Added comments [skip ci]

Updated comment [skip ci]
Updated variable name [skip ci]
2026-07-22 03:57:34 +08:00 · 2024-09-22 10:45:09 -07:00 · 2024-09-22 10:35:51 -07:00 · 2024-09-22 10:33:44 -07:00 · 2024-09-22 10:24:36 -07:00 · 2024-09-22 10:10:55 -07:00
72 changed files with 1214 additions and 528 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ jobs:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        include:
+          # - postgres: 18
+          #   os: ubuntu-24.04
          - postgres: 17
            os: ubuntu-24.04
          - postgres: 16
-            os: ubuntu-24.04
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
          - postgres: 15
            os: ubuntu-22.04
          - postgres: 14
-            os: ubuntu-22.04
-          - postgres: 13
            os: ubuntu-20.04
-          - postgres: 12
+          - postgres: 13
            os: ubuntu-20.04
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,3 +1,14 @@
+## 0.8.0 (unreleased)
+
+- Added casts for arrays to `sparsevec`
+- Reduced memory usage for HNSW index scans
+- Dropped support for Postgres 12
+
+## 0.7.4 (2024-08-05)
+
+- Fixed locking for parallel HNSW index builds
+- Fixed compilation error with GCC 14 on i386 when SSE2 is not enabled
+
 ## 0.7.3 (2024-07-22)

 - Fixed `failed to add index item` error with `sparsevec`
--- a/META.json
+++ b/META.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 	"name": "vector",
 	"abstract": "Open-source vector similarity search for Postgres",
 	"description": "Supports L2 distance, inner product, and cosine distance",
-	"version": "0.7.3",
+	"version": "0.7.4",
 	"maintainer": [
 		"Andrew Kane <andrew@ankane.org>"
 	],
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 		"vector": {
 			"file": "sql/vector.sql",
 			"docfile": "README.md",
-			"version": "0.7.3",
+			"version": "0.7.4",
 			"abstract": "Open-source vector similarity search for Postgres"
 		}
 	},
--- a/9
+++ b/9
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 EXTENSION = vector
-EXTVERSION = 0.7.3
+EXTVERSION = 0.7.4

 MODULE_big = vector
-DATA = $(wildcard sql/*--*.sql)
+DATA = $(wildcard sql/*--*--*.sql)
+DATA_built = sql/$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
 OBJS = src/bitutils.o src/bitvec.o src/halfutils.o src/halfvec.o src/hnsw.o src/hnswbuild.o src/hnswinsert.o src/hnswscan.o src/hnswutils.o src/hnswvacuum.o src/ivfbuild.o src/ivfflat.o src/ivfinsert.o src/ivfkmeans.o src/ivfscan.o src/ivfutils.o src/ivfvacuum.o src/sparsevec.o src/vector.o
 HEADERS = src/halfvec.h src/sparsevec.h src/vector.h

@@ -42,8 +43,6 @@ all: sql/$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
 sql/$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql: sql/$(EXTENSION).sql
 	cp $< $@

-EXTRA_CLEAN = sql/$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
-
 PG_CONFIG ?= pg_config
 PGXS := $(shell $(PG_CONFIG) --pgxs)
 include $(PGXS)
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ ifeq ($(PROVE),)
 	PROVE = prove
 endif

-# for Postgres 15
+# for Postgres < 15
 PROVE_FLAGS += -I ./test/perl

 prove_installcheck:
--- a/Makefile.win
+++ b/Makefile.win
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 EXTENSION = vector
-EXTVERSION = 0.7.3
+EXTVERSION = 0.7.4

+DATA_built = sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
 OBJS = src\bitutils.obj src\bitvec.obj src\halfutils.obj src\halfvec.obj src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\sparsevec.obj src\vector.obj
 HEADERS = src\halfvec.h src\sparsevec.h src\vector.h

@@ -19,11 +20,6 @@ PG_CFLAGS = $(PG_CFLAGS) $(OPTFLAGS) /O2 /fp:fast
 # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/error-messages/tool-errors/vectorizer-and-parallelizer-messages
 # PG_CFLAGS = $(PG_CFLAGS) /Qvec-report:2

-all: sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
-
-sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql: sql\$(EXTENSION).sql
-	copy sql\$(EXTENSION).sql $@
-
 # TODO use pg_config
 !ifndef PGROOT
 !error PGROOT is not set
@@ -43,15 +39,18 @@ SHLIB = $(EXTENSION).dll

 LIBS = "$(LIBDIR)\postgres.lib"

+all: $(SHLIB) $(DATA_built)
+
 .c.obj:
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) /c $< /Fo$@

 $(SHLIB): $(OBJS)
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(OBJS) $(LIBS) /link /DLL /OUT:$(SHLIB)

-all: $(SHLIB)
+sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql: sql\$(EXTENSION).sql
+	copy sql\$(EXTENSION).sql $@

-install:
+install: all
 	copy $(SHLIB) "$(PKGLIBDIR)"
 	copy $(EXTENSION).control "$(SHAREDIR)\extension"
 	copy sql\$(EXTENSION)--*.sql "$(SHAREDIR)\extension"
@@ -70,6 +69,6 @@ uninstall:

 clean:
 	del /f $(SHLIB) $(EXTENSION).lib $(EXTENSION).exp
+	del /f $(DATA_built)
 	del /f $(OBJS)
-	del /f sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
 	del /f /s /q results regression.diffs regression.out tmp_check tmp_check_iso log output_iso
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Compile and install the extension (supports Postgres 12+)

 ```sh
 cd /tmp
-git clone --branch v0.7.3 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.7.4 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
 make
 make install # may need sudo
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Then use `nmake` to build:
 ```cmd
 set "PGROOT=C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\16"
 cd %TEMP%
-git clone --branch v0.7.3 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.7.4 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
 nmake /F Makefile.win
 nmake /F Makefile.win install
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ Insert vectors
 INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES ('[1,2,3]'), ('[4,5,6]');
 ```

-Or load vectors in bulk using `COPY` ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/bulk_loading.py))
+Or load vectors in bulk using `COPY` ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/loading/example.py))

 ```sql
 COPY items (embedding) FROM STDIN WITH (FORMAT BINARY);
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ You can add an index to use approximate nearest neighbor search, which trades so

 Supported index types are:

- [HNSW](#hnsw) - added in 0.5.0
+- [HNSW](#hnsw)
 - [IVFFlat](#ivfflat)

 ## HNSW
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding::halfvec(3) <-> '[1,2,3]' LIMIT 5;

 ## Binary Vectors

-Use the `bit` type to store binary vectors ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hash_image_search.py))
+Use the `bit` type to store binary vectors ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/imagehash/example.py))

 ```sql
 CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding bit(3));
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ SELECT id, content FROM items, plainto_tsquery('hello search') query
    WHERE textsearch @@ query ORDER BY ts_rank_cd(textsearch, query) DESC LIMIT 5;
 ```

-You can use [Reciprocal Rank Fusion](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search_rrf.py) or a [cross-encoder](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search.py) to combine results.
+You can use [Reciprocal Rank Fusion](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search/rrf.py) or a [cross-encoder](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search/cross_encoder.py) to combine results.

 ## Indexing Subvectors

@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ Be sure to restart Postgres for changes to take effect.

 ### Loading

-Use `COPY` for bulk loading data ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/bulk_loading.py)).
+Use `COPY` for bulk loading data ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/loading/example.py)).

 ```sql
 COPY items (embedding) FROM STDIN WITH (FORMAT BINARY);
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ Scale pgvector the same way you scale Postgres.

 Scale vertically by increasing memory, CPU, and storage on a single instance. Use existing tools to [tune parameters](#tuning) and [monitor performance](#monitoring).

-Scale horizontally with [replicas](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/hot-standby.html), or use [Citus](https://github.com/citusdata/citus) or another approach for sharding ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/citus.py)).
+Scale horizontally with [replicas](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/hot-standby.html), or use [Citus](https://github.com/citusdata/citus) or another approach for sharding ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/citus/example.py)).

 ## Languages

@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ This adds pgvector to the [Postgres image](https://hub.docker.com/_/postgres) (r
 You can also build the image manually:

 ```sh
-git clone --branch v0.7.3 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.7.4 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
 docker build --pull --build-arg PG_MAJOR=16 -t myuser/pgvector .
 ```
--- a/sql/vector--0.7.3--0.7.4.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.7.3--0.7.4.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.7.4'" to load this file. \quit
--- a/sql/vector--0.7.4--0.8.0.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.7.4--0.8.0.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.8.0'" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(real[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(double precision[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE CAST (integer[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (real[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(real[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(double precision[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
--- a/sql/vector.sql
+++ b/sql/vector.sql
@@ -782,6 +782,18 @@ CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_sparsevec(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS sparseve
 CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_to_halfvec(sparsevec, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(real[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(double precision[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
 -- sparsevec casts

 CREATE CAST (sparsevec AS sparsevec)
@@ -799,6 +811,18 @@ CREATE CAST (sparsevec AS halfvec)
 CREATE CAST (halfvec AS sparsevec)
 	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_sparsevec(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;

+CREATE CAST (integer[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (real[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(real[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(double precision[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
 -- sparsevec operators

 CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
--- a/src/bitutils.h
+++ b/src/bitutils.h
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 #include "postgres.h"

 /* Check version in first header */
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120000
-#error "Requires PostgreSQL 12+"
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
+#error "Requires PostgreSQL 13+"
 #endif

 extern uint64 (*BitHammingDistance) (uint32 bytes, unsigned char *ax, unsigned char *bx, uint64 distance);
--- a/src/halfvec.c
+++ b/src/halfvec.c
@@ -19,11 +19,6 @@
 #include "utils/numeric.h"
 #include "vector.h"

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-#define TYPALIGN_DOUBLE 'd'
-#define TYPALIGN_INT 'i'
-#endif
-
 #define STATE_DIMS(x) (ARR_DIMS(x)[0] - 1)
 #define CreateStateDatums(dim) palloc(sizeof(Datum) * (dim + 1))

--- a/src/halfvec.h
+++ b/src/halfvec.h
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 /* F16C has better performance than _Float16 (on x86-64) */
 #if defined(__F16C__)
 #define F16C_SUPPORT
-#elif defined(__FLT16_MAX__) && !defined(HALFVEC_DISPATCH) && !defined(__FreeBSD__)
+#elif defined(__FLT16_MAX__) && !defined(HALFVEC_DISPATCH) && !defined(__FreeBSD__) && (!defined(__i386__) || defined(__SSE2__))
 #define FLT16_SUPPORT
 #endif

--- a/src/hnsw.c
+++ b/src/hnsw.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "utils/float.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/selfuncs.h"

@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@
 #endif

 int			hnsw_ef_search;
+bool		hnsw_streaming;
 int			hnsw_lock_tranche_id;
 static relopt_kind hnsw_relopt_kind;

@@ -59,22 +61,21 @@ HnswInit(void)

 	hnsw_relopt_kind = add_reloption_kind();
 	add_int_reloption(hnsw_relopt_kind, "m", "Max number of connections",
-					  HNSW_DEFAULT_M, HNSW_MIN_M, HNSW_MAX_M
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-					  ,AccessExclusiveLock
-#endif
-		);
+					  HNSW_DEFAULT_M, HNSW_MIN_M, HNSW_MAX_M, AccessExclusiveLock);
 	add_int_reloption(hnsw_relopt_kind, "ef_construction", "Size of the dynamic candidate list for construction",
-					  HNSW_DEFAULT_EF_CONSTRUCTION, HNSW_MIN_EF_CONSTRUCTION, HNSW_MAX_EF_CONSTRUCTION
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-					  ,AccessExclusiveLock
-#endif
-		);
+					  HNSW_DEFAULT_EF_CONSTRUCTION, HNSW_MIN_EF_CONSTRUCTION, HNSW_MAX_EF_CONSTRUCTION, AccessExclusiveLock);

 	DefineCustomIntVariable("hnsw.ef_search", "Sets the size of the dynamic candidate list for search",
 							"Valid range is 1..1000.", &hnsw_ef_search,
 							HNSW_DEFAULT_EF_SEARCH, HNSW_MIN_EF_SEARCH, HNSW_MAX_EF_SEARCH, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);

+	/* TODO Figure out name */
+	DefineCustomBoolVariable("hnsw.streaming", "Use streaming mode",
+							 NULL, &hnsw_streaming,
+							 HNSW_DEFAULT_STREAMING, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+
+	/* TODO Add option for limiting iterative search */
+
 	MarkGUCPrefixReserved("hnsw");
 }

@@ -112,8 +113,8 @@ hnswcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 	/* Never use index without order */
 	if (path->indexorderbys == NULL)
 	{
-		*indexStartupCost = DBL_MAX;
-		*indexTotalCost = DBL_MAX;
+		*indexStartupCost = get_float8_infinity();
+		*indexTotalCost = get_float8_infinity();
 		*indexSelectivity = 0;
 		*indexCorrelation = 0;
 		*indexPages = 0;
@@ -133,6 +134,8 @@ hnswcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 	/* Account for number of tuples (or entry level), m, and ef_search */
 	costs.numIndexTuples = (entryLevel + 2) * m;

+	/* TODO Adjust for selectivity for iterative scans */
+
 	genericcostestimate(root, path, loop_count, &costs);

 	/* Use total cost since most work happens before first tuple is returned */
@@ -154,23 +157,10 @@ hnswoptions(Datum reloptions, bool validate)
 		{"ef_construction", RELOPT_TYPE_INT, offsetof(HnswOptions, efConstruction)},
 	};

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	return (bytea *) build_reloptions(reloptions, validate,
 									  hnsw_relopt_kind,
 									  sizeof(HnswOptions),
 									  tab, lengthof(tab));
-#else
-	relopt_value *options;
-	int			numoptions;
-	HnswOptions *rdopts;
-
-	options = parseRelOptions(reloptions, validate, hnsw_relopt_kind, &numoptions);
-	rdopts = allocateReloptStruct(sizeof(HnswOptions), options, numoptions);
-	fillRelOptions((void *) rdopts, sizeof(HnswOptions), options, numoptions,
-				   validate, tab, lengthof(tab));
-
-	return (bytea *) rdopts;
-#endif
 }

 /*
@@ -195,9 +185,7 @@ hnswhandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)

 	amroutine->amstrategies = 0;
 	amroutine->amsupport = 3;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	amroutine->amoptsprocnum = 0;
-#endif
 	amroutine->amcanorder = false;
 	amroutine->amcanorderbyop = true;
 	amroutine->amcanbackward = false;	/* can change direction mid-scan */
@@ -210,17 +198,24 @@ hnswhandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	amroutine->amclusterable = false;
 	amroutine->ampredlocks = false;
 	amroutine->amcanparallel = false;
-	amroutine->amcaninclude = false;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-	amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false; /* not used during VACUUM */
-	amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
+	amroutine->amcanbuildparallel = true;
 #endif
+	amroutine->amcaninclude = false;
+	amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false; /* not used during VACUUM */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+	amroutine->amsummarizing = false;
+#endif
+	amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL;
 	amroutine->amkeytype = InvalidOid;

 	/* Interface functions */
 	amroutine->ambuild = hnswbuild;
 	amroutine->ambuildempty = hnswbuildempty;
 	amroutine->aminsert = hnswinsert;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
+	amroutine->aminsertcleanup = NULL;
+#endif
 	amroutine->ambulkdelete = hnswbulkdelete;
 	amroutine->amvacuumcleanup = hnswvacuumcleanup;
 	amroutine->amcanreturn = NULL;
--- a/src/hnsw.h
+++ b/src/hnsw.h
@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@
 #include "utils/sampling.h"
 #include "vector.h"

+#ifdef HNSW_BENCH
+#include "portability/instr_time.h"
+#endif
+
 #define HNSW_MAX_DIM 2000
 #define HNSW_MAX_NNZ 1000

@@ -42,6 +46,7 @@
 #define HNSW_DEFAULT_EF_SEARCH	40
 #define HNSW_MIN_EF_SEARCH		1
 #define HNSW_MAX_EF_SEARCH		1000
+#define HNSW_DEFAULT_STREAMING	false

 /* Tuple types */
 #define HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_TYPE  1
@@ -68,6 +73,21 @@
 #define HnswPageGetOpaque(page)	((HnswPageOpaque) PageGetSpecialPointer(page))
 #define HnswPageGetMeta(page)	((HnswMetaPageData *) PageGetContents(page))

+#ifdef HNSW_BENCH
+#define HnswBench(name, code) \
+	do { \
+		instr_time	start; \
+		instr_time	duration; \
+		INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(start); \
+		(code); \
+		INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(duration); \
+		INSTR_TIME_SUBTRACT(duration, start); \
+		elog(INFO, "%s: %.3f ms", name, INSTR_TIME_GET_MILLISEC(duration)); \
+	} while (0)
+#else
+#define HnswBench(name, code) (code)
+#endif
+
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 150000
 #define RandomDouble() pg_prng_double(&pg_global_prng_state)
 #define SeedRandom(seed) pg_prng_seed(&pg_global_prng_state, seed)
@@ -76,11 +96,6 @@
 #define SeedRandom(seed) srandom(seed)
 #endif

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-#define list_delete_last(list) list_truncate(list, list_length(list) - 1)
-#define list_sort(list, cmp) ((list) = list_qsort(list, cmp))
-#endif
-
 #define HnswIsElementTuple(tup) ((tup)->type == HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_TYPE)
 #define HnswIsNeighborTuple(tup) ((tup)->type == HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_TYPE)

@@ -111,6 +126,7 @@

 /* Variables */
 extern int	hnsw_ef_search;
+extern bool hnsw_streaming;
 extern int	hnsw_lock_tranche_id;

 typedef struct HnswElementData HnswElementData;
@@ -134,6 +150,7 @@ struct HnswElementData
 	uint8		heaptidsLength;
 	uint8		level;
 	uint8		deleted;
+	uint8		version;
 	uint32		hash;
 	HnswNeighborsPtr neighbors;
 	BlockNumber blkno;
@@ -160,11 +177,16 @@ struct HnswNeighborArray
 	HnswCandidate items[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
 };

-typedef struct HnswPairingHeapNode
+typedef struct HnswSearchCandidate
 {
-	pairingheap_node ph_node;
-	HnswCandidate *inner;
-}			HnswPairingHeapNode;
+	pairingheap_node c_node;
+	pairingheap_node w_node;
+	HnswElementPtr element;
+	float		distance;
+}			HnswSearchCandidate;
+
+#define HnswGetSearchCandidate(membername, ptr) pairingheap_container(HnswSearchCandidate, membername, ptr)
+#define HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(membername, ptr) pairingheap_const_container(HnswSearchCandidate, membername, ptr)

 /* HNSW index options */
 typedef struct HnswOptions
@@ -309,10 +331,10 @@ typedef struct HnswElementTupleData
 	uint8		type;
 	uint8		level;
 	uint8		deleted;
-	uint8		unused;
+	uint8		version;
 	ItemPointerData heaptids[HNSW_HEAPTIDS];
 	ItemPointerData neighbortid;
-	uint16		unused2;
+	uint16		unused;
 	Vector		data;
 }			HnswElementTupleData;

@@ -321,18 +343,30 @@ typedef HnswElementTupleData * HnswElementTuple;
 typedef struct HnswNeighborTupleData
 {
 	uint8		type;
-	uint8		unused;
+	uint8		version;
 	uint16		count;
 	ItemPointerData indextids[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
 }			HnswNeighborTupleData;

 typedef HnswNeighborTupleData * HnswNeighborTuple;

+typedef union
+{
+	struct pointerhash_hash *pointers;
+	struct offsethash_hash *offsets;
+	struct tidhash_hash *tids;
+}			visited_hash;
+
 typedef struct HnswScanOpaqueData
 {
 	const		HnswTypeInfo *typeInfo;
 	bool		first;
 	List	   *w;
+	visited_hash v;
+	pairingheap *discarded;
+	Datum		q;
+	int			m;
+	int64		tuples;
 	MemoryContext tmpCtx;

 	/* Support functions */
@@ -378,14 +412,14 @@ bool		HnswCheckNorm(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum value);
 Buffer		HnswNewBuffer(Relation index, ForkNumber forkNum);
 void		HnswInitPage(Buffer buf, Page page);
 void		HnswInit(void);
-List	   *HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, bool inserting, HnswElement skipElement);
+List	   *HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, bool inserting, HnswElement skipElement, visited_hash * v, pairingheap **discarded, bool initVisited);
 HnswElement HnswGetEntryPoint(Relation index);
 void		HnswGetMetaPageInfo(Relation index, int *m, HnswElement * entryPoint);
 void	   *HnswAlloc(HnswAllocator * allocator, Size size);
 HnswElement HnswInitElement(char *base, ItemPointer tid, int m, double ml, int maxLevel, HnswAllocator * alloc);
 HnswElement HnswInitElementFromBlock(BlockNumber blkno, OffsetNumber offno);
 void		HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, int efConstruction, bool existing);
-HnswCandidate *HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement em, Datum q, Relation rel, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec);
+HnswSearchCandidate *HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement em, Datum q, Relation rel, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec);
 void		HnswUpdateMetaPage(Relation index, int updateEntry, HnswElement entryPoint, BlockNumber insertPage, ForkNumber forkNum, bool building);
 void		HnswSetNeighborTuple(char *base, HnswNeighborTuple ntup, HnswElement e, int m);
 void		HnswAddHeapTid(HnswElement element, ItemPointer heaptid);
--- a/src/hnswbuild.c
+++ b/src/hnswbuild.c
@@ -60,12 +60,6 @@
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #endif

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-#define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER ItemPointer tid
-#else
-#define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER HeapTuple hup
-#endif
-
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 #include "utils/backend_status.h"
 #include "utils/wait_event.h"
@@ -75,10 +69,6 @@
 #define PARALLEL_KEY_HNSW_AREA			UINT64CONST(0xA000000000000002)
 #define PARALLEL_KEY_QUERY_TEXT			UINT64CONST(0xA000000000000003)

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-#define GENERATIONCHUNK_RAWSIZE (SIZEOF_SIZE_T + SIZEOF_VOID_P * 2)
-#endif
-
 /*
 * Create the metapage
 */
@@ -192,7 +182,9 @@ CreateGraphPages(HnswBuildState * buildstate)

 		/* Initial size check */
 		if (etupSize > HNSW_TUPLE_ALLOC_SIZE)
-			elog(ERROR, "index tuple too large");
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+					 errmsg("index tuple too large")));

 		HnswSetElementTuple(base, etup, element);

@@ -379,7 +371,13 @@ UpdateNeighborsInMemory(char *base, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswEleme
 	for (int lc = e->level; lc >= 0; lc--)
 	{
 		int			lm = HnswGetLayerM(m, lc);
-		HnswNeighborArray *neighbors = HnswGetNeighbors(base, e, lc);
+		Size		neighborsSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_ARRAY_SIZE(lm);
+		HnswNeighborArray *neighbors = palloc(neighborsSize);
+
+		/* Copy neighbors to local memory */
+		LWLockAcquire(&e->lock, LW_SHARED);
+		memcpy(neighbors, HnswGetNeighbors(base, e, lc), neighborsSize);
+		LWLockRelease(&e->lock);

 		for (int i = 0; i < neighbors->length; i++)
 		{
@@ -389,7 +387,6 @@ UpdateNeighborsInMemory(char *base, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswEleme
 			/* Keep scan-build happy on Mac x86-64 */
 			Assert(neighborElement);

-			/* Use element for lock instead of hc since hc can be replaced */
 			LWLockAcquire(&neighborElement->lock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 			HnswUpdateConnection(base, e, hc, lm, lc, NULL, NULL, procinfo, collation);
 			LWLockRelease(&neighborElement->lock);
@@ -578,17 +575,13 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid, Hn
 * Callback for table_index_build_scan
 */
 static void
-BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
+BuildCallback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values,
 			  bool *isnull, bool tupleIsAlive, void *state)
 {
 	HnswBuildState *buildstate = (HnswBuildState *) state;
 	HnswGraph  *graph = buildstate->graph;
 	MemoryContext oldCtx;

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-	ItemPointer tid = &hup->t_self;
-#endif
-
 	/* Skip nulls */
 	if (isnull[0])
 		return;
@@ -651,11 +644,7 @@ HnswMemoryContextAlloc(Size size, void *state)
 	HnswBuildState *buildstate = (HnswBuildState *) state;
 	void	   *chunk = MemoryContextAlloc(buildstate->graphCtx, size);

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	buildstate->graphData.memoryUsed = MemoryContextMemAllocated(buildstate->graphCtx, false);
-#else
-	buildstate->graphData.memoryUsed += MAXALIGN(size);
-#endif

 	return chunk;
 }
@@ -691,17 +680,25 @@ InitBuildState(HnswBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, Index

 	/* Disallow varbit since require fixed dimensions */
 	if (TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypid == VARBITOID)
-		elog(ERROR, "type not supported for hnsw index");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("type not supported for hnsw index")));

 	/* Require column to have dimensions to be indexed */
 	if (buildstate->dimensions < 0)
-		elog(ERROR, "column does not have dimensions");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("column does not have dimensions")));

 	if (buildstate->dimensions > buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions)
-		elog(ERROR, "column cannot have more than %d dimensions for hnsw index", buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions);
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("column cannot have more than %d dimensions for hnsw index", buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions)));

 	if (buildstate->efConstruction < 2 * buildstate->m)
-		elog(ERROR, "ef_construction must be greater than or equal to 2 * m");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("ef_construction must be greater than or equal to 2 * m")));

 	buildstate->reltuples = 0;
 	buildstate->indtuples = 0;
--- a/src/hnswinsert.c
+++ b/src/hnswinsert.c
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ GetInsertPage(Relation index)
 * Check for a free offset
 */
 static bool
-HnswFreeOffset(Relation index, Buffer buf, Page page, HnswElement element, Size etupSize, Size ntupSize, Buffer *nbuf, Page *npage, OffsetNumber *freeOffno, OffsetNumber *freeNeighborOffno, BlockNumber *newInsertPage)
+HnswFreeOffset(Relation index, Buffer buf, Page page, HnswElement element, Size etupSize, Size ntupSize, Buffer *nbuf, Page *npage, OffsetNumber *freeOffno, OffsetNumber *freeNeighborOffno, BlockNumber *newInsertPage, uint8 *tupleVersion)
 {
 	OffsetNumber offno;
 	OffsetNumber maxoffno = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ HnswFreeOffset(Relation index, Buffer buf, Page page, HnswElement element, Size
 			{
 				*freeOffno = offno;
 				*freeNeighborOffno = neighborOffno;
+				*tupleVersion = etup->version;
 				return true;
 			}
 			else if (*nbuf != buf)
@@ -153,6 +154,7 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 	OffsetNumber freeOffno = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 	OffsetNumber freeNeighborOffno = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 	BlockNumber newInsertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;
+	uint8		tupleVersion;
 	char	   *base = NULL;

 	/* Calculate sizes */
@@ -202,7 +204,7 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 		}

 		/* Next, try space from a deleted element */
-		if (HnswFreeOffset(index, buf, page, e, etupSize, ntupSize, &nbuf, &npage, &freeOffno, &freeNeighborOffno, &newInsertPage))
+		if (HnswFreeOffset(index, buf, page, e, etupSize, ntupSize, &nbuf, &npage, &freeOffno, &freeNeighborOffno, &newInsertPage, &tupleVersion))
 		{
 			if (nbuf != buf)
 			{
@@ -212,6 +214,10 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 					npage = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, nbuf, 0);
 			}

+			/* Set tuple version */
+			etup->version = tupleVersion;
+			ntup->version = tupleVersion;
+
 			break;
 		}

@@ -379,8 +385,12 @@ HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Hns
 			HnswElement neighborElement = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
 			OffsetNumber offno = neighborElement->neighborOffno;

-			/* Get latest neighbors since they may have changed */
-			/* Do not lock yet since selecting neighbors can take time */
+			/*
+			 * Get latest neighbors since they may have changed. Do not lock
+			 * yet since selecting neighbors can take time. Could use
+			 * optimistic locking to retry if another update occurs before
+			 * getting exclusive lock.
+			 */
 			HnswLoadNeighbors(neighborElement, index, m);

 			/*
--- a/src/hnswscan.c
+++ b/src/hnswscan.c
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum q)
 	/* Get m and entry point */
 	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, &m, &entryPoint);

+	so->q = q;
+	so->m = m;
+
 	if (entryPoint == NULL)
 		return NIL;

@@ -33,11 +36,44 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum q)

 	for (int lc = entryPoint->level; lc >= 1; lc--)
 	{
-		w = HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, 1, lc, index, procinfo, collation, m, false, NULL);
+		w = HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, 1, lc, index, procinfo, collation, m, false, NULL, NULL, NULL, true);
 		ep = w;
 	}

-	return HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, hnsw_ef_search, 0, index, procinfo, collation, m, false, NULL);
+	return HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, hnsw_ef_search, 0, index, procinfo, collation, m, false, NULL, &so->v, &so->discarded, true);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Resume scan at ground level with discarded candidates
+ */
+static List *
+ResumeScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan)
+{
+	HnswScanOpaque so = (HnswScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
+	Relation	index = scan->indexRelation;
+	FmgrInfo   *procinfo = so->procinfo;
+	Oid			collation = so->collation;
+	List	   *ep = NIL;
+	char	   *base = NULL;
+	int			batch_size = hnsw_ef_search;
+
+	if (pairingheap_is_empty(so->discarded))
+		return NIL;
+
+	/* Get next batch of candidates */
+	for (int i = 0; i < batch_size; i++)
+	{
+		HnswSearchCandidate *hc;
+
+		if (pairingheap_is_empty(so->discarded))
+			break;
+
+		hc = HnswGetSearchCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_remove_first(so->discarded));
+
+		ep = lappend(ep, hc);
+	}
+
+	return HnswSearchLayer(base, so->q, ep, batch_size, 0, index, procinfo, collation, so->m, false, NULL, &so->v, &so->discarded, false);
 }

 /*
@@ -103,7 +139,13 @@ hnswrescan(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanKey keys, int nkeys, ScanKey orderbys, int no
 {
 	HnswScanOpaque so = (HnswScanOpaque) scan->opaque;

+	if (!so->first)
+	{
+		pairingheap_reset(so->discarded);
+		tidhash_reset(so->v.tids);
+	}
 	so->first = true;
+	so->tuples = 0;
 	MemoryContextReset(so->tmpCtx);

 	if (keys && scan->numberOfKeys > 0)
@@ -153,32 +195,91 @@ hnswgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 		 */
 		LockPage(scan->indexRelation, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ShareLock);

-		so->w = GetScanItems(scan, value);
+		HnswBench("scan iteration", so->w = GetScanItems(scan, value));

 		/* Release shared lock */
 		UnlockPage(scan->indexRelation, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ShareLock);

 		so->first = false;

-#if defined(HNSW_MEMORY) && PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-		elog(INFO, "memory: %zu MB", MemoryContextMemAllocated(so->tmpCtx, false) / (1024 * 1024));
+#if defined(HNSW_MEMORY)
+		elog(INFO, "memory: %zu KB", MemoryContextMemAllocated(so->tmpCtx, false) / 1024);
 #endif
 	}

-	while (list_length(so->w) > 0)
+	for (;;)
 	{
 		char	   *base = NULL;
-		HnswCandidate *hc = llast(so->w);
-		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
+		HnswSearchCandidate *hc;
+		HnswElement element;
 		ItemPointer heaptid;

+		if (list_length(so->w) == 0)
+		{
+			if (!hnsw_streaming)
+				break;
+
+			/* Prevent scans from consuming too much memory */
+			if (MemoryContextMemAllocated(so->tmpCtx, false) > (Size) work_mem * 1024L)
+			{
+				if (pairingheap_is_empty(so->discarded))
+				{
+					ereport(NOTICE,
+							(errmsg("hnsw iterative search exceeded work_mem after " INT64_FORMAT " tuples", so->tuples),
+							 errhint("Increase work_mem to scan more tuples.")));
+
+					break;
+				}
+
+				/* Return remaining tuples */
+				so->w = lappend(so->w, HnswGetSearchCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_remove_first(so->discarded)));
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Locking ensures when neighbors are read, the elements they
+				 * reference will not be deleted (and replaced) during the
+				 * iteration.
+				 *
+				 * Elements loaded into memory on previous iterations may have
+				 * been deleted (and replaced), so when reading neighbors, the
+				 * element version must be checked.
+				 */
+				LockPage(scan->indexRelation, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ShareLock);
+
+				HnswBench("scan iteration", so->w = ResumeScanItems(scan));
+
+				UnlockPage(scan->indexRelation, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ShareLock);
+
+#if defined(HNSW_MEMORY)
+				elog(INFO, "memory: %zu KB", MemoryContextMemAllocated(so->tmpCtx, false) / 1024);
+#endif
+			}
+
+			if (list_length(so->w) == 0)
+				break;
+		}
+
+		hc = llast(so->w);
+		element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
+
 		/* Move to next element if no valid heap TIDs */
 		if (element->heaptidsLength == 0)
 		{
 			so->w = list_delete_last(so->w);
+
+			/* Mark memory as free for next iteration */
+			if (hnsw_streaming)
+			{
+				pfree(element);
+				pfree(hc);
+			}
+
 			continue;
 		}

+		so->tuples++;
+
 		heaptid = &element->heaptids[--element->heaptidsLength];

 		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
--- a/src/hnswutils.c
+++ b/src/hnswutils.c
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "access/generic_xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_type_d.h"
+#include "common/hashfn.h"
 #include "fmgr.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "lib/pairingheap.h"
@@ -14,12 +15,6 @@
 #include "utils/memdebug.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-#include "common/hashfn.h"
-#else
-#include "utils/hashutils.h"
-#endif
-
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM < 170000
 static inline uint64
 murmurhash64(uint64 data)
@@ -107,10 +102,9 @@ hash_offset(Size offset)

 typedef union
 {
-	pointerhash_hash *pointers;
-	offsethash_hash *offsets;
-	tidhash_hash *tids;
-}			visited_hash;
+	HnswElement element;
+	ItemPointerData indextid;
+}			HnswUnvisited;

 /*
 * Get the max number of connections in an upper layer for each element in the index
@@ -252,6 +246,8 @@ HnswInitElement(char *base, ItemPointer heaptid, int m, double ml, int maxLevel,

 	element->level = level;
 	element->deleted = 0;
+	/* Start at one to make it easier to find issues */
+	element->version = 1;

 	HnswInitNeighbors(base, element, m, allocator);

@@ -404,6 +400,7 @@ HnswSetElementTuple(char *base, HnswElementTuple etup, HnswElement element)
 	etup->type = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_TYPE;
 	etup->level = element->level;
 	etup->deleted = 0;
+	etup->version = element->version;
 	for (int i = 0; i < HNSW_HEAPTIDS; i++)
 	{
 		if (i < element->heaptidsLength)
@@ -446,6 +443,7 @@ HnswSetNeighborTuple(char *base, HnswNeighborTuple ntup, HnswElement e, int m)
 	}

 	ntup->count = idx;
+	ntup->version = e->version;
 }

 /*
@@ -519,6 +517,7 @@ HnswLoadElementFromTuple(HnswElement element, HnswElementTuple etup, bool loadHe
 {
 	element->level = etup->level;
 	element->deleted = etup->deleted;
+	element->version = etup->version;
 	element->neighborPage = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&etup->neighbortid);
 	element->neighborOffno = ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&etup->neighbortid);
 	element->heaptidsLength = 0;
@@ -547,19 +546,19 @@ HnswLoadElementFromTuple(HnswElement element, HnswElementTuple etup, bool loadHe
 /*
 * Load an element and optionally get its distance from q
 */
-void
-HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, Datum *q, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec, float *maxDistance)
+static void
+HnswLoadElementImpl(BlockNumber blkno, OffsetNumber offno, float *distance, Datum *q, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec, float *maxDistance, HnswElement * element)
 {
 	Buffer		buf;
 	Page		page;
 	HnswElementTuple etup;

 	/* Read vector */
-	buf = ReadBuffer(index, element->blkno);
+	buf = ReadBuffer(index, blkno);
 	LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
 	page = BufferGetPage(buf);

-	etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, element->offno));
+	etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offno));

 	Assert(HnswIsElementTuple(etup));

@@ -574,19 +573,32 @@ HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, Datum *q, Relation index,

 	/* Load element */
 	if (distance == NULL || maxDistance == NULL || *distance < *maxDistance)
-		HnswLoadElementFromTuple(element, etup, true, loadVec);
+	{
+		if (*element == NULL)
+			*element = HnswInitElementFromBlock(blkno, offno);
+
+		HnswLoadElementFromTuple(*element, etup, true, loadVec);
+	}

 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 }

 /*
- * Get the distance for a candidate
+ * Load an element and optionally get its distance from q
+ */
+void
+HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, Datum *q, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec, float *maxDistance)
+{
+	HnswLoadElementImpl(element->blkno, element->offno, distance, q, index, procinfo, collation, loadVec, maxDistance, &element);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the distance for an element
 */
 static float
-GetCandidateDistance(char *base, HnswCandidate * hc, Datum q, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation)
+GetElementDistance(char *base, HnswElement element, Datum q, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation)
 {
-	HnswElement hce = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
-	Datum		value = HnswGetValue(base, hce);
+	Datum		value = HnswGetValue(base, element);

 	return DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, q, value));
 }
@@ -594,14 +606,14 @@ GetCandidateDistance(char *base, HnswCandidate * hc, Datum q, FmgrInfo *procinfo
 /*
 * Create a candidate for the entry point
 */
-HnswCandidate *
+HnswSearchCandidate *
 HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement entryPoint, Datum q, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec)
 {
-	HnswCandidate *hc = palloc(sizeof(HnswCandidate));
+	HnswSearchCandidate *hc = palloc(sizeof(HnswSearchCandidate));

 	HnswPtrStore(base, hc->element, entryPoint);
 	if (index == NULL)
-		hc->distance = GetCandidateDistance(base, hc, q, procinfo, collation);
+		hc->distance = GetElementDistance(base, entryPoint, q, procinfo, collation);
 	else
 		HnswLoadElement(entryPoint, &hc->distance, &q, index, procinfo, collation, loadVec, NULL);
 	return hc;
@@ -613,10 +625,25 @@ HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement entryPoint, Datum q, Relation index,
 static int
 CompareNearestCandidates(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b, void *arg)
 {
-	if (((const HnswPairingHeapNode *) a)->inner->distance < ((const HnswPairingHeapNode *) b)->inner->distance)
+	if (HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(c_node, a)->distance < HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(c_node, b)->distance)
 		return 1;

-	if (((const HnswPairingHeapNode *) a)->inner->distance > ((const HnswPairingHeapNode *) b)->inner->distance)
+	if (HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(c_node, a)->distance > HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(c_node, b)->distance)
+		return -1;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compare discarded candidate distances
+ */
+static int
+CompareNearestDiscardedCandidates(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b, void *arg)
+{
+	if (HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(w_node, a)->distance < HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(w_node, b)->distance)
+		return 1;
+
+	if (HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(w_node, a)->distance > HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(w_node, b)->distance)
 		return -1;

 	return 0;
@@ -628,27 +655,15 @@ CompareNearestCandidates(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b, v
 static int
 CompareFurthestCandidates(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b, void *arg)
 {
-	if (((const HnswPairingHeapNode *) a)->inner->distance < ((const HnswPairingHeapNode *) b)->inner->distance)
+	if (HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(w_node, a)->distance < HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(w_node, b)->distance)
 		return -1;

-	if (((const HnswPairingHeapNode *) a)->inner->distance > ((const HnswPairingHeapNode *) b)->inner->distance)
+	if (HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(w_node, a)->distance > HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(w_node, b)->distance)
 		return 1;

 	return 0;
 }

-/*
- * Create a pairing heap node for a candidate
- */
-static HnswPairingHeapNode *
-CreatePairingHeapNode(HnswCandidate * c)
-{
-	HnswPairingHeapNode *node = palloc(sizeof(HnswPairingHeapNode));
-
-	node->inner = c;
-	return node;
-}
-
 /*
 * Init visited
 */
@@ -667,11 +682,11 @@ InitVisited(char *base, visited_hash * v, Relation index, int ef, int m)
 * Add to visited
 */
 static inline void
-AddToVisited(char *base, visited_hash * v, HnswCandidate * hc, Relation index, bool *found)
+AddToVisited(char *base, visited_hash * v, HnswElementPtr elementPtr, Relation index, bool *found)
 {
 	if (index != NULL)
 	{
-		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
+		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, elementPtr);
 		ItemPointerData indextid;

 		ItemPointerSet(&indextid, element->blkno, element->offno);
@@ -679,23 +694,15 @@ AddToVisited(char *base, visited_hash * v, HnswCandidate * hc, Relation index, b
 	}
 	else if (base != NULL)
 	{
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
+		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, elementPtr);

-		offsethash_insert_hash(v->offsets, HnswPtrOffset(hc->element), element->hash, found);
-#else
-		offsethash_insert(v->offsets, HnswPtrOffset(hc->element), found);
-#endif
+		offsethash_insert_hash(v->offsets, HnswPtrOffset(elementPtr), element->hash, found);
 	}
 	else
 	{
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
+		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, elementPtr);

-		pointerhash_insert_hash(v->pointers, (uintptr_t) HnswPtrPointer(hc->element), element->hash, found);
-#else
-		pointerhash_insert(v->pointers, (uintptr_t) HnswPtrPointer(hc->element), found);
-#endif
+		pointerhash_insert_hash(v->pointers, (uintptr_t) HnswPtrPointer(elementPtr), element->hash, found);
 	}
 }

@@ -703,69 +710,163 @@ AddToVisited(char *base, visited_hash * v, HnswCandidate * hc, Relation index, b
 * Count element towards ef
 */
 static inline bool
-CountElement(char *base, HnswElement skipElement, HnswCandidate * hc)
+CountElement(HnswElement skipElement, HnswElement e)
 {
-	HnswElement e;
-
 	if (skipElement == NULL)
 		return true;

 	/* Ensure does not access heaptidsLength during in-memory build */
 	pg_memory_barrier();

-	e = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
+	/* Keep scan-build happy on Mac x86-64 */
+	Assert(e);
+
 	return e->heaptidsLength != 0;
 }

+/*
+ * Load unvisited neighbors from memory
+ */
+static void
+HnswLoadUnvisitedFromMemory(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswUnvisited * unvisited, int *unvisitedLength, visited_hash * v, int lc, HnswNeighborArray * localNeighborhood, Size neighborhoodSize)
+{
+	/* Get the neighborhood at layer lc */
+	HnswNeighborArray *neighborhood = HnswGetNeighbors(base, element, lc);
+
+	/* Copy neighborhood to local memory */
+	LWLockAcquire(&element->lock, LW_SHARED);
+	memcpy(localNeighborhood, neighborhood, neighborhoodSize);
+	LWLockRelease(&element->lock);
+
+	*unvisitedLength = 0;
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < localNeighborhood->length; i++)
+	{
+		HnswCandidate *hc = &localNeighborhood->items[i];
+		bool		found;
+
+		AddToVisited(base, v, hc->element, NULL, &found);
+
+		if (!found)
+			unvisited[(*unvisitedLength)++].element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Load unvisited neighbors from disk
+ */
+static void
+HnswLoadUnvisitedFromDisk(HnswElement element, HnswUnvisited * unvisited, int *unvisitedLength, visited_hash * v, Relation index, int m, int lm, int lc)
+{
+	Buffer		buf;
+	Page		page;
+	HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
+	int			start;
+	ItemPointerData indextids[HNSW_MAX_M * 2];
+
+	*unvisitedLength = 0;
+
+	buf = ReadBuffer(index, element->neighborPage);
+	LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
+	page = BufferGetPage(buf);
+
+	ntup = (HnswNeighborTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, element->neighborOffno));
+
+	/*
+	 * Ensure the neighbor tuple has not been deleted or replaced between
+	 * index scan iterations
+	 */
+	if (ntup->version != element->version)
+	{
+		UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Copy to minimize lock time */
+	start = (element->level - lc) * m;
+	memcpy(&indextids, ntup->indextids + start, lm * sizeof(ItemPointerData));
+
+	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < lm; i++)
+	{
+		ItemPointer indextid = &indextids[i];
+		bool		found;
+
+		if (!ItemPointerIsValid(indextid))
+			break;
+
+		tidhash_insert(v->tids, *indextid, &found);
+
+		if (!found)
+			unvisited[(*unvisitedLength)++].indextid = *indextid;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
 * Algorithm 2 from paper
 */
 List *
-HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, bool inserting, HnswElement skipElement)
+HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, bool inserting, HnswElement skipElement, visited_hash * v, pairingheap **discarded, bool initVisited)
 {
 	List	   *w = NIL;
 	pairingheap *C = pairingheap_allocate(CompareNearestCandidates, NULL);
 	pairingheap *W = pairingheap_allocate(CompareFurthestCandidates, NULL);
 	int			wlen = 0;
-	visited_hash v;
+	visited_hash vh;
 	ListCell   *lc2;
-	HnswNeighborArray *neighborhoodData = NULL;
-	Size		neighborhoodSize;
+	HnswNeighborArray *localNeighborhood = NULL;
+	Size		neighborhoodSize = 0;
+	int			lm = HnswGetLayerM(m, lc);
+	HnswUnvisited *unvisited = palloc(lm * sizeof(HnswUnvisited));
+	int			unvisitedLength;

-	InitVisited(base, &v, index, ef, m);
+	if (v == NULL)
+	{
+		v = &vh;
+		initVisited = true;
+	}
+
+	if (initVisited)
+	{
+		InitVisited(base, v, index, ef, m);
+
+		if (discarded != NULL)
+			*discarded = pairingheap_allocate(CompareNearestDiscardedCandidates, NULL);
+	}

 	/* Create local memory for neighborhood if needed */
 	if (index == NULL)
 	{
-		neighborhoodSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_ARRAY_SIZE(HnswGetLayerM(m, lc));
-		neighborhoodData = palloc(neighborhoodSize);
+		neighborhoodSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_ARRAY_SIZE(lm);
+		localNeighborhood = palloc(neighborhoodSize);
 	}

 	/* Add entry points to v, C, and W */
 	foreach(lc2, ep)
 	{
-		HnswCandidate *hc = (HnswCandidate *) lfirst(lc2);
+		HnswSearchCandidate *hc = (HnswSearchCandidate *) lfirst(lc2);
 		bool		found;

-		AddToVisited(base, &v, hc, index, &found);
+		if (initVisited)
+			AddToVisited(base, v, hc->element, index, &found);

-		pairingheap_add(C, &(CreatePairingHeapNode(hc)->ph_node));
-		pairingheap_add(W, &(CreatePairingHeapNode(hc)->ph_node));
+		pairingheap_add(C, &hc->c_node);
+		pairingheap_add(W, &hc->w_node);

 		/*
 		 * Do not count elements being deleted towards ef when vacuuming. It
 		 * would be ideal to do this for inserts as well, but this could
 		 * affect insert performance.
 		 */
-		if (CountElement(base, skipElement, hc))
+		if (CountElement(skipElement, HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element)))
 			wlen++;
 	}

 	while (!pairingheap_is_empty(C))
 	{
-		HnswNeighborArray *neighborhood;
-		HnswCandidate *c = ((HnswPairingHeapNode *) pairingheap_remove_first(C))->inner;
-		HnswCandidate *f = ((HnswPairingHeapNode *) pairingheap_first(W))->inner;
+		HnswSearchCandidate *c = HnswGetSearchCandidate(c_node, pairingheap_remove_first(C));
+		HnswSearchCandidate *f = HnswGetSearchCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_first(W));
 		HnswElement cElement;

 		if (c->distance > f->distance)
@@ -773,72 +874,77 @@ HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, F

 		cElement = HnswPtrAccess(base, c->element);

-		if (HnswPtrIsNull(base, cElement->neighbors))
-			HnswLoadNeighbors(cElement, index, m);
-
-		/* Get the neighborhood at layer lc */
-		neighborhood = HnswGetNeighbors(base, cElement, lc);
-
-		/* Copy neighborhood to local memory if needed */
 		if (index == NULL)
+			HnswLoadUnvisitedFromMemory(base, cElement, unvisited, &unvisitedLength, v, lc, localNeighborhood, neighborhoodSize);
+		else
+			HnswLoadUnvisitedFromDisk(cElement, unvisited, &unvisitedLength, v, index, m, lm, lc);
+
+		for (int i = 0; i < unvisitedLength; i++)
 		{
-			LWLockAcquire(&cElement->lock, LW_SHARED);
-			memcpy(neighborhoodData, neighborhood, neighborhoodSize);
-			LWLockRelease(&cElement->lock);
-			neighborhood = neighborhoodData;
-		}
+			HnswElement eElement;
+			HnswSearchCandidate *e;
+			float		eDistance;
+			bool		alwaysAdd = wlen < ef;

-		for (int i = 0; i < neighborhood->length; i++)
-		{
-			HnswCandidate *e = &neighborhood->items[i];
-			bool		visited;
+			f = HnswGetSearchCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_first(W));

-			AddToVisited(base, &v, e, index, &visited);
-
-			if (!visited)
+			if (index == NULL)
 			{
-				float		eDistance;
-				HnswElement eElement = HnswPtrAccess(base, e->element);
-				bool		alwaysAdd = wlen < ef;
+				eElement = unvisited[i].element;
+				eDistance = GetElementDistance(base, eElement, q, procinfo, collation);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				ItemPointer indextid = &unvisited[i].indextid;
+				BlockNumber blkno = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(indextid);
+				OffsetNumber offno = ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(indextid);

-				f = ((HnswPairingHeapNode *) pairingheap_first(W))->inner;
+				/* Avoid any allocations if not adding */
+				eElement = NULL;
+				HnswLoadElementImpl(blkno, offno, &eDistance, &q, index, procinfo, collation, inserting, alwaysAdd || discarded != NULL ? NULL : &f->distance, &eElement);
+			}

-				if (index == NULL)
-					eDistance = GetCandidateDistance(base, e, q, procinfo, collation);
-				else
-					HnswLoadElement(eElement, &eDistance, &q, index, procinfo, collation, inserting, alwaysAdd ? NULL : &f->distance);
-
-				if (eDistance < f->distance || alwaysAdd)
+			if (eElement == NULL || !(eDistance < f->distance || alwaysAdd))
+			{
+				if (discarded != NULL)
 				{
-					HnswCandidate *ec;
+					/* Create a new candidate */
+					e = palloc(sizeof(HnswSearchCandidate));
+					HnswPtrStore(base, e->element, eElement);
+					e->distance = eDistance;
+					pairingheap_add(*discarded, &e->w_node);
+				}

-					Assert(!eElement->deleted);
+				continue;
+			}

-					/* Make robust to issues */
-					if (eElement->level < lc)
-						continue;
+			/* Make robust to issues */
+			if (eElement->level < lc)
+				continue;

-					/* Copy e */
-					ec = palloc(sizeof(HnswCandidate));
-					HnswPtrStore(base, ec->element, eElement);
-					ec->distance = eDistance;
+			/* Create a new candidate */
+			e = palloc(sizeof(HnswSearchCandidate));
+			HnswPtrStore(base, e->element, eElement);
+			e->distance = eDistance;
+			pairingheap_add(C, &e->c_node);
+			pairingheap_add(W, &e->w_node);

-					pairingheap_add(C, &(CreatePairingHeapNode(ec)->ph_node));
-					pairingheap_add(W, &(CreatePairingHeapNode(ec)->ph_node));
+			/*
+			 * Do not count elements being deleted towards ef when vacuuming.
+			 * It would be ideal to do this for inserts as well, but this
+			 * could affect insert performance.
+			 */
+			if (CountElement(skipElement, eElement))
+			{
+				wlen++;

-					/*
-					 * Do not count elements being deleted towards ef when
-					 * vacuuming. It would be ideal to do this for inserts as
-					 * well, but this could affect insert performance.
-					 */
-					if (CountElement(base, skipElement, e))
-					{
-						wlen++;
+				/* No need to decrement wlen */
+				if (wlen > ef)
+				{
+					HnswSearchCandidate *d = HnswGetSearchCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_remove_first(W));

-						/* No need to decrement wlen */
-						if (wlen > ef)
-							pairingheap_remove_first(W);
-					}
+					if (discarded != NULL)
+						pairingheap_add(*discarded, &d->w_node);
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -847,7 +953,7 @@ HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, F
 	/* Add each element of W to w */
 	while (!pairingheap_is_empty(W))
 	{
-		HnswCandidate *hc = ((HnswPairingHeapNode *) pairingheap_remove_first(W))->inner;
+		HnswSearchCandidate *hc = HnswGetSearchCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_remove_first(W));

 		w = lappend(w, hc);
 	}
@@ -859,17 +965,10 @@ HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, F
 * Compare candidate distances with pointer tie-breaker
 */
 static int
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 CompareCandidateDistances(const ListCell *a, const ListCell *b)
 {
 	HnswCandidate *hca = lfirst(a);
 	HnswCandidate *hcb = lfirst(b);
-#else
-CompareCandidateDistances(const void *a, const void *b)
-{
-	HnswCandidate *hca = lfirst(*(ListCell **) a);
-	HnswCandidate *hcb = lfirst(*(ListCell **) b);
-#endif

 	if (hca->distance < hcb->distance)
 		return 1;
@@ -890,17 +989,10 @@ CompareCandidateDistances(const void *a, const void *b)
 * Compare candidate distances with offset tie-breaker
 */
 static int
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 CompareCandidateDistancesOffset(const ListCell *a, const ListCell *b)
 {
 	HnswCandidate *hca = lfirst(a);
 	HnswCandidate *hcb = lfirst(b);
-#else
-CompareCandidateDistancesOffset(const void *a, const void *b)
-{
-	HnswCandidate *hca = lfirst(*(ListCell **) a);
-	HnswCandidate *hcb = lfirst(*(ListCell **) b);
-#endif

 	if (hca->distance < hcb->distance)
 		return 1;
@@ -1110,7 +1202,7 @@ HnswUpdateConnection(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswCandidate * hc, int lm
 				if (HnswPtrIsNull(base, hc3Element->value))
 					HnswLoadElement(hc3Element, &hc3->distance, &q, index, procinfo, collation, true, NULL);
 				else
-					hc3->distance = GetCandidateDistance(base, hc3, q, procinfo, collation);
+					hc3->distance = GetElementDistance(base, hc3Element, q, procinfo, collation);

 				/* Prune element if being deleted */
 				if (hc3Element->heaptidsLength == 0)
@@ -1182,7 +1274,6 @@ RemoveElements(char *base, List *w, HnswElement skipElement)
 	return w2;
 }

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 /*
 * Precompute hash
 */
@@ -1198,7 +1289,6 @@ PrecomputeHash(char *base, HnswElement element)
 	else
 		element->hash = hash_offset(HnswPtrOffset(ptr));
 }
-#endif

 /*
 * Algorithm 1 from paper
@@ -1213,11 +1303,9 @@ HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint
 	Datum		q = HnswGetValue(base, element);
 	HnswElement skipElement = existing ? element : NULL;

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	/* Precompute hash */
 	if (index == NULL)
 		PrecomputeHash(base, element);
-#endif

 	/* No neighbors if no entry point */
 	if (entryPoint == NULL)
@@ -1230,7 +1318,7 @@ HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint
 	/* 1st phase: greedy search to insert level */
 	for (int lc = entryLevel; lc >= level + 1; lc--)
 	{
-		w = HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, 1, lc, index, procinfo, collation, m, true, skipElement);
+		w = HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, 1, lc, index, procinfo, collation, m, true, skipElement, NULL, NULL, true);
 		ep = w;
 	}

@@ -1246,16 +1334,27 @@ HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint
 	{
 		int			lm = HnswGetLayerM(m, lc);
 		List	   *neighbors;
-		List	   *lw;
+		List	   *lw = NIL;
+		ListCell   *lc2;

-		w = HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, efConstruction, lc, index, procinfo, collation, m, true, skipElement);
+		w = HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, efConstruction, lc, index, procinfo, collation, m, true, skipElement, NULL, NULL, true);
+
+		/* Convert search candidates to candidates */
+		foreach(lc2, w)
+		{
+			HnswSearchCandidate *sc = lfirst(lc2);
+			HnswCandidate *hc = palloc(sizeof(HnswCandidate));
+
+			hc->element = sc->element;
+			hc->distance = sc->distance;
+
+			lw = lappend(lw, hc);
+		}

 		/* Elements being deleted or skipped can help with search */
 		/* but should be removed before selecting neighbors */
 		if (index != NULL)
-			lw = RemoveElements(base, w, skipElement);
-		else
-			lw = w;
+			lw = RemoveElements(base, lw, skipElement);

 		/*
 		 * Candidates are sorted, but not deterministically. Could set
@@ -1280,7 +1379,9 @@ SparsevecCheckValue(Pointer v)
 	SparseVector *vec = (SparseVector *) v;

 	if (vec->nnz > HNSW_MAX_NNZ)
-		elog(ERROR, "sparsevec cannot have more than %d non-zero elements for hnsw index", HNSW_MAX_NNZ);
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("sparsevec cannot have more than %d non-zero elements for hnsw index", HNSW_MAX_NNZ)));
 }

 /*
--- a/src/hnswvacuum.c
+++ b/src/hnswvacuum.c
@@ -527,6 +527,14 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			for (int i = 0; i < ntup->count; i++)
 				ItemPointerSetInvalid(&ntup->indextids[i]);

+			/* Increment version */
+			/* This is used to avoid incorrect reads for iterative scans */
+			/* Reserve some bits for future use */
+			etup->version++;
+			if (etup->version > 15)
+				etup->version = 1;
+			ntup->version = etup->version;
+
 			/*
 			 * We modified the tuples in place, no need to call
 			 * PageIndexTupleOverwrite
--- a/src/ivfbuild.c
+++ b/src/ivfbuild.c
@@ -26,12 +26,6 @@
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #endif

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-#define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER ItemPointer tid
-#else
-#define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER HeapTuple hup
-#endif
-
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 #include "utils/backend_status.h"
 #include "utils/wait_event.h"
@@ -96,7 +90,7 @@ AddSample(Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 * Callback for sampling
 */
 static void
-SampleCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
+SampleCallback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values,
 			   bool *isnull, bool tupleIsAlive, void *state)
 {
 	IvfflatBuildState *buildstate = (IvfflatBuildState *) state;
@@ -207,16 +201,12 @@ AddTupleToSort(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState
 * Callback for table_index_build_scan
 */
 static void
-BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
+BuildCallback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values,
 			  bool *isnull, bool tupleIsAlive, void *state)
 {
 	IvfflatBuildState *buildstate = (IvfflatBuildState *) state;
 	MemoryContext oldCtx;

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-	ItemPointer tid = &hup->t_self;
-#endif
-
 	/* Skip nulls */
 	if (isnull[0])
 		return;
@@ -335,14 +325,20 @@ InitBuildState(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, In

 	/* Disallow varbit since require fixed dimensions */
 	if (TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypid == VARBITOID)
-		elog(ERROR, "type not supported for ivfflat index");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("type not supported for ivfflat index")));

 	/* Require column to have dimensions to be indexed */
 	if (buildstate->dimensions < 0)
-		elog(ERROR, "column does not have dimensions");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("column does not have dimensions")));

 	if (buildstate->dimensions > buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions)
-		elog(ERROR, "column cannot have more than %d dimensions for ivfflat index", buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions);
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("column cannot have more than %d dimensions for ivfflat index", buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions)));

 	buildstate->reltuples = 0;
 	buildstate->indtuples = 0;
@@ -355,7 +351,9 @@ InitBuildState(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, In

 	/* Require more than one dimension for spherical k-means */
 	if (buildstate->kmeansnormprocinfo != NULL && buildstate->dimensions == 1)
-		elog(ERROR, "dimensions must be greater than one for this opclass");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("dimensions must be greater than one for this opclass")));

 	/* Create tuple description for sorting */
 	buildstate->tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(3);
@@ -562,6 +560,20 @@ PrintKmeansMetrics(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 }
 #endif

+/*
+ * Initialize build sort state
+ */
+static Tuplesortstate *
+InitBuildSortState(TupleDesc tupdesc, int memory, SortCoordinate coordinate)
+{
+	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
+	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Int4LessOperator};
+	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
+	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
+
+	return tuplesort_begin_heap(tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, memory, coordinate, false);
+}
+
 /*
 * Within leader, wait for end of heap scan
 */
@@ -609,12 +621,6 @@ IvfflatParallelScanAndSort(IvfflatSpool * ivfspool, IvfflatShared * ivfshared, S
 	double		reltuples;
 	IndexInfo  *indexInfo;

-	/* Sort options, which must match AssignTuples */
-	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
-	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Int4LessOperator};
-	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
-	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
-
 	/* Initialize local tuplesort coordination state */
 	coordinate = palloc0(sizeof(SortCoordinateData));
 	coordinate->isWorker = true;
@@ -627,7 +633,7 @@ IvfflatParallelScanAndSort(IvfflatSpool * ivfspool, IvfflatShared * ivfshared, S
 	InitBuildState(&buildstate, ivfspool->heap, ivfspool->index, indexInfo);
 	memcpy(buildstate.centers->items, ivfcenters, buildstate.centers->itemsize * buildstate.centers->maxlen);
 	buildstate.centers->length = buildstate.centers->maxlen;
-	ivfspool->sortstate = tuplesort_begin_heap(buildstate.tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, sortmem, coordinate, false);
+	ivfspool->sortstate = InitBuildSortState(buildstate.tupdesc, sortmem, coordinate);
 	buildstate.sortstate = ivfspool->sortstate;
 	scan = table_beginscan_parallel(ivfspool->heap,
 									ParallelTableScanFromIvfflatShared(ivfshared));
@@ -924,12 +930,6 @@ AssignTuples(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	int			parallel_workers = 0;
 	SortCoordinate coordinate = NULL;

-	/* Sort options, which must match IvfflatParallelScanAndSort */
-	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
-	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Int4LessOperator};
-	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
-	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
-
 	pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE, PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_ASSIGN);

 	/* Calculate parallel workers */
@@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ AssignTuples(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	}

 	/* Begin serial/leader tuplesort */
-	buildstate->sortstate = tuplesort_begin_heap(buildstate->tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, maintenance_work_mem, coordinate, false);
+	buildstate->sortstate = InitBuildSortState(buildstate->tupdesc, maintenance_work_mem, coordinate);

 	/* Add tuples to sort */
 	if (buildstate->heap != NULL)
--- a/src/ivfflat.c
+++ b/src/ivfflat.c
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
+#include "utils/float.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/selfuncs.h"
 #include "utils/spccache.h"
@@ -26,11 +27,7 @@ IvfflatInit(void)
 {
 	ivfflat_relopt_kind = add_reloption_kind();
 	add_int_reloption(ivfflat_relopt_kind, "lists", "Number of inverted lists",
-					  IVFFLAT_DEFAULT_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MIN_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MAX_LISTS
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-					  ,AccessExclusiveLock
-#endif
-		);
+					  IVFFLAT_DEFAULT_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MIN_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MAX_LISTS, AccessExclusiveLock);

 	DefineCustomIntVariable("ivfflat.probes", "Sets the number of probes",
 							"Valid range is 1..lists.", &ivfflat_probes,
@@ -78,8 +75,8 @@ ivfflatcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 	/* Never use index without order */
 	if (path->indexorderbys == NULL)
 	{
-		*indexStartupCost = DBL_MAX;
-		*indexTotalCost = DBL_MAX;
+		*indexStartupCost = get_float8_infinity();
+		*indexTotalCost = get_float8_infinity();
 		*indexSelectivity = 0;
 		*indexCorrelation = 0;
 		*indexPages = 0;
@@ -148,23 +145,10 @@ ivfflatoptions(Datum reloptions, bool validate)
 		{"lists", RELOPT_TYPE_INT, offsetof(IvfflatOptions, lists)},
 	};

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	return (bytea *) build_reloptions(reloptions, validate,
 									  ivfflat_relopt_kind,
 									  sizeof(IvfflatOptions),
 									  tab, lengthof(tab));
-#else
-	relopt_value *options;
-	int			numoptions;
-	IvfflatOptions *rdopts;
-
-	options = parseRelOptions(reloptions, validate, ivfflat_relopt_kind, &numoptions);
-	rdopts = allocateReloptStruct(sizeof(IvfflatOptions), options, numoptions);
-	fillRelOptions((void *) rdopts, sizeof(IvfflatOptions), options, numoptions,
-				   validate, tab, lengthof(tab));
-
-	return (bytea *) rdopts;
-#endif
 }

 /*
@@ -189,9 +173,7 @@ ivfflathandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)

 	amroutine->amstrategies = 0;
 	amroutine->amsupport = 5;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	amroutine->amoptsprocnum = 0;
-#endif
 	amroutine->amcanorder = false;
 	amroutine->amcanorderbyop = true;
 	amroutine->amcanbackward = false;	/* can change direction mid-scan */
@@ -204,17 +186,24 @@ ivfflathandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	amroutine->amclusterable = false;
 	amroutine->ampredlocks = false;
 	amroutine->amcanparallel = false;
-	amroutine->amcaninclude = false;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-	amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false; /* not used during VACUUM */
-	amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
+	amroutine->amcanbuildparallel = true;
 #endif
+	amroutine->amcaninclude = false;
+	amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false; /* not used during VACUUM */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+	amroutine->amsummarizing = false;
+#endif
+	amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL;
 	amroutine->amkeytype = InvalidOid;

 	/* Interface functions */
 	amroutine->ambuild = ivfflatbuild;
 	amroutine->ambuildempty = ivfflatbuildempty;
 	amroutine->aminsert = ivfflatinsert;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
+	amroutine->aminsertcleanup = NULL;
+#endif
 	amroutine->ambulkdelete = ivfflatbulkdelete;
 	amroutine->amvacuumcleanup = ivfflatvacuumcleanup;
 	amroutine->amcanreturn = NULL;	/* tuple not included in heapsort */
--- a/src/ivfkmeans.c
+++ b/src/ivfkmeans.c
@@ -151,12 +151,8 @@ RandomCenters(Relation index, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeI
 static void
 ShowMemoryUsage(MemoryContext context, Size estimatedSize)
 {
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	elog(INFO, "total memory: %zu MB",
 		 MemoryContextMemAllocated(context, true) / (1024 * 1024));
-#else
-	MemoryContextStats(context);
-#endif
 	elog(INFO, "estimated memory: %zu MB", estimatedSize / (1024 * 1024));
 }
 #endif
@@ -327,7 +323,7 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff
 	newCenters->length = numCenters;

 #ifdef IVFFLAT_MEMORY
-	ShowMemoryUsage(MemoryContextGetParent(CurrentMemoryContext));
+	ShowMemoryUsage(MemoryContextGetParent(CurrentMemoryContext), totalSize);
 #endif

 	/* Pick initial centers */
--- a/src/ivfscan.c
+++ b/src/ivfscan.c
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"

+#ifdef IVFFLAT_MEMORY
+#include "utils/memutils.h"
+#endif
+
 /*
 * Compare list distances
 */
@@ -217,6 +221,20 @@ GetScanValue(IndexScanDesc scan)
 	return value;
 }

+/*
+ * Initialize scan sort state
+ */
+static Tuplesortstate *
+InitScanSortState(TupleDesc tupdesc)
+{
+	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
+	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Float8LessOperator};
+	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
+	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
+
+	return tuplesort_begin_heap(tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, work_mem, NULL, false);
+}
+
 /*
 * Prepare for an index scan
 */
@@ -227,10 +245,6 @@ ivfflatbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so;
 	int			lists;
 	int			dimensions;
-	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
-	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Float8LessOperator};
-	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
-	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
 	int			probes = ivfflat_probes;

 	scan = RelationGetIndexScan(index, nkeys, norderbys);
@@ -258,7 +272,7 @@ ivfflatbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 	TupleDescInitEntry(so->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 2, "heaptid", TIDOID, -1, 0);

 	/* Prep sort */
-	so->sortstate = tuplesort_begin_heap(so->tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, work_mem, NULL, false);
+	so->sortstate = InitScanSortState(so->tupdesc);

 	so->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsMinimalTuple);

@@ -277,10 +291,8 @@ ivfflatrescan(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanKey keys, int nkeys, ScanKey orderbys, int
 {
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	if (!so->first)
 		tuplesort_reset(so->sortstate);
-#endif

 	so->first = true;
 	pairingheap_reset(so->listQueue);
@@ -327,6 +339,10 @@ ivfflatgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 		IvfflatBench("GetScanItems", GetScanItems(scan, value));
 		so->first = false;

+#if defined(IVFFLAT_MEMORY)
+		elog(INFO, "memory: %zu MB", MemoryContextMemAllocated(CurrentMemoryContext, true) / (1024 * 1024));
+#endif
+
 		/* Clean up if we allocated a new value */
 		if (value != scan->orderByData->sk_argument)
 			pfree(DatumGetPointer(value));
--- a/src/sparsevec.c
+++ b/src/sparsevec.c
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <math.h>

+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "common/string.h"
 #include "fmgr.h"
 #include "halfutils.h"
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "sparsevec.h"
 #include "utils/array.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "vector.h"

 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
@@ -670,6 +672,137 @@ halfvec_to_sparsevec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
 }

+/*
+ * Convert array to sparse vector
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(array_to_sparsevec);
+Datum
+array_to_sparsevec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *array = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	SparseVector *result;
+	int16		typlen;
+	bool		typbyval;
+	char		typalign;
+	Datum	   *elemsp;
+	int			nelemsp;
+	int			nnz = 0;
+	float	   *values;
+	int			j = 0;
+
+	if (ARR_NDIM(array) > 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("array must be 1-D")));
+
+	if (ARR_HASNULL(array) && array_contains_nulls(array))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NULL_VALUE_NOT_ALLOWED),
+				 errmsg("array must not contain nulls")));
+
+	get_typlenbyvalalign(ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), &typlen, &typbyval, &typalign);
+	deconstruct_array(array, ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), typlen, typbyval, typalign, &elemsp, NULL, &nelemsp);
+
+	CheckDim(nelemsp);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, nelemsp);
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+/* /fp:fast may not propagate +/-Infinity or NaN */
+#define IS_NOT_ZERO(v) (isnan((float) (v)) || isinf((float) (v)) || ((float) (v)) != 0)
+#else
+#define IS_NOT_ZERO(v) (((float) (v)) != 0)
+#endif
+
+	if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == INT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			nnz += IS_NOT_ZERO(DatumGetInt32(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT8OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			nnz += IS_NOT_ZERO(DatumGetFloat8(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			nnz += IS_NOT_ZERO(DatumGetFloat4(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == NUMERICOID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			nnz += IS_NOT_ZERO(DirectFunctionCall1(numeric_float4, elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("unsupported array type")));
+	}
+
+	result = InitSparseVector(nelemsp, nnz);
+	values = SPARSEVEC_VALUES(result);
+
+#define PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM(elem) \
+	do { \
+		float v = (float) (elem); \
+		if (IS_NOT_ZERO(v)) { \
+			/* Safety check */ \
+			if (j >= result->nnz) \
+				elog(ERROR, "safety check failed"); \
+			result->indices[j] = i; \
+			values[j] = v; \
+			j++; \
+		} \
+	} while (0)
+
+	if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == INT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM(DatumGetInt32(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT8OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM(DatumGetFloat8(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM(DatumGetFloat4(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == NUMERICOID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM(DatumGetFloat4(DirectFunctionCall1(numeric_float4, elemsp[i])));
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("unsupported array type")));
+	}
+
+#undef PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM
+#undef IS_NOT_ZERO
+
+	/*
+	 * Free allocation from deconstruct_array. Do not free individual elements
+	 * when pass-by-reference since they point to original array.
+	 */
+	pfree(elemsp);
+
+	if (j != result->nnz)
+		elog(ERROR, "correctness check failed");
+
+	/* Check elements */
+	for (int i = 0; i < result->nnz; i++)
+		CheckElement(values[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
 /*
 * Get the L2 squared distance between sparse vectors
 */
--- a/src/vector.c
+++ b/src/vector.c
@@ -26,11 +26,6 @@
 #include "varatt.h"
 #endif

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-#define TYPALIGN_DOUBLE 'd'
-#define TYPALIGN_INT 'i'
-#endif
-
 #define STATE_DIMS(x) (ARR_DIMS(x)[0] - 1)
 #define CreateStateDatums(dim) palloc(sizeof(Datum) * (dim + 1))

--- a/test/expected/cast.out
+++ b/test/expected/cast.out
@@ -208,6 +208,62 @@ SELECT '{1:1e-8}/1'::sparsevec::halfvec;
 [0]
 (1 row)

+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::sparsevec;
+      array      
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ARRAY[1.0,0.0,2.0,0.0,3.0,0.0]::sparsevec;
+      array      
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::float4[]::sparsevec;
+      array      
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::float8[]::sparsevec;
+      array      
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::numeric[]::sparsevec;
+      array      
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+    sparsevec    
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec(6);
+    sparsevec    
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec(5);
+ERROR:  expected 5 dimensions, not 6
+SELECT '{NULL}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  array must not contain nulls
+SELECT '{NaN}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  NaN not allowed in sparsevec
+SELECT '{Infinity}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in sparsevec
+SELECT '{-Infinity}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in sparsevec
+SELECT '{}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  sparsevec must have at least 1 dimension
+SELECT '{{1}}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  array must be 1-D
 SELECT array_agg(n)::vector FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 ERROR:  vector cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
 SELECT array_to_vector(array_agg(n), 16001, false) FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
--- a/test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Cluster.pm
+++ b/test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Cluster.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+
+use PostgresNode;
+
+sub new
+{
+	my ($class, $name) = @_;
+	return get_new_node($name);
+}
+
+1;
--- a/test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Utils.pm
+++ b/test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Utils.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+package PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
+
+use TestLib;
+
+1;
--- a/test/perl/PostgresNode.pm
+++ b/test/perl/PostgresNode.pm
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
-
-sub get_new_node
-{
-	return PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new(@_);
-}
-
-1;
--- a/test/perl/TestLib.pm
+++ b/test/perl/TestLib.pm
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
-
-1;
--- a/test/sql/cast.sql
+++ b/test/sql/cast.sql
@@ -58,6 +58,22 @@ SELECT '{}/16001'::sparsevec::halfvec;
 SELECT '{1:65520}/1'::sparsevec::halfvec;
 SELECT '{1:1e-8}/1'::sparsevec::halfvec;

+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::sparsevec;
+SELECT ARRAY[1.0,0.0,2.0,0.0,3.0,0.0]::sparsevec;
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::float4[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::float8[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::numeric[]::sparsevec;
+
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec(6);
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec(5);
+SELECT '{NULL}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{NaN}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{Infinity}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{-Infinity}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{{1}}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+
 SELECT array_agg(n)::vector FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 SELECT array_to_vector(array_agg(n), 16001, false) FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;

--- a/test/t/001_ivfflat_wal.pl
+++ b/test/t/001_ivfflat_wal.pl
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@

 # Test generic xlog record work for ivfflat index replication.
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $dim = 32;
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ sub test_index_replay
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);

 # Initialize primary node
-$node_primary = get_new_node('primary');
+$node_primary = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('primary');
 $node_primary->init(allows_streaming => 1);
 if ($dim > 32)
 {
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ my $backup_name = 'my_backup';
 $node_primary->backup($backup_name);

 # Create streaming replica linking to primary
-$node_replica = get_new_node('replica');
+$node_replica = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('replica');
 $node_replica->init_from_backup($node_primary, $backup_name, has_streaming => 1);
 $node_replica->start;

--- a/test/t/002_ivfflat_vacuum.pl
+++ b/test/t/002_ivfflat_vacuum.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $dim = 3;
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ for (1 .. $dim)
 my $array_sql = join(", ", @r);

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/003_ivfflat_vector_build_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/003_ivfflat_vector_build_recall.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/004_ivfflat_vector_insert_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/004_ivfflat_vector_insert_recall.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/005_ivfflat_query_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/005_ivfflat_query_recall.pl
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/006_ivfflat_lists.pl
+++ b/test/t/006_ivfflat_lists.pl
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/007_ivfflat_inserts.pl
+++ b/test/t/007_ivfflat_inserts.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $dim = 768;
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ my $dim = 768;
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/008_ivfflat_centers.pl
+++ b/test/t/008_ivfflat_centers.pl
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/009_ivfflat_filtering.pl
+++ b/test/t/009_ivfflat_filtering.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $dim = 3;
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ my $limit = 20;
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/010_hnsw_wal.pl
+++ b/test/t/010_hnsw_wal.pl
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@

 # Test generic xlog record work for hnsw index replication.
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $dim = 32;
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ sub test_index_replay
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);

 # Initialize primary node
-$node_primary = get_new_node('primary');
+$node_primary = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('primary');
 $node_primary->init(allows_streaming => 1);
 if ($dim > 32)
 {
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ my $backup_name = 'my_backup';
 $node_primary->backup($backup_name);

 # Create streaming replica linking to primary
-$node_replica = get_new_node('replica');
+$node_replica = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('replica');
 $node_replica->init_from_backup($node_primary, $backup_name, has_streaming => 1);
 $node_replica->start;

--- a/test/t/011_hnsw_vacuum.pl
+++ b/test/t/011_hnsw_vacuum.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $dim = 3;
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ for (1 .. $dim)
 my $array_sql = join(", ", @r);

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/012_hnsw_vector_build_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/012_hnsw_vector_build_recall.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/013_hnsw_vector_insert_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/013_hnsw_vector_insert_recall.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/014_hnsw_vector_vacuum_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/014_hnsw_vector_vacuum_recall.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/015_hnsw_vector_duplicates.pl
+++ b/test/t/015_hnsw_vector_duplicates.pl
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/016_hnsw_inserts.pl
+++ b/test/t/016_hnsw_inserts.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 # Ensures elements and neighbors on both same and different pages
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ my $dim = 1900;
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/017_hnsw_filtering.pl
+++ b/test/t/017_hnsw_filtering.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $dim = 3;
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ my $limit = 20;
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/018_aggregates.pl
+++ b/test/t/018_aggregates.pl
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ sub test_aggregate
 	else
 	{
 		# Does not raise overflow error in this instance due to loss of precision
-		is($res, "[24576,24576,49152]")
+		is($res, "[24576,24576,49152]");
 	}
 }

--- a/test/t/019_storage.pl
+++ b/test/t/019_storage.pl
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $dim = 1024;

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/020_hnsw_bit_build_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/020_hnsw_bit_build_recall.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/021_hnsw_bit_insert_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/021_hnsw_bit_insert_recall.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/022_hnsw_bit_vacuum_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/022_hnsw_bit_vacuum_recall.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/023_hnsw_bit_duplicates.pl
+++ b/test/t/023_hnsw_bit_duplicates.pl
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/024_hnsw_halfvec_build_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/024_hnsw_halfvec_build_recall.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/025_hnsw_halfvec_insert_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/025_hnsw_halfvec_insert_recall.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/026_hnsw_halfvec_vacuum_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/026_hnsw_halfvec_vacuum_recall.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/027_hnsw_halfvec_duplicates.pl
+++ b/test/t/027_hnsw_halfvec_duplicates.pl
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/028_hnsw_sparsevec_build_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/028_hnsw_sparsevec_build_recall.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/029_hnsw_sparsevec_insert_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/029_hnsw_sparsevec_insert_recall.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/030_hnsw_sparsevec_vacuum_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/030_hnsw_sparsevec_vacuum_recall.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/031_hnsw_sparsevec_duplicates.pl
+++ b/test/t/031_hnsw_sparsevec_duplicates.pl
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/032_ivfflat_halfvec_build_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/032_ivfflat_halfvec_build_recall.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/033_comparison.pl
+++ b/test/t/033_comparison.pl
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('floor(random() * 2)::int - 1') x 3);

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/034_distance_functions.pl
+++ b/test/t/034_distance_functions.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ my $dim = 5;
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('floor(random() * 4)::int - 2') x $dim);

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/035_ivfflat_bit_build_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/035_ivfflat_bit_build_recall.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 my $node;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ sub test_recall
 }

 # Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/036_ivfflat_bit_centers.pl
+++ b/test/t/036_ivfflat_bit_centers.pl
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/037_inputs.pl
+++ b/test/t/037_inputs.pl
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

--- a/test/t/038_hnsw_sparsevec_vacuum_insert.pl
+++ b/test/t/038_hnsw_sparsevec_vacuum_insert.pl
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;

 # Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
 $node->init;
 $node->start;

@@ -14,25 +14,29 @@ $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i serial, v sparsevec(100000));");
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX ON tst USING hnsw (v sparsevec_l2_ops);");

-for (1 .. 3) {
-    for (1 .. 100) {
-        my @elements;
-        my %indices;
-        for (1 .. int(rand() * 100)) {
-            my $index = int(rand() * (100000 - 1)) + 1;
-            if (!exists($indices{$index})) {
-                my $value = rand();
-                push(@elements, "$index:$value");
-                $indices{$index} = 1;
-            }
-        }
-        my $embedding = "{" . join(",", @elements) . "}/100000";
-        $node->safe_psql("postgres", "INSERT INTO tst (v) VALUES ('$embedding');");
-    }
+for (1 .. 3)
+{
+	for (1 .. 100)
+	{
+		my @elements;
+		my %indices;
+		for (1 .. int(rand() * 100))
+		{
+			my $index = int(rand() * (100000 - 1)) + 1;
+			if (!exists($indices{$index}))
+			{
+				my $value = rand();
+				push(@elements, "$index:$value");
+				$indices{$index} = 1;
+			}
+		}
+		my $embedding = "{" . join(",", @elements) . "}/100000";
+		$node->safe_psql("postgres", "INSERT INTO tst (v) VALUES ('$embedding');");
+	}

-    $node->safe_psql("postgres", "DELETE FROM tst WHERE i % 2 = 0;");
-    $node->safe_psql("postgres", "VACUUM tst;");
-    is(1, 1);
+	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DELETE FROM tst WHERE i % 2 = 0;");
+	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "VACUUM tst;");
+	is(1, 1);
 }

 done_testing();
--- a/test/t/039_hnsw_streaming.pl
+++ b/test/t/039_hnsw_streaming.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+use strict;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
+use Test::More;
+
+my $dim = 3;
+my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
+
+# Initialize node
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
+$node->init;
+$node->start;
+
+# Create table
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i int4, v vector($dim));");
+$node->safe_psql("postgres",
+	"INSERT INTO tst SELECT i, ARRAY[$array_sql] FROM generate_series(1, 100000) i;"
+);
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+	SET maintenance_work_mem = '128MB';
+	SET max_parallel_maintenance_workers = 2;
+	CREATE INDEX ON tst USING hnsw (v vector_l2_ops)
+));
+
+my $count = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+	SET enable_seqscan = off;
+	SET hnsw.streaming = on;
+	SET work_mem = '8MB';
+	SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT v FROM tst WHERE i % 10000 = 0 ORDER BY v <-> (SELECT v FROM tst LIMIT 1) LIMIT 11) t;
+));
+is($count, 10);
+
+my ($ret, $stdout, $stderr) = $node->psql("postgres", qq(
+	SET enable_seqscan = off;
+	SET hnsw.streaming = on;
+	SET work_mem = '2MB';
+	SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT v FROM tst WHERE i % 10000 = 0 ORDER BY v <-> (SELECT v FROM tst LIMIT 1) LIMIT 11) t;
+));
+like($stderr, qr/iterative search exceeded work_mem after \d+ tuples/);
+
+done_testing();
--- a/test/t/040_hnsw_streaming_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/040_hnsw_streaming_recall.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+use strict;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
+use Test::More;
+
+my $node;
+my @queries = ();
+my @expected;
+my $limit = 20;
+my $dim = 3;
+my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
+my @cs = (100, 1000);
+
+sub test_recall
+{
+	my ($c, $ef_search, $min, $operator) = @_;
+	my $correct = 0;
+	my $total = 0;
+
+	my $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+		SET enable_seqscan = off;
+		SET hnsw.ef_search = $ef_search;
+		SET hnsw.streaming = on;
+		EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE i % $c = 0 ORDER BY v $operator '$queries[0]' LIMIT $limit;
+	));
+	like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx on tst/);
+
+	for my $i (0 .. $#queries)
+	{
+		my $actual = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+			SET enable_seqscan = off;
+			SET hnsw.ef_search = $ef_search;
+			SET hnsw.streaming = on;
+			SELECT i FROM tst WHERE i % $c = 0 ORDER BY v $operator '$queries[$i]' LIMIT $limit;
+		));
+		my @actual_ids = split("\n", $actual);
+
+		my @expected_ids = split("\n", $expected[$i]);
+		my %expected_set = map { $_ => 1 } @expected_ids;
+
+		foreach (@actual_ids)
+		{
+			if (exists($expected_set{$_}))
+			{
+				$correct++;
+			}
+		}
+
+		$total += $limit;
+	}
+
+	cmp_ok($correct / $total, ">=", $min, $operator);
+}
+
+# Initialize node
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
+$node->init;
+$node->start;
+
+# Create table
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i int4, v vector($dim));");
+$node->safe_psql("postgres",
+	"INSERT INTO tst SELECT i, ARRAY[$array_sql] FROM generate_series(1, 100000) i;"
+);
+
+# Generate queries
+for (1 .. 20)
+{
+	my @r = ();
+	for (1 .. $dim)
+	{
+		push(@r, rand());
+	}
+	push(@queries, "[" . join(",", @r) . "]");
+}
+
+# Check each index type
+my @operators = ("<->", "<=>");
+my @opclasses = ("vector_l2_ops", "vector_cosine_ops");
+
+for my $i (0 .. $#operators)
+{
+	my $operator = $operators[$i];
+	my $opclass = $opclasses[$i];
+
+	$node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+		SET maintenance_work_mem = '128MB';
+		CREATE INDEX idx ON tst USING hnsw (v $opclass);
+	));
+
+	foreach (@cs)
+	{
+		my $c = $_;
+
+		# Get exact results
+		@expected = ();
+		foreach (@queries)
+		{
+			my $res = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+				SET enable_indexscan = off;
+				WITH top AS (
+					SELECT v $operator '$_' AS distance FROM tst WHERE i % $c = 0 ORDER BY distance LIMIT $limit
+				)
+				SELECT i FROM tst WHERE (v $operator '$_') <= (SELECT MAX(distance) FROM top)
+			));
+			push(@expected, $res);
+		}
+
+		if ($c == 100)
+		{
+			test_recall($c, 40, 0.99, $operator);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if ($operator eq "<->")
+			{
+				test_recall($c, 40, 0.99, $operator);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				test_recall($c, 40, 0.99, $operator);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DROP INDEX idx;");
+}
+
+done_testing();
--- a/vector.control
+++ b/vector.control
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 comment = 'vector data type and ivfflat and hnsw access methods'
-default_version = '0.7.3'
+default_version = '0.7.4'
 module_pathname = '$libdir/vector'
 relocatable = true
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Andrew Kane	dd127da62a	Added comments [skip ci]	2024-09-22 10:45:09 -07:00
Andrew Kane	9c59d09a97	Updated comment [skip ci]	2024-09-22 10:35:51 -07:00
Andrew Kane	c5b6769bed	Updated variable name [skip ci]	2024-09-22 10:33:44 -07:00
Andrew Kane	d7152448f9	Improved code [skip ci]	2024-09-22 10:24:36 -07:00
Andrew Kane	08420b6404	Updated comment [skip ci]	2024-09-22 10:10:55 -07:00
Andrew Kane	3fba403f8f	Updated comment [skip ci]	2024-09-22 10:07:30 -07:00
Andrew Kane	f53e65fb6a	Updated comment [skip ci]	2024-09-22 09:31:16 -07:00
Andrew Kane	12015dbe53	Updated comment [skip ci]	2024-09-22 09:18:25 -07:00
Andrew Kane	794ce3a54c	Updated comment [skip ci]	2024-09-22 09:10:05 -07:00
Andrew Kane	be51204a45	Only use some bits [skip ci]	2024-09-22 08:53:41 -07:00
Andrew Kane	e78ce02dc9	Fixed CI [skip ci]	2024-09-22 01:52:14 -07:00
Andrew Kane	7412ee6cee	Use smaller batch size for better performance	2024-09-22 00:00:02 -07:00
Andrew Kane	ba0196ba10	Improved logging [skip ci]	2024-09-21 23:20:23 -07:00
Andrew Kane	64b0e6359b	Updated message [skip ci]	2024-09-21 23:06:30 -07:00
Andrew Kane	0e83213e88	Removed logging [skip ci]	2024-09-21 22:56:35 -07:00
Andrew Kane	f1c7494c35	Added sorting [skip ci]	2024-09-21 22:56:03 -07:00
Andrew Kane	e07d17fe38	Limit work_mem [skip ci]	2024-09-21 22:37:03 -07:00
Andrew Kane	96ff1b992f	Added comment [skip ci]	2024-09-21 16:21:02 -07:00
Andrew Kane	569bf93355	Updated comment [skip ci]	2024-09-21 16:18:56 -07:00
Andrew Kane	72aa53ef54	Only free if streaming [skip ci]	2024-09-21 16:15:00 -07:00
Andrew Kane	4773931b11	Improved code [skip ci]	2024-09-21 12:28:12 -07:00
Andrew Kane	b7564dfc19	Improved logging [skip ci]	2024-09-21 12:23:05 -07:00
Andrew Kane	7dc1b36adc	Merge branch 'master' into hnsw-streaming	2024-09-21 12:16:40 -07:00
Andrew Kane	d5e8fc96a5	Changed HnswPairingHeapNode to HnswSearchCandidate to reduce allocations and improve code	2024-09-21 12:07:44 -07:00
Andrew Kane	5266c208a6	Reduced calls to AddToVisited [skip ci]	2024-09-21 00:32:31 -07:00
Andrew Kane	a0fddf2d1d	Added todo [skip ci]	2024-09-20 16:24:20 -07:00
Andrew Kane	63d5d121a3	Added HNSW_BENCH define [skip ci]	2024-09-20 16:20:27 -07:00
Andrew Kane	39d2ef624a	Merge branch 'master' into hnsw-streaming	2024-09-20 15:24:27 -07:00
Andrew Kane	6d2af6d3f9	Improved code [skip ci]	2024-09-20 15:21:57 -07:00
Andrew Kane	aa0b7ddf70	Removed code for pg12 [skip ci]	2024-09-20 15:19:50 -07:00
Andrew Kane	d499ead3c6	Removed todo [skip ci]	2024-09-20 15:19:23 -07:00
Andrew Kane	f20f5e28b8	Added versioning to tuples	2024-09-20 15:12:39 -07:00
Andrew Kane	3dde18a883	Fixed CI	2024-09-20 14:13:33 -07:00
Andrew Kane	0af1c7dd55	Merge branch 'master' into hnsw-streaming	2024-09-20 13:57:23 -07:00
Andrew Kane	f6ebc5d708	Fixed warning [skip ci]	2024-09-20 13:56:27 -07:00
Andrew Kane	c6493415b2	Added test for streaming recall	2024-09-20 13:04:08 -07:00
Andrew Kane	a6ab5d07c0	Fixed CI	2024-09-19 20:50:51 -07:00
Andrew Kane	aa77346103	Improved code [skip ci]	2024-09-19 19:57:16 -07:00
Andrew Kane	b0da2d95d9	Fixed array_to_sparsevec on Windows [skip ci]	2024-09-19 19:52:16 -07:00
Andrew Kane	3fb05eb847	Added casts for arrays to sparsevec - #604 Co-authored-by: Narek Galstyan <narekg@berkeley.edu> Co-authored-by: Di Qi <di@lantern.dev>	2024-09-19 19:17:05 -07:00
Andrew Kane	b738ffecc1	Dropped support for Postgres 12	2024-09-19 18:13:54 -07:00
Heikki Linnakangas	7117513532	Add error codes to a few errors (#657 ) With elog(), you get XX000 "internal_error", which sounds scary. It's not self-evident what the right error codes for some of these errors are, but I tried to use my best judgment.	2024-09-19 18:04:23 -07:00
Andrew Kane	85d877d540	Updated changelog [skip ci]	2024-09-19 18:03:20 -07:00
Jonathan S. Katz	05fb382031	Swap max costing values to align with upstream guidance (#658 ) A feature targeted for PostgreSQL 18 (postgres/postgres@e2225346) that makes optimizations around disabled path nodes impacted pgvector such that PostgreSQL would choose to perform an index scan when it should have used a different scan (e.g. `SELECT count(*) FROM table`). Per upstream guidance[1], the recommendation is to switch to using `get_float8_infinity()`, which achieves the same behavior in backbranches, and can be adapated to work with the new behavior introduced in PostgreSQL 18. [1] https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/2281822.1724441531%40sss.pgh.pa.us	2024-09-19 18:01:59 -07:00
Andrew Kane	aaff3de409	Free memory [skip ci]	2024-09-19 15:32:22 -07:00
Andrew Kane	8e1853fbf3	Improved variable name [skip ci]	2024-09-19 15:09:40 -07:00
Andrew Kane	4d1c6ff955	Merge branch 'master' into hnsw-streaming	2024-09-19 14:52:34 -07:00
Andrew Kane	f9d68a061a	Simplified HnswLoadUnvisitedFromMemory [skip ci]	2024-09-19 04:39:46 -07:00
Andrew Kane	4f8ab574c9	Simplified CountElement [skip ci]	2024-09-19 04:32:38 -07:00
Andrew Kane	a15806196e	Keep scan-build happy	2024-09-19 04:02:09 -07:00
Andrew Kane	5c9429a0f8	Reduced memory usage for HNSW index scans	2024-09-19 03:27:35 -07:00
Andrew Kane	4b44d6e745	Updated changelog [skip ci]	2024-09-19 02:42:33 -07:00
Andrew Kane	16ca608f42	Updated AddToVisited to use HnswElementPtr	2024-09-19 02:41:20 -07:00
Andrew Kane	8dde14a736	Reduced memory usage for HNSW index scans Co-authored-by: Heikki Linnakangas <heikki.linnakangas@iki.fi>	2024-09-19 02:17:51 -07:00
Andrew Kane	d74d3065bc	Reduced allocations for pairing heap	2024-09-19 01:59:46 -07:00
Andrew Kane	af1727775d	Added streaming option for HNSW [skip ci]	2024-09-18 14:55:58 -07:00
Andrew Kane	a1b80faa67	Updated readme	2024-09-05 23:13:12 -07:00
Andrew Kane	4af5a127e0	Revert "Improved cleanup for IVFFlat index scans [skip ci]" This reverts commit `da7d3959a3`.	2024-09-02 01:52:28 -07:00
Andrew Kane	d02d71a398	Fixed CI	2024-09-02 01:44:03 -07:00
Andrew Kane	2aca04b8de	Updated links [skip ci]	2024-08-28 13:39:03 -07:00
Andrew Kane	e47984e616	Reset tuple sort for Postgres 12 [skip ci]	2024-08-24 22:10:26 -07:00
Andrew Kane	da7d3959a3	Improved cleanup for IVFFlat index scans [skip ci]	2024-08-24 21:59:44 -07:00
Andrew Kane	dadbbc3758	Renamed InitSortState to InitScanSortState [skip ci]	2024-08-24 21:53:15 -07:00
Andrew Kane	6af0a43d62	Added InitBuildSortState function [skip ci]	2024-08-24 21:50:31 -07:00
Andrew Kane	ffcb90d094	Added InitSortState function [skip ci]	2024-08-24 21:42:18 -07:00
Andrew Kane	8a312c3c8e	Added memory usage for IVFFlat index scans [skip ci]	2024-08-24 21:30:40 -07:00
Andrew Kane	5d86b177ab	Fixed -DIVFFLAT_MEMORY [skip ci]	2024-08-24 20:56:33 -07:00
Andrew Kane	ea99957fae	Added fields to IndexAmRoutine	2024-08-22 20:39:16 -07:00
Samuel Marks	4cede1a9c9	[src/hnswutils.c] Resolve 1 `-Wmaybe-uninitialized` (#654 )	2024-08-22 19:51:16 -07:00
Andrew Kane	d0dbc8b4d1	Added Postgres 18 to CI [skip ci]	2024-08-13 02:24:42 -07:00
Andrew Kane	bb855e6cb4	Updated comment [skip ci]	2024-08-06 10:35:26 -07:00
Andrew Kane	103ac50f1a	Version bump to 0.7.4 [skip ci]	2024-08-05 10:44:01 -07:00
Andrew Kane	57fb706242	Fixed locking for parallel HNSW index builds - fixes #635	2024-08-04 11:27:51 -07:00
Andrew Kane	020d3edaa9	Changed warnings to errors for TAP tests [skip ci]	2024-07-27 12:28:03 -07:00
Andrew Kane	1e9e355175	Updated TAP tests to use PostgreSQL::Test packages [skip ci]	2024-07-27 12:24:15 -07:00
Andrew Kane	f1d283f565	Updated comment [skip ci]	2024-07-27 11:36:48 -07:00
Andrew Kane	8684c2ba62	Updated formatting [skip ci]	2024-07-27 08:25:09 -07:00
Andrew Kane	6c692ef23f	Fixed compilation error with GCC 14 on i386 when SSE2 is not enabled	2024-07-27 06:20:27 -07:00
Andrew Kane	bb424e96e7	Revert "Simplified makefile" This reverts commit `30911edb7a`.	2024-07-24 20:50:14 -07:00
Andrew Kane	30911edb7a	Simplified makefile	2024-07-24 20:39:52 -07:00
Andrew Kane	5ae2bd9efb	Improved Windows makefile [skip ci]	2024-07-24 20:37:28 -07:00
Andrew Kane	19215317a4	Fixed installation when make is not run before make install on Windows [skip ci]	2024-07-24 02:09:32 -07:00
Andrew Kane	c7ca7f05de	Fixed installation when make is not run before make install - closes #631	2024-07-24 01:30:22 -07:00