deleting, *indextid) != NULL;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -28,17 +37,20 @@ RemoveHeapTids(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 {
 	BlockNumber blkno = HNSW_HEAD_BLKNO;
 	HnswElement highestPoint = &vacuumstate->highestPoint;
+	HnswElement fallbackPoint = &vacuumstate->fallbackPoint;
 	Relation	index = vacuumstate->index;
 	BufferAccessStrategy bas = vacuumstate->bas;
-	HnswElement entryPoint = HnswGetEntryPoint(vacuumstate->index);
 	IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats = vacuumstate->stats;
 
-	/* Store separately since highestPoint.level is uint8 */
+	/* Store separately since HnswElement level is uint8 */
 	int			highestLevel = -1;
+	int			fallbackLevel = -1;
 
-	/* Initialize highest point */
+	/* Initialize highest point and fallback point */
 	highestPoint->blkno = InvalidBlockNumber;
 	highestPoint->offno = InvalidOffsetNumber;
+	fallbackPoint->blkno = InvalidBlockNumber;
+	fallbackPoint->offno = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 
 	while (BlockNumberIsValid(blkno))
 	{
@@ -68,6 +80,14 @@ RemoveHeapTids(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			if (!HnswIsElementTuple(etup))
 				continue;
 
+			/*
+			 * Skip deleted tuples. It is important they are not added to the
+			 * deletion list to avoid false positives in NeedsUpdated and
+			 * ConfirmRepaired.
+			 */
+			if (etup->deleted)
+				continue;
+
 			if (ItemPointerIsValid(&etup->heaptids[0]))
 			{
 				for (int i = 0; i < HNSW_HEAPTIDS; i++)
@@ -101,23 +121,40 @@ RemoveHeapTids(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 
 			if (!ItemPointerIsValid(&etup->heaptids[0]))
 			{
-				ItemPointerData ip;
+				ItemPointerData indextid;
 				bool		found;
 
-				/* Add to deleted list */
-				ItemPointerSet(&ip, blkno, offno);
+				/* Add to deletion list */
+				ItemPointerSet(&indextid, blkno, offno);
 
-				tidhash_insert(vacuumstate->deleted, ip, &found);
+				tidhash_insert(vacuumstate->deleting, indextid, &found);
 				Assert(!found);
 			}
-			else if (etup->level > highestLevel && !(entryPoint != NULL && blkno == entryPoint->blkno && offno == entryPoint->offno))
+			else if (etup->level > highestLevel)
 			{
-				/* Keep track of highest non-entry point */
+				if (BlockNumberIsValid(highestPoint->blkno))
+				{
+					/* Current highest point becomes fallback */
+					fallbackPoint->blkno = highestPoint->blkno;
+					fallbackPoint->offno = highestPoint->offno;
+					fallbackPoint->level = highestPoint->level;
+					fallbackLevel = highestLevel;
+				}
+
+				/* Keep track of highest point */
 				highestPoint->blkno = blkno;
 				highestPoint->offno = offno;
 				highestPoint->level = etup->level;
 				highestLevel = etup->level;
 			}
+			else if (etup->level > fallbackLevel)
+			{
+				/* Keep track of second highest point */
+				fallbackPoint->blkno = blkno;
+				fallbackPoint->offno = offno;
+				fallbackPoint->level = etup->level;
+				fallbackLevel = etup->level;
+			}
 		}
 
 		blkno = HnswPageGetOpaque(page)->nextblkno;
@@ -129,6 +166,10 @@ RemoveHeapTids(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 
 		UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 	}
+
+#ifdef HNSW_MEMORY
+	elog(INFO, "memory: %zu KB", MemoryContextMemAllocated(CurrentMemoryContext, true) / 1024);
+#endif
 }
 
 /*
@@ -159,8 +200,8 @@ NeedsUpdated(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, HnswElement element)
 		if (!ItemPointerIsValid(indextid))
 			continue;
 
-		/* Check if in deleted list */
-		if (DeletedContains(vacuumstate->deleted, indextid))
+		/* Check if in deletion list */
+		if (DeletingElement(vacuumstate->deleting, indextid))
 		{
 			needsUpdated = true;
 			break;
@@ -169,7 +210,8 @@ NeedsUpdated(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, HnswElement element)
 
 	/* Also update if layer 0 is not full */
 	/* This could indicate too many candidates being deleted during insert */
-	if (!needsUpdated)
+	/* There should always be more than zero indextids, but check for safety */
+	if (!needsUpdated && ntup->count > 0)
 		needsUpdated = !ItemPointerIsValid(&ntup->indextids[ntup->count - 1]);
 
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
@@ -184,13 +226,12 @@ static void
 RepairGraphElement(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint)
 {
 	Relation	index = vacuumstate->index;
+	HnswSupport *support = &vacuumstate->support;
 	Buffer		buf;
 	Page		page;
 	GenericXLogState *state;
 	int			m = vacuumstate->m;
 	int			efConstruction = vacuumstate->efConstruction;
-	FmgrInfo   *procinfo = vacuumstate->procinfo;
-	Oid			collation = vacuumstate->collation;
 	BufferAccessStrategy bas = vacuumstate->bas;
 	HnswNeighborTuple ntup = vacuumstate->ntup;
 	Size		ntupSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(element->level, m);
@@ -205,7 +246,7 @@ RepairGraphElement(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, HnswElement element, HnswEleme
 	element->heaptidsLength = 0;
 
 	/* Find neighbors for element, skipping itself */
-	HnswFindElementNeighbors(base, element, entryPoint, index, procinfo, collation, m, efConstruction, true);
+	HnswFindElementNeighbors(base, element, entryPoint, index, support, m, efConstruction, true);
 
 	/* Zero memory for each element */
 	MemSet(ntup, 0, HNSW_TUPLE_ALLOC_SIZE);
@@ -229,7 +270,7 @@ RepairGraphElement(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, HnswElement element, HnswEleme
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 
 	/* Update neighbors */
-	HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(index, procinfo, collation, element, m, true, false);
+	HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(index, support, element, m, true, false);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -239,6 +280,7 @@ static void
 RepairGraphEntryPoint(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 {
 	Relation	index = vacuumstate->index;
+	HnswSupport *support = &vacuumstate->support;
 	HnswElement highestPoint = &vacuumstate->highestPoint;
 	HnswElement entryPoint;
 	MemoryContext oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(vacuumstate->tmpCtx);
@@ -255,12 +297,27 @@ RepairGraphEntryPoint(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 		/* Get a shared lock */
 		LockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, ShareLock);
 
-		/* Load element */
-		HnswLoadElement(highestPoint, NULL, NULL, index, vacuumstate->procinfo, vacuumstate->collation, true, NULL);
+		/* Get latest entry point */
+		entryPoint = HnswGetEntryPoint(index);
 
-		/* Repair if needed */
-		if (NeedsUpdated(vacuumstate, highestPoint))
-			RepairGraphElement(vacuumstate, highestPoint, HnswGetEntryPoint(index));
+		/* Use fallback point if highest point is entry point */
+		if (entryPoint != NULL && entryPoint->blkno == highestPoint->blkno && entryPoint->offno == highestPoint->offno)
+		{
+			highestPoint = &vacuumstate->fallbackPoint;
+
+			if (!BlockNumberIsValid(highestPoint->blkno))
+				highestPoint = NULL;
+		}
+
+		if (highestPoint != NULL)
+		{
+			/* Load element */
+			HnswLoadElement(highestPoint, NULL, NULL, index, support, true, NULL);
+
+			/* Repair if needed */
+			if (NeedsUpdated(vacuumstate, highestPoint))
+				RepairGraphElement(vacuumstate, highestPoint, entryPoint);
+		}
 
 		/* Release lock */
 		UnlockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, ShareLock);
@@ -278,7 +335,7 @@ RepairGraphEntryPoint(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 
 		ItemPointerSet(&epData, entryPoint->blkno, entryPoint->offno);
 
-		if (DeletedContains(vacuumstate->deleted, &epData))
+		if (DeletingElement(vacuumstate->deleting, &epData))
 		{
 			/*
 			 * Replace the entry point with the highest point. If highest
@@ -294,7 +351,7 @@ RepairGraphEntryPoint(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			 * is outdated, this can remove connections at higher levels in
 			 * the graph until they are repaired, but this should be fine.
 			 */
-			HnswLoadElement(entryPoint, NULL, NULL, index, vacuumstate->procinfo, vacuumstate->collation, true, NULL);
+			HnswLoadElement(entryPoint, NULL, NULL, index, support, true, NULL);
 
 			if (NeedsUpdated(vacuumstate, entryPoint))
 			{
@@ -364,6 +421,10 @@ RepairGraph(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			if (!HnswIsElementTuple(etup))
 				continue;
 
+			/* Skip deleted tuples */
+			if (etup->deleted)
+				continue;
+
 			/* Skip updating neighbors if being deleted */
 			if (!ItemPointerIsValid(&etup->heaptids[0]))
 				continue;
@@ -427,6 +488,103 @@ RepairGraph(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 		/* Reset memory context */
 		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
 		MemoryContextReset(vacuumstate->tmpCtx);
+
+#ifdef HNSW_VACUUM_PROGRESS
+		if (!BlockNumberIsValid(blkno) || (blkno - HNSW_HEAD_BLKNO) % 1000 == 0)
+		{
+			BlockNumber totalBlocks = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(index);
+			BlockNumber currentBlocks = BlockNumberIsValid(blkno) ? blkno : totalBlocks;
+
+			elog(INFO, "hnsw vacuum progress: %.1f%%", 100.0 * currentBlocks / totalBlocks);
+		}
+#endif
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Confirm graph was repaired
+ */
+static void
+ConfirmRepaired(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
+{
+	BlockNumber blkno = HNSW_HEAD_BLKNO;
+	Relation	index = vacuumstate->index;
+	BufferAccessStrategy bas = vacuumstate->bas;
+
+	while (BlockNumberIsValid(blkno))
+	{
+		Buffer		buf;
+		Page		page;
+		OffsetNumber offno;
+		OffsetNumber maxoffno;
+
+		vacuum_delay_point();
+
+		buf = ReadBufferExtended(index, MAIN_FORKNUM, blkno, RBM_NORMAL, bas);
+		LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
+		page = BufferGetPage(buf);
+		maxoffno = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
+
+		/* Iterate over nodes */
+		for (offno = FirstOffsetNumber; offno <= maxoffno; offno = OffsetNumberNext(offno))
+		{
+			HnswElementTuple etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offno));
+			HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
+			Buffer		nbuf;
+			Page		npage;
+			BlockNumber neighborPage;
+			OffsetNumber neighborOffno;
+
+			/* Skip neighbor tuples */
+			if (!HnswIsElementTuple(etup))
+				continue;
+
+			/* Skip deleted tuples */
+			if (etup->deleted)
+				continue;
+
+			/* Skip if being deleted */
+			if (!ItemPointerIsValid(&etup->heaptids[0]))
+				continue;
+
+			/* Get neighbor page */
+			neighborPage = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&etup->neighbortid);
+			neighborOffno = ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&etup->neighbortid);
+
+			if (neighborPage == blkno)
+			{
+				nbuf = buf;
+				npage = page;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				nbuf = ReadBufferExtended(index, MAIN_FORKNUM, neighborPage, RBM_NORMAL, bas);
+				LockBuffer(nbuf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
+				npage = BufferGetPage(nbuf);
+			}
+
+			ntup = (HnswNeighborTuple) PageGetItem(npage, PageGetItemId(npage, neighborOffno));
+
+			/* Check neighbors */
+			for (int i = 0; i < ntup->count; i++)
+			{
+				ItemPointer indextid = &ntup->indextids[i];
+
+				if (!ItemPointerIsValid(indextid))
+					continue;
+
+				/* Check if in deletion list */
+				if (DeletingElement(vacuumstate->deleting, indextid))
+					elog(ERROR, "hnsw graph not repaired");
+			}
+
+			if (nbuf != buf)
+				UnlockReleaseBuffer(nbuf);
+		}
+
+		blkno = HnswPageGetOpaque(page)->nextblkno;
+
+		UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -442,10 +600,15 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 	BufferAccessStrategy bas = vacuumstate->bas;
 
 	/*
-	 * Wait for index scans to complete. Scans before this point may contain
-	 * tuples about to be deleted. Scans after this point will not, since the
-	 * graph has been repaired.
+	 * Wait for inserts and index scans to complete. Inserts and scans before
+	 * this point may visit tuples about to be deleted. Inserts and scans
+	 * after this point will not, since the graph has been repaired.
 	 */
+	LockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, ExclusiveLock);
+	UnlockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, ExclusiveLock);
+
+	ConfirmRepaired(vacuumstate);
+
 	LockPage(index, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ExclusiveLock);
 	UnlockPage(index, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ExclusiveLock);
 
@@ -520,13 +683,22 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			ntup = (HnswNeighborTuple) PageGetItem(npage, PageGetItemId(npage, neighborOffno));
 
 			/* Overwrite element */
+			/* Use memset instead of MemSet to keep clang-tidy happy */
 			etup->deleted = 1;
-			MemSet(&etup->data, 0, VARSIZE_ANY(&etup->data));
+			memset(&etup->data, 0, VARSIZE_ANY(&etup->data));
 
 			/* Overwrite neighbors */
 			for (int i = 0; i < ntup->count; i++)
 				ItemPointerSetInvalid(&ntup->indextids[i]);
 
+			/* Increment version */
+			/* This is used to avoid incorrect reads for iterative scans */
+			/* Reserve some bits for future use */
+			etup->version++;
+			if (etup->version > 15)
+				etup->version = 1;
+			ntup->version = etup->version;
+
 			/*
 			 * We modified the tuples in place, no need to call
 			 * PageIndexTupleOverwrite
@@ -573,18 +745,18 @@ InitVacuumState(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkD
 	vacuumstate->callback_state = callback_state;
 	vacuumstate->efConstruction = HnswGetEfConstruction(index);
 	vacuumstate->bas = GetAccessStrategy(BAS_BULKREAD);
-	vacuumstate->procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC);
-	vacuumstate->collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
 	vacuumstate->ntup = palloc0(HNSW_TUPLE_ALLOC_SIZE);
 	vacuumstate->tmpCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
 												"Hnsw vacuum temporary context",
 												ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
 
+	HnswInitSupport(&vacuumstate->support, index);
+
 	/* Get m from metapage */
 	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, &vacuumstate->m, NULL);
 
 	/* Create hash table */
-	vacuumstate->deleted = tidhash_create(CurrentMemoryContext, 256, NULL);
+	vacuumstate->deleting = tidhash_create(CurrentMemoryContext, 256, NULL);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -593,7 +765,7 @@ InitVacuumState(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkD
 static void
 FreeVacuumState(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 {
-	tidhash_destroy(vacuumstate->deleted);
+	tidhash_destroy(vacuumstate->deleting);
 	FreeAccessStrategy(vacuumstate->bas);
 	pfree(vacuumstate->ntup);
 	MemoryContextDelete(vacuumstate->tmpCtx);
@@ -611,13 +783,13 @@ hnswbulkdelete(IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats,
 	InitVacuumState(&vacuumstate, info, stats, callback, callback_state);
 
 	/* Pass 1: Remove heap TIDs */
-	RemoveHeapTids(&vacuumstate);
+	HnswBench("RemoveHeapTids", RemoveHeapTids(&vacuumstate));
 
 	/* Pass 2: Repair graph */
-	RepairGraph(&vacuumstate);
+	HnswBench("RepairGraph", RepairGraph(&vacuumstate));
 
-	/* Pass 3: Mark as deleted */
-	MarkDeleted(&vacuumstate);
+	/* Passes 3 and 4: Confirm repaired and mark as deleted */
+	HnswBench("MarkDeleted", MarkDeleted(&vacuumstate));
 
 	FreeVacuumState(&vacuumstate);
 

src/ivfbuild.c

@@ -2,23 +2,37 @@
 
 #include <float.h>
 
+#include "access/genam.h"
+#include "access/generic_xlog.h"
+#include "access/itup.h"
+#include "access/relscan.h"
 #include "access/table.h"
 #include "access/tableam.h"
+#include "access/tupdesc.h"
 #include "access/parallel.h"
 #include "access/xact.h"
-#include "bitvec.h"
+#include "access/xloginsert.h"
 #include "catalog/index.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator_d.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_type_d.h"
 #include "commands/progress.h"
-#include "halfvec.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
+#include "storage/condition_variable.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
-#include "vector.h"
+#include "utils/rel.h"
+#include "utils/sampling.h"
+#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/tuplesort.h"
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+#include "varatt.h"
+#endif
 
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 #include "utils/backend_progress.h"
@@ -26,12 +40,6 @@
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #endif
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-#define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER ItemPointer tid
-#else
-#define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER HeapTuple hup
-#endif
-
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 #include "utils/backend_status.h"
 #include "utils/wait_event.h"
@@ -55,15 +63,13 @@ AddSample(Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	Datum		value = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(values[0]));
 
 	/*
-	 * Normalize with KMEANS_NORM_PROC since spherical distance function
-	 * expects unit vectors
+	 * Check with KMEANS_NORM_PROC that the value can be normalized since
+	 * spherical distance function expects unit vectors
 	 */
 	if (buildstate->kmeansnormprocinfo != NULL)
 	{
 		if (!IvfflatCheckNorm(buildstate->kmeansnormprocinfo, buildstate->collation, value))
 			return;
-
-		value = IvfflatNormValue(buildstate->typeInfo, buildstate->collation, value);
 	}
 
 	if (samples->length < targsamples)
@@ -74,7 +80,7 @@ AddSample(Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	else
 	{
 		if (buildstate->rowstoskip < 0)
-			buildstate->rowstoskip = reservoir_get_next_S(&buildstate->rstate, samples->length, targsamples);
+			buildstate->rowstoskip = reservoir_get_next_S(&buildstate->rstate, buildstate->samplerows, targsamples);
 
 		if (buildstate->rowstoskip <= 0)
 		{
@@ -90,13 +96,16 @@ AddSample(Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 
 		buildstate->rowstoskip -= 1;
 	}
+
+	/* Increment after reservoir_get_next_S */
+	buildstate->samplerows += 1;
 }
 
 /*
  * Callback for sampling
  */
 static void
-SampleCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
+SampleCallback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values,
 			   bool *isnull, bool tupleIsAlive, void *state)
 {
 	IvfflatBuildState *buildstate = (IvfflatBuildState *) state;
@@ -126,6 +135,7 @@ SampleRows(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	int			targsamples = buildstate->samples->maxlen;
 	BlockNumber totalblocks = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(buildstate->heap);
 
+	buildstate->samplerows = 0;
 	buildstate->rowstoskip = -1;
 
 	BlockSampler_Init(&buildstate->bs, totalblocks, targsamples, RandomInt());
@@ -135,16 +145,21 @@ SampleRows(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	{
 		BlockNumber targblock = BlockSampler_Next(&buildstate->bs);
 
+		/* Set anyvisible to false like table_index_build_scan */
 		table_index_build_range_scan(buildstate->heap, buildstate->index, buildstate->indexInfo,
-									 false, true, false, targblock, 1, SampleCallback, (void *) buildstate, NULL);
+									 false, false, false, targblock, 1, SampleCallback, (void *) buildstate, NULL);
 	}
+
+	/* Normalize if needed */
+	if (buildstate->kmeansnormprocinfo != NULL)
+		IvfflatNormVectors(buildstate->typeInfo, buildstate->collation, buildstate->samples, buildstate->tmpCtx);
 }
 
 /*
  * Add tuple to sort
  */
 static void
-AddTupleToSort(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
+AddTupleToSort(ItemPointer tid, Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 {
 	double		distance;
 	double		minDistance = DBL_MAX;
@@ -207,16 +222,12 @@ AddTupleToSort(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState
  * Callback for table_index_build_scan
  */
 static void
-BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
+BuildCallback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values,
 			  bool *isnull, bool tupleIsAlive, void *state)
 {
 	IvfflatBuildState *buildstate = (IvfflatBuildState *) state;
 	MemoryContext oldCtx;
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-	ItemPointer tid = &hup->t_self;
-#endif
-
 	/* Skip nulls */
 	if (isnull[0])
 		return;
@@ -225,7 +236,7 @@ BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
 	oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(buildstate->tmpCtx);
 
 	/* Add tuple to sort */
-	AddTupleToSort(index, tid, values, buildstate);
+	AddTupleToSort(tid, values, buildstate);
 
 	/* Reset memory context */
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
@@ -238,11 +249,11 @@ BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
 static inline void
 GetNextTuple(Tuplesortstate *sortstate, TupleDesc tupdesc, TupleTableSlot *slot, IndexTuple *itup, int *list)
 {
-	Datum		value;
-	bool		isnull;
-
 	if (tuplesort_gettupleslot(sortstate, true, false, slot, NULL))
 	{
+		Datum		value;
+		bool		isnull;
+
 		*list = DatumGetInt32(slot_getattr(slot, 1, &isnull));
 		value = slot_getattr(slot, 3, &isnull);
 
@@ -264,8 +275,8 @@ InsertTuples(Relation index, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, ForkNumber forkNum)
 	IndexTuple	itup = NULL;	/* silence compiler warning */
 	int64		inserted = 0;
 
-	TupleTableSlot *slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(buildstate->tupdesc, &TTSOpsMinimalTuple);
-	TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(index);
+	TupleTableSlot *slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(buildstate->sortdesc, &TTSOpsMinimalTuple);
+	TupleDesc	tupdesc = buildstate->tupdesc;
 
 	pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE, PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_LOAD);
 
@@ -329,20 +340,27 @@ InitBuildState(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, In
 	buildstate->index = index;
 	buildstate->indexInfo = indexInfo;
 	buildstate->typeInfo = IvfflatGetTypeInfo(index);
+	buildstate->tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(index);
 
 	buildstate->lists = IvfflatGetLists(index);
 	buildstate->dimensions = TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypmod;
 
 	/* Disallow varbit since require fixed dimensions */
 	if (TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypid == VARBITOID)
-		elog(ERROR, "type not supported for ivfflat index");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("type not supported for ivfflat index")));
 
 	/* Require column to have dimensions to be indexed */
 	if (buildstate->dimensions < 0)
-		elog(ERROR, "column does not have dimensions");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("column does not have dimensions")));
 
 	if (buildstate->dimensions > buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions)
-		elog(ERROR, "column cannot have more than %d dimensions for ivfflat index", buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions);
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("column cannot have more than %d dimensions for ivfflat index", buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions)));
 
 	buildstate->reltuples = 0;
 	buildstate->indtuples = 0;
@@ -355,17 +373,29 @@ InitBuildState(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, In
 
 	/* Require more than one dimension for spherical k-means */
 	if (buildstate->kmeansnormprocinfo != NULL && buildstate->dimensions == 1)
-		elog(ERROR, "dimensions must be greater than one for this opclass");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("dimensions must be greater than one for this opclass")));
 
 	/* Create tuple description for sorting */
-	buildstate->tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(3);
-	TupleDescInitEntry(buildstate->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 1, "list", INT4OID, -1, 0);
-	TupleDescInitEntry(buildstate->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 2, "tid", TIDOID, -1, 0);
-	TupleDescInitEntry(buildstate->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 3, "vector", RelationGetDescr(index)->attrs[0].atttypid, -1, 0);
+	buildstate->sortdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(3);
+	TupleDescInitEntry(buildstate->sortdesc, (AttrNumber) 1, "list", INT4OID, -1, 0);
+	TupleDescInitEntry(buildstate->sortdesc, (AttrNumber) 2, "tid", TIDOID, -1, 0);
+	TupleDescInitEntry(buildstate->sortdesc, (AttrNumber) 3, "vector", TupleDescAttr(buildstate->tupdesc, 0)->atttypid, -1, 0);
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
+	TupleDescFinalize(buildstate->sortdesc);
+#endif
 
-	buildstate->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(buildstate->tupdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual);
+	buildstate->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(buildstate->sortdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual);
 
-	buildstate->centers = VectorArrayInit(buildstate->lists, buildstate->dimensions, buildstate->typeInfo->itemSize(buildstate->dimensions));
+	buildstate->memoryUsed = 0;
+	buildstate->itemsize = buildstate->typeInfo->itemSize(buildstate->dimensions);
+
+	buildstate->memoryUsed += VECTOR_ARRAY_SIZE(buildstate->lists, buildstate->itemsize);
+	IvfflatCheckMemoryUsage(buildstate->memoryUsed);
+	buildstate->centers = VectorArrayInit(buildstate->lists, buildstate->dimensions, buildstate->itemsize);
+
+	/* TODO Move allocation to page creation */
 	buildstate->listInfo = palloc(sizeof(ListInfo) * buildstate->lists);
 
 	buildstate->tmpCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
@@ -408,22 +438,30 @@ ComputeCenters(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 
 	pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE, PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_KMEANS);
 
-	/* Target 50 samples per list, with at least 10000 samples */
-	/* The number of samples has a large effect on index build time */
-	numSamples = buildstate->lists * 50;
-	if (numSamples < 10000)
-		numSamples = 10000;
-
 	/* Skip samples for unlogged table */
 	if (buildstate->heap == NULL)
 		numSamples = 1;
+	else
+	{
+		int64		maxTuples = (int64) RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(buildstate->heap) * MaxHeapTuplesPerPage;
+
+		/* Target 50 samples per list, with at least 10000 samples */
+		/* The number of samples has a large effect on index build time */
+		numSamples = buildstate->lists * 50;
+		if (numSamples < 10000)
+			numSamples = 10000;
+
+		/* Save memory since will not have more than max tuples */
+		numSamples = Max(Min(numSamples, maxTuples), 1);
+	}
 
 	/* Sample rows */
-	/* TODO Ensure within maintenance_work_mem */
-	buildstate->samples = VectorArrayInit(numSamples, buildstate->dimensions, buildstate->centers->itemsize);
+	buildstate->memoryUsed += VECTOR_ARRAY_SIZE(numSamples, buildstate->itemsize);
+	IvfflatCheckMemoryUsage(buildstate->memoryUsed);
+	buildstate->samples = VectorArrayInit(numSamples, buildstate->dimensions, buildstate->itemsize);
 	if (buildstate->heap != NULL)
 	{
-		SampleRows(buildstate);
+		IvfflatBench("sample rows", SampleRows(buildstate));
 
 		if (buildstate->samples->length < buildstate->lists)
 		{
@@ -435,7 +473,7 @@ ComputeCenters(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	}
 
 	/* Calculate centers */
-	IvfflatBench("k-means", IvfflatKmeans(buildstate->index, buildstate->samples, buildstate->centers, buildstate->typeInfo));
+	IvfflatBench("k-means", IvfflatKmeans(buildstate->index, buildstate->samples, buildstate->centers, buildstate->typeInfo, buildstate->memoryUsed));
 
 	/* Free samples before we allocate more memory */
 	VectorArrayFree(buildstate->samples);
@@ -471,8 +509,8 @@ CreateMetaPage(Relation index, int dimensions, int lists, ForkNumber forkNum)
  * Create list pages
  */
 static void
-CreateListPages(Relation index, VectorArray centers, int dimensions,
-				int lists, ForkNumber forkNum, ListInfo * *listInfo)
+CreateListPages(Relation index, VectorArray centers, int lists,
+				ForkNumber forkNum, ListInfo * *listInfo)
 {
 	Buffer		buf;
 	Page		page;
@@ -562,6 +600,20 @@ PrintKmeansMetrics(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 }
 #endif
 
+/*
+ * Initialize build sort state
+ */
+static Tuplesortstate *
+InitBuildSortState(TupleDesc tupdesc, int memory, SortCoordinate coordinate)
+{
+	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
+	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Int4LessOperator};
+	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
+	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
+
+	return tuplesort_begin_heap(tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, memory, coordinate, false);
+}
+
 /*
  * Within leader, wait for end of heap scan
  */
@@ -609,12 +661,6 @@ IvfflatParallelScanAndSort(IvfflatSpool * ivfspool, IvfflatShared * ivfshared, S
 	double		reltuples;
 	IndexInfo  *indexInfo;
 
-	/* Sort options, which must match AssignTuples */
-	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
-	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Int4LessOperator};
-	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
-	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
-
 	/* Initialize local tuplesort coordination state */
 	coordinate = palloc0(sizeof(SortCoordinateData));
 	coordinate->isWorker = true;
@@ -627,10 +673,14 @@ IvfflatParallelScanAndSort(IvfflatSpool * ivfspool, IvfflatShared * ivfshared, S
 	InitBuildState(&buildstate, ivfspool->heap, ivfspool->index, indexInfo);
 	memcpy(buildstate.centers->items, ivfcenters, buildstate.centers->itemsize * buildstate.centers->maxlen);
 	buildstate.centers->length = buildstate.centers->maxlen;
-	ivfspool->sortstate = tuplesort_begin_heap(buildstate.tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, sortmem, coordinate, false);
+	ivfspool->sortstate = InitBuildSortState(buildstate.sortdesc, sortmem, coordinate);
 	buildstate.sortstate = ivfspool->sortstate;
 	scan = table_beginscan_parallel(ivfspool->heap,
-									ParallelTableScanFromIvfflatShared(ivfshared));
+									ParallelTableScanFromIvfflatShared(ivfshared)
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
+									,SO_NONE
+#endif
+		);
 	reltuples = table_index_build_scan(ivfspool->heap, ivfspool->index, indexInfo,
 									   true, progress, BuildCallback,
 									   (void *) &buildstate, scan);
@@ -924,12 +974,6 @@ AssignTuples(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	int			parallel_workers = 0;
 	SortCoordinate coordinate = NULL;
 
-	/* Sort options, which must match IvfflatParallelScanAndSort */
-	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
-	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Int4LessOperator};
-	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
-	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
-
 	pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE, PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_ASSIGN);
 
 	/* Calculate parallel workers */
@@ -950,7 +994,7 @@ AssignTuples(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	}
 
 	/* Begin serial/leader tuplesort */
-	buildstate->sortstate = tuplesort_begin_heap(buildstate->tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, maintenance_work_mem, coordinate, false);
+	buildstate->sortstate = InitBuildSortState(buildstate->sortdesc, maintenance_work_mem, coordinate);
 
 	/* Add tuples to sort */
 	if (buildstate->heap != NULL)
@@ -1003,7 +1047,7 @@ BuildIndex(Relation heap, Relation index, IndexInfo *indexInfo,
 
 	/* Create pages */
 	CreateMetaPage(index, buildstate->dimensions, buildstate->lists, forkNum);
-	CreateListPages(index, buildstate->centers, buildstate->dimensions, buildstate->lists, forkNum, &buildstate->listInfo);
+	CreateListPages(index, buildstate->centers, buildstate->lists, forkNum, &buildstate->listInfo);
 	CreateEntryPages(buildstate, forkNum);
 
 	/* Write WAL for initialization fork since GenericXLog functions do not */
@@ -1022,6 +1066,10 @@ ivfflatbuild(Relation heap, Relation index, IndexInfo *indexInfo)
 	IndexBuildResult *result;
 	IvfflatBuildState buildstate;
 
+#ifdef IVFFLAT_BENCH
+	SeedRandom(42);
+#endif
+
 	BuildIndex(heap, index, indexInfo, &buildstate, MAIN_FORKNUM);
 
 	result = (IndexBuildResult *) palloc(sizeof(IndexBuildResult));

src/ivfflat.c

@@ -3,21 +3,35 @@
 #include <float.h>
 
 #include "access/amapi.h"
+#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/reloptions.h"
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
+#include "nodes/pg_list.h"
+#include "utils/float.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
+#include "utils/relcache.h"
 #include "utils/selfuncs.h"
 #include "utils/spccache.h"
+#include "vector.h"
 
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM < 150000
 #define MarkGUCPrefixReserved(x) EmitWarningsOnPlaceholders(x)
 #endif
 
 int			ivfflat_probes;
+int			ivfflat_iterative_scan;
+int			ivfflat_max_probes;
 static relopt_kind ivfflat_relopt_kind;
 
+static const struct config_enum_entry ivfflat_iterative_scan_options[] = {
+	{"off", IVFFLAT_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF, false},
+	{"relaxed_order", IVFFLAT_ITERATIVE_SCAN_RELAXED, false},
+	{NULL, 0, false}
+};
+
 /*
  * Initialize index options and variables
  */
@@ -26,16 +40,21 @@ IvfflatInit(void)
 {
 	ivfflat_relopt_kind = add_reloption_kind();
 	add_int_reloption(ivfflat_relopt_kind, "lists", "Number of inverted lists",
-					  IVFFLAT_DEFAULT_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MIN_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MAX_LISTS
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-					  ,AccessExclusiveLock
-#endif
-		);
+					  IVFFLAT_DEFAULT_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MIN_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MAX_LISTS, AccessExclusiveLock);
 
 	DefineCustomIntVariable("ivfflat.probes", "Sets the number of probes",
 							"Valid range is 1..lists.", &ivfflat_probes,
 							IVFFLAT_DEFAULT_PROBES, IVFFLAT_MIN_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MAX_LISTS, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 
+	DefineCustomEnumVariable("ivfflat.iterative_scan", "Sets the mode for iterative scans",
+							 NULL, &ivfflat_iterative_scan,
+							 IVFFLAT_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF, ivfflat_iterative_scan_options, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+
+	/* If this is less than probes, probes is used */
+	DefineCustomIntVariable("ivfflat.max_probes", "Sets the max number of probes for iterative scans",
+							NULL, &ivfflat_max_probes,
+							IVFFLAT_MAX_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MIN_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MAX_LISTS, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+
 	MarkGUCPrefixReserved("ivfflat");
 }
 
@@ -72,22 +91,30 @@ ivfflatcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 	GenericCosts costs;
 	int			lists;
 	double		ratio;
+	double		sequentialRatio = 0.5;
+	double		startupPages;
 	double		spc_seq_page_cost;
 	Relation	index;
 
 	/* Never use index without order */
-	if (path->indexorderbys == NULL)
+	if (path->indexorderbys == NIL)
 	{
-		*indexStartupCost = DBL_MAX;
-		*indexTotalCost = DBL_MAX;
+		*indexStartupCost = get_float8_infinity();
+		*indexTotalCost = get_float8_infinity();
 		*indexSelectivity = 0;
 		*indexCorrelation = 0;
 		*indexPages = 0;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
+		/* See "On disable_cost" thread on pgsql-hackers */
+		path->path.disabled_nodes = 2;
+#endif
 		return;
 	}
 
 	MemSet(&costs, 0, sizeof(costs));
 
+	genericcostestimate(root, path, loop_count, &costs);
+
 	index = index_open(path->indexinfo->indexoid, NoLock);
 	IvfflatGetMetaPageInfo(index, &lists, NULL);
 	index_close(index, NoLock);
@@ -97,41 +124,26 @@ ivfflatcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 	if (ratio > 1.0)
 		ratio = 1.0;
 
-	/*
-	 * This gives us the subset of tuples to visit. This value is passed into
-	 * the generic cost estimator to determine the number of pages to visit
-	 * during the index scan.
-	 */
-	costs.numIndexTuples = path->indexinfo->tuples * ratio;
-
-	genericcostestimate(root, path, loop_count, &costs);
-
 	get_tablespace_page_costs(path->indexinfo->reltablespace, NULL, &spc_seq_page_cost);
 
+	/* Change some page cost from random to sequential */
+	costs.indexTotalCost -= sequentialRatio * costs.numIndexPages * (costs.spc_random_page_cost - spc_seq_page_cost);
+
+	/* Startup cost is cost before returning the first row */
+	costs.indexStartupCost = costs.indexTotalCost * ratio;
+
 	/* Adjust cost if needed since TOAST not included in seq scan cost */
-	if (costs.numIndexPages > path->indexinfo->rel->pages && ratio < 0.5)
+	startupPages = costs.numIndexPages * ratio;
+	if (startupPages > path->indexinfo->rel->pages && ratio < 0.5)
 	{
-		/* Change all page cost from random to sequential */
-		costs.indexTotalCost -= costs.numIndexPages * (costs.spc_random_page_cost - spc_seq_page_cost);
+		/* Change rest of page cost from random to sequential */
+		costs.indexStartupCost -= (1 - sequentialRatio) * startupPages * (costs.spc_random_page_cost - spc_seq_page_cost);
 
 		/* Remove cost of extra pages */
-		costs.indexTotalCost -= (costs.numIndexPages - path->indexinfo->rel->pages) * spc_seq_page_cost;
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		/* Change some page cost from random to sequential */
-		costs.indexTotalCost -= 0.5 * costs.numIndexPages * (costs.spc_random_page_cost - spc_seq_page_cost);
+		costs.indexStartupCost -= (startupPages - path->indexinfo->rel->pages) * spc_seq_page_cost;
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * If the list selectivity is lower than what is returned from the generic
-	 * cost estimator, use that.
-	 */
-	if (ratio < costs.indexSelectivity)
-		costs.indexSelectivity = ratio;
-
-	/* Use total cost since most work happens before first tuple is returned */
-	*indexStartupCost = costs.indexTotalCost;
+	*indexStartupCost = costs.indexStartupCost;
 	*indexTotalCost = costs.indexTotalCost;
 	*indexSelectivity = costs.indexSelectivity;
 	*indexCorrelation = costs.indexCorrelation;
@@ -148,23 +160,10 @@ ivfflatoptions(Datum reloptions, bool validate)
 		{"lists", RELOPT_TYPE_INT, offsetof(IvfflatOptions, lists)},
 	};
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	return (bytea *) build_reloptions(reloptions, validate,
 									  ivfflat_relopt_kind,
 									  sizeof(IvfflatOptions),
 									  tab, lengthof(tab));
-#else
-	relopt_value *options;
-	int			numoptions;
-	IvfflatOptions *rdopts;
-
-	options = parseRelOptions(reloptions, validate, ivfflat_relopt_kind, &numoptions);
-	rdopts = allocateReloptStruct(sizeof(IvfflatOptions), options, numoptions);
-	fillRelOptions((void *) rdopts, sizeof(IvfflatOptions), options, numoptions,
-				   validate, tab, lengthof(tab));
-
-	return (bytea *) rdopts;
-#endif
 }
 
 /*
@@ -185,15 +184,76 @@ FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ivfflathandler);
 Datum
 ivfflathandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
+	static const IndexAmRoutine amroutine = {
+		.type = T_IndexAmRoutine,
+		.amstrategies = 0,
+		.amsupport = 5,
+		.amoptsprocnum = 0,
+		.amcanorder = false,
+		.amcanorderbyop = true,
+		.amcanhash = false,
+		.amconsistentequality = false,
+		.amconsistentordering = false,
+		.amcanbackward = false,
+		.amcanunique = false,
+		.amcanmulticol = false,
+		.amoptionalkey = true,
+		.amsearcharray = false,
+		.amsearchnulls = false,
+		.amstorage = false,
+		.amclusterable = false,
+		.ampredlocks = false,
+		.amcanparallel = false,
+		.amcanbuildparallel = true,
+		.amcaninclude = false,
+		.amusemaintenanceworkmem = false,
+		.amsummarizing = false,
+		.amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL,
+		.amkeytype = InvalidOid,
+
+		.ambuild = ivfflatbuild,
+		.ambuildempty = ivfflatbuildempty,
+		.aminsert = ivfflatinsert,
+		.aminsertcleanup = NULL,
+		.ambulkdelete = ivfflatbulkdelete,
+		.amvacuumcleanup = ivfflatvacuumcleanup,
+		.amcanreturn = NULL,
+		.amcostestimate = ivfflatcostestimate,
+		.amgettreeheight = NULL,
+		.amoptions = ivfflatoptions,
+		.amproperty = NULL,
+		.ambuildphasename = ivfflatbuildphasename,
+		.amvalidate = ivfflatvalidate,
+		.amadjustmembers = NULL,
+		.ambeginscan = ivfflatbeginscan,
+		.amrescan = ivfflatrescan,
+		.amgettuple = ivfflatgettuple,
+		.amgetbitmap = NULL,
+		.amendscan = ivfflatendscan,
+		.ammarkpos = NULL,
+		.amrestrpos = NULL,
+		.amestimateparallelscan = NULL,
+		.aminitparallelscan = NULL,
+		.amparallelrescan = NULL,
+		.amtranslatestrategy = NULL,
+		.amtranslatecmptype = NULL,
+	};
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(&amroutine);
+#else
 	IndexAmRoutine *amroutine = makeNode(IndexAmRoutine);
 
 	amroutine->amstrategies = 0;
 	amroutine->amsupport = 5;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	amroutine->amoptsprocnum = 0;
-#endif
 	amroutine->amcanorder = false;
 	amroutine->amcanorderbyop = true;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
+	amroutine->amcanhash = false;
+	amroutine->amconsistentequality = false;
+	amroutine->amconsistentordering = false;
+#endif
 	amroutine->amcanbackward = false;	/* can change direction mid-scan */
 	amroutine->amcanunique = false;
 	amroutine->amcanmulticol = false;
@@ -204,21 +264,31 @@ ivfflathandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	amroutine->amclusterable = false;
 	amroutine->ampredlocks = false;
 	amroutine->amcanparallel = false;
-	amroutine->amcaninclude = false;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-	amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false; /* not used during VACUUM */
-	amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
+	amroutine->amcanbuildparallel = true;
 #endif
+	amroutine->amcaninclude = false;
+	amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false; /* not used during VACUUM */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+	amroutine->amsummarizing = false;
+#endif
+	amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL;
 	amroutine->amkeytype = InvalidOid;
 
 	/* Interface functions */
 	amroutine->ambuild = ivfflatbuild;
 	amroutine->ambuildempty = ivfflatbuildempty;
 	amroutine->aminsert = ivfflatinsert;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
+	amroutine->aminsertcleanup = NULL;
+#endif
 	amroutine->ambulkdelete = ivfflatbulkdelete;
 	amroutine->amvacuumcleanup = ivfflatvacuumcleanup;
 	amroutine->amcanreturn = NULL;	/* tuple not included in heapsort */
 	amroutine->amcostestimate = ivfflatcostestimate;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
+	amroutine->amgettreeheight = NULL;
+#endif
 	amroutine->amoptions = ivfflatoptions;
 	amroutine->amproperty = NULL;	/* TODO AMPROP_DISTANCE_ORDERABLE */
 	amroutine->ambuildphasename = ivfflatbuildphasename;
@@ -239,5 +309,11 @@ ivfflathandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	amroutine->aminitparallelscan = NULL;
 	amroutine->amparallelrescan = NULL;
 
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
+	amroutine->amtranslatestrategy = NULL;
+	amroutine->amtranslatecmptype = NULL;
+#endif
+
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(amroutine);
+#endif
 }

src/ivfflat.h

@@ -9,10 +9,15 @@
 #include "lib/pairingheap.h"
 #include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "port.h"				/* for random() */
+#include "storage/condition_variable.h"
 #include "utils/sampling.h"
 #include "utils/tuplesort.h"
 #include "vector.h"
 
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+#include "varatt.h"
+#endif
+
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 150000
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
 #endif
@@ -21,6 +26,10 @@
 #include "portability/instr_time.h"
 #endif
 
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
+typedef Pointer Item;
+#endif
+
 #define IVFFLAT_MAX_DIM 2000
 
 /* Support functions */
@@ -73,13 +82,23 @@
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 150000
 #define RandomDouble() pg_prng_double(&pg_global_prng_state)
 #define RandomInt() pg_prng_uint32(&pg_global_prng_state)
+#define SeedRandom(seed) pg_prng_seed(&pg_global_prng_state, seed)
 #else
 #define RandomDouble() (((double) random()) / MAX_RANDOM_VALUE)
 #define RandomInt() random()
+#define SeedRandom(seed) srandom(seed)
 #endif
 
 /* Variables */
 extern int	ivfflat_probes;
+extern int	ivfflat_iterative_scan;
+extern int	ivfflat_max_probes;
+
+typedef enum IvfflatIterativeScanMode
+{
+	IVFFLAT_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF,
+	IVFFLAT_ITERATIVE_SCAN_RELAXED
+}			IvfflatIterativeScanMode;
 
 typedef struct VectorArrayData
 {
@@ -165,6 +184,7 @@ typedef struct IvfflatBuildState
 	Relation	index;
 	IndexInfo  *indexInfo;
 	const		IvfflatTypeInfo *typeInfo;
+	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
 
 	/* Settings */
 	int			dimensions;
@@ -184,6 +204,7 @@ typedef struct IvfflatBuildState
 	VectorArray samples;
 	VectorArray centers;
 	ListInfo   *listInfo;
+	Size		itemsize;
 
 #ifdef IVFFLAT_KMEANS_DEBUG
 	double		inertia;
@@ -194,14 +215,16 @@ typedef struct IvfflatBuildState
 	/* Sampling */
 	BlockSamplerData bs;
 	ReservoirStateData rstate;
-	int			rowstoskip;
+	double		samplerows;
+	double		rowstoskip;
 
 	/* Sorting */
 	Tuplesortstate *sortstate;
-	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
+	TupleDesc	sortdesc;
 	TupleTableSlot *slot;
 
 	/* Memory */
+	Size		memoryUsed;
 	MemoryContext tmpCtx;
 
 	/* Parallel builds */
@@ -247,14 +270,18 @@ typedef struct IvfflatScanOpaqueData
 {
 	const		IvfflatTypeInfo *typeInfo;
 	int			probes;
+	int			maxProbes;
 	int			dimensions;
 	bool		first;
+	Datum		value;
+	MemoryContext tmpCtx;
 
 	/* Sorting */
 	Tuplesortstate *sortstate;
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
-	TupleTableSlot *slot;
-	bool		isnull;
+	TupleTableSlot *vslot;
+	TupleTableSlot *mslot;
+	BufferAccessStrategy bas;
 
 	/* Support functions */
 	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
@@ -264,7 +291,9 @@ typedef struct IvfflatScanOpaqueData
 
 	/* Lists */
 	pairingheap *listQueue;
-	IvfflatScanList lists[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];	/* must come last */
+	BlockNumber *listPages;
+	int			listIndex;
+	IvfflatScanList *lists;
 }			IvfflatScanOpaqueData;
 
 typedef IvfflatScanOpaqueData * IvfflatScanOpaque;
@@ -276,22 +305,32 @@ typedef IvfflatScanOpaqueData * IvfflatScanOpaque;
 static inline Pointer
 VectorArrayGet(VectorArray arr, int offset)
 {
+	if (offset >= arr->maxlen)
+		elog(ERROR, "safety check failed");
+
 	return ((char *) arr->items) + (offset * arr->itemsize);
 }
 
 static inline void
 VectorArraySet(VectorArray arr, int offset, Pointer val)
 {
-	memcpy(VectorArrayGet(arr, offset), val, VARSIZE_ANY(val));
+	Size		size = VARSIZE_ANY(val);
+
+	if (size > arr->itemsize)
+		elog(ERROR, "safety check failed");
+
+	memcpy(VectorArrayGet(arr, offset), val, size);
 }
 
 /* Methods */
 VectorArray VectorArrayInit(int maxlen, int dimensions, Size itemsize);
 void		VectorArrayFree(VectorArray arr);
-void		IvfflatKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo);
+void		IvfflatKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo, Size memoryUsed);
 FmgrInfo   *IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(Relation index, uint16 procnum);
 Datum		IvfflatNormValue(const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo, Oid collation, Datum value);
 bool		IvfflatCheckNorm(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum value);
+void		IvfflatNormVectors(const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo, Oid collation, VectorArray arr, MemoryContext tmpCtx);
+void		IvfflatCheckMemoryUsage(Size totalSize);
 int			IvfflatGetLists(Relation index);
 void		IvfflatGetMetaPageInfo(Relation index, int *lists, int *dimensions);
 void		IvfflatUpdateList(Relation index, ListInfo listInfo, BlockNumber insertPage, BlockNumber originalInsertPage, BlockNumber startPage, ForkNumber forkNum);

src/ivfinsert.c

@@ -2,11 +2,16 @@
 
 #include <float.h>
 
+#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/generic_xlog.h"
+#include "access/itup.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
+#include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/rel.h"
 
 /*
  * Find the list that minimizes the distance function
@@ -65,7 +70,7 @@ FindInsertPage(Relation index, Datum *values, BlockNumber *insertPage, ListInfo
  * Insert a tuple into the index
  */
 static void
-InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, Relation heapRel)
+InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid)
 {
 	const		IvfflatTypeInfo *typeInfo = IvfflatGetTypeInfo(index);
 	IndexTuple	itup;
@@ -98,7 +103,7 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, R
 	IvfflatGetMetaPageInfo(index, NULL, NULL);
 
 	/* Find the insert page - sets the page and list info */
-	FindInsertPage(index, values, &insertPage, &listInfo);
+	FindInsertPage(index, &value, &insertPage, &listInfo);
 	Assert(BlockNumberIsValid(insertPage));
 	originalInsertPage = insertPage;
 
@@ -204,7 +209,7 @@ ivfflatinsert(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid,
 	oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(insertCtx);
 
 	/* Insert tuple */
-	InsertTuple(index, values, isnull, heap_tid, heap);
+	InsertTuple(index, values, isnull, heap_tid);
 
 	/* Delete memory context */
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);

src/ivfkmeans.c

@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
 #include "postgres.h"
 
 #include <float.h>
+#include <limits.h>
 #include <math.h>
 
-#include "bitvec.h"
-#include "halfutils.h"
-#include "halfvec.h"
+#include "access/genam.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
-#include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/datum.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
-#include "vector.h"
+#include "utils/relcache.h"
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+#include "varatt.h"
+#endif
 
 /*
  * Initialize with kmeans++
@@ -97,36 +100,50 @@ NormCenters(const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo, Oid collation, VectorArray centers
 	MemoryContext normCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
 												  "Ivfflat norm temporary context",
 												  ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
-	MemoryContext oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(normCtx);
 
-	for (int j = 0; j < centers->length; j++)
-	{
-		Datum		center = PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, j));
-		Datum		newCenter = IvfflatNormValue(typeInfo, collation, center);
-		Size		size = VARSIZE_ANY(DatumGetPointer(newCenter));
-
-		if (size > centers->itemsize)
-			elog(ERROR, "safety check failed");
-
-		memcpy(DatumGetPointer(center), DatumGetPointer(newCenter), size);
-		MemoryContextReset(normCtx);
-	}
-
-	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
+	IvfflatNormVectors(typeInfo, collation, centers, normCtx);
 	MemoryContextDelete(normCtx);
 }
 
 /*
- * Quick approach if we have no data
+ * Check if vector array contains a vector
+ */
+static bool
+VectorArrayContains(VectorArray arr, Pointer val)
+{
+	Datum		d = PointerGetDatum(val);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < arr->length; i++)
+	{
+		if (datumIsEqual(d, PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(arr, i)), false, -1))
+			return true;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Quick approach if we have little data
  */
 static void
-RandomCenters(Relation index, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo)
+QuickCenters(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo)
 {
 	int			dimensions = centers->dim;
 	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo = IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(index, IVFFLAT_KMEANS_NORM_PROC);
 	Oid			collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
 	float	   *x = (float *) palloc(sizeof(float) * dimensions);
 
+	/* Fill with unique samples (already normalized) */
+	for (int i = 0; i < samples->length; i++)
+	{
+		Pointer		sample = VectorArrayGet(samples, i);
+
+		if (!VectorArrayContains(centers, sample))
+		{
+			VectorArraySet(centers, centers->length, sample);
+			centers->length++;
+		}
+	}
+
 	/* Fill with random data */
 	while (centers->length < centers->maxlen)
 	{
@@ -151,12 +168,8 @@ RandomCenters(Relation index, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeI
 static void
 ShowMemoryUsage(MemoryContext context, Size estimatedSize)
 {
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	elog(INFO, "total memory: %zu MB",
 		 MemoryContextMemAllocated(context, true) / (1024 * 1024));
-#else
-	MemoryContextStats(context);
-#endif
 	elog(INFO, "estimated memory: %zu MB", estimatedSize / (1024 * 1024));
 }
 #endif
@@ -260,7 +273,7 @@ ComputeNewCenters(VectorArray samples, float *agg, VectorArray newCenters, int *
  * https://www.aaai.org/Papers/ICML/2003/ICML03-022.pdf
  */
 static void
-ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo)
+ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo, Size memoryUsed)
 {
 	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
 	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
@@ -279,8 +292,6 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff
 	float	   *newcdist;
 
 	/* Calculate allocation sizes */
-	Size		samplesSize = VECTOR_ARRAY_SIZE(samples->maxlen, samples->itemsize);
-	Size		centersSize = VECTOR_ARRAY_SIZE(centers->maxlen, centers->itemsize);
 	Size		newCentersSize = VECTOR_ARRAY_SIZE(numCenters, centers->itemsize);
 	Size		aggSize = sizeof(float) * (int64) numCenters * dimensions;
 	Size		centerCountsSize = sizeof(int) * numCenters;
@@ -292,18 +303,13 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff
 	Size		newcdistSize = sizeof(float) * numCenters;
 
 	/* Calculate total size */
-	Size		totalSize = samplesSize + centersSize + newCentersSize + aggSize + centerCountsSize + closestCentersSize + lowerBoundSize + upperBoundSize + sSize + halfcdistSize + newcdistSize;
+	Size		totalSize = memoryUsed + newCentersSize + aggSize + centerCountsSize + closestCentersSize + lowerBoundSize + upperBoundSize + sSize + halfcdistSize + newcdistSize;
 
 	/* Check memory requirements */
-	/* Add one to error message to ceil */
-	if (totalSize > (Size) maintenance_work_mem * 1024L)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
-				 errmsg("memory required is %zu MB, maintenance_work_mem is %d MB",
-						totalSize / (1024 * 1024) + 1, maintenance_work_mem / 1024)));
+	IvfflatCheckMemoryUsage(totalSize);
 
 	/* Ensure indexing does not overflow */
-	if (numCenters * numCenters > INT_MAX)
+	if (numCenters > INT_MAX / numCenters)
 		elog(ERROR, "Indexing overflow detected. Please report a bug.");
 
 	/* Set support functions */
@@ -327,7 +333,7 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff
 	newCenters->length = numCenters;
 
 #ifdef IVFFLAT_MEMORY
-	ShowMemoryUsage(MemoryContextGetParent(CurrentMemoryContext));
+	ShowMemoryUsage(MemoryContextGetParent(CurrentMemoryContext), totalSize);
 #endif
 
 	/* Pick initial centers */
@@ -564,17 +570,17 @@ CheckCenters(Relation index, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeIn
  * We use spherical k-means for inner product and cosine
  */
 void
-IvfflatKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo)
+IvfflatKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo, Size memoryUsed)
 {
 	MemoryContext kmeansCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
 													"Ivfflat kmeans temporary context",
 													ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
 	MemoryContext oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(kmeansCtx);
 
-	if (samples->length == 0)
-		RandomCenters(index, centers, typeInfo);
+	if (samples->length <= centers->maxlen)
+		QuickCenters(index, samples, centers, typeInfo);
 	else
-		ElkanKmeans(index, samples, centers, typeInfo);
+		ElkanKmeans(index, samples, centers, typeInfo, memoryUsed);
 
 	CheckCenters(index, centers, typeInfo);
 

src/ivfscan.c

@@ -2,14 +2,29 @@
 
 #include <float.h>
 
+#include "access/genam.h"
+#include "access/itup.h"
 #include "access/relscan.h"
+#include "access/tupdesc.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator_d.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_type_d.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "lib/pairingheap.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
+#include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/rel.h"
+#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/tuplesort.h"
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+#include "varatt.h"
+#endif
+
+#define GetScanList(ptr) pairingheap_container(IvfflatScanList, ph_node, ptr)
+#define GetScanListConst(ptr) pairingheap_const_container(IvfflatScanList, ph_node, ptr)
 
 /*
  * Compare list distances
@@ -17,10 +32,10 @@
 static int
 CompareLists(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b, void *arg)
 {
-	if (((const IvfflatScanList *) a)->distance > ((const IvfflatScanList *) b)->distance)
+	if (GetScanListConst(a)->distance > GetScanListConst(b)->distance)
 		return 1;
 
-	if (((const IvfflatScanList *) a)->distance < ((const IvfflatScanList *) b)->distance)
+	if (GetScanListConst(a)->distance < GetScanListConst(b)->distance)
 		return -1;
 
 	return 0;
@@ -58,7 +73,7 @@ GetScanLists(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 			/* Use procinfo from the index instead of scan key for performance */
 			distance = DatumGetFloat8(so->distfunc(so->procinfo, so->collation, PointerGetDatum(&list->center), value));
 
-			if (listCount < so->probes)
+			if (listCount < so->maxProbes)
 			{
 				IvfflatScanList *scanlist;
 
@@ -71,15 +86,15 @@ GetScanLists(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 				pairingheap_add(so->listQueue, &scanlist->ph_node);
 
 				/* Calculate max distance */
-				if (listCount == so->probes)
-					maxDistance = ((IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_first(so->listQueue))->distance;
+				if (listCount == so->maxProbes)
+					maxDistance = GetScanList(pairingheap_first(so->listQueue))->distance;
 			}
 			else if (distance < maxDistance)
 			{
 				IvfflatScanList *scanlist;
 
 				/* Remove */
-				scanlist = (IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue);
+				scanlist = GetScanList(pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue));
 
 				/* Reuse */
 				scanlist->startPage = list->startPage;
@@ -87,7 +102,7 @@ GetScanLists(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 				pairingheap_add(so->listQueue, &scanlist->ph_node);
 
 				/* Update max distance */
-				maxDistance = ((IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_first(so->listQueue))->distance;
+				maxDistance = GetScanList(pairingheap_first(so->listQueue))->distance;
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -95,6 +110,11 @@ GetScanLists(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 
 		UnlockReleaseBuffer(cbuf);
 	}
+
+	for (int i = listCount - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+		so->listPages[i] = GetScanList(pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue))->startPage;
+
+	Assert(pairingheap_is_empty(so->listQueue));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -105,20 +125,15 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 {
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(scan->indexRelation);
-	double		tuples = 0;
-	TupleTableSlot *slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual);
+	TupleTableSlot *slot = so->vslot;
+	int			batchProbes = 0;
 
-	/*
-	 * Reuse same set of shared buffers for scan
-	 *
-	 * See postgres/src/backend/storage/buffer/README for description
-	 */
-	BufferAccessStrategy bas = GetAccessStrategy(BAS_BULKREAD);
+	tuplesort_reset(so->sortstate);
 
 	/* Search closest probes lists */
-	while (!pairingheap_is_empty(so->listQueue))
+	while (so->listIndex < so->maxProbes && (++batchProbes) <= so->probes)
 	{
-		BlockNumber searchPage = ((IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue))->startPage;
+		BlockNumber searchPage = so->listPages[so->listIndex++];
 
 		/* Search all entry pages for list */
 		while (BlockNumberIsValid(searchPage))
@@ -127,7 +142,7 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 			Page		page;
 			OffsetNumber maxoffno;
 
-			buf = ReadBufferExtended(scan->indexRelation, MAIN_FORKNUM, searchPage, RBM_NORMAL, bas);
+			buf = ReadBufferExtended(scan->indexRelation, MAIN_FORKNUM, searchPage, RBM_NORMAL, so->bas);
 			LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
 			page = BufferGetPage(buf);
 			maxoffno = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
@@ -156,8 +171,6 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 				ExecStoreVirtualTuple(slot);
 
 				tuplesort_puttupleslot(so->sortstate, slot);
-
-				tuples++;
 			}
 
 			searchPage = IvfflatPageGetOpaque(page)->nextblkno;
@@ -166,15 +179,11 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 		}
 	}
 
-	FreeAccessStrategy(bas);
-
-	if (tuples < 100)
-		ereport(DEBUG1,
-				(errmsg("index scan found few tuples"),
-				 errdetail("Index may have been created with little data."),
-				 errhint("Recreate the index and possibly decrease lists.")));
-
 	tuplesort_performsort(so->sortstate);
+
+#if defined(IVFFLAT_MEMORY)
+	elog(INFO, "memory: %zu MB", MemoryContextMemAllocated(CurrentMemoryContext, true) / (1024 * 1024));
+#endif
 }
 
 /*
@@ -211,12 +220,32 @@ GetScanValue(IndexScanDesc scan)
 
 		/* Normalize if needed */
 		if (so->normprocinfo != NULL)
+		{
+			MemoryContext oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(so->tmpCtx);
+
 			value = IvfflatNormValue(so->typeInfo, so->collation, value);
+
+			MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return value;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Initialize scan sort state
+ */
+static Tuplesortstate *
+InitScanSortState(TupleDesc tupdesc)
+{
+	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
+	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Float8LessOperator};
+	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
+	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
+
+	return tuplesort_begin_heap(tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, work_mem, NULL, false);
+}
+
 /*
  * Prepare for an index scan
  */
@@ -227,24 +256,31 @@ ivfflatbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so;
 	int			lists;
 	int			dimensions;
-	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
-	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Float8LessOperator};
-	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
-	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
 	int			probes = ivfflat_probes;
+	int			maxProbes;
+	MemoryContext oldCtx;
 
 	scan = RelationGetIndexScan(index, nkeys, norderbys);
 
 	/* Get lists and dimensions from metapage */
 	IvfflatGetMetaPageInfo(index, &lists, &dimensions);
 
+	if (ivfflat_iterative_scan != IVFFLAT_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF)
+		maxProbes = Max(ivfflat_max_probes, probes);
+	else
+		maxProbes = probes;
+
 	if (probes > lists)
 		probes = lists;
 
-	so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) palloc(offsetof(IvfflatScanOpaqueData, lists) + probes * sizeof(IvfflatScanList));
+	if (maxProbes > lists)
+		maxProbes = lists;
+
+	so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) palloc(sizeof(IvfflatScanOpaqueData));
 	so->typeInfo = IvfflatGetTypeInfo(index);
 	so->first = true;
 	so->probes = probes;
+	so->maxProbes = maxProbes;
 	so->dimensions = dimensions;
 
 	/* Set support functions */
@@ -252,17 +288,40 @@ ivfflatbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 	so->normprocinfo = IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(index, IVFFLAT_NORM_PROC);
 	so->collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
 
+	so->tmpCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
+									   "Ivfflat scan temporary context",
+									   ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
+
+	oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(so->tmpCtx);
+
 	/* Create tuple description for sorting */
 	so->tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(2);
 	TupleDescInitEntry(so->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 1, "distance", FLOAT8OID, -1, 0);
 	TupleDescInitEntry(so->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 2, "heaptid", TIDOID, -1, 0);
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
+	TupleDescFinalize(so->tupdesc);
+#endif
 
 	/* Prep sort */
-	so->sortstate = tuplesort_begin_heap(so->tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, work_mem, NULL, false);
+	so->sortstate = InitScanSortState(so->tupdesc);
 
-	so->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsMinimalTuple);
+	/* Need separate slots for puttuple and gettuple */
+	so->vslot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual);
+	so->mslot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsMinimalTuple);
+
+	/*
+	 * Reuse same set of shared buffers for scan
+	 *
+	 * See postgres/src/backend/storage/buffer/README for description
+	 */
+	so->bas = GetAccessStrategy(BAS_BULKREAD);
 
 	so->listQueue = pairingheap_allocate(CompareLists, scan);
+	so->listPages = palloc(maxProbes * sizeof(BlockNumber));
+	so->listIndex = 0;
+	so->lists = palloc(maxProbes * sizeof(IvfflatScanList));
+
+	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
 
 	scan->opaque = so;
 
@@ -277,13 +336,9 @@ ivfflatrescan(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanKey keys, int nkeys, ScanKey orderbys, int
 {
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-	if (!so->first)
-		tuplesort_reset(so->sortstate);
-#endif
-
 	so->first = true;
 	pairingheap_reset(so->listQueue);
+	so->listIndex = 0;
 
 	if (keys && scan->numberOfKeys > 0)
 		memmove(scan->keyData, keys, scan->numberOfKeys * sizeof(ScanKeyData));
@@ -299,6 +354,8 @@ bool
 ivfflatgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 {
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
+	ItemPointer heaptid;
+	bool		isnull;
 
 	/*
 	 * Index can be used to scan backward, but Postgres doesn't support
@@ -312,6 +369,10 @@ ivfflatgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 
 		/* Count index scan for stats */
 		pgstat_count_index_scan(scan->indexRelation);
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
+		if (scan->instrument)
+			scan->instrument->nsearches++;
+#endif
 
 		/* Safety check */
 		if (scan->orderByData == NULL)
@@ -326,23 +387,23 @@ ivfflatgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 		IvfflatBench("GetScanLists", GetScanLists(scan, value));
 		IvfflatBench("GetScanItems", GetScanItems(scan, value));
 		so->first = false;
-
-		/* Clean up if we allocated a new value */
-		if (value != scan->orderByData->sk_argument)
-			pfree(DatumGetPointer(value));
+		so->value = value;
 	}
 
-	if (tuplesort_gettupleslot(so->sortstate, true, false, so->slot, NULL))
+	while (!tuplesort_gettupleslot(so->sortstate, true, false, so->mslot, NULL))
 	{
-		ItemPointer heaptid = (ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(slot_getattr(so->slot, 2, &so->isnull));
+		if (so->listIndex == so->maxProbes)
+			return false;
 
-		scan->xs_heaptid = *heaptid;
-		scan->xs_recheck = false;
-		scan->xs_recheckorderby = false;
-		return true;
+		IvfflatBench("GetScanItems", GetScanItems(scan, so->value));
 	}
 
-	return false;
+	heaptid = (ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(slot_getattr(so->mslot, 2, &isnull));
+
+	scan->xs_heaptid = *heaptid;
+	scan->xs_recheck = false;
+	scan->xs_recheckorderby = false;
+	return true;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -353,9 +414,11 @@ ivfflatendscan(IndexScanDesc scan)
 {
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
 
-	pairingheap_free(so->listQueue);
+	/* Free any temporary files */
 	tuplesort_end(so->sortstate);
 
+	MemoryContextDelete(so->tmpCtx);
+
 	pfree(so);
 	scan->opaque = NULL;
 }

src/ivfutils.c

@@ -1,13 +1,21 @@
 #include "postgres.h"
 
+#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/generic_xlog.h"
-#include "bitvec.h"
-#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "fmgr.h"
 #include "halfutils.h"
 #include "halfvec.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
+#include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
+#include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/relcache.h"
+#include "utils/varbit.h"
+#include "vector.h"
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+#include "varatt.h"
+#endif
 
 /*
  * Allocate a vector array
@@ -15,11 +23,15 @@
 VectorArray
 VectorArrayInit(int maxlen, int dimensions, Size itemsize)
 {
-	VectorArray res = palloc(sizeof(VectorArrayData));
+	VectorArray res;
+
+	if (maxlen < 1 || dimensions < 1 || itemsize == 0)
+		elog(ERROR, "cannot create vector array");
 
 	/* Ensure items are aligned to prevent UB */
 	itemsize = MAXALIGN(itemsize);
 
+	res = palloc(sizeof(VectorArrayData));
 	res->length = 0;
 	res->maxlen = maxlen;
 	res->dim = dimensions;
@@ -82,6 +94,40 @@ IvfflatCheckNorm(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum value)
 	return DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall1Coll(procinfo, collation, value)) > 0;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Normalize vectors
+ */
+void
+IvfflatNormVectors(const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo, Oid collation, VectorArray arr, MemoryContext tmpCtx)
+{
+	MemoryContext oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(tmpCtx);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < arr->length; i++)
+	{
+		Datum		value = PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(arr, i));
+		Datum		newValue = IvfflatNormValue(typeInfo, collation, value);
+
+		VectorArraySet(arr, i, DatumGetPointer(newValue));
+		MemoryContextReset(tmpCtx);
+	}
+
+	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check memory usage
+ */
+void
+IvfflatCheckMemoryUsage(Size totalSize)
+{
+	/* Add one to error message to ceil */
+	if (totalSize > maintenance_work_mem * (Size) 1024)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("memory required is %zu MB, maintenance_work_mem is %d MB",
+						totalSize / (1024 * 1024) + 1, maintenance_work_mem / 1024)));
+}
+
 /*
  * New buffer
  */
@@ -259,8 +305,8 @@ VectorUpdateCenter(Pointer v, int dimensions, float *x)
 	SET_VARSIZE(vec, VECTOR_SIZE(dimensions));
 	vec->dim = dimensions;
 
-	for (int k = 0; k < dimensions; k++)
-		vec->x[k] = x[k];
+	for (int i = 0; i < dimensions; i++)
+		vec->x[i] = x[i];
 }
 
 static void
@@ -271,8 +317,8 @@ HalfvecUpdateCenter(Pointer v, int dimensions, float *x)
 	SET_VARSIZE(vec, HALFVEC_SIZE(dimensions));
 	vec->dim = dimensions;
 
-	for (int k = 0; k < dimensions; k++)
-		vec->x[k] = Float4ToHalfUnchecked(x[k]);
+	for (int i = 0; i < dimensions; i++)
+		vec->x[i] = Float4ToHalfUnchecked(x[i]);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -284,29 +330,33 @@ BitUpdateCenter(Pointer v, int dimensions, float *x)
 	SET_VARSIZE(vec, VARBITTOTALLEN(dimensions));
 	VARBITLEN(vec) = dimensions;
 
-	for (uint32 k = 0; k < VARBITBYTES(vec); k++)
-		nx[k] = 0;
+	for (uint32 i = 0; i < VARBITBYTES(vec); i++)
+		nx[i] = 0;
 
-	for (int k = 0; k < dimensions; k++)
-		nx[k / 8] |= (x[k] > 0.5 ? 1 : 0) << (7 - (k % 8));
+	for (int i = 0; i < dimensions; i++)
+		nx[i / 8] |= (x[i] > 0.5 ? 1 : 0) << (7 - (i % 8));
 }
 
 static void
 VectorSumCenter(Pointer v, float *x)
 {
 	Vector	   *vec = (Vector *) v;
+	int			dim = vec->dim;
 
-	for (int k = 0; k < vec->dim; k++)
-		x[k] += vec->x[k];
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+		x[i] += vec->x[i];
 }
 
 static void
 HalfvecSumCenter(Pointer v, float *x)
 {
 	HalfVector *vec = (HalfVector *) v;
+	int			dim = vec->dim;
 
-	for (int k = 0; k < vec->dim; k++)
-		x[k] += HalfToFloat4(vec->x[k]);
+	/* Auto-vectorized on aarch64 */
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+		x[i] += HalfToFloat4(vec->x[i]);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -314,8 +364,8 @@ BitSumCenter(Pointer v, float *x)
 {
 	VarBit	   *vec = (VarBit *) v;
 
-	for (int k = 0; k < VARBITLEN(vec); k++)
-		x[k] += (float) (((VARBITS(vec)[k / 8]) >> (7 - (k % 8))) & 0x01);
+	for (int i = 0; i < VARBITLEN(vec); i++)
+		x[i] += (float) (((VARBITS(vec)[i / 8]) >> (7 - (i % 8))) & 0x01);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -355,7 +405,7 @@ ivfflat_halfvec_support(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	};
 
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(&typeInfo);
-};
+}
 
 FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ivfflat_bit_support);
 Datum
@@ -370,4 +420,4 @@ ivfflat_bit_support(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	};
 
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(&typeInfo);
-};
+}

src/ivfvacuum.c

@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
 #include "postgres.h"
 
+#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/generic_xlog.h"
+#include "access/itup.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
+#include "utils/relcache.h"
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
+#define vacuum_delay_point() vacuum_delay_point(false)
+#endif
 
 /*
  * Bulk delete tuples from the index
@@ -26,7 +33,7 @@ ivfflatbulkdelete(IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats,
 		Page		cpage;
 		OffsetNumber coffno;
 		OffsetNumber cmaxoffno;
-		BlockNumber startPages[MaxOffsetNumber];
+		BlockNumber listPages[MaxOffsetNumber];
 		ListInfo	listInfo;
 
 		cbuf = ReadBuffer(index, blkno);
@@ -40,7 +47,7 @@ ivfflatbulkdelete(IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats,
 		{
 			IvfflatList list = (IvfflatList) PageGetItem(cpage, PageGetItemId(cpage, coffno));
 
-			startPages[coffno - FirstOffsetNumber] = list->startPage;
+			listPages[coffno - FirstOffsetNumber] = list->startPage;
 		}
 
 		listInfo.blkno = blkno;
@@ -50,7 +57,7 @@ ivfflatbulkdelete(IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats,
 
 		for (coffno = FirstOffsetNumber; coffno <= cmaxoffno; coffno = OffsetNumberNext(coffno))
 		{
-			BlockNumber searchPage = startPages[coffno - FirstOffsetNumber];
+			BlockNumber searchPage = listPages[coffno - FirstOffsetNumber];
 			BlockNumber insertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;
 
 			/* Iterate over entry pages */

src/sparsevec.c

@@ -3,22 +3,27 @@
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <math.h>
 
-#include "common/string.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
+#include "common/shortest_dec.h"
 #include "fmgr.h"
 #include "halfutils.h"
 #include "halfvec.h"
+#include "lib/stringinfo.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
 #include "sparsevec.h"
 #include "utils/array.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/float.h"
+#include "utils/fmgrprotos.h"
+#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "vector.h"
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
-#include "common/shortest_dec.h"
-#include "utils/float.h"
-#else
-#include <float.h>
-#include "utils/builtins.h"
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+#include "varatt.h"
+#endif
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
+#include "parser/scansup.h"
 #endif
 
 typedef struct SparseInputElement
@@ -154,9 +159,9 @@ InitSparseVector(int dim, int nnz)
 	return result;
 }
 
-/*
- * Check for whitespace, since array_isspace() is static
- */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
+#define sparsevec_isspace(ch) scanner_isspace(ch)
+#else
 static inline bool
 sparsevec_isspace(char ch)
 {
@@ -169,6 +174,7 @@ sparsevec_isspace(char ch)
 		return true;
 	return false;
 }
+#endif
 
 /*
  * Compare indices
@@ -176,10 +182,10 @@ sparsevec_isspace(char ch)
 static int
 CompareIndices(const void *a, const void *b)
 {
-	if (((SparseInputElement *) a)->index < ((SparseInputElement *) b)->index)
+	if (((const SparseInputElement *) a)->index < ((const SparseInputElement *) b)->index)
 		return -1;
 
-	if (((SparseInputElement *) a)->index > ((SparseInputElement *) b)->index)
+	if (((const SparseInputElement *) a)->index > ((const SparseInputElement *) b)->index)
 		return 1;
 
 	return 0;
@@ -670,6 +676,137 @@ halfvec_to_sparsevec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Convert array to sparse vector
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(array_to_sparsevec);
+Datum
+array_to_sparsevec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *array = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	SparseVector *result;
+	int16		typlen;
+	bool		typbyval;
+	char		typalign;
+	Datum	   *elemsp;
+	int			nelemsp;
+	int			nnz = 0;
+	float	   *values;
+	int			j = 0;
+
+	if (ARR_NDIM(array) > 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("array must be 1-D")));
+
+	if (ARR_HASNULL(array) && array_contains_nulls(array))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NULL_VALUE_NOT_ALLOWED),
+				 errmsg("array must not contain nulls")));
+
+	get_typlenbyvalalign(ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), &typlen, &typbyval, &typalign);
+	deconstruct_array(array, ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), typlen, typbyval, typalign, &elemsp, NULL, &nelemsp);
+
+	CheckDim(nelemsp);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, nelemsp);
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+/* /fp:fast may not propagate +/-Infinity or NaN */
+#define IS_NOT_ZERO(v) (isnan((float) (v)) || isinf((float) (v)) || ((float) (v)) != 0)
+#else
+#define IS_NOT_ZERO(v) (((float) (v)) != 0)
+#endif
+
+	if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == INT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			nnz += IS_NOT_ZERO(DatumGetInt32(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT8OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			nnz += IS_NOT_ZERO(DatumGetFloat8(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			nnz += IS_NOT_ZERO(DatumGetFloat4(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == NUMERICOID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			nnz += IS_NOT_ZERO(DirectFunctionCall1(numeric_float4, elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("unsupported array type")));
+	}
+
+	result = InitSparseVector(nelemsp, nnz);
+	values = SPARSEVEC_VALUES(result);
+
+#define PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM(elem) \
+	do { \
+		float v = (float) (elem); \
+		if (IS_NOT_ZERO(v)) { \
+			/* Safety check */ \
+			if (j >= result->nnz) \
+				elog(ERROR, "safety check failed"); \
+			result->indices[j] = i; \
+			values[j] = v; \
+			j++; \
+		} \
+	} while (0)
+
+	if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == INT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM(DatumGetInt32(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT8OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM(DatumGetFloat8(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM(DatumGetFloat4(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == NUMERICOID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM(DatumGetFloat4(DirectFunctionCall1(numeric_float4, elemsp[i])));
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("unsupported array type")));
+	}
+
+#undef PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM
+#undef IS_NOT_ZERO
+
+	/*
+	 * Free allocation from deconstruct_array. Do not free individual elements
+	 * when pass-by-reference since they point to original array.
+	 */
+	pfree(elemsp);
+
+	if (j != result->nnz)
+		elog(ERROR, "correctness check failed");
+
+	/* Check elements */
+	for (int i = 0; i < result->nnz; i++)
+		CheckElement(values[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
 /*
  * Get the L2 squared distance between sparse vectors
  */

src/vector.c

@@ -16,19 +16,18 @@
 #include "port.h"				/* for strtof() */
 #include "sparsevec.h"
 #include "utils/array.h"
-#include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/float.h"
+#include "utils/fmgrprotos.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
-#include "utils/numeric.h"
+#include "utils/varbit.h"
 #include "vector.h"
 
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
 #include "varatt.h"
 #endif
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-#define TYPALIGN_DOUBLE 'd'
-#define TYPALIGN_INT 'i'
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
+#include "parser/scansup.h"
 #endif
 
 #define STATE_DIMS(x) (ARR_DIMS(x)[0] - 1)
@@ -40,7 +39,11 @@
 #define VECTOR_TARGET_CLONES
 #endif
 
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
+PG_MODULE_MAGIC_EXT(.name = "vector", .version = "0.8.5");
+#else
 PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
+#endif
 
 /*
  * Initialize index options and variables
@@ -130,9 +133,9 @@ InitVector(int dim)
 	return result;
 }
 
-/*
- * Check for whitespace, since array_isspace() is static
- */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
+#define vector_isspace(ch) scanner_isspace(ch)
+#else
 static inline bool
 vector_isspace(char ch)
 {
@@ -145,6 +148,7 @@ vector_isspace(char ch)
 		return true;
 	return false;
 }
+#endif
 
 /*
  * Check state array
@@ -160,24 +164,6 @@ CheckStateArray(ArrayType *statearray, const char *caller)
 	return (float8 *) ARR_DATA_PTR(statearray);
 }
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120003
-static pg_noinline void
-float_overflow_error(void)
-{
-	ereport(ERROR,
-			(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-			 errmsg("value out of range: overflow")));
-}
-
-static pg_noinline void
-float_underflow_error(void)
-{
-	ereport(ERROR,
-			(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-			 errmsg("value out of range: underflow")));
-}
-#endif
-
 /*
  * Convert textual representation to internal representation
  */
@@ -943,11 +929,13 @@ vector_concat(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	CheckDim(dim);
 	result = InitVector(dim);
 
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0, imax = a->dim; i < imax; i++)
 		result->x[i] = a->x[i];
 
-	for (int i = 0; i < b->dim; i++)
-		result->x[i + a->dim] = b->x[i];
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0, imax = b->dim, start = a->dim; i < imax; i++)
+		result->x[i + start] = b->x[i];
 
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
 }
@@ -963,8 +951,21 @@ binary_quantize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	float	   *ax = a->x;
 	VarBit	   *result = InitBitVector(a->dim);
 	unsigned char *rx = VARBITS(result);
+	int			i = 0;
+	int			count = (a->dim / 8) * 8;
 
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (; i < count; i += 8)
+	{
+		unsigned char result_byte = 0;
+
+		for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++)
+			result_byte |= (ax[i + j] > 0) << (7 - j);
+
+		rx[i / 8] = result_byte;
+	}
+
+	for (; i < a->dim; i++)
 		rx[i / 8] |= (ax[i] > 0) << (7 - (i % 8));
 
 	PG_RETURN_VARBIT_P(result);

test/expected/cast.out

@@ -208,6 +208,62 @@ SELECT '{1:1e-8}/1'::sparsevec::halfvec;
  [0]
 (1 row)
 
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::sparsevec;
+      array      
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ARRAY[1.0,0.0,2.0,0.0,3.0,0.0]::sparsevec;
+      array      
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::float4[]::sparsevec;
+      array      
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::float8[]::sparsevec;
+      array      
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::numeric[]::sparsevec;
+      array      
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+    sparsevec    
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec(6);
+    sparsevec    
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec(5);
+ERROR:  expected 5 dimensions, not 6
+SELECT '{NULL}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  array must not contain nulls
+SELECT '{NaN}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  NaN not allowed in sparsevec
+SELECT '{Infinity}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in sparsevec
+SELECT '{-Infinity}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in sparsevec
+SELECT '{}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  sparsevec must have at least 1 dimension
+SELECT '{{1}}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  array must be 1-D
 SELECT array_agg(n)::vector FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 ERROR:  vector cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
 SELECT array_to_vector(array_agg(n), 16001, false) FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;

test/expected/halfvec.out

@@ -540,6 +540,12 @@ SELECT binary_quantize('[0,0.1,-0.2,-0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,-0.7,0.8,-0.9,1]'::halfvec)
  01001110101
 (1 row)
 
+SELECT binary_quantize('[1,2,3,-4,5,6,-7,8,1,-2,-3,4,5,-6,7,8,-1,2,3]'::halfvec);
+   binary_quantize   
+---------------------
+ 1110110110011011011
+(1 row)
+
 SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 1, 3);
  subvector 
 -----------

test/expected/hnsw_bit.out

@@ -49,3 +49,11 @@ CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw ((val::bit(3)) bit_hamming_ops);
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw ((val::bit(64001)) bit_hamming_ops);
 ERROR:  column cannot have more than 64000 dimensions for hnsw index
 DROP TABLE t;
+-- dimensions
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_hamming_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_hamming_ops);
+ERROR:  column cannot have more than 64000 dimensions for hnsw index
+DROP TABLE t;

test/expected/hnsw_halfvec.out

@@ -100,3 +100,11 @@ SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t
 (1 row)
 
 DROP TABLE t;
+-- dimensions
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+ERROR:  column cannot have more than 4000 dimensions for hnsw index
+DROP TABLE t;

test/expected/hnsw_vector.out

@@ -99,6 +99,38 @@ SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2
      4
 (1 row)
 
+DROP TABLE t;
+-- iterative
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
+SET hnsw.iterative_scan = strict_order;
+SET hnsw.ef_search = 1;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,1,1]
+ [0,0,0]
+(3 rows)
+
+SET hnsw.iterative_scan = relaxed_order;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,1,1]
+ [0,0,0]
+(3 rows)
+
+TRUNCATE t;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+ val 
+-----
+(0 rows)
+
+RESET hnsw.iterative_scan;
+RESET hnsw.ef_search;
 DROP TABLE t;
 -- unlogged
 CREATE UNLOGGED TABLE t (val vector(3));
@@ -129,6 +161,7 @@ ERROR:  value 1001 out of bounds for option "ef_construction"
 DETAIL:  Valid values are between "4" and "1000".
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 16, ef_construction = 31);
 ERROR:  ef_construction must be greater than or equal to 2 * m
+DROP TABLE t;
 SHOW hnsw.ef_search;
  hnsw.ef_search 
 ----------------
@@ -139,4 +172,38 @@ SET hnsw.ef_search = 0;
 ERROR:  0 is outside the valid range for parameter "hnsw.ef_search" (1 .. 1000)
 SET hnsw.ef_search = 1001;
 ERROR:  1001 is outside the valid range for parameter "hnsw.ef_search" (1 .. 1000)
+SHOW hnsw.iterative_scan;
+ hnsw.iterative_scan 
+---------------------
+ off
+(1 row)
+
+SET hnsw.iterative_scan = on;
+ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "hnsw.iterative_scan": "on"
+HINT:  Available values: off, relaxed_order, strict_order.
+SHOW hnsw.max_scan_tuples;
+ hnsw.max_scan_tuples 
+----------------------
+ 20000
+(1 row)
+
+SET hnsw.max_scan_tuples = 0;
+ERROR:  0 is outside the valid range for parameter "hnsw.max_scan_tuples" (1 .. 2147483647)
+SHOW hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier;
+ hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier 
+--------------------------
+ 1
+(1 row)
+
+SET hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier = 0;
+ERROR:  0 is outside the valid range for parameter "hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier" (1 .. 1000)
+SET hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier = 1001;
+ERROR:  1001 is outside the valid range for parameter "hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier" (1 .. 1000)
+-- dimensions
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
+ERROR:  column cannot have more than 2000 dimensions for hnsw index
 DROP TABLE t;

test/expected/ivfflat_bit.out

@@ -35,3 +35,32 @@ NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
 DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
 HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
 DROP TABLE t;
+-- dimensions
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+DROP TABLE t;
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops);
+ERROR:  column cannot have more than 64000 dimensions for ivfflat index
+DROP TABLE t;
+-- memory
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '1MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '29MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64000));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'0'::bit(64000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;

test/expected/ivfflat_halfvec.out

@@ -82,3 +82,32 @@ SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t
 (1 row)
 
 DROP TABLE t;
+-- dimensions
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+DROP TABLE t;
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+ERROR:  column cannot have more than 4000 dimensions for ivfflat index
+DROP TABLE t;
+-- memory
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '1MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '6MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4000));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (array_fill(0, ARRAY[4000]));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;

test/expected/ivfflat_vector.out

@@ -81,6 +81,46 @@ SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2
      3
 (1 row)
 
+DROP TABLE t;
+-- iterative
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 3);
+SET ivfflat.iterative_scan = relaxed_order;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,1,1]
+ [0,0,0]
+(3 rows)
+
+SET ivfflat.max_probes = 1;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SET ivfflat.max_probes = 2;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,1,1]
+(2 rows)
+
+TRUNCATE t;
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+ val 
+-----
+(0 rows)
+
+RESET ivfflat.iterative_scan;
+RESET ivfflat.max_probes;
 DROP TABLE t;
 -- unlogged
 CREATE UNLOGGED TABLE t (val vector(3));
@@ -103,10 +143,62 @@ DETAIL:  Valid values are between "1" and "32768".
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 32769);
 ERROR:  value 32769 out of bounds for option "lists"
 DETAIL:  Valid values are between "1" and "32768".
+DROP TABLE t;
 SHOW ivfflat.probes;
  ivfflat.probes 
 ----------------
  1
 (1 row)
 
+SET ivfflat.probes = 0;
+ERROR:  0 is outside the valid range for parameter "ivfflat.probes" (1 .. 32768)
+SET ivfflat.probes = 32769;
+ERROR:  32769 is outside the valid range for parameter "ivfflat.probes" (1 .. 32768)
+SHOW ivfflat.iterative_scan;
+ ivfflat.iterative_scan 
+------------------------
+ off
+(1 row)
+
+SET ivfflat.iterative_scan = on;
+ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "ivfflat.iterative_scan": "on"
+HINT:  Available values: off, relaxed_order.
+SHOW ivfflat.max_probes;
+ ivfflat.max_probes 
+--------------------
+ 32768
+(1 row)
+
+SET ivfflat.max_probes = 0;
+ERROR:  0 is outside the valid range for parameter "ivfflat.max_probes" (1 .. 32768)
+SET ivfflat.max_probes = 32769;
+ERROR:  32769 is outside the valid range for parameter "ivfflat.max_probes" (1 .. 32768)
+-- dimensions
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
 DROP TABLE t;
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops);
+ERROR:  column cannot have more than 2000 dimensions for ivfflat index
+DROP TABLE t;
+-- memory
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '1MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '5MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2000));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (array_fill(0, ARRAY[2000]));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;

test/expected/vector_type.out

@@ -576,6 +576,12 @@ SELECT binary_quantize('[0,0.1,-0.2,-0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,-0.7,0.8,-0.9,1]'::vector);
  01001110101
 (1 row)
 
+SELECT binary_quantize('[1,2,3,-4,5,6,-7,8,1,-2,-3,4,5,-6,7,8,-1,2,3]'::vector);
+   binary_quantize   
+---------------------
+ 1110110110011011011
+(1 row)
+
 SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::vector, 1, 3);
  subvector 
 -----------

test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Cluster.pm

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+
+use PostgresNode;
+
+sub new
+{
+	my ($class, $name) = @_;
+	return get_new_node($name);
+}
+
+1;

test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Utils.pm

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+package PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
+
+use TestLib;
+
+1;

test/perl/PostgresNode.pm

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
-
-sub get_new_node
-{
-	return PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new(@_);
-}
-
-1;

test/perl/TestLib.pm

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
-
-1;

test/sql/cast.sql

@@ -58,6 +58,22 @@ SELECT '{}/16001'::sparsevec::halfvec;
 SELECT '{1:65520}/1'::sparsevec::halfvec;
 SELECT '{1:1e-8}/1'::sparsevec::halfvec;
 
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::sparsevec;
+SELECT ARRAY[1.0,0.0,2.0,0.0,3.0,0.0]::sparsevec;
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::float4[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::float8[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::numeric[]::sparsevec;
+
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec(6);
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec(5);
+SELECT '{NULL}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{NaN}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{Infinity}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{-Infinity}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{{1}}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+
 SELECT array_agg(n)::vector FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 SELECT array_to_vector(array_agg(n), 16001, false) FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 

test/sql/halfvec.sql

@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ SELECT l2_normalize('[65504]'::halfvec);
 
 SELECT binary_quantize('[1,0,-1]'::halfvec);
 SELECT binary_quantize('[0,0.1,-0.2,-0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,-0.7,0.8,-0.9,1]'::halfvec);
+SELECT binary_quantize('[1,2,3,-4,5,6,-7,8,1,-2,-3,4,5,-6,7,8,-1,2,3]'::halfvec);
 
 SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 1, 3);
 SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 3, 2);

test/sql/hnsw_bit.sql

@@ -33,3 +33,13 @@ CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_hamming_ops);
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw ((val::bit(3)) bit_hamming_ops);
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw ((val::bit(64001)) bit_hamming_ops);
 DROP TABLE t;
+
+-- dimensions
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_hamming_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_hamming_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;

test/sql/hnsw_halfvec.sql

@@ -56,3 +56,13 @@ SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> '[3,3,3]';
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
 
 DROP TABLE t;
+
+-- dimensions
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;

test/sql/hnsw_vector.sql

@@ -57,6 +57,26 @@ SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2
 
 DROP TABLE t;
 
+-- iterative
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
+
+SET hnsw.iterative_scan = strict_order;
+SET hnsw.ef_search = 1;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+
+SET hnsw.iterative_scan = relaxed_order;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+
+TRUNCATE t;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+
+RESET hnsw.iterative_scan;
+RESET hnsw.ef_search;
+DROP TABLE t;
+
 -- unlogged
 
 CREATE UNLOGGED TABLE t (val vector(3));
@@ -75,10 +95,28 @@ CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 101);
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (ef_construction = 3);
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (ef_construction = 1001);
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 16, ef_construction = 31);
+DROP TABLE t;
 
 SHOW hnsw.ef_search;
-
 SET hnsw.ef_search = 0;
 SET hnsw.ef_search = 1001;
 
+SHOW hnsw.iterative_scan;
+SET hnsw.iterative_scan = on;
+
+SHOW hnsw.max_scan_tuples;
+SET hnsw.max_scan_tuples = 0;
+
+SHOW hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier;
+SET hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier = 0;
+SET hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier = 1001;
+
+-- dimensions
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
 DROP TABLE t;

test/sql/ivfflat_bit.sql

@@ -21,3 +21,28 @@ CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat ((val::bit(3)) bit_hamming_ops) WITH (lists = 1)
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat ((val::bit(64001)) bit_hamming_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat ((val::bit(2)) bit_hamming_ops) WITH (lists = 5);
 DROP TABLE t;
+
+-- dimensions
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+
+-- memory
+
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '1MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;
+
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '29MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64000));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'0'::bit(64000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;

test/sql/ivfflat_halfvec.sql

@@ -43,3 +43,28 @@ SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[0,0,0]') t2;
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
 
 DROP TABLE t;
+
+-- dimensions
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+
+-- memory
+
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '1MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;
+
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '6MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4000));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (array_fill(0, ARRAY[4000]));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;

test/sql/ivfflat_vector.sql

@@ -44,6 +44,28 @@ SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2
 
 DROP TABLE t;
 
+-- iterative
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 3);
+
+SET ivfflat.iterative_scan = relaxed_order;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+
+SET ivfflat.max_probes = 1;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+
+SET ivfflat.max_probes = 2;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+
+TRUNCATE t;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+
+RESET ivfflat.iterative_scan;
+RESET ivfflat.max_probes;
+DROP TABLE t;
+
 -- unlogged
 
 CREATE UNLOGGED TABLE t (val vector(3));
@@ -59,7 +81,40 @@ DROP TABLE t;
 CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 0);
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 32769);
+DROP TABLE t;
 
 SHOW ivfflat.probes;
+SET ivfflat.probes = 0;
+SET ivfflat.probes = 32769;
 
+SHOW ivfflat.iterative_scan;
+SET ivfflat.iterative_scan = on;
+
+SHOW ivfflat.max_probes;
+SET ivfflat.max_probes = 0;
+SET ivfflat.max_probes = 32769;
+
+-- dimensions
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops);
 DROP TABLE t;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+
+-- memory
+
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '1MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;
+
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '5MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2000));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (array_fill(0, ARRAY[2000]));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;

test/sql/vector_type.sql

@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ SELECT l2_normalize('[3e38]'::vector);
 
 SELECT binary_quantize('[1,0,-1]'::vector);
 SELECT binary_quantize('[0,0.1,-0.2,-0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,-0.7,0.8,-0.9,1]'::vector);
+SELECT binary_quantize('[1,2,3,-4,5,6,-7,8,1,-2,-3,4,5,-6,7,8,-1,2,3]'::vector);
 
 SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::vector, 1, 3);
 SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::vector, 3, 2);

test/t/001_ivfflat_wal.pl

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 # Test generic xlog record work for ivfflat index replication.
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $dim = 32;
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ sub test_index_replay
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
 
 # Initialize primary node
-$node_primary = get_new_node('primary');
+$node_primary = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('primary');
 $node_primary->init(allows_streaming => 1);
 if ($dim > 32)
 {
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ my $backup_name = 'my_backup';
 $node_primary->backup($backup_name);
 
 # Create streaming replica linking to primary
-$node_replica = get_new_node('replica');
+$node_replica = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('replica');
 $node_replica->init_from_backup($node_primary, $backup_name, has_streaming => 1);
 $node_replica->start;
 

test/t/002_ivfflat_vacuum.pl

@@ -1,21 +1,15 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $dim = 3;
 
-my @r = ();
-for (1 .. $dim)
-{
-	my $v = int(rand(1000)) + 1;
-	push(@r, "i % $v");
-}
-my $array_sql = join(", ", @r);
+my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 
@@ -23,19 +17,20 @@ $node->start;
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i int4, v vector($dim));");
 $node->safe_psql("postgres",
-	"INSERT INTO tst SELECT i % 10, ARRAY[$array_sql] FROM generate_series(1, 100000) i;"
+	"INSERT INTO tst SELECT i, ARRAY[$array_sql] FROM generate_series(1, 100000) i;"
 );
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX ON tst USING ivfflat (v vector_l2_ops);");
 
 # Get size
 my $size = $node->safe_psql("postgres", "SELECT pg_total_relation_size('tst_v_idx');");
 
+# Store values
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tmp AS SELECT * FROM tst;");
+
 # Delete all, vacuum, and insert same data
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "DELETE FROM tst;");
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "VACUUM tst;");
-$node->safe_psql("postgres",
-	"INSERT INTO tst SELECT i % 10, ARRAY[$array_sql] FROM generate_series(1, 100000) i;"
-);
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "INSERT INTO tst SELECT * FROM tmp;");
 
 # Check size
 my $new_size = $node->safe_psql("postgres", "SELECT pg_total_relation_size('tst_v_idx');");

test/t/003_ivfflat_vector_build_recall.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/004_ivfflat_vector_insert_recall.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/005_ivfflat_query_recall.pl

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 
@@ -16,29 +16,19 @@ $node->safe_psql("postgres",
 	"INSERT INTO tst SELECT i, ARRAY[random(), random(), random()] FROM generate_series(1, 100000) i;"
 );
 
-# Check each index type
-my @operators = ("<->", "<#>", "<=>");
-my @opclasses = ("vector_l2_ops", "vector_ip_ops", "vector_cosine_ops");
+# Add index
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX ON tst USING ivfflat (v vector_l2_ops);");
 
-for my $i (0 .. $#operators)
+# Test 100% recall
+for (1 .. 20)
 {
-	my $operator = $operators[$i];
-	my $opclass = $opclasses[$i];
-
-	# Add index
-	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX ON tst USING ivfflat (v $opclass);");
-
-	# Test 100% recall
-	for (1 .. 20)
-	{
-		my $id = int(rand() * 100000);
-		my $query = $node->safe_psql("postgres", "SELECT v FROM tst WHERE i = $id;");
-		my $res = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-			SET enable_seqscan = off;
-			SELECT v FROM tst ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT 1;
-		));
-		is($res, $query);
-	}
+	my $id = int(rand() * 100000);
+	my $query = $node->safe_psql("postgres", "SELECT v FROM tst WHERE i = $id;");
+	my $res = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+		SET enable_seqscan = off;
+		SELECT v FROM tst ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT 1;
+	));
+	is($res, $query);
 }
 
 done_testing();

test/t/006_ivfflat_lists.pl

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/007_ivfflat_inserts.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $dim = 768;
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ my $dim = 768;
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/008_ivfflat_centers.pl

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/009_ivfflat_filtering.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $dim = 3;
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ my $limit = 20;
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 
@@ -94,8 +94,7 @@ like($explain, qr/Seq Scan/);
 $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
 	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE v <-> '$query' < 1 ORDER BY v <-> '$query';
 ));
-# TODO Do not use index
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
+like($explain, qr/Seq Scan/);
 
 # Test attribute index
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX attribute_idx ON tst (c);");
@@ -110,7 +109,6 @@ $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX partial_idx ON tst USING ivfflat (v v
 $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
 	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c = $c ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
 ));
-# TODO Use partial index
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
+like($explain, qr/Index Scan using partial_idx/);
 
 done_testing();

test/t/010_hnsw_wal.pl

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 # Test generic xlog record work for hnsw index replication.
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $dim = 32;
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ sub test_index_replay
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
 
 # Initialize primary node
-$node_primary = get_new_node('primary');
+$node_primary = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('primary');
 $node_primary->init(allows_streaming => 1);
 if ($dim > 32)
 {
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ my $backup_name = 'my_backup';
 $node_primary->backup($backup_name);
 
 # Create streaming replica linking to primary
-$node_replica = get_new_node('replica');
+$node_replica = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('replica');
 $node_replica->init_from_backup($node_primary, $backup_name, has_streaming => 1);
 $node_replica->start;
 

test/t/011_hnsw_vacuum.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $dim = 3;
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ for (1 .. $dim)
 my $array_sql = join(", ", @r);
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/012_hnsw_vector_build_recall.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/013_hnsw_vector_insert_recall.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/014_hnsw_vector_vacuum_recall.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/015_hnsw_vector_duplicates.pl

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/016_hnsw_inserts.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 # Ensures elements and neighbors on both same and different pages
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ my $dim = 1900;
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/017_hnsw_filtering.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $dim = 3;
@@ -11,16 +11,20 @@ my $limit = 20;
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 
 # Create table and index
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i int4, v vector($dim), c int4, t text);");
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE cat (i int4 PRIMARY KEY, t text, b boolean);");
 $node->safe_psql("postgres",
 	"INSERT INTO tst SELECT i, ARRAY[$array_sql], i % $nc, 'test ' || i FROM generate_series(1, 10000) i;"
 );
+$node->safe_psql("postgres",
+	"INSERT INTO cat SELECT i, 'cat ' || i, i % 5 = 0 FROM generate_series(1, $nc) i;"
+);
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX idx ON tst USING hnsw (v vector_l2_ops);");
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "ANALYZE tst;");
 
@@ -37,8 +41,7 @@ my $c = int(rand() * $nc);
 my $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
 	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c = $c ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
 ));
-# TODO Do not use index
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
+like($explain, qr/Seq Scan/);
 
 # Test attribute filtering with few rows removed
 $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
@@ -56,8 +59,7 @@ like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
 $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
 	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c < 1 ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
 ));
-# TODO Do not use index
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
+like($explain, qr/Seq Scan/);
 
 # Test attribute filtering with few rows removed like
 $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
@@ -96,13 +98,25 @@ $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
 ));
 like($explain, qr/Seq Scan/);
 
+# Test join
+$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT cat.t FROM cat INNER JOIN tst ON cat.i = tst.c ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
+));
+like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
+
+# Test join with attribute filtering
+$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT cat.t FROM cat INNER JOIN tst ON cat.i = tst.c WHERE cat.b = 't' ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
+));
+like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
+
 # Test attribute index
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX attribute_idx ON tst (c);");
 $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
 	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c = $c ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
 ));
-# TODO Use attribute index
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
+# Use attribute index
+like($explain, qr/Bitmap Index Scan on attribute_idx/);
 
 # Test partial index
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX partial_idx ON tst USING hnsw (v vector_l2_ops) WHERE (c = $c);");

test/t/018_aggregates.pl

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ sub test_aggregate
 	else
 	{
 		# Does not raise overflow error in this instance due to loss of precision
-		is($res, "[24576,24576,49152]")
+		is($res, "[24576,24576,49152]");
 	}
 }
 

test/t/019_storage.pl

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $dim = 1024;
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/020_hnsw_bit_build_recall.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/021_hnsw_bit_insert_recall.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/022_hnsw_bit_vacuum_recall.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/023_hnsw_bit_duplicates.pl

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/024_hnsw_halfvec_build_recall.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/025_hnsw_halfvec_insert_recall.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/026_hnsw_halfvec_vacuum_recall.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/027_hnsw_halfvec_duplicates.pl

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/028_hnsw_sparsevec_build_recall.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/029_hnsw_sparsevec_insert_recall.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/030_hnsw_sparsevec_vacuum_recall.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/031_hnsw_sparsevec_duplicates.pl

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/032_ivfflat_halfvec_build_recall.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/033_comparison.pl

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('floor(random() * 2)::int - 1') x 3);
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/034_distance_functions.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ my $dim = 5;
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('floor(random() * 4)::int - 2') x $dim);
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/035_ivfflat_bit_build_recall.pl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $node;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }
 
 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/036_ivfflat_bit_centers.pl

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/037_inputs.pl

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 

test/t/038_hnsw_sparsevec_vacuum_insert.pl

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;
 
@@ -14,25 +14,29 @@ $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i serial, v sparsevec(100000));");
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX ON tst USING hnsw (v sparsevec_l2_ops);");
 
-for (1 .. 3) {
-    for (1 .. 100) {
-        my @elements;
-        my %indices;
-        for (1 .. int(rand() * 100)) {
-            my $index = int(rand() * (100000 - 1)) + 1;
-            if (!exists($indices{$index})) {
-                my $value = rand();
-                push(@elements, "$index:$value");
-                $indices{$index} = 1;
-            }
-        }
-        my $embedding = "{" . join(",", @elements) . "}/100000";
-        $node->safe_psql("postgres", "INSERT INTO tst (v) VALUES ('$embedding');");
-    }
+for (1 .. 3)
+{
+	for (1 .. 100)
+	{
+		my @elements;
+		my %indices;
+		for (1 .. int(rand() * 100))
+		{
+			my $index = int(rand() * (100000 - 1)) + 1;
+			if (!exists($indices{$index}))
+			{
+				my $value = rand();
+				push(@elements, "$index:$value");
+				$indices{$index} = 1;
+			}
+		}
+		my $embedding = "{" . join(",", @elements) . "}/100000";
+		$node->safe_psql("postgres", "INSERT INTO tst (v) VALUES ('$embedding');");
+	}
 
-    $node->safe_psql("postgres", "DELETE FROM tst WHERE i % 2 = 0;");
-    $node->safe_psql("postgres", "VACUUM tst;");
-    is(1, 1);
+	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DELETE FROM tst WHERE i % 2 = 0;");
+	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "VACUUM tst;");
+	is(1, 1);
 }
 
 done_testing();