docs: document daemon shared helper contracts

* fix: bound remote media reference reads

* fix: remove unreachable video timeout wiring

* test: cover remote video reference handoff

.agents/skills/crabbox/SKILL.md

@@ -307,8 +307,7 @@ Live-provider debug template for direct AWS/Hetzner leases:
 
 ```sh
 mkdir -p .crabbox/logs
-CRABBOX_ENV_ALLOW=OPENAI_API_KEY,OPENAI_BASE_URL \
-  pnpm crabbox:run -- --provider aws \
+pnpm crabbox:run -- --provider aws \
   --preflight \
   --allow-env OPENAI_API_KEY,OPENAI_BASE_URL \
   --timing-json \
@@ -320,8 +319,10 @@ CRABBOX_ENV_ALLOW=OPENAI_API_KEY,OPENAI_BASE_URL \
 ```
 
 Do not pass `--capture-*`, `--download`, `--checksum`, `--force-sync-large`, or
-`--sync-only` to delegated providers. Crabbox rejects them because the provider
-owns sync or command transport.
+`--sync-only` to delegated providers. Also do not pass `--script*`,
+`--fresh-pr`, `--full-resync`, or `--env-helper` there. Crabbox rejects these
+because the provider owns sync or command transport. `--keep-on-failure` is OK
+for delegated one-shots when you need to inspect a failed lease.
 
 ## Efficient Bug E2E Verification
 

.agents/skills/kysely-database-access/SKILL.md

@@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
----
-name: kysely-database-access
-description: Use when adding, reviewing, or refactoring OpenClaw Kysely database access, native node:sqlite stores, generated DB types, SQLite schemas, migrations, raw SQL, transactions, or database access best practices.
----
-
-# Kysely Database Access
-
-Use this skill for OpenClaw database code that touches Kysely, `node:sqlite`,
-generated DB types, SQLite schemas, migrations, or store/query design.
-
-## Read First
-
-- `docs/concepts/kysely.md` for the repo's Kysely rules and examples.
-- The owning subtree `AGENTS.md`, if present.
-- Relevant local Kysely source/types under `node_modules/kysely/dist/esm/...`
-  before assuming dialect behavior, result types, transactions, plugins, or raw
-  SQL semantics.
-- For codegen behavior, inspect `scripts/generate-kysely-types.mjs` and
-  `kysely-codegen --help` from the repo package manager.
-
-## Official Docs Cross-Check
-
-When the behavior matters, verify against current Kysely docs/source before
-patching:
-
-- Generating types: production apps should keep schema types aligned with the
-  database through code generation.
-- Data types: TypeScript types do not affect runtime values; the driver decides
-  runtime values, and Kysely returns what the driver returns unless a plugin
-  transforms results.
-- Raw SQL: the `sql` tag can execute full raw SQL and embed snippets into
-  builders. Prefer typed builders/helpers when they express the same thing.
-- Reusable helpers: take `Expression<T>` or an `ExpressionBuilder` when wrapping
-  SQL expressions; alias helper expressions explicitly in `select`. Extract a
-  helper only when it quarantines raw SQL, removes meaningful duplication, or
-  preserves a tricky inferred type.
-- Split build/execute only at deliberate boundaries. Compiled-query execution
-  is useful for native sync adapters, but keep plugin/result-transform behavior
-  in mind.
-- Migrations: Kysely migration files run without a schema type. In OpenClaw,
-  prefer the committed SQL-source-of-truth path unless a new owner explicitly
-  needs Kysely-managed migrations.
-- Plugins: plugins can transform queries and results. Any sync shortcut that
-  bypasses Kysely's async executor needs a documented invariant or tests.
-
-## Default Workflow
-
-1. Identify the owner boundary:
-   - Core state DB: `src/state/*`
-   - Per-agent DB: `src/state/openclaw-agent-*`
-   - Feature store: owning `*.sqlite.ts` module
-   - Plugin-owned state: plugin/module owner, not generic core
-2. Inspect the schema source first:
-   - `*.sql` is the source of truth when generated schema/types exist.
-   - Generated `*.generated.*` files are outputs, not hand-edit targets.
-3. Prefer Kysely builders for normal CRUD:
-   - `selectFrom`, `insertInto`, `updateTable`, `deleteFrom`
-   - `executeTakeFirst`, `executeTakeFirstOrThrow`, `execute`
-   - `eb.fn.countAll`, `eb.fn.count`, `eb.fn.coalesce` for common functions
-   - Keep compile-time Kysely reference literals such as `"host"` and
-     `"flow_id as flowId"` when they are clearer than constants; they are
-     type-checked by Kysely.
-   - Let Kysely infer selected row shapes. Do not pass broad row generics to
-     sync helpers for normal builder queries.
-   - Treat `executeSqliteQuerySync<Row>(db, builder)` and
-     `executeSqliteQueryTakeFirstSync<Row>(db, builder)` as a smell: the generic
-     can lie about selected columns. Use no generic for builders; use an exact
-     raw boundary helper for raw SQL.
-   - For finite public query presets, use a preset-to-row type map plus a union
-     boundary type instead of `Record<string, ...>`.
-   - After touching Kysely/native SQLite code, run `pnpm lint:kysely`. The AST
-     guard rejects raw identifier helpers, unreviewed typed `sql<T>` snippets,
-     `db.dynamic`, explicit sync-helper row generics for builders, and new raw
-     `node:sqlite` runtime access outside owner allowlists. It also rejects
-     persisted enum-like casts in SQLite stores; keep row fields as `string` and
-     parse through closed validators.
-4. Keep raw SQL deliberate:
-   - Good: pragmas, virtual tables, FTS, SQLite JSON functions, migrations,
-     `sqlite_master`, compact repeated expressions.
-   - Bad: raw `COUNT(*)` or dynamic SQL where Kysely has a typed builder shape.
-   - Use `${value}` parameters; use `sql.ref` / `sql.table` only for validated,
-     closed-set identifiers.
-   - Do not feed unconstrained runtime `string` values into table/column/group/
-     order/identifier positions. Narrow them to local unions or generated table
-     keys first.
-   - Prefer `eb.fn`, `eb.lit`, `eb.ref`, and expression callbacks for scalar
-     SQL such as `count`, `coalesce`, `max`, `exists`, and constant selections.
-5. Align TypeScript with real driver values:
-   - Kysely does not coerce runtime values.
-   - Native `node:sqlite` returns BLOB columns as `Uint8Array`; convert with
-     `Buffer.from(...)` only at API boundaries that need Buffer helpers.
-   - Keep JSON/text/timestamp parsing at module boundaries.
-   - Keep persisted enum-like strings as `string` in row types, then parse them
-     through closed validator helpers such as `parseTaskStatus(value)`. Do not
-     cast corrupt persisted data into exported unions.
-6. Decide migration need from shipped state:
-   - Unshipped schema/type cleanup: no SQLite migration.
-   - Shipped canonical schema change: add the appropriate migration or
-     doctor/fix repair path with tests.
-   - Legacy config repair belongs in doctor/fix paths, not startup surprises.
-
-## Codegen
-
-For committed SQL-backed generated types:
-
-```bash
-pnpm db:kysely:gen
-pnpm db:kysely:check
-```
-
-The repo maps SQLite `blob` to `Uint8Array` through `kysely-codegen`
-`--type-mapping`. Do not post-process generated files by hand; change the
-generator or SQL source and regenerate.
-
-## Native SQLite Guardrails
-
-- Use `getNodeSqliteKysely(db)` and sync helpers from `src/infra/kysely-sync.ts`
-  for `DatabaseSync` stores.
-- New direct `db.prepare(...)` / `db.exec(...)` runtime access should be rare.
-  Prefer Kysely or add an explicit `scripts/check-kysely-guardrails.mjs`
-  allowlist entry with a clear owner reason.
-- If raw SQLite is repeated or cast-heavy, extract a narrow boundary helper
-  such as `assertSqliteIntegrityOk(db, message)` and allowlist that helper
-  instead of each caller.
-- Keep sync helper result types derived from `CompiledQuery<Row>` / Kysely
-  builders. Explicit helper generics are for raw SQL or external boundaries,
-  not for widening a typed builder result into a generic record.
-- Keep the native dialect in `src/infra/kysely-node-sqlite.ts` aligned with
-  Kysely's SQLite driver structure: single connection, mutex, SQLite adapter,
-  SQLite query compiler, SQLite introspector.
-- Use `StatementSync.columns().length` behavior for row-returning statements;
-  do not parse SQL verbs.
-- Return `insertId` only for changed Kysely insert nodes. Raw insert SQL and
-  ignored inserts must not expose stale `lastInsertRowid`.
-- Remember that sync execution compiles through Kysely but bypasses async
-  `executeQuery` result plugins/logging. If plugins enter this path, add tests
-  or a documented invariant.
-
-## Tests
-
-Pick the smallest proof that covers the touched surface:
-
-```bash
-pnpm db:kysely:check
-pnpm lint:kysely
-pnpm test src/infra/kysely-node-sqlite.test.ts
-pnpm test <owning-store>.test.ts
-pnpm tsgo:core
-```
-
-Add or update focused tests for:
-
-- generated type/runtime mismatches
-- native dialect metadata (`insertId`, `numAffectedRows`, row-returning SQL)
-- transactions/savepoints
-- BLOB and JSON boundary conversions
-- schema/codegen drift
-- type inference contracts for sync helpers and public query result maps
-- negative type contracts with `@ts-expect-error` for important column/preset
-  mistakes
-- corruption-path tests that mutate SQLite directly and assert the public load
-  or read method rejects invalid persisted strings
-- public store behavior, not just private SQL shape
-
-## Helper Extraction
-
-Good helpers:
-
-- `readSqliteNumberPragma(db, pragma)` style helpers with a closed union for
-  PRAGMA names.
-- Raw-expression helpers that accept Kysely expressions/refs instead of raw
-  column strings.
-- Public query preset maps that preserve exact row types at the API boundary.
-
-Avoid helpers that:
-
-- Wrap obvious Kysely literals just to avoid strings.
-- Take generic `string` table/column/order names.
-- Return heavily generic query builders that are harder to type than the query
-  they hide.
-
-## Performance
-
-- Benchmark prepare/compile overhead before adding statement caches or compiled
-  query caches. Include the real public store method work: SQLite execution,
-  JSON/BLOB conversion, and result mapping.
-- Keep caches local, close/dispose them with the owning store, and test invalid
-  or stale behavior. Clear builders are the default until numbers prove a hot
-  path.
-
-## Avoid
-
-- Do not introduce ORM/repository layers or hidden relation loading.
-- Do not make root dependencies for plugin-only database needs.
-- Do not migrate everything to raw SQL or everything to builders for purity.
-- Do not hand-edit generated DB types.
-- Do not hide finite query result shapes behind `Record<string, ...>` just to
-  make JSON output convenient; use exact row unions or map at the boundary.
-- Do not replace every Kysely string literal with constants for aesthetics; fix
-  dynamic identifiers, raw SQL assertions, and public result boundaries instead.
-- Do not add broad cache layers to hide repeated query/discovery work; carry the
-  known runtime fact earlier when possible.

.agents/skills/openclaw-pr-maintainer/SKILL.md

@@ -187,11 +187,37 @@ gh pr view <number> --json additions,deletions,changedFiles \
 ## Read beyond the diff
 
 - Review the surrounding code path, not just changed lines. Open the caller, callee, data contracts, adjacent tests, and owner module.
+- Before any verdict, read enough code to fill this map: changed surface, runtime entry point, owner boundary, one caller, one callee, sibling implementations sharing the invariant, adjacent tests, current `main` behavior, and shipped/dependency/Codex contracts when relevant.
 - For large-codebase PRs, sample enough related files to understand the runtime boundary before deciding. Default to more code reading when the change touches agents, gateway, plugins, auth, sessions, process, config, or provider/runtime seams.
 - Compare the PR against current `origin/main` behavior. Check whether recent main already changed the same surface.
 - Dependency-backed behavior: MUST read upstream docs/source/types before judging API use, defaults, output shapes, errors, timeouts, memory behavior, or compatibility. Do not assume dependency contracts from memory or PR text.
 - Judge solution quality, not only correctness. Ask whether the PR is the clean owner-boundary fix or a wart/workaround that should be replaced by a small refactor, moved seam, contract change, or deletion of duplicate logic.
 - Mention the main files read when the verdict depends on code-path evidence.
+- If the user challenges the verdict or asks whether the idea is really good, resume code reading first. Do not defend, soften, or reverse the verdict until the missing caller/callee/sibling/dependency path is checked.
+
+## Best-fix review loop
+
+Every PR review must explicitly answer: "Is this the best fix, or only a plausible fix?"
+
+Before verdict:
+
+1. Reconstruct the bug, feature need, or behavior claim from issue/PR/proof.
+2. Trace current behavior from entry point to failure or decision point.
+3. Read touched files, callers, callees, owner modules, adjacent tests, and relevant docs.
+4. Read sibling surfaces that should share the invariant or could be broken by a one-sided fix.
+5. Compare against current `origin/main` and shipped behavior when regression/compat matters.
+6. Inspect upstream dependency/Codex source or docs for dependency-backed behavior.
+7. Identify at least one alternative fix location or shape, then reject it with evidence.
+8. If any required path above is uninspected, keep reading or mark `Remaining uncertainty`; do not call the PR best, blocked, proof-sufficient, or merge-ready.
+
+Review output must include:
+
+- `Best-fix verdict:` best / acceptable mitigation / wrong layer / too narrow / too broad.
+- `Alternatives considered:` 1-3 concrete alternatives and why rejected.
+- `Code read:` compact list of main files/contracts checked.
+- `Remaining uncertainty:` what was not proven.
+
+If the best-fix answer is only "maybe", keep reading or state the missing evidence. Do not call proof sufficient until the best-fix judgment is explicit.
 
 ## Enforce the bug-fix evidence bar
 

.agents/skills/openclaw-secret-scanning-maintainer/scripts/secret-scanning.mjs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // Secret scanning alert handler for OpenClaw maintainers.
 // Usage: node secret-scanning.mjs <command> [options]
 
-import { execFileSync, spawnSync } from "node:child_process";
+import { spawnSync } from "node:child_process";
 import crypto from "node:crypto";
 import fs from "node:fs";
 import os from "node:os";
@@ -39,7 +39,9 @@ function gh(args, { json = true, allowFailure = false } = {}) {
       stderr: proc.stderr,
     };
   }
-  if (!json) return proc.stdout;
+  if (!json) {
+    return proc.stdout;
+  }
   try {
     return JSON.parse(proc.stdout);
   } catch {
@@ -70,7 +72,9 @@ export function loadBodyRedactionResult(locationType, resultFile) {
   if (!resultFile) {
     fail("Body notifications require a redaction result file from redact-body-if-needed");
   }
-  if (!fs.existsSync(resultFile)) fail(`File not found: ${resultFile}`);
+  if (!fs.existsSync(resultFile)) {
+    fail(`File not found: ${resultFile}`);
+  }
 
   const result = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(resultFile, "utf8"));
   if (typeof result.notify_required !== "boolean") {
@@ -182,10 +186,11 @@ function fetchDiscussionComment(discussionNumber, discussionCommentDbId) {
     failOnGraphQLFailure(gql, `Failed to fetch discussion #${discussionNumber}`);
 
     const discussion = gql?.data?.repository?.discussion;
-    if (!discussion)
+    if (!discussion) {
       fail(
         `Discussion #${discussionNumber} not found — it may have been deleted. The alert cannot be processed via this skill.`,
       );
+    }
 
     discussionId = discussion.id;
 
@@ -205,15 +210,18 @@ function fetchDiscussionComment(discussionNumber, discussionCommentDbId) {
           `Failed to fetch replies for discussion comment ${topLevelComment.id}`,
         );
         const replies = replyPage?.data?.node?.replies;
-        if (!replies)
+        if (!replies) {
           fail(`Failed to paginate replies for discussion comment ${topLevelComment.id}`);
+        }
 
         reply = findDiscussionCommentNode(replies.nodes, discussionCommentDbId);
         hasMoreReplies = replies.pageInfo.hasNextPage;
         replyCursor = replies.pageInfo.endCursor;
       }
 
-      if (reply) return { discussionId, comment: reply };
+      if (reply) {
+        return { discussionId, comment: reply };
+      }
     }
 
     hasNextPage = discussion.comments.pageInfo.hasNextPage;
@@ -241,7 +249,9 @@ function createDiscussionComment(discussionNodeId, body, replyToNodeId) {
  * Fetch alert metadata + locations. Never exposes .secret.
  */
 function cmdFetchAlert(alertNumber) {
-  if (!alertNumber) fail("Usage: fetch-alert <number>");
+  if (!alertNumber) {
+    fail("Usage: fetch-alert <number>");
+  }
 
   const alert = gh(["api", `repos/${REPO}/secret-scanning/alerts/${alertNumber}?hide_secret=true`]);
 
@@ -280,17 +290,23 @@ function cmdFetchAlert(alertNumber) {
  * Saves full body to a temp file. Prints metadata + file path to stdout.
  */
 function cmdFetchContent(locationJson) {
-  if (!locationJson) fail("Usage: fetch-content '<location-json>'");
+  if (!locationJson) {
+    fail("Usage: fetch-content '<location-json>'");
+  }
   const location = JSON.parse(locationJson);
   const type = location.type;
   const details = location.details;
 
   if (type === "discussion_comment") {
     const commentUrl = details.discussion_comment_url;
-    if (!commentUrl) fail("No discussion_comment_url in location details");
+    if (!commentUrl) {
+      fail("No discussion_comment_url in location details");
+    }
 
     const urlMatch = commentUrl.match(/discussions\/(\d+)#discussioncomment-(\d+)/);
-    if (!urlMatch) fail(`Cannot parse discussion comment URL: ${commentUrl}`);
+    if (!urlMatch) {
+      fail(`Cannot parse discussion comment URL: ${commentUrl}`);
+    }
     const discussionNumber = urlMatch[1];
     const discussionCommentDbId = urlMatch[2];
 
@@ -298,10 +314,11 @@ function cmdFetchContent(locationJson) {
       discussionNumber,
       discussionCommentDbId,
     );
-    if (!comment)
+    if (!comment) {
       fail(
         `Discussion comment #${discussionCommentDbId} not found in discussion #${discussionNumber}`,
       );
+    }
 
     const bodyFile = tmpFile("body.md");
     fs.writeFileSync(bodyFile, comment.body || "");
@@ -334,7 +351,9 @@ function cmdFetchContent(locationJson) {
       details.issue_comment_url ||
       details.pull_request_comment_url ||
       details.pull_request_review_comment_url;
-    if (!commentUrl) fail(`No comment URL in location details`);
+    if (!commentUrl) {
+      fail(`No comment URL in location details`);
+    }
 
     const comment = gh(["api", commentUrl]);
     const bodyFile = tmpFile("body.md");
@@ -378,7 +397,9 @@ function cmdFetchContent(locationJson) {
     );
   } else if (type === "issue_body") {
     const issueUrl = details.issue_body_url || details.issue_url;
-    if (!issueUrl) fail("No issue URL in location details");
+    if (!issueUrl) {
+      fail("No issue URL in location details");
+    }
 
     const issue = gh(["api", issueUrl]);
     const bodyFile = tmpFile("body.md");
@@ -414,7 +435,9 @@ function cmdFetchContent(locationJson) {
     );
   } else if (type === "pull_request_body") {
     const prUrl = details.pull_request_body_url || details.pull_request_url;
-    if (!prUrl) fail("No PR URL in location details");
+    if (!prUrl) {
+      fail("No PR URL in location details");
+    }
 
     const pr = gh(["api", prUrl]);
     const bodyFile = tmpFile("body.md");
@@ -490,7 +513,9 @@ function cmdRedactBody(kind, number, bodyFile) {
   if (!kind || !number || !bodyFile) {
     fail("Usage: redact-body <issue|pr> <number> <redacted-body-file>");
   }
-  if (!fs.existsSync(bodyFile)) fail(`File not found: ${bodyFile}`);
+  if (!fs.existsSync(bodyFile)) {
+    fail(`File not found: ${bodyFile}`);
+  }
 
   const endpoint =
     kind === "pr" ? `repos/${REPO}/pulls/${number}` : `repos/${REPO}/issues/${number}`;
@@ -509,8 +534,12 @@ function cmdRedactBodyIfNeeded(kind, number, currentBodyFile, redactedBodyFile,
       "Usage: redact-body-if-needed <issue|pr> <number> <current-body-file> <redacted-body-file> <result-file>",
     );
   }
-  if (!fs.existsSync(currentBodyFile)) fail(`File not found: ${currentBodyFile}`);
-  if (!fs.existsSync(redactedBodyFile)) fail(`File not found: ${redactedBodyFile}`);
+  if (!fs.existsSync(currentBodyFile)) {
+    fail(`File not found: ${currentBodyFile}`);
+  }
+  if (!fs.existsSync(redactedBodyFile)) {
+    fail(`File not found: ${redactedBodyFile}`);
+  }
 
   const currentBody = fs.readFileSync(currentBodyFile, "utf8");
   const redactedBody = fs.readFileSync(redactedBodyFile, "utf8");
@@ -541,7 +570,9 @@ function cmdRedactBodyIfNeeded(kind, number, currentBodyFile, redactedBodyFile,
  * Delete a comment (and all its edit history).
  */
 function cmdDeleteComment(commentId) {
-  if (!commentId) fail("Usage: delete-comment <comment-id>");
+  if (!commentId) {
+    fail("Usage: delete-comment <comment-id>");
+  }
   gh(["api", `repos/${REPO}/issues/comments/${commentId}`, "-X", "DELETE"], { json: false });
   console.log(JSON.stringify({ ok: true, deleted_comment_id: Number(commentId) }));
 }
@@ -551,7 +582,9 @@ function cmdDeleteComment(commentId) {
  * Delete a discussion comment via GraphQL (and all its edit history).
  */
 function cmdDeleteDiscussionComment(nodeId) {
-  if (!nodeId) fail("Usage: delete-discussion-comment <node-id>");
+  if (!nodeId) {
+    fail("Usage: delete-discussion-comment <node-id>");
+  }
   const result = ghGraphQL(
     `mutation { deleteDiscussionComment(input: { id: "${nodeId}" }) { comment { id } } }`,
   );
@@ -566,9 +599,12 @@ function cmdDeleteDiscussionComment(nodeId) {
  * Create a new discussion comment via GraphQL.
  */
 function cmdRecreateDiscussionComment(discussionNodeId, bodyFile, replyToNodeId) {
-  if (!discussionNodeId || !bodyFile)
+  if (!discussionNodeId || !bodyFile) {
     fail("Usage: recreate-discussion-comment <discussion-node-id> <body-file> [reply-to-node-id]");
-  if (!fs.existsSync(bodyFile)) fail(`File not found: ${bodyFile}`);
+  }
+  if (!fs.existsSync(bodyFile)) {
+    fail(`File not found: ${bodyFile}`);
+  }
 
   const body = fs.readFileSync(bodyFile, "utf8");
   const newComment = createDiscussionComment(discussionNodeId, body, replyToNodeId);
@@ -586,8 +622,12 @@ function cmdRecreateDiscussionComment(discussionNodeId, bodyFile, replyToNodeId)
  * Create a new comment from a file.
  */
 function cmdRecreateComment(issueNumber, bodyFile) {
-  if (!issueNumber || !bodyFile) fail("Usage: recreate-comment <issue-number> <body-file>");
-  if (!fs.existsSync(bodyFile)) fail(`File not found: ${bodyFile}`);
+  if (!issueNumber || !bodyFile) {
+    fail("Usage: recreate-comment <issue-number> <body-file>");
+  }
+  if (!fs.existsSync(bodyFile)) {
+    fail(`File not found: ${bodyFile}`);
+  }
 
   const result = gh([
     "api",
@@ -715,7 +755,9 @@ function cmdNotify(target, author, locationType, secretTypes, replyToNodeId) {
  * Close a secret scanning alert.
  */
 function cmdResolve(alertNumber, resolution, comment) {
-  if (!alertNumber) fail("Usage: resolve <alert-number> [resolution] [comment]");
+  if (!alertNumber) {
+    fail("Usage: resolve <alert-number> [resolution] [comment]");
+  }
 
   const res = resolution || "revoked";
   const resComment = comment || "Content redacted and author notified to rotate credentials.";
@@ -773,8 +815,12 @@ function cmdListOpen() {
  * Print a formatted summary table from a JSON results file.
  */
 function cmdSummary(jsonFile) {
-  if (!jsonFile) fail("Usage: summary <json-file>");
-  if (!fs.existsSync(jsonFile)) fail(`File not found: ${jsonFile}`);
+  if (!jsonFile) {
+    fail("Usage: summary <json-file>");
+  }
+  if (!fs.existsSync(jsonFile)) {
+    fail(`File not found: ${jsonFile}`);
+  }
 
   const results = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(jsonFile, "utf8"));
   const lines = [];

.agents/skills/openclaw-testing/SKILL.md

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ or validating a change without wasting hours.
 Prove the touched surface first. Do not reflexively run the whole suite.
 
 1. Inspect the diff and classify the touched surface:
-   - normal source checkout, source change: `pnpm changed:lanes --json`, then `pnpm check:changed`
+   - normal source checkout, source change: `pnpm changed:lanes --json`, then `pnpm check:changed` (delegates to Crabbox/Testbox)
    - normal source checkout, tests only: `pnpm test:changed`
    - normal source checkout, one failing file: `pnpm test <path-or-filter> -- --reporter=verbose`
    - Codex worktree or linked/sparse checkout, one/few explicit files: `node scripts/run-vitest.mjs <path-or-filter>`
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Prove the touched surface first. Do not reflexively run the whole suite.
      use the Crabbox wrapper with the provider that matches the proof surface.
      For maintainer heavy `pnpm` gates, that is usually delegated Blacksmith
      Testbox through Crabbox, e.g. `node scripts/crabbox-wrapper.mjs run
---provider blacksmith-testbox ... -- pnpm check:changed`. For direct AWS
+--provider blacksmith-testbox ... -- env OPENCLAW_CHECK_CHANGED_REMOTE_CHILD=1 OPENCLAW_CHANGED_LANES_RAW_SYNC=1 corepack pnpm check:changed`. For direct AWS
      Crabbox proof, omit `--provider` and let `.crabbox.yaml` choose AWS.
    - workflow-only: `git diff --check`, workflow syntax/lint (`actionlint` when available)
    - docs-only: `pnpm docs:list`, docs formatter/lint only if docs tooling changed or requested
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ scripts/crabbox-wrapper.mjs` for Testbox, and `git commit --no-verify` only
 
 ```bash
 pnpm changed:lanes --json
-pnpm check:changed       # changed typecheck/lint/guards; no Vitest
+pnpm check:changed       # Crabbox/Testbox changed typecheck/lint/guards; no Vitest
 pnpm test:changed        # cheap smart changed Vitest targets
 pnpm verify              # full check, then full Vitest
 OPENCLAW_TEST_CHANGED_BROAD=1 pnpm test:changed

.crabbox.yaml

@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ profile: openclaw-check
 provider: azure
 class: standard
 capacity:
-  market: spot
+  market: on-demand
   strategy: most-available
-  # Fail closed instead of silently falling back to on-demand while the
-  # Azure-backed billing account is the default runner path.
-  fallback: spot-only
+  # The Azure-backed billing account carries the OpenClaw runner credits; use
+  # explicit on-demand capacity instead of low-priority spot, whose regional
+  # quota is too small for broad maintainer proof or parallel Crabbox lanes.
   hints: true
 actions:
   workflow: .github/workflows/crabbox-hydrate.yml
@@ -28,11 +28,30 @@ blacksmith:
   workflow: .github/workflows/ci-check-testbox.yml
   job: check
   ref: main
+cache:
+  pnpm: true
+  npm: true
+  git: true
+  volumes:
+    - name: pnpm
+      key: openclaw-linux-node24-pnpm
+      path: /var/cache/crabbox/pnpm
+      sizeGB: 80
+      required: false
+    - name: npm
+      key: openclaw-linux-node24-npm
+      path: /var/cache/crabbox/npm
+      sizeGB: 40
+      required: false
 aws:
   # AWS-specific overrides still pin direct `--provider aws` runs without
   # leaking AWS region names into the Azure default capacity fallback list.
   region: eu-west-1
   rootGB: 400
+azure:
+  # The OpenClaw Azure subscription is reliable in eastus2; eastus rejects the
+  # same SKUs and can stall provisioning.
+  location: eastus2
 sync:
   delete: true
   checksum: false
@@ -52,4 +71,64 @@ env:
     - OPENCLAW_*
 ssh:
   user: crabbox
-  port: "2222"
+  # Azure coordinator leases expose SSH on 22. The run wrapper can fall back
+  # from 2222, but `crabbox job run` hydrates via the configured port directly.
+  port: "22"
+jobs:
+  prewarm:
+    provider: azure
+    target: linux
+    class: standard
+    type: Standard_D4ads_v6
+    market: on-demand
+    idleTimeout: 90m
+    hydrate:
+      actions: true
+      waitTimeout: 20m
+    actions:
+      workflow: .github/workflows/crabbox-hydrate.yml
+      job: hydrate
+      ref: main
+    noSync: true
+    shell: true
+    command: "true"
+    stop: never
+  changed:
+    provider: azure
+    target: linux
+    class: standard
+    type: Standard_D4ads_v6
+    market: on-demand
+    idleTimeout: 90m
+    hydrate:
+      actions: true
+      waitTimeout: 20m
+    actions:
+      workflow: .github/workflows/crabbox-hydrate.yml
+      job: hydrate
+      ref: main
+    shell: true
+    command: |
+      set -euo pipefail
+      if ! git status --short >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        rm -rf .git
+        git init -q
+        git add -A
+        if ! git diff --cached --quiet; then
+          git -c user.name=OpenClaw -c user.email=ci@openclaw.local commit -q --no-gpg-sign -m remote-check-tree
+        fi
+      fi
+      env CI=1 corepack pnpm check --timed
+    stop: always
+  testbox-changed:
+    provider: blacksmith-testbox
+    target: linux
+    idleTimeout: 90m
+    hydrate:
+      actions: false
+    actions:
+      workflow: .github/workflows/ci-check-testbox.yml
+      job: check
+      ref: main
+    command: env OPENCLAW_CHECK_CHANGED_REMOTE_CHILD=1 OPENCLAW_CHANGED_LANES_RAW_SYNC=1 CI=1 corepack pnpm check:changed
+    stop: always

.github/actions/setup-node-env/action.yml

@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ runs:
         if [ -n "${PNPM_CONFIG_MODULES_DIR:-}" ]; then
           mkdir -p "$PNPM_CONFIG_MODULES_DIR"
           ln -sfn . "$PNPM_CONFIG_MODULES_DIR/node_modules"
+          export NODE_PATH="$PNPM_CONFIG_MODULES_DIR${NODE_PATH:+:$NODE_PATH}"
         fi
         pnpm "${install_args[@]}" || pnpm "${install_args[@]}"
         if [ -n "${PNPM_CONFIG_MODULES_DIR:-}" ]; then

.github/workflows/ci-check-testbox.yml

@@ -15,9 +15,8 @@ permissions:
 
 env:
   FORCE_JAVASCRIPT_ACTIONS_TO_NODE24: "true"
-  PNPM_CONFIG_MODULES_DIR: "/tmp/openclaw-pnpm-node-modules"
   PNPM_CONFIG_STORE_DIR: "/tmp/openclaw-pnpm-store"
-  PNPM_CONFIG_VIRTUAL_STORE_DIR: "/tmp/openclaw-pnpm-virtual-store"
+  PNPM_CONFIG_VERIFY_DEPS_BEFORE_RUN: "false"
 
 jobs:
   check:
@@ -140,3 +139,139 @@ jobs:
         if: success()
         env:
           FORCE_JAVASCRIPT_ACTIONS_TO_NODE24: "true"
+
+  check-arm:
+    if: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' || !github.event.pull_request.draft }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+    name: "check-arm"
+    runs-on: blacksmith-16vcpu-ubuntu-2404-arm
+    timeout-minutes: 120
+    steps:
+      - name: Begin Testbox
+        uses: useblacksmith/begin-testbox@d0e04585c26905fdd92c94a09c159544c7ee1b67
+        with:
+          testbox_id: ${{ inputs.testbox_id }}
+      - name: Verify ARM runner
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+
+          runner_arch="$(uname -m)"
+          echo "check-arm runner architecture: ${runner_arch}"
+          case "$runner_arch" in
+            aarch64 | arm64)
+              ;;
+            *)
+              echo "check-arm requires an ARM64 runner; got ${runner_arch}" >&2
+              exit 1
+              ;;
+          esac
+      - name: Checkout
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          CHECKOUT_REPO: ${{ github.repository }}
+          CHECKOUT_SHA: ${{ github.sha }}
+          CHECKOUT_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+
+          workdir="$GITHUB_WORKSPACE"
+          if [[ -z "$CHECKOUT_TOKEN" ]]; then
+            echo "checkout token is missing" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          auth_header="$(printf 'x-access-token:%s' "$CHECKOUT_TOKEN" | base64 | tr -d '\n')"
+
+          reset_checkout_dir() {
+            mkdir -p "$workdir"
+            find "$workdir" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -exec rm -rf {} +
+          }
+
+          checkout_attempt() {
+            local attempt="$1"
+
+            reset_checkout_dir
+            git init "$workdir" >/dev/null
+            git config --global --add safe.directory "$workdir"
+            git -C "$workdir" remote add origin "https://github.com/${CHECKOUT_REPO}"
+            git -C "$workdir" config gc.auto 0
+
+            timeout --signal=TERM --kill-after=10s 30s git -C "$workdir" \
+              -c protocol.version=2 \
+              -c "http.extraheader=AUTHORIZATION: basic ${auth_header}" \
+              fetch --no-tags --prune --no-recurse-submodules --depth=1 origin \
+              "+${CHECKOUT_SHA}:refs/remotes/origin/ci-target" || return 1
+
+            git -C "$workdir" checkout --force --detach "$CHECKOUT_SHA" || return 1
+            test -f "$workdir/.github/actions/setup-node-env/action.yml" || return 1
+            echo "checkout attempt ${attempt}/5 succeeded"
+          }
+
+          for attempt in 1 2 3 4 5; do
+            if checkout_attempt "$attempt"; then
+              exit 0
+            fi
+            echo "checkout attempt ${attempt}/5 failed"
+            sleep $((attempt * 5))
+          done
+
+          echo "checkout failed after 5 attempts" >&2
+          exit 1
+      - name: Setup Node environment
+        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-node-env
+        with:
+          install-bun: "false"
+      - name: Prepare Testbox shell
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+
+          timeout --signal=TERM --kill-after=10s 30s git \
+            -c protocol.version=2 \
+            fetch --no-tags --prune --no-recurse-submodules --depth=50 origin \
+            "+refs/heads/main:refs/remotes/origin/main"
+
+          node_bin="$(dirname "$(node -p 'process.execPath')")"
+          sudo ln -sf "$node_bin/node" /usr/local/bin/node
+          sudo ln -sf "$node_bin/npm" /usr/local/bin/npm
+          sudo ln -sf "$node_bin/npx" /usr/local/bin/npx
+          sudo ln -sf "$node_bin/corepack" /usr/local/bin/corepack
+          sudo tee /usr/local/bin/pnpm >/dev/null <<'PNPM'
+          #!/usr/bin/env bash
+          exec /usr/local/bin/corepack pnpm "$@"
+          PNPM
+          sudo chmod 0755 /usr/local/bin/pnpm
+
+      - name: Hydrate Testbox provider env helper
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          ANTHROPIC_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.ANTHROPIC_API_KEY }}
+          ANTHROPIC_API_KEY_OLD: ${{ secrets.ANTHROPIC_API_KEY_OLD }}
+          ANTHROPIC_API_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.ANTHROPIC_API_TOKEN }}
+          CEREBRAS_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.CEREBRAS_API_KEY }}
+          DEEPINFRA_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.DEEPINFRA_API_KEY }}
+          FACTORY_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.FACTORY_API_KEY }}
+          FIREWORKS_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.FIREWORKS_API_KEY }}
+          GEMINI_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.GEMINI_API_KEY }}
+          GOOGLE_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.GOOGLE_API_KEY }}
+          GROQ_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.GROQ_API_KEY }}
+          KIMI_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.KIMI_API_KEY }}
+          MINIMAX_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.MINIMAX_API_KEY }}
+          MISTRAL_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.MISTRAL_API_KEY }}
+          MOONSHOT_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.MOONSHOT_API_KEY }}
+          OPENAI_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.OPENAI_API_KEY }}
+          OPENAI_BASE_URL: ${{ secrets.OPENAI_BASE_URL }}
+          OPENROUTER_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.OPENROUTER_API_KEY }}
+          QWEN_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.QWEN_API_KEY }}
+          TOGETHER_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.TOGETHER_API_KEY }}
+          XAI_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.XAI_API_KEY }}
+          ZAI_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.ZAI_API_KEY }}
+          Z_AI_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.Z_AI_API_KEY }}
+        run: bash scripts/ci-hydrate-testbox-env.sh
+
+      - name: Run Testbox
+        uses: useblacksmith/run-testbox@5ca05834db1d3813554d1dd109e5f2087a8d7cbc
+        if: success()
+        env:
+          FORCE_JAVASCRIPT_ACTIONS_TO_NODE24: "true"

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -1079,6 +1079,7 @@ jobs:
           node openclaw.mjs --help
           node openclaw.mjs status --json --timeout 1
           pnpm test:build:singleton
+
   checks-node-core-test-nondist-shard:
     permissions:
       contents: read
@@ -1201,6 +1202,9 @@ jobs:
           - check_name: check-guards
             task: guards
             runner: blacksmith-4vcpu-ubuntu-2404
+          - check_name: check-shrinkwrap
+            task: shrinkwrap
+            runner: blacksmith-4vcpu-ubuntu-2404
           - check_name: check-prod-types
             task: prod-types
             runner: blacksmith-4vcpu-ubuntu-2404
@@ -1276,7 +1280,6 @@ jobs:
               pnpm tool-display:check
               pnpm check:host-env-policy:swift
               pnpm dup:check:coverage
-              pnpm deps:shrinkwrap:check
               pnpm deps:patches:check
               pnpm lint:webhook:no-low-level-body-read
               pnpm lint:auth:no-pairing-store-group
@@ -1285,6 +1288,9 @@ jobs:
               # build-artifacts already runs the tsdown/runtime build for the same Node-relevant changes.
               NODE_OPTIONS=--max-old-space-size=8192 pnpm build:plugin-sdk:strict-smoke
               ;;
+            shrinkwrap)
+              pnpm deps:shrinkwrap:check
+              ;;
             prod-types)
               pnpm tsgo:prod
               ;;
@@ -1403,7 +1409,7 @@ jobs:
             packages/plugin-sdk/dist
             extensions/*/dist/.boundary-tsc.tsbuildinfo
             extensions/*/dist/.boundary-tsc.stamp
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-extension-package-boundary-v1-${{ hashFiles('tsconfig.json', 'tsconfig.plugin-sdk.dts.json', 'packages/plugin-sdk/tsconfig.json', 'packages/llm-core/package.json', 'packages/model-catalog-core/package.json', 'scripts/check-extension-package-tsc-boundary.mjs', 'scripts/prepare-extension-package-boundary-artifacts.mjs', 'scripts/write-plugin-sdk-entry-dts.ts', 'scripts/lib/plugin-sdk-entrypoints.json', 'scripts/lib/plugin-sdk-entries.mjs', 'src/plugin-sdk/**', 'src/auto-reply/**', 'packages/llm-core/src/**', 'packages/model-catalog-core/src/**', 'src/video-generation/dashscope-compatible.ts', 'src/video-generation/types.ts', 'src/types/**', 'extensions/**', 'extensions/tsconfig.package-boundary*.json', 'package.json', 'pnpm-lock.yaml') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-extension-package-boundary-v1-${{ hashFiles('tsconfig.json', 'tsconfig.plugin-sdk.dts.json', 'packages/plugin-sdk/tsconfig.json', 'packages/llm-core/package.json', 'packages/model-catalog-core/package.json', 'scripts/check-extension-package-tsc-boundary.mjs', 'scripts/prepare-extension-package-boundary-artifacts.mjs', 'scripts/write-plugin-sdk-entry-dts.ts', 'scripts/lib/plugin-sdk-entrypoints.json', 'scripts/lib/plugin-sdk-entries.mjs', 'src/plugin-sdk/**', 'src/plugins/types.ts', 'src/auto-reply/**', 'packages/llm-core/src/**', 'packages/model-catalog-core/src/**', 'src/video-generation/dashscope-compatible.ts', 'src/video-generation/types.ts', 'src/types/**', 'extensions/**', 'extensions/tsconfig.package-boundary*.json', 'package.json', 'pnpm-lock.yaml') }}
           restore-keys: |
             ${{ runner.os }}-extension-package-boundary-v1-
 

.github/workflows/crabbox-hydrate.yml

@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ jobs:
           if [ -n "${PNPM_CONFIG_MODULES_DIR:-}" ]; then
             mkdir -p "$PNPM_CONFIG_MODULES_DIR"
             ln -sfn . "$PNPM_CONFIG_MODULES_DIR/node_modules"
+            export NODE_PATH="$PNPM_CONFIG_MODULES_DIR${NODE_PATH:+:$NODE_PATH}"
           fi
           pnpm "${install_args[@]}" || pnpm "${install_args[@]}"
           if [ -n "${PNPM_CONFIG_MODULES_DIR:-}" ]; then
@@ -357,8 +358,8 @@ jobs:
           $env:COREPACK_HOME = Join-Path $env:XDG_CACHE_HOME "corepack"
           $env:PNPM_HOME = Join-Path $cacheRoot "pnpm-home"
           $env:PNPM_CONFIG_STORE_DIR = Join-Path $cacheRoot "openclaw-pnpm-store"
-          $env:PNPM_CONFIG_MODULES_DIR = Join-Path $workspace "node_modules"
-          $env:PNPM_CONFIG_VIRTUAL_STORE_DIR = Join-Path $workspace "node_modules\.pnpm"
+          $env:PNPM_CONFIG_MODULES_DIR = Join-Path $cacheRoot "openclaw-pnpm-node-modules"
+          $env:PNPM_CONFIG_VIRTUAL_STORE_DIR = Join-Path $env:PNPM_CONFIG_MODULES_DIR ".pnpm"
           $env:PNPM_CONFIG_CHILD_CONCURRENCY = "4"
           $env:PNPM_CONFIG_NETWORK_CONCURRENCY = "8"
           $env:PNPM_CONFIG_VERIFY_DEPS_BEFORE_RUN = "false"
@@ -430,6 +431,25 @@ jobs:
           if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) {
             exit $LASTEXITCODE
           }
+          $workspaceNodeModules = Join-Path $workspace "node_modules"
+          if (Test-Path $workspaceNodeModules) {
+            $workspaceNodeModulesItem = Get-Item $workspaceNodeModules -Force
+            if (($workspaceNodeModulesItem.Attributes -band [System.IO.FileAttributes]::ReparsePoint) -eq 0) {
+              $nodeModulesChildren = @(Get-ChildItem -LiteralPath $workspaceNodeModules -Force)
+              $hasOnlyPnpmWorkspaceState = $nodeModulesChildren.Count -eq 1 -and $nodeModulesChildren[0].Name -eq ".pnpm-workspace-state-v1.json"
+              if ($nodeModulesChildren.Count -ne 0 -and -not $hasOnlyPnpmWorkspaceState) {
+                throw "workspace node_modules exists and is not a link: $workspaceNodeModules"
+              }
+              foreach ($nodeModulesChild in $nodeModulesChildren) {
+                Remove-Item -LiteralPath $nodeModulesChild.FullName -Force
+              }
+              Remove-Item -LiteralPath $workspaceNodeModules -Force
+              New-Item -ItemType Junction -Path $workspaceNodeModules -Target $env:PNPM_CONFIG_MODULES_DIR | Out-Null
+            }
+          } else {
+            New-Item -ItemType Junction -Path $workspaceNodeModules -Target $env:PNPM_CONFIG_MODULES_DIR | Out-Null
+          }
+
           $corepackShimDir = Join-Path $nodeBin "node_modules\corepack\shims"
           if (Test-Path $corepackShimDir) {
             $env:PNPM_HOME = $corepackShimDir

.github/workflows/docs-sync-publish.yml

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
         if: env.OPENCLAW_DOCS_SYNC_TOKEN != ''
         uses: actions/setup-node@v6
         with:
-          node-version: "22.19.0"
+          node-version: "24.x"
 
       - name: Clone publish repo
         if: env.OPENCLAW_DOCS_SYNC_TOKEN != ''

.github/workflows/labeler.yml

@@ -115,7 +115,6 @@ jobs:
               issue_number: pullRequest.number,
               per_page: 100,
             });
-            const labelNames = new Set(currentLabels.map((label) => label.name ?? ""));
 
             for (const label of currentLabels) {
               const name = label.name ?? "";
@@ -131,17 +130,14 @@ jobs:
                 issue_number: pullRequest.number,
                 name,
               });
-              labelNames.delete(name);
             }
 
-            if (!labelNames.has(targetSizeLabel)) {
-              await github.rest.issues.addLabels({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                issue_number: pullRequest.number,
-                labels: [targetSizeLabel],
-              });
-            }
+            await github.rest.issues.addLabels({
+              owner: context.repo.owner,
+              repo: context.repo.repo,
+              issue_number: pullRequest.number,
+              labels: [targetSizeLabel],
+            });
       - name: Apply maintainer or trusted-contributor label
         uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:

.github/workflows/openclaw-live-and-e2e-checks-reusable.yml

@@ -1953,7 +1953,7 @@ jobs:
             profiles: stable full
           - suite_id: native-live-src-gateway-profiles-minimax
             label: Native live gateway profiles MiniMax
-            command: OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_PROVIDERS=minimax,minimax-portal OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MODELS=minimax/MiniMax-M2.7,minimax-portal/MiniMax-M2.7 OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MAX_MODELS=2 node .release-harness/scripts/test-live-shard.mjs native-live-src-gateway-profiles
+            command: OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_PROVIDERS=minimax,minimax-portal OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MODELS=minimax/MiniMax-M3,minimax-portal/MiniMax-M3 OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MAX_MODELS=2 node .release-harness/scripts/test-live-shard.mjs native-live-src-gateway-profiles
             timeout_minutes: 60
             profile_env_only: false
             profiles: stable full
@@ -2252,7 +2252,7 @@ jobs:
             profiles: stable full
           - suite_id: live-gateway-minimax-docker
             label: Docker live gateway MiniMax
-            command: OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_PROVIDERS=minimax,minimax-portal OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MODELS=minimax/MiniMax-M2.7,minimax-portal/MiniMax-M2.7 OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MAX_MODELS=1 OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_STEP_TIMEOUT_MS=90000 OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MODEL_TIMEOUT_MS=180000 OPENCLAW_LIVE_DOCKER_REPO_ROOT="$GITHUB_WORKSPACE" timeout --foreground --kill-after=30s 35m bash .release-harness/scripts/test-live-gateway-models-docker.sh
+            command: OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_PROVIDERS=minimax,minimax-portal OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MODELS=minimax/MiniMax-M3,minimax-portal/MiniMax-M3 OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MAX_MODELS=1 OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_STEP_TIMEOUT_MS=90000 OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MODEL_TIMEOUT_MS=180000 OPENCLAW_LIVE_DOCKER_REPO_ROOT="$GITHUB_WORKSPACE" timeout --foreground --kill-after=30s 35m bash .release-harness/scripts/test-live-gateway-models-docker.sh
             timeout_minutes: 40
             profile_env_only: false
             profiles: stable full

.github/workflows/openclaw-npm-release.yml

@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ jobs:
   # so this source workflow can stay focused on OIDC publish only.
   preflight_openclaw_npm:
     if: ${{ inputs.preflight_only }}
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    # Preflight builds the full release package before publish; ubuntu-latest can OOM in tsdown.
+    runs-on: blacksmith-16vcpu-ubuntu-2404
     permissions:
       contents: read
     steps:
@@ -256,7 +257,8 @@ jobs:
             return -1;
           }
 
-          for (let start = input.indexOf("["); start !== -1; start = input.indexOf("[", start + 1)) {
+          for (const match of input.matchAll(/\[/g)) {
+            const start = match.index;
             const end = arrayEndFrom(start);
             if (end === -1) {
               continue;

.github/workflows/openclaw-release-checks.yml

@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build private QA runtime
         env:
           NODE_OPTIONS: --max-old-space-size=8192
-        run: pnpm build
+        run: node scripts/build-all.mjs qaRuntime
 
       - name: Run parity lane
         env:
@@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build private QA runtime
         env:
           NODE_OPTIONS: --max-old-space-size=8192
-        run: pnpm build
+        run: node scripts/build-all.mjs qaRuntime
 
       - name: Generate parity report
         run: |
@@ -903,7 +903,7 @@ jobs:
     if: contains(fromJSON('["all","qa","qa-parity"]'), needs.resolve_target.outputs.rerun_group)
     continue-on-error: true
     runs-on: blacksmith-8vcpu-ubuntu-2404
-    timeout-minutes: 30
+    timeout-minutes: 45
     permissions:
       contents: read
     env:
@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build private QA runtime
         env:
           NODE_OPTIONS: --max-old-space-size=8192
-        run: pnpm build
+        run: node scripts/build-all.mjs qaRuntime
 
       - name: Run runtime parity lane
         id: runtime_parity_lane
@@ -1075,7 +1075,7 @@ jobs:
     needs: [resolve_target]
     if: contains(fromJSON('["all","qa","qa-live"]'), needs.resolve_target.outputs.rerun_group) && needs.resolve_target.outputs.qa_live_matrix_enabled == 'true'
     continue-on-error: true
-    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    runs-on: blacksmith-16vcpu-ubuntu-2404
     timeout-minutes: 60
     permissions:
       contents: read
@@ -1101,7 +1101,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build private QA runtime
         env:
           NODE_OPTIONS: --max-old-space-size=8192
-        run: pnpm build
+        run: node scripts/build-all.mjs qaRuntime
 
       - name: Run Matrix live lane
         id: run_lane
@@ -1199,7 +1199,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build private QA runtime
         env:
           NODE_OPTIONS: --max-old-space-size=8192
-        run: pnpm build
+        run: node scripts/build-all.mjs qaRuntime
 
       - name: Run Telegram live lane
         id: run_lane
@@ -1295,7 +1295,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build private QA runtime
         env:
           NODE_OPTIONS: --max-old-space-size=8192
-        run: pnpm build
+        run: node scripts/build-all.mjs qaRuntime
 
       - name: Run Discord live lane
         id: run_lane
@@ -1393,7 +1393,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build private QA runtime
         env:
           NODE_OPTIONS: --max-old-space-size=8192
-        run: pnpm build
+        run: node scripts/build-all.mjs qaRuntime
 
       - name: Run WhatsApp live lane
         id: run_lane
@@ -1488,7 +1488,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build private QA runtime
         env:
           NODE_OPTIONS: --max-old-space-size=8192
-        run: pnpm build
+        run: node scripts/build-all.mjs qaRuntime
 
       - name: Run Slack live lane
         id: run_lane

.github/workflows/update-migration.yml

@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ jobs:
       published_upgrade_survivor_baselines: ${{ inputs.baselines }}
       published_upgrade_survivor_scenarios: ${{ inputs.scenarios }}
       telegram_mode: none
-    secrets: inherit
+    secrets: inherit # zizmor: ignore[secrets-inherit] Maintainer-dispatched package acceptance lane intentionally forwards its declared live-test secret matrix.

.github/workflows/windows-testbox-probe.yml

@@ -61,12 +61,14 @@ jobs:
           submodules: false
 
       - name: Probe native Windows
+        env:
+          TARGET_REF: ${{ inputs.target_ref || github.ref }}
         run: |
           $ErrorActionPreference = "Stop"
           Write-Host "runner=$env:RUNNER_NAME"
           Write-Host "machine=$env:COMPUTERNAME"
           Write-Host "workspace=$env:GITHUB_WORKSPACE"
-          Write-Host "target_ref=${{ inputs.target_ref || github.ref }}"
+          Write-Host "target_ref=$env:TARGET_REF"
           Write-Host ("os=" + [System.Environment]::OSVersion.VersionString)
           Write-Host ("arch=" + [System.Runtime.InteropServices.RuntimeInformation]::OSArchitecture)
           Write-Host ("powershell=" + $PSVersionTable.PSVersion.ToString())

.github/workflows/workflow-sanity.yml

@@ -84,6 +84,65 @@ jobs:
             "+${CHECKOUT_SHA}:refs/remotes/origin/checkout"
           git -C "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE" checkout --detach refs/remotes/origin/checkout
 
+      - name: Setup Python
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.12"
+
+      - name: Prepare trusted workflow audit configs
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        env:
+          BASE_REF: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.ref }}
+          BASE_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          trusted_config="$RUNNER_TEMP/pre-commit-base.yaml"
+          trusted_zizmor_config="$RUNNER_TEMP/zizmor-base.yml"
+
+          if ! git cat-file -e "${BASE_SHA}^{commit}" 2>/dev/null; then
+            timeout --signal=TERM --kill-after=10s 30s git fetch --no-tags --depth=1 origin \
+              "+${BASE_SHA}:refs/remotes/origin/security-base" ||
+              timeout --signal=TERM --kill-after=10s 30s git fetch --no-tags --depth=1 origin \
+                "+refs/heads/${BASE_REF}:refs/remotes/origin/${BASE_REF}"
+          fi
+
+          if git cat-file -e "${BASE_SHA}:.pre-commit-config.yaml" 2>/dev/null; then
+            git show "${BASE_SHA}:.pre-commit-config.yaml" > "$trusted_config"
+          elif git show "refs/remotes/origin/${BASE_REF}:.pre-commit-config.yaml" \
+            > "$trusted_config" 2>/dev/null; then
+            echo "Base SHA ${BASE_SHA} does not expose .pre-commit-config.yaml; using origin/${BASE_REF} instead."
+          else
+            echo "::error title=trusted pre-commit config unavailable::Could not read .pre-commit-config.yaml from ${BASE_SHA} or origin/${BASE_REF}."
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+          if git cat-file -e "${BASE_SHA}:.github/zizmor.yml" 2>/dev/null; then
+            git show "${BASE_SHA}:.github/zizmor.yml" > "$trusted_zizmor_config"
+          elif git show "refs/remotes/origin/${BASE_REF}:.github/zizmor.yml" \
+            > "$trusted_zizmor_config" 2>/dev/null; then
+            echo "Base SHA ${BASE_SHA} does not expose .github/zizmor.yml; using origin/${BASE_REF} instead."
+          else
+            echo "::error title=trusted zizmor config unavailable::Could not read .github/zizmor.yml from ${BASE_SHA} or origin/${BASE_REF}."
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+          python3 - "$trusted_config" "$trusted_zizmor_config" <<'PY'
+          from pathlib import Path
+          import sys
+
+          config_path = Path(sys.argv[1])
+          zizmor_config_path = sys.argv[2]
+          text = config_path.read_text()
+          if ".github/zizmor.yml" not in text:
+            raise SystemExit("trusted pre-commit config does not reference .github/zizmor.yml")
+          config_path.write_text(text.replace(".github/zizmor.yml", zizmor_config_path))
+          PY
+
+          echo "PRE_COMMIT_CONFIG_PATH=$trusted_config" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+      - name: Install pre-commit
+        run: python -m pip install --disable-pip-version-check pre-commit==4.2.0
+
       - name: Install actionlint
         shell: bash
         run: |
@@ -103,6 +162,15 @@ jobs:
       - name: Lint workflows
         run: actionlint
 
+      - name: Audit all workflows with zizmor
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          mapfile -t workflow_files < <(
+            find .github/workflows -maxdepth 1 -type f \( -name '*.yml' -o -name '*.yaml' \) | sort
+          )
+          pre-commit run --config "${PRE_COMMIT_CONFIG_PATH:-.pre-commit-config.yaml}" zizmor --files "${workflow_files[@]}"
+
       - name: Disallow direct inputs interpolation in composite run blocks
         run: python3 scripts/check-composite-action-input-interpolation.py
 

.gitignore

@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ apps/macos-mlx-tts/.build/
 apps/shared/MoltbotKit/.build/
 apps/shared/OpenClawKit/.build/
 apps/shared/*/.build/
+packages/*/dist/
 apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Package.resolved
 **/ModuleCache/
 bin/
@@ -59,8 +60,6 @@ apps/ios/.swiftpm/
 apps/ios/.derivedData/
 apps/ios/.local-signing.xcconfig
 vendor/
-!src/auto-reply/reply/export-html/vendor/
-!src/auto-reply/reply/export-html/vendor/**
 apps/ios/Clawdbot.xcodeproj/
 apps/ios/Clawdbot.xcodeproj/**
 apps/macos/.build/**
@@ -103,13 +102,9 @@ USER.md
 # though the bare names match the local-untracked rule above.
 !extensions/oc-path/src/oc-path/tests/fixtures/real/IDENTITY.md
 !extensions/oc-path/src/oc-path/tests/fixtures/real/USER.md
-!docs/reference/templates/IDENTITY.md
-!docs/reference/templates/USER.md
 *.tgz
 *.tar.gz
 *.zip
-!test/fixtures/plugins-install/*.tgz
-!test/fixtures/plugins-install/*.zip
 .idea
 .vscode/
 
@@ -134,7 +129,10 @@ mantis/
 !.agents/skills/control-ui-e2e/**
 !.agents/skills/gitcrawl/
 !.agents/skills/gitcrawl/**
-!.agents/skills/openclaw-docs/**
+!.agents/skills/technical-documentation/
+!.agents/skills/technical-documentation/**
+!.agents/skills/openclaw-refactor-docs/
+!.agents/skills/openclaw-refactor-docs/**
 !.agents/skills/openclaw-debugging/
 !.agents/skills/openclaw-debugging/**
 !.agents/skills/openclaw-ghsa-maintainer/

.oxlintrc.json

@@ -22,11 +22,12 @@
     "eslint/no-object-constructor": "error",
     "eslint/no-param-reassign": "error",
     "eslint/no-proto": "error",
+    "eslint/no-promise-executor-return": "error",
     "eslint/no-regex-spaces": "error",
     "eslint/no-return-assign": "error",
     "eslint/no-sequences": "error",
     "eslint/no-self-compare": "error",
-    "eslint/no-shadow": "off",
+    "eslint/no-shadow": "error",
     "eslint/no-implicit-coercion": "error",
     "eslint/no-var": "error",
     "eslint/no-useless-call": "error",
@@ -35,7 +36,8 @@
     "eslint/no-useless-constructor": "error",
     "eslint/no-useless-rename": "error",
     "eslint/no-useless-return": "error",
-    "eslint/no-unused-vars": "off",
+    "eslint/no-useless-assignment": "error",
+    "eslint/no-unused-vars": "error",
     "eslint/no-warning-comments": "error",
     "eslint/no-unmodified-loop-condition": "error",
     "eslint/no-new-wrappers": "error",
@@ -78,8 +80,12 @@
     "typescript/no-extraneous-class": "error",
     "typescript/no-import-type-side-effects": "error",
     "typescript/no-meaningless-void-operator": "error",
+    "typescript/no-misused-promises": "error",
     "typescript/no-inferrable-types": "error",
+    "typescript/only-throw-error": "error",
     "typescript/no-non-null-asserted-nullish-coalescing": "error",
+    "typescript/prefer-promise-reject-errors": "error",
+    "typescript/restrict-plus-operands": "error",
     "typescript/no-unnecessary-qualifier": "error",
     "typescript/no-unnecessary-type-assertion": "error",
     "typescript/no-unnecessary-type-arguments": "error",
@@ -106,6 +112,8 @@
     "typescript/require-array-sort-compare": "error",
     "typescript/restrict-template-expressions": "error",
     "typescript/triple-slash-reference": "error",
+    "typescript/unbound-method": "error",
+    "typescript/use-unknown-in-catch-callback-variable": "error",
     "unicorn/consistent-date-clone": "error",
     "unicorn/consistent-empty-array-spread": "error",
     "unicorn/consistent-function-scoping": "off",
@@ -125,6 +133,7 @@
     "unicorn/no-unnecessary-slice-end": "error",
     "unicorn/no-useless-error-capture-stack-trace": "error",
     "unicorn/no-useless-promise-resolve-reject": "error",
+    "unicorn/no-useless-switch-case": "error",
     "unicorn/no-zero-fractions": "error",
     "unicorn/prefer-date-now": "error",
     "unicorn/prefer-dom-node-text-content": "error",
@@ -218,13 +227,6 @@
     "**/node_modules/**"
   ],
   "overrides": [
-    {
-      "files": ["src/security/**"],
-      "rules": {
-        "eslint/no-warning-comments": "off",
-        "oxc/no-map-spread": "off"
-      }
-    },
     {
       "files": [
         "**/*.test.ts",
@@ -236,9 +238,7 @@
         "**/*test-support.ts"
       ],
       "rules": {
-        "typescript/no-explicit-any": "off",
-        "typescript/unbound-method": "off",
-        "eslint/no-unsafe-optional-chaining": "off"
+        "typescript/no-explicit-any": "off"
       }
     }
   ]

AGENTS.md

@@ -9,7 +9,11 @@ Skills own workflows; root owns hard policy and routing.
 - Replies: repo-root refs only: `extensions/telegram/src/index.ts:80`. No absolute paths, no `~/`.
 - Docs/user-visible work: `pnpm docs:list`, then read relevant docs only.
 - Fix/triage answers need source, tests, current/shipped behavior, and dependency contract proof.
+- Reviews/answers: high confidence required. Default to exhaustive relevant codebase search/read, including owners, callers, siblings, tests, docs, and upstream/dependency contracts before verdict. Diff-only review is insufficient.
+- Review default: read the whole changed function/module plus callers, callees, sibling implementations, adjacent tests, scoped docs, and dependency/Codex contracts before saying `good`, `bad`, `best fix`, `proof sufficient`, or posting a comment. If challenged, keep reading first; do not defend the earlier verdict until the missing path is checked.
+- Dependency-touching work: direct dependency inspection is mandatory when feasible; do not rely on assumptions, wrappers, or memory. Most dependencies are OSS, so read their source/docs/types. Codex-related work has a hard gate: the acting agent must personally inspect sibling `../codex` source for the exact protocol/runtime behavior before any verdict, comment, approval, merge recommendation, code change, or `proof sufficient` claim. If missing, clone `https://github.com/openai/codex.git` there first. Subagent reports, PR text, OpenClaw wrappers, generated schemas, memory, and prior bot reviews do not satisfy this gate. No direct `../codex` check means no Codex verdict. Cite Codex files/lines checked in final/review/comment.
 - Dependency-backed behavior: read upstream docs/source/types first. No API/default/error/timing guesses.
+- External API work: live test required. Google/search for additional proof. Prefer official docs/source/types; cite current proof. No memory-only API claims.
 - Live-verify when feasible. Never print secrets.
 - Missing deps: `pnpm install`, retry once, then report first actionable error.
 - CODEOWNERS: maint/refactor/tests ok. Larger behavior/product/security/ownership: owner ask/review.
@@ -26,6 +30,8 @@ Skills own workflows; root owns hard policy and routing.
 - Plugin APIs, provider routing, auth/session state, persisted preferences, config loading, config/default additions, migrations, setup, startup checks, and fallback behavior are compatibility/upgrade-sensitive. Treat config breaks, new config/default surfaces, removed fallbacks, fail-closed changes, stricter validation, or new operator action as merge risk even with green CI when they can affect existing users, upgrades, provider/plugin behavior, or maintainer operations.
 - For PRs that add, remove, or change config/default surfaces with possible compatibility, upgrade, provider/plugin, operator, setup, startup, or fallback impact, ClawSweeper review should emit a `reviewMetrics` entry when practical. The metric should name the count and direction of the changes, such as added, changed, or removed config/default surfaces, and explain why the metric matters before merge. When the metric indicates concrete merge risk, also surface the concern in `risks`, use `mergeRiskLabels` when the risk matches the label rubric, make `bestSolution` name the desired pre-merge state, and ensure `labelJustifications` explain the specific reason rather than restating the label.
 - Review whole decision surfaces, not only the touched runtime, provider, channel, harness, plugin seam, or context path. Check sibling Codex/Pi-style runtimes, provider/model routing, channel delivery, gateway/protocol, plugin SDK, and context-management paths when relevant.
+- Every PR review must explicitly ask whether the PR is the best fix, not merely a plausible fix. Verdicts need a best-fix judgment backed by enough code reading to compare owner boundaries, callers, siblings, tests, docs, current `main`, shipped behavior when relevant, and dependency/Codex contracts when involved.
+- Before a PR verdict, build a small evidence map: changed surface, entry point, owner boundary, at least one caller and callee, sibling surfaces that share the invariant, existing tests, and current `main` behavior. If any cell is missing, say the gap instead of concluding.
 - One-sided fixes need sibling-surface proof, an explanation for why siblings are unaffected, or explicit follow-up work.
 - Changelog findings: see Docs / Changelog.
 - Public ClawSweeper comments prefer `https://docs.openclaw.ai/...` when a public docs page exists; structured evidence still cites repo files, lines, SHAs.
@@ -57,12 +63,25 @@ Skills own workflows; root owns hard policy and routing.
 - External official plugins own package/deps and are excluded from core dist; core uses registry-aware `facade-runtime` or generic contracts.
 - Externalizing a bundled plugin: update package excludes, official catalogs, docs, tests, and prove core runtime paths resolve installed plugin roots before root-dep removal.
 - Runtime reads canonical config only. No silent compat for old/malformed config keys. If a config change invalidates existing files, add a matching `openclaw doctor --fix` migration. Core/auth config repairs live in core doctor; plugin-owned config repairs live in that plugin's doctor contract (`legacyConfigRules` / `normalizeCompatibilityConfig`).
+- OpenAI Codex is folded into `openai`. No new/live `openai-codex` provider/plugin/auth/model routes; treat them as legacy input only. Runtime/setup/auth/catalog use `openai` + `openai/*`; doctor/migrations repair stale `openai-codex/*` profiles/metadata.
+- Config/env surface bar is high; `openclaw.json` and environment variables are already large. Before adding a config option or env var, first prove existing product behavior, provider selection, defaults, or doctor migration cannot solve it. Prefer removing or consolidating config/env options when touching these surfaces. Core supports only the latest config shape; `openclaw doctor --fix` migrates older shipped shapes into the current one.
 - CLI setup flows are public API when external docs, installers, or integrations can copy them. Changes to `openclaw onboard`, `openclaw configure`, their documented flags, non-interactive behavior, or generated config shape are compatibility-sensitive API contract changes; prefer additive flags/aliases, deprecation windows, and backward-preserving migrations over breaking existing snippets.
 - Fix shape: default to clean bounded refactor, not smallest patch. Move ownership to right boundary; delete stale abstractions, duplicate policy, dead branches, wrappers, fallback stacks.
 - Fix observed local failures with generic product rules; do not hardcode names, ids, log phrases, or user examples in prod code unless they are an explicit contract.
 - Tests may use observed examples, but prod literals need a short contract reason.
 - Compatibility is opt-in. "Shipped" means reachable from a release Git tag; main/GitHub/PR/unreleased code is not shipped.
 - Refactor default: one canonical path. Delete the old path unless user explicitly wants compat or the shipped public contract is obvious and cited.
+- Core runtime consumes only current canonical shapes/config/data. Legacy or retired shapes normalize only in doctor/migration code before runtime; no runtime shims, aliases, or fallback readers.
+- State/storage migrations are database-first. Runtime reads/writes the canonical store only. Old file stores, sidecars, aliases, and fallback readers belong in `openclaw doctor --fix` migration code only, never steady-state runtime.
+- Storage default: SQLite only. Do not add JSON/JSONL/TXT/sidecar files for OpenClaw-owned runtime state, caches, queues, registries, indexes, cursors, checkpoints, or plugin scratch data.
+- SQLite runtime access uses Kysely helpers, not raw SQL statement strings, except schema DDL, migrations, low-level DB bootstrap, or narrowly justified SQLite primitives.
+- Use the shared state DB (`state/openclaw.sqlite`) for global runtime state and plugin KV data. Use the per-agent DB (`agents/<agentId>/agent/openclaw-agent.sqlite`) for agent-scoped state/cache. Use a dedicated SQLite DB only when schema, volume, or lifecycle clearly does not fit those stores.
+- Legacy state/cache files are migration debt. When touching code that reads/writes them, prefer moving the data into SQLite or calling out the refactor follow-up; do not add parallel file paths.
+- File storage must be a named product artifact: import/export, user attachment, log, backup, or external tool contract. If it is app state or cache, it belongs in SQLite.
+- Before adding any path under state dirs, choose one: shared state DB, plugin KV, agent DB, or dedicated SQLite schema. If none fits, design the SQLite owner/schema first.
+- Cache/transient state gets no compat migration unless a shipped user contract is cited. Prefer delete/drop/rebuild over import. If old state can be lost without user-visible data loss, remove the old path entirely.
+- Persistent user state gets one migration owner. Doctor migrates, verifies, and then runtime assumes the new shape. No dual-write, read-through fallback, lazy import, or "if SQLite fails use JSON" branches.
+- Fallback is a product decision, not an implementation convenience. Before adding one, name the shipped contract, failure mode, removal plan, and why doctor cannot solve it. Otherwise delete it.
 - Keep old behavior only for an explicit public API/config/plugin SDK/data contract, tagged upgrade path, security/migration boundary, dependency contract, or observed prod state.
 - If unsure, ask before preserving compat. Do not keep aliases, shims, fallback stacks, stale names, or obsolete tests just in case.
 - Tests alone do not make internals contracts. If compat stays, name the contract and migration/removal plan in code, test, or PR.
@@ -72,6 +91,9 @@ Skills own workflows; root owns hard policy and routing.
 - Plugin SDK exception: shipped external API gets new API first plus named compat/deprecation, small tests/docs if useful, removal plan.
 - Migrate internal/bundled callers to modern API in the same change. Do not let internal compat become permanent architecture.
 - Channels are implementation under `src/channels/**`; plugin authors get SDK seams. Providers own auth/catalog/runtime hooks; core owns generic loop.
+- Message/channel plugins stay transport-only. They render portable presentation/actions, enforce transport limits, and map native callback envelopes. They do not own product command trees, plugin/provider policy, or feature-specific menus.
+- Portable command UI must use typed presentation actions, not raw string inference. Do not make channels guess that `value` starting with `/` means a native command; core/owner plugins declare command actions, channels map them when supported.
+- Raw callback data is transport/private. Approval, command, URL, web-app, and select actions must stay distinguishable before channel encoding so transport adapters do not special-case product strings.
 - Agent run terminal state: normalize/merge via `src/agents/agent-run-terminal-outcome.ts`; do not rederive timeout/cancel precedence in projections.
 - Hot paths should carry prepared facts forward: provider id, model ref, channel id, target, capability family, attachment class. Do not rediscover with broad plugin/provider/channel/capability loaders.
 - Do not fix repeated request-time discovery with scattered caches. Move the canonical fact earlier; reuse prepared runtime objects; delete duplicate lookup branches.
@@ -95,8 +117,8 @@ Skills own workflows; root owns hard policy and routing.
 - Tests in a normal source checkout: `pnpm test <path-or-filter> [vitest args...]`, `pnpm test:changed`, `pnpm test:serial`, `pnpm test:coverage`; never raw `vitest`.
 - If raw Vitest is unavoidable, use `vitest run ...`; bare `vitest ...` starts local watch mode and will not exit on its own.
 - Tests in a Codex worktree or linked/sparse checkout: avoid direct local `pnpm test*`; use `node scripts/run-vitest.mjs <path-or-filter>` for tiny explicit-file proof, or Crabbox/Testbox for anything broader.
-- Checks in a normal source checkout: `pnpm check:changed`; lanes: `pnpm changed:lanes --json`; staged: `pnpm check:changed --staged`; full: `pnpm check`.
-- Checks in a Codex worktree or linked/sparse checkout: avoid direct local `pnpm check*`; use `node scripts/crabbox-wrapper.mjs run ... --shell -- "pnpm check:changed"` so pnpm runs inside Testbox, not locally.
+- Checks in a normal source checkout: `pnpm check:changed` delegates to Crabbox/Testbox; lanes: `pnpm changed:lanes --json`; staged: `pnpm check:changed --staged`; full: `pnpm check`.
+- Checks in a Codex worktree or linked/sparse checkout: avoid direct local `pnpm check*`; use `node scripts/crabbox-wrapper.mjs run ... -- env OPENCLAW_CHECK_CHANGED_REMOTE_CHILD=1 OPENCLAW_CHANGED_LANES_RAW_SYNC=1 corepack pnpm check:changed` so pnpm runs inside Testbox, not locally.
 - Extension tests: `pnpm test:extensions`, `pnpm test extensions`, `pnpm test extensions/<id>`.
 - Typecheck: `tsgo` lanes only (`pnpm tsgo*`, `pnpm check:test-types`); never add `tsc --noEmit`, `typecheck`, `check:types`.
 - Formatting: `oxfmt`, not Prettier. Use repo wrappers (`pnpm format:*`, `pnpm lint:*`, `scripts/run-oxlint.mjs`).
@@ -106,12 +128,13 @@ Skills own workflows; root owns hard policy and routing.
 
 - Use `$openclaw-testing` for test/CI choice and `$crabbox` for remote/full/E2E proof.
 - Crabbox request means real scenario proof: install/update/call/repro user path; not just copy tests and run them remotely.
+- Visual proof: use Crabbox, set up like a user, then screenshot-verify. No harness/bypass/shortcut unless explicitly asked.
 - Small/narrow tests, lints, format checks, and type probes are fine locally only in a healthy normal checkout.
 - In Codex worktrees, direct local `pnpm test*`, `pnpm check*`, `pnpm crabbox:run`, and `scripts/committer` can trigger pnpm dependency reconciliation or install prompts. Prefer `node` wrappers locally and Crabbox/Testbox for pnpm-gated proof.
 - Full suites, broad changed gates, Docker/package/E2E/live/cross-OS proof, or anything that bogs down the Mac: Crabbox/Testbox.
 - One/few files local. If a local command fans out, stop and move broad proof to Crabbox/Testbox.
 - Before handoff/push: prove touched surface. Before landing to `main`: issue proof plus appropriate full/broad proof unless scope is clearly narrow.
-- Pre-land/pre-commit code changes: use `$autoreview` until no accepted/actionable findings remain, unless equivalent manual review already done, trivial/docs-only, or user opts out.
+- Pre-land/pre-commit code changes: mandatory fresh `$autoreview` until no accepted/actionable findings remain. Do not land code on CI, ClawSweeper, prior review comments, or your own manual review alone unless user explicitly opts out or scope is truly trivial/docs-only. If findings want refactor, refactor; no ugly fixes.
 - If proof is blocked, say exactly what is missing and why.
 - Do not land related failing format/lint/type/build/tests. If unrelated on latest `origin/main`, say so with scoped proof.
 - Docs/changelog-only and CI/workflow metadata-only: `git diff --check` plus relevant docs/workflow sanity; escalate only if scripts/config/generated/package/runtime behavior changed.
@@ -120,27 +143,35 @@ Skills own workflows; root owns hard policy and routing.
 ## GitHub / PRs
 
 - Use `$openclaw-pr-maintainer` immediately for maintainer-side OpenClaw issue/PR review, triage, duplicates, labels, comments, close, land, or evidence. Contributor PR creation/refresh follows the requested contributor workflow; linked refs alone do not require maintainer archive tooling.
-- Pasted GitHub issue/PR: first `git status -sb`; if dirty, yell; then `git push` + `git pull --ff-only`.
+- Issue/PR start: `git status -sb`; if clean, `git pull --ff-only`; if dirty, yell before pull/rebase.
 - PR refs: `gh pr view/diff` or `gh api`, not web search. Prefer `gitcrawl` for maintainer discovery; missing/stale `gitcrawl` falls through to live `gh`, not contributor setup. Verify live with `gh` before mutation.
-- Bare issue/PR URL/number means review/report in chat. Suggest comment/close/merge when appropriate; mutate only when asked.
-- No unsolicited PR comments/reviews/labels/retitles/rebases/fixups/landing. Exception: close/duplicate action that needs a reason comment after explicit close/sweep/landing request.
+- Bare issue/PR URL/number: inspect live and take the efficient maintainer path; switch branches/refs when useful.
+- No unsolicited PR labels/retitles/rebases/fixups/landing. Comments/reviews ok only for reviewable findings, pre-merge proof, or close/duplicate reason after explicit close/sweep/landing request.
 - Maintainer decision closes the cluster: if deciding reported behavior/proposed fix is not planned, comment+close all directly associated open issues/PRs unless explicitly told to keep one open. Associated means linked PRs/issues, duplicates, companion workaround PRs, and the canonical issue for the rejected behavior.
 - Do not leave associated issues open for hypothetical future repros. Close with rationale; ask for a new issue or reopen only if concrete new evidence appears. Close comment states: decision, why, supported alternative, and what evidence would change the decision.
+- Issue/PR work: search strong related issues/PRs before final; close proven dupes/fixed siblings. If none close, suggest one next related follow-up.
+- PR superseded by `main`: if code proof shows `main` already has same-or-better behavior, comment canonical commit/PR + focused proof, then close. Bar high: inspect PR diff, current code/tests, linked issue, caller/sibling path. If unsure, leave open.
+- Issue/PR numbers need a short summary every time; assume the reader has not opened or read them.
+- Before presenting a batch of issues/PRs, use smart subagents to verify live state and current `main`; omit closed/fixed items, and comment+close items already fixed on `main` when maintainer action is authorized.
 - PR review answer: bug/behavior, URL(s), affected surface, provenance for regressions when traceable, best-fix judgment, evidence from code/tests/CI/current or shipped behavior.
+- PR reviewable findings: post them on the PR, not chat-only, so author sees actionable feedback.
 - Issue/PR final answer: last line is the full GitHub URL.
-- PR verification: before merge, post exact local commands, CI/Testbox run IDs, before/after proof when used, and known proof gaps.
+- PR verification: before merge, post land-ready work done, exact local commands, CI/Testbox run IDs, before/after proof when used, and known proof gaps.
 - Issue fixed on `main` with proof: comment proof + commit/PR, then close.
 - After landing or requested close/sweep: search duplicates; comment proof + canonical commit/PR/release before closing.
 - After landing/ship final: include 2-5 sentence recap of what landed: behavior change, key files/surface, proof run, issue/PR state. Do not answer with only status/links.
 - `ship` that fixes an issue: after push, comment proof + commit link, then close the issue.
+- Public GH comments: show draft in chat first unless user explicitly asked to post/comment/reply/close/merge/land. After work starts and changes/proof exist, post the review/proof/commit comment.
+- Representing user: if user already has a comment/thread for the point, update/reply there when possible; avoid duplicate PR/issue comments.
+- No surprise GH writes: chat must mention every posted/updated public comment with URL.
 - GH comments with backticks, `$`, or shell snippets: use heredoc/body file, not inline double-quoted `--body`.
 - PR create: real body required. Include Summary + Verification; mention refs, behavior, and proof.
 - PR create/refresh: keep PR branches takeover-ready. Use a branch maintainers can push to, or for fork PRs ensure `maintainer_can_modify` / GitHub's `Allow edits by maintainers` is enabled unless explicitly told otherwise or GitHub's Actions/secrets warning makes that unsafe.
 - GitHub issue/PR create: read `$agent-transcript`; ask about sanitized transcript logs when available.
-- Real behavior proof section is parsed. Use exact `field: value` labels: `Behavior addressed`, `Real environment tested`, `Exact steps or command run after this patch`, `Evidence after fix`, `Observed result after fix`, `What was not tested`.
+- Contributor PRs: parsed `Real behavior proof` uses exact `field: value` labels: `Behavior addressed`, `Real environment tested`, `Exact steps or command run after this patch`, `Evidence after fix`, `Observed result after fix`, `What was not tested`.
 - PR artifacts/screenshots: attach to PR/comment/external artifact store. Never push screenshots, videos, proof images, or proof assets to OpenClaw or any product repo branch, including temp artifact branches. Use Crabbox artifact publishing plus the manifest URL. Do not commit `.github/pr-assets`.
 - CI polling: exact SHA, relevant checks only, minimal fields. Skip routine noise (`Auto response`, `Labeler`, docs agents, performance/stale). Logs only after failure/completion or concrete need.
-- Maintainers: may skip/ignore `Real behavior proof` when local tests or Crabbox verified behavior; record proof in PR verification.
+- OpenClaw write-access maintainers may skip `Real behavior proof` when local tests or Crabbox verified behavior; record proof in PR verification.
 - `/landpr`: use `~/.codex/prompts/landpr.md`; do not idle on `auto-response` or `check-docs`.
 
 ## Code
@@ -154,9 +185,24 @@ Skills own workflows; root owns hard policy and routing.
 - Calls should be boring: complex decisions happen above; call args/object fields are names, literals, or simple property reads.
 - Prefer early returns over nested condition pyramids. Split code into gather -> normalize -> decide -> act.
 - Use named intermediates only for domain meaning or readability; avoid temp-variable soup.
-- Storage adapters: quarantine schema/nullability mess at the boundary. Use one named mapper from domain object to DB row, one mapper from DB row to domain object, and keep read/write paths boring.
-- Discriminated unions: use exhaustive `switch` mappers instead of repeated inline conditionals. If insert/update share shape, build the row once and reuse it; split primary keys once for update sets.
-- Kysely rows: prefer generated `Insertable`/`Selectable` types for mapper contracts. Do not duplicate nullable-column logic inside `values(...)` and `doUpdateSet(...)`.
+- Code size matters. Prefer small clear code; maintainability includes not growing LOC without payoff.
+- Refactors should delete about as much local complexity as they add. If LOC grows, the new ownership/API needs to clearly pay for it.
+- Refactors should reduce non-test LOC unless they remove a larger architectural cost. Treat positive prod LOC as a smell. Before closeout, run `git diff --numstat`; if non-test LOC grew, trim or explicitly justify why fewer paths now exist.
+- Prefer deleting branches, modes, adapters, and tests over preserving them. A refactor that adds a second path has probably failed unless the old path is a cited shipped contract.
+- New helpers/files must pay rent immediately: fewer call paths, fewer concepts, or less repeated logic. No helpers for one-off compat, naming translation, or speculative resilience.
+- Before adding helpers/files, check whether existing code can absorb the behavior with less new surface.
+- Keep APIs narrow: export only current caller needs; keep types/helpers local by default.
+- Return the smallest useful shape. Avoid broad result objects, flags, metadata unless callers use them.
+- Avoid adapter layers that only rename fields. Move real responsibility or leave code local.
+- Inline simple one-use objects/spreads when clearer. Extract only when it removes duplication or hard logic.
+- Tests prove behavior/regressions, not every internal branch.
+- Tests are welcome, but review them before landing for duplication and value. Delete useless tests, such as assertions for behavior or paths just removed.
+- Tests protect canonical behavior and migration boundaries, not obsolete internals. Delete tests for removed fallback paths instead of updating them.
+- For non-trivial refactors, check `git diff --numstat` before closeout. If LOC grew, trim or explain why.
+- Prefer existing narrow helpers over repeated casts/guards. Add local helpers when 2+ nearby call sites share real boundary logic.
+- Prefer ctor parameter properties for injected deps/config. Do not ban them for erasable-syntax purity.
+- Prefer `satisfies` for registries/config maps; derive types from schemas when a runtime schema already exists.
+- Table-drive repetitive tests when it reduces code and keeps failure names clear.
 - Dynamic import: no static+dynamic import for same prod module. Use `*.runtime.ts` lazy boundary. After edits: `pnpm build`; check `[INEFFECTIVE_DYNAMIC_IMPORT]`.
 - Cycles: keep `pnpm check:import-cycles` + architecture/madge green.
 - Classes: no prototype mixins/mutations. Prefer inheritance/composition. Tests prefer per-instance stubs.
@@ -181,7 +227,7 @@ Skills own workflows; root owns hard policy and routing.
 - Use `$technical-documentation` for docs writing/review. Docs change with behavior/API.
 - Codex harness upgrade (`extensions/codex/package.json` `@openai/codex`): refresh `docs/plugins/codex-harness.md` model snapshot from the new harness `model/list`.
 - Docs final answers: include relevant full `https://docs.openclaw.ai/...` URL(s). If issue/PR work too, GitHub URL last.
-- `CHANGELOG.md`: release-owned. Do not edit for normal PRs, direct `main` fixes, or `ship it`; only explicit release/changelog generation may rewrite it. Do not ask contributors/agents for changelog edits.
+- `CHANGELOG.md`: release-only. Do not edit for normal PRs, direct `main` fixes, or `ship it`; release generation owns it. Do not ask contributors/agents for changelog edits.
 - User-facing `fix`/`feat`/`perf`: put release-note context in PR body, squash message, or direct commit: behavior, surface, issue/PR refs, credited human author/reporter.
 - Release generation: derive `CHANGELOG.md` from merged PRs + all direct `main` commits. Entries: active `### Changes`/`### Fixes`, single-line, thank credited humans; never thank bots/forbidden handles: `@openclaw`, `@clawsweeper`, `@codex`, `@steipete`.
 
@@ -189,18 +235,19 @@ Skills own workflows; root owns hard policy and routing.
 
 - Commit via `scripts/committer "<msg>" <file...>`; stage intended files only.
 - Commits: conventional-ish, concise, grouped.
-- No manual stash/autostash unless explicit. No branch/worktree changes unless requested.
+- No manual stash/autostash unless explicit. Branch switches ok when useful; no new worktrees unless requested.
 - `main`: no merge commits; rebase on latest `origin/main` before push. After one green run plus clean rebase sanity, do not chase moving `main` with repeated full gates.
 - User says `commit`: your changes only. `commit all`: all changes in grouped chunks. `push`: may `git pull --rebase` first.
 - User says `ship it`: commit intended changes, pull --rebase, push.
 - Do not delete/rename unexpected files; ask if blocking, else ignore.
-- Bulk PR close/reopen >5: ask with count/scope.
+- Bulk PR close/reopen >50: ask with count/scope.
 
 ## Security / Release
 
 - Never commit real phone numbers, videos, credentials, live config.
 - Secrets: channel/provider creds in `~/.openclaw/credentials/`; model auth profiles in `~/.openclaw/agents/<agentId>/agent/auth-profiles.json`.
 - Dependency patches/overrides/vendor changes need explicit approval. `pnpm-workspace.yaml` patched dependencies use exact versions only.
+- Release/package guards: no hard-coded retired-package denylists; use generic artifact/dependency checks or fix build source.
 - Lockfiles/shrinkwrap are security surface: review `pnpm-lock.yaml`, `npm-shrinkwrap.json`, `package-lock.json`; root/plugin npm packages ship shrinkwrap, not package-lock.
 - Carbon pins owner-only: do not change `@buape/carbon` unless Shadow (`@thewilloftheshadow`, verified by `gh`) asks.
 - Releases/publish/version bumps need explicit approval. Use `$release-openclaw-maintainer`.
@@ -218,9 +265,10 @@ Skills own workflows; root owns hard policy and routing.
 - Version bump surfaces live in `$release-openclaw-maintainer`.
 - Parallels: `$openclaw-parallels-smoke`; Discord roundtrip: `$parallels-discord-roundtrip`.
 - Crabbox/WebVNC human demos: keep remote desktop visible/windowed; no fullscreen remote browser unless video/capture-style output.
+- Before sharing WebVNC links, use Crabbox screenshot first; verify real app/path works and target UI is not broken.
 - ClawSweeper ops: `$clawsweeper`. Deployed hook sessions may post one concise `#clawsweeper` note only when surprising/actionable/risky; if using message tool, reply exactly `NO_REPLY`.
 - Generated-media completions wake the requester agent first. Requester visible-reply config decides final text vs message tool; direct media send is fallback/recovery only.
-- `message_tool_only`: visible source reply = current-source `message(action=send)` only. No `NO_REPLY` prompt/contract; no message call = no source reply. Never auto-publish private final.
+- `message_tool_only`: normal agent final visible reply = current-source `message(action=send)` only. No `NO_REPLY` prompt/contract; no message call = no source reply. Plugin-owned bound-thread reply = plugin return value; no message tool needed. Never auto-publish private final.
 - Memory wiki prompt digest stays tiny; prefer `wiki_search` / `wiki_get`; verify contact data before use; source-class provenance for generated people facts.
 - Rebrand/migration/config warnings: run `openclaw doctor`.
 - Never edit `node_modules`.

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 
-## 2026.5.30
+## 2026.6.1
 
 ### Highlights
 
@@ -10,8 +10,13 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Channels and mobile delivery are steadier across Telegram, WhatsApp, iMessage, Slack, Discord, Microsoft Teams, Google Chat, Google Meet, and iOS realtime Talk. (#88096, #88105, #88183, #88231)
 - Provider and plugin requests now bound more timers, retries, OAuth/device-code lifetimes, media downloads, local service probes, and generated-content polling paths before they can hang a run.
 - Skills, session metadata, gateway runtime state, plugin metadata, and store writes do less repeated work on hot paths while keeping config and dispatch behavior stable.
+- Skills and plugin loading now handle stale disabled snapshots and loader failures more clearly, so channel turns avoid disabled SecretRefs and operators get better recovery guidance. (#79072, #79173) Thanks @zeus1959.
 - Workboard, SecretRef plugin manifests, hosted iOS push relay, and external Copilot/Tokenjuice packaging add broader orchestration, integration, and plugin delivery surfaces. (#82326, #87469, #87796, #88107, #88117)
-- Release, CI, Docker, E2E, and diagnostics lanes now cap more logs, response bodies, readiness probes, artifact checks, and status polling so failures report bounded proof instead of stalling.
+- Skill Workshop now has a fuller Control UI flow with proposal lists, today actions, revision handoff, searchable file previews, review states, locale coverage, and reusable session routing.
+- Chat and Control UI startup paths keep sends alive through history loading, stream deltas incrementally, skip markdown work while streaming, keep drafts local while typing, trace first-output latency, and expose calmer composer controls. (#88772, #88825, #88998) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Provider coverage and model metadata now include MiniMax M3, account OAuth endpoints, Google/Vertex catalog fixes, OpenRouter SQLite model caching, Copilot Claude 1M capabilities, Foundry reasoning alignment, and OpenAI response replay guards. (#88480, #88512, #88851, #88860)
+- iMessage monitor state, inbound queues, and plugin install ledgers moved toward SQLite-backed state so restarts and local monitors recover with less duplicate filesystem scanning. (#88794, #88797)
+- Release, CI, Docker, E2E, plugin install, and diagnostics lanes now cap more logs, response bodies, readiness probes, artifact checks, status polling, and rollback snapshots so failures report bounded proof instead of stalling.
 
 ### Changes
 
@@ -20,24 +25,46 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Skills: let proposals carry approved support files under standard skill folders, with scanner, hash, and rollback safeguards. Thanks @shakkernerd.
 - Skills: let pending proposals be revised in place with versioned, dated proposal frontmatter before approval. Thanks @shakkernerd.
 - Skills: add Skill Workshop with pending proposals, CLI/Gateway review actions, rollback metadata, and the `skill_workshop` agent tool. Thanks @shakkernerd.
+- Skill Workshop: add the Control UI navigation, styled dashboard, proposal today view, revision dialog, file preview modal, searchable preview files, reusable session handoff, and localized strings.
 - Plugins: externalize Tokenjuice as the official `@openclaw/tokenjuice` plugin with npm and ClawHub publish metadata.
 - Plugins: externalize the GitHub Copilot agent runtime as the official `@openclaw/copilot` plugin with npm and ClawHub publish metadata.
 - iOS: add hosted push relay defaults, realtime Talk playback, and a guarded WebSocket ping path for more reliable mobile sessions. (#88096, #88105, #88231)
+- iOS: support native iPad display layouts.
 - Workboard: add orchestration primitives and agent coordination tools for multi-agent planning and run tracking. (#87469)
+- Workboard: wire task-backed board runs and show task comments in the edit modal.
 - Code mode: add internal namespaces for scoped agent/global sessions and exact namespace tool dispatch. (#88043)
+- Code mode: add MCP API files and docs for code-mode integrations.
 - Control UI: add a Dreaming-tab agent selector and propagate the selected agent through Dreaming status, diary, and diary actions. (#78748) Thanks @stevenepalmer.
+- Control UI: add calmer chat composer controls, local draft typing state, and first-output latency instrumentation for active chat entry. (#88772, #88998) Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - Plugins: add a SecretRef provider integration manifest contract and extract shared LLM core packages for provider/plugin reuse. (#82326, #88117)
+- Plugins: persist the plugin install index in SQLite so installed package lookup survives reloads with less filesystem scanning. (#88794)
+- Providers: add MiniMax M3 model support. (#88860)
+- Doctor: add disk space health checks and stabilize post-upgrade JSON probes.
+- Channels: store inbound queues in SQLite and migrate iMessage monitor state to SQLite-backed tracking. (#88797)
 - Skills: add the core skills index and centralize skills runtime loading, status, filtering, and prompt formatting.
 
 ### Fixes
 
+- Agents/TUI: keep local custom provider runs from loading plugin runtime and auth alias metadata when plugins are disabled.
+- Agents/TUI: restore in-flight TUI run switch-back behavior, keep no-policy native hook fallback available, guard vanished workspaces, and keep lightweight isolated subagents lightweight.
+- Agents/media: keep async image, music, and video generation starts from ending the Codex turn, so mixed requests can continue with summaries or other work while media renders in the background.
 - Agents/Codex: keep public OpenAI API-key profiles from being treated as native Codex app-server auth while preserving persisted Codex OAuth sessions.
+- Agents/Codex: stream Codex app-server final-answer partials to live reply previews, preserve ACP metadata in SQLite, prefer real tool results over synthetic repair output, prevent aborted app-server turn handles from lingering, migrate legacy OpenAI Codex `lastGood` auth state, and preserve workspace/session metadata through ACP runtime refactors. (#88405, #88724, #88730) Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - Control UI: keep collapsed tool cards labeled with the tool name and action instead of generic output text. Thanks @shakkernerd.
 - Agents/Codex: surface Skill Workshop guidance in Codex app-server prompts when `skill_workshop` is available. Thanks @shakkernerd.
+- Agents/auth: write auth profiles atomically, add force re-login recovery, preserve workspaces during state-only uninstall, and compact before oversized turns so recovery paths avoid partial state.
+- Skills: skip disabled skill env overrides from stale persisted snapshots so disabled skill `apiKey` SecretRefs cannot abort embedded or channel turns. (#79072, #79173) Thanks @zeus1959.
+- CLI: avoid live catalog validation during `openclaw agents add`, so adding a secondary agent no longer depends on provider catalog availability. (#76284, #88314) Thanks @zhangguiping-xydt.
 - CLI: keep `plugins list --json` on the snapshot-only path so plugin sweeps avoid loading the full runtime status graph.
+- CLI/desktop: bridge WSL clipboard operations through the shell and recognize manual-update launchd jobs. (#88764)
 - Plugins: make PixVerse external-plugin ClawHub metadata explicit and keep it out of bundled dist builds.
+- Plugins: clarify plugin loader failure guidance so missing or incompatible plugin packages point operators at the right repair path.
+- Plugins: preserve npm plugin roots after blocked installs, skip plugin-local `openclaw` peer symlinks during rollback snapshots, relink those peers after restore, isolate cached tool runtime siblings, and isolate web-provider factory failures so one bad plugin does not poison sibling runtime paths. (#77237, #88807)
 - Cron: keep SQLite cron migrations compatible with legacy run-log tables, archived job stores, diagnostic cron names, and legacy one-shot delete-after-run behavior. (#88285)
+- Cron: keep update delivery validation scoped, harden restart state, and retire MCP runtimes on isolated cron cleanup.
+- Memory: serialize QMD update/embed writes per store, preserve phase signals on read errors, harden envelope metadata sanitization, and rewrite generated transcript paths on rollover so memory/search state survives concurrent gateway and CLI activity. (#66339, #85931) Thanks @openperf and @amittell.
 - Providers: bound generated media downloads from OpenAI, Runway, xAI, MiniMax, BytePlus, DashScope-compatible, FAL, OpenRouter, Google, Vydra, and Comfy providers.
+- Providers: resolve Google defaults to `google-generative-ai`, register Vertex static catalog rows, align Foundry reasoning metadata, skip DeepSeek V4 thinking params on Foundry fallback, use MiniMax account OAuth endpoints, preserve Copilot Claude 1M capabilities, suppress disabled Ollama reasoning output, keep OpenAI stop-finished tool calls, and avoid replay ids when the Responses store is disabled. (#88480, #88512)
 - Providers: cap GitHub Copilot OAuth request timeouts before creating abort signals.
 - Cron: retry recurring jobs after transient model rate limits before waiting for the next scheduled slot.
 - Agents/Codex: keep live session locks during cleanup, recover interrupted CLI tool transcripts, preserve Codex auth and compaction session identity, clear orphan tool state, cap app-server idle timers, and keep media completion delivery retryable. (#88129, #88136, #88141, #88162, #88182)
@@ -45,13 +72,19 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Channels: cap Telegram, Discord, WhatsApp, Signal, Feishu, Google Chat, Microsoft Teams, QQBot, Nostr, Zalo, Zalouser, and Nextcloud-style request/retry timers; preserve SMS approval reply routes; and retry WhatsApp QR login 408 timeouts. (#88183)
 - Security/config parsing: reject unsafe OAuth/token lifetimes, retry-after delays, inbound timestamps, response body sizes, command timeout config, sandbox observer token TTLs, and gateway WebSocket calls after close.
 - Providers/media: cap local service, model, usage, queue, generated media, TTS, music, workflow polling, and provider OAuth request timers across hosted and local providers.
-- Release/CI/E2E: bound release candidate reads, beta smoke REST calls, changelog restore, kitchen-sink and bundled plugin readiness probes, secret-provider probes, Vitest routing, and mainline test flakes. (#88127, #88137, #88155, #88160)
+- Release/CI/E2E: bound release candidate reads, beta smoke REST calls, plugin npm verification commands, changelog restore, cross-OS process groups, kitchen-sink and bundled plugin readiness probes, secret-provider probes, Telegram credential timeouts, Control UI i18n and CLI startup metadata generation, Vitest routing, and mainline test flakes. (#88127, #88137, #88155, #88160)
+- Release/CI/E2E: keep Kitchen Sink live plugin MCP probes resolving source-checkout workspace packages and align the live gauntlet with current Kitchen Sink diagnostics.
 - Release/CI/E2E: run the secret-provider integration proof through the repo pnpm runner so native macOS and Windows validation use the hydrated package-manager shim.
 - Release/CI/E2E: run the Telegram desktop proof gateway through the repo pnpm runner so native macOS proof uses the hydrated package-manager shim.
 - Docs/CI: run Mintlify anchor checks through the repo pnpm runner so docs link validation works when pnpm is only available through the hydrated package-manager shim.
 - Agents: keep configured fallback model metadata typed so provider params, context-token caps, and media input limits do not break changed-gate typechecks.
 - Agents: accept hidden `sessions_send` body aliases before validation while keeping the model-facing `message` schema canonical. (#88229) Thanks @zhangguiping-xydt.
-- CI/Crabbox: keep default runner capacity spot-only and provider-neutral so OpenClaw remote validation does not silently fall back to on-demand leases or stale AWS region hints.
+- Chat/UI: preserve startup chat sends during history loading, unblock the initial Control UI chat send, stream chat deltas incrementally, skip markdown parsing while streaming, keep drafts local while typing, guard composer rerenders, honor Chromium executable overrides, and detect system Chromium for E2E. (#88998) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Channels: preserve long Feishu streaming replies, send visible fallbacks when accepted Feishu turns produce no final reply, tolerate iMessage self-chat timestamp skew, preserve colon-prefixed slash commands in mention parsing, decode Nostr `npub` allowlists correctly, and suppress raw provider errors during channel delivery. (#87896)
+- Config/status/doctor: skip unresolved shell references in state-dir dotenv files, resolve gateway auth secrets during deep status audits, respect explicit PI runtime policy, report runtime tool-schema errors, and keep post-upgrade JSON stable. (#88288)
+- Gateway/session state: list commands from the Gateway plugin registry, harden MCP loopback tool schemas, hide phantom agent-store rows from `sessions.list`, make task persistence failures explicit, and carry session UUIDs on interactive dispatch events.
+- OpenAI/TTS: handle speed directives for OpenAI TTS voices. (#74089)
+- CI/Crabbox: keep default runner capacity on the Azure credit-backed on-demand D4 lane with the Azure SSH port and a Git-independent full check job, so broad validation avoids low-priority spot quota stalls, hydrate port mismatches, non-Git hydrated workspaces, and stale AWS region hints.
 - CI/Crabbox: route Crabbox wrapper and Testbox workflow edits to their regression tests so changed-test gates do not silently run zero specs.
 - CI/workflows: route workflow sanity helper edits to their guard tests and cover composite-action input interpolation checks.
 - CI/tooling: route CI scope, dependency, changelog, and docs helper edits to their owner tests instead of silently skipping changed-test coverage.

Dockerfile

@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
 # Build stages use full bookworm; the runtime image is always bookworm-slim.
 ARG OPENCLAW_EXTENSIONS=""
 ARG OPENCLAW_BUNDLED_PLUGIN_DIR=extensions
-ARG OPENCLAW_NODE_BOOKWORM_IMAGE="node:24-bookworm@sha256:3a09aa6354567619221ef6c45a5051b671f953f0a1924d1f819ffb236e520e6b"
-ARG OPENCLAW_NODE_BOOKWORM_SLIM_IMAGE="node:24-bookworm-slim@sha256:e8e2e91b1378f83c5b2dd15f0247f34110e2fe895f6ca7719dbb780f929368eb"
-ARG OPENCLAW_NODE_BOOKWORM_SLIM_DIGEST="sha256:e8e2e91b1378f83c5b2dd15f0247f34110e2fe895f6ca7719dbb780f929368eb"
+ARG OPENCLAW_NODE_BOOKWORM_IMAGE="node:24-bookworm@sha256:8530f76a96d88820d288761f022e318970dda93d01536919fbc16076b7983e63"
+ARG OPENCLAW_NODE_BOOKWORM_SLIM_IMAGE="node:24-bookworm-slim@sha256:242549cd46785b480c832479a730f4f2a20865d61ea2e404fdb2a5c3d3b73ecf"
+ARG OPENCLAW_NODE_BOOKWORM_SLIM_DIGEST="sha256:242549cd46785b480c832479a730f4f2a20865d61ea2e404fdb2a5c3d3b73ecf"
 # Keep in sync with .github/actions/setup-node-env/action.yml bun-version.
 # To update: docker buildx imagetools inspect oven/bun:<version> and use the manifest-list digest.
 ARG OPENCLAW_BUN_IMAGE="oven/bun:1.3.13@sha256:87416c977a612a204eb54ab9f3927023c2a3c971f4f345a01da08ea6262ae30e"

apps/android/app/build.gradle.kts

@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ android {
     applicationId = "ai.openclaw.app"
     minSdk = 31
     targetSdk = 36
-    versionCode = 2026053001
-    versionName = "2026.5.30"
+    versionCode = 2026053101
+    versionName = "2026.6.1"
     ndk {
       // Support all major ABIs — native libs are tiny (~47 KB per ABI)
       abiFilters += listOf("armeabi-v7a", "arm64-v8a", "x86", "x86_64")

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/AssistantLaunch.kt

@@ -2,10 +2,18 @@ package ai.openclaw.app
 
 import android.content.Intent
 
+/** Android Assistant entry point used by manifest-declared app actions. */
 const val actionAskOpenClaw = "ai.openclaw.app.action.ASK_OPENCLAW"
+
+/** Debug action that opens the Voice tab directly for Android E2E automation. */
 const val actionOpenVoiceE2e = "ai.openclaw.app.debug.OPEN_VOICE_E2E"
+
+/** Intent extra that carries an optional assistant prompt for app actions. */
 const val extraAssistantPrompt = "prompt"
 
+/**
+ * Top-level home destinations that external actions may request.
+ */
 enum class HomeDestination {
   Connect,
   Chat,
@@ -14,20 +22,30 @@ enum class HomeDestination {
   Settings,
 }
 
+/**
+ * Normalized launch request from Android Assistant or explicit app actions.
+ */
 data class AssistantLaunchRequest(
   val source: String,
   val prompt: String?,
   val autoSend: Boolean,
 )
 
+/**
+ * Parses app-owned navigation actions that should open a specific home tab.
+ */
 fun parseHomeDestinationIntent(intent: Intent?): HomeDestination? {
   val action = intent?.action ?: return null
   return when {
+    // Debug-only shortcut keeps E2E navigation out of release builds.
     BuildConfig.DEBUG && action == actionOpenVoiceE2e -> HomeDestination.Voice
     else -> null
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parse external assistant entry points without starting any UI side effects.
+ */
 fun parseAssistantLaunchIntent(intent: Intent?): AssistantLaunchRequest? {
   val action = intent?.action ?: return null
   return when (action) {

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/CameraHudState.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app
 
+/** Camera HUD state categories shown over the Android UI during capture. */
 enum class CameraHudKind {
   Photo,
   Recording,
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ enum class CameraHudKind {
   Error,
 }
 
+/** One-shot camera HUD message keyed by token so repeated text still replays. */
 data class CameraHudState(
   val token: Long,
   val kind: CameraHudKind,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/DeviceNames.kt

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import android.os.Build
 import android.provider.Settings
 
 object DeviceNames {
+  /** Prefers the user-visible Android device name, then falls back to manufacturer/model text. */
   fun bestDefaultNodeName(context: Context): String {
     val deviceName =
       runCatching {
@@ -15,6 +16,8 @@ object DeviceNames {
 
     if (deviceName.isNotEmpty()) return deviceName
 
+    // Manufacturer/model are best-effort platform fields; keep the final
+    // fallback stable so stored default names do not become blank.
     val model =
       listOfNotNull(Build.MANUFACTURER?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }, Build.MODEL?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() })
         .joinToString(" ")

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/LocationMode.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app
 
+/**
+ * Persisted location capture mode advertised to the gateway.
+ */
 enum class LocationMode(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -8,8 +11,10 @@ enum class LocationMode(
   ;
 
   companion object {
+    /** Parses persisted location mode text while migrating old always-on configs to while-using. */
     fun fromRawValue(raw: String?): LocationMode {
       val normalized = raw?.trim()?.lowercase()
+      // Older configs used "always"; Android node currently exposes while-using location only.
       if (normalized == "always") return WhileUsing
       return entries.firstOrNull { it.rawValue.lowercase() == normalized } ?: Off
     }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/MainActivity.kt

@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ import androidx.lifecycle.lifecycleScope
 import androidx.lifecycle.repeatOnLifecycle
 import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
 
+/**
+ * Main Android activity that owns Compose UI attachment and runtime UI wiring.
+ */
 class MainActivity : ComponentActivity() {
   private val viewModel: MainViewModel by viewModels()
   private lateinit var permissionRequester: PermissionRequester
@@ -43,6 +46,7 @@ class MainActivity : ComponentActivity() {
       repeatOnLifecycle(Lifecycle.State.STARTED) {
         viewModel.runtimeInitialized.collect { ready ->
           if (!ready || didAttachRuntimeUi) return@collect
+          // Runtime UI helpers need an Activity owner, so attach once after NodeRuntime is ready.
           viewModel.attachRuntimeUi(owner = this@MainActivity, permissionRequester = permissionRequester)
           didAttachRuntimeUi = true
           if (!didStartNodeService) {
@@ -78,6 +82,9 @@ class MainActivity : ComponentActivity() {
     handleAssistantIntent(intent)
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Routes assistant/app-action intents into ViewModel state without recreating the activity.
+   */
   private fun handleAssistantIntent(intent: android.content.Intent?) {
     parseHomeDestinationIntent(intent)?.let { destination ->
       viewModel.requestHomeDestination(destination)

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/MainViewModel.kt

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.flatMapLatest
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.flowOf
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.stateIn
 
+/**
+ * UI-facing bridge that exposes NodeRuntime and preference state as Compose-friendly StateFlows.
+ */
 @OptIn(ExperimentalCoroutinesApi::class)
 class MainViewModel(
   app: Application,
@@ -39,6 +42,9 @@ class MainViewModel(
   private val _pendingAssistantAutoSend = MutableStateFlow<String?>(null)
   val pendingAssistantAutoSend: StateFlow<String?> = _pendingAssistantAutoSend
 
+  /**
+   * Lazily starts NodeRuntime and preserves the current foreground bit across startup.
+   */
   private fun ensureRuntime(): NodeRuntime {
     runtimeRef.value?.let { return it }
     val runtime = nodeApp.ensureRuntime()
@@ -47,6 +53,9 @@ class MainViewModel(
     return runtime
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Adapts a runtime StateFlow to a stable ViewModel StateFlow before runtime startup.
+   */
   private fun <T> runtimeState(
     initial: T,
     selector: (NodeRuntime) -> StateFlow<T>,
@@ -185,6 +194,9 @@ class MainViewModel(
   val sms: SmsManager
     get() = ensureRuntime().sms
 
+  /**
+   * Attaches Activity-owned permission and lifecycle seams after runtime initialization.
+   */
   fun attachRuntimeUi(
     owner: LifecycleOwner,
     permissionRequester: PermissionRequester,
@@ -195,6 +207,9 @@ class MainViewModel(
     runtime.sms.attachPermissionRequester(permissionRequester)
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Starts runtime on foreground entry only after onboarding has completed.
+   */
   fun setForeground(value: Boolean) {
     foreground = value
     val runtime =
@@ -254,10 +269,12 @@ class MainViewModel(
     prefs.setGatewayPassword(value)
   }
 
+  /** Clears setup credentials through the runtime so active gateway sessions drop stale auth state. */
   fun resetGatewaySetupAuth() {
     ensureRuntime().resetGatewaySetupAuth()
   }
 
+  /** Marks onboarding complete and starts the runtime before UI observes connected-state flows. */
   fun setOnboardingCompleted(value: Boolean) {
     if (value) {
       ensureRuntime()
@@ -265,6 +282,7 @@ class MainViewModel(
     prefs.setOnboardingCompleted(value)
   }
 
+  /** Re-enters gateway setup after disconnecting and clearing one-time setup credentials. */
   fun pairNewGateway() {
     runtimeRef.value?.disconnect()
     resetGatewaySetupAuth()
@@ -272,6 +290,7 @@ class MainViewModel(
     prefs.setOnboardingCompleted(false)
   }
 
+  /** Acknowledges the one-shot request that opens onboarding at the gateway setup step. */
   fun clearGatewaySetupStartRequest() {
     _startOnboardingAtGatewaySetup.value = false
   }
@@ -315,6 +334,7 @@ class MainViewModel(
     ensureRuntime().setVoiceScreenActive(active)
   }
 
+  /** Routes assistant intents into chat, either as a draft or queued auto-send prompt. */
   fun handleAssistantLaunch(request: AssistantLaunchRequest) {
     _requestedHomeDestination.value = HomeDestination.Chat
     if (request.autoSend) {

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/NodeApp.kt

@@ -3,11 +3,17 @@ package ai.openclaw.app
 import android.app.Application
 import android.os.StrictMode
 
+/**
+ * Android Application singleton that owns process-wide secure prefs and lazy NodeRuntime startup.
+ */
 class NodeApp : Application() {
   val prefs: SecurePrefs by lazy { SecurePrefs(this) }
 
   @Volatile private var runtimeInstance: NodeRuntime? = null
 
+  /**
+   * Returns the single NodeRuntime for this process, creating it on first use.
+   */
   fun ensureRuntime(): NodeRuntime {
     runtimeInstance?.let { return it }
     return synchronized(this) {
@@ -15,6 +21,9 @@ class NodeApp : Application() {
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Reads the runtime without forcing startup, used by lifecycle probes and services.
+   */
   fun peekRuntime(): NodeRuntime? = runtimeInstance
 
   override fun onCreate() {

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/NodeForegroundService.kt

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.cancel
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.combine
 import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
 
+/** Foreground service that keeps the Android node connection and voice capture visible to the OS. */
 class NodeForegroundService : Service() {
   private val scope: CoroutineScope = CoroutineScope(SupervisorJob() + Dispatchers.Main)
   private var notificationJob: Job? = null
@@ -36,6 +37,8 @@ class NodeForegroundService : Service() {
       stopSelf()
       return
     }
+    // Split connection and capture flows before combining so notification text
+    // can update without restarting runtime-owned connection work.
     notificationJob =
       scope.launch {
         combine(
@@ -181,6 +184,7 @@ class NodeForegroundService : Service() {
   private fun startForegroundWithTypes(notification: Notification) {
     val serviceTypes = foregroundServiceTypesForVoiceMode(voiceCaptureMode)
     if (didStartForeground) {
+      // Re-issue startForeground when Talk mode toggles so Android sees the microphone service type.
       ServiceCompat.startForeground(this, NOTIFICATION_ID, notification, serviceTypes)
       return
     }
@@ -196,16 +200,19 @@ class NodeForegroundService : Service() {
     private const val ACTION_SET_VOICE_CAPTURE_MODE = "ai.openclaw.app.action.SET_VOICE_CAPTURE_MODE"
     private const val EXTRA_VOICE_CAPTURE_MODE = "ai.openclaw.app.extra.VOICE_CAPTURE_MODE"
 
+    /** Starts the persistent node foreground service from UI lifecycle code. */
     fun start(context: Context) {
       val intent = Intent(context, NodeForegroundService::class.java)
       context.startForegroundService(intent)
     }
 
+    /** Requests disconnect through the service action path so notification actions and UI share behavior. */
     fun stop(context: Context) {
       val intent = Intent(context, NodeForegroundService::class.java).setAction(ACTION_STOP)
       context.startService(intent)
     }
 
+    /** Updates Android's foreground-service type before voice capture mode changes require microphone access. */
     fun setVoiceCaptureMode(
       context: Context,
       mode: VoiceCaptureMode,
@@ -215,6 +222,7 @@ class NodeForegroundService : Service() {
           .setAction(ACTION_SET_VOICE_CAPTURE_MODE)
           .putExtra(EXTRA_VOICE_CAPTURE_MODE, mode.name)
       if (mode == VoiceCaptureMode.TalkMode) {
+        // Microphone foreground service type must be declared before Talk capture starts.
         ContextCompat.startForegroundService(context, intent)
       } else {
         context.startService(intent)
@@ -223,6 +231,9 @@ class NodeForegroundService : Service() {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Foreground-service type mask required by Android for the current voice capture mode.
+ */
 internal fun foregroundServiceTypesForVoiceMode(mode: VoiceCaptureMode): Int {
   val base = ServiceInfo.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC
   return if (mode == VoiceCaptureMode.TalkMode) {
@@ -232,6 +243,9 @@ internal fun foregroundServiceTypesForVoiceMode(mode: VoiceCaptureMode): Int {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Compact notification suffix for voice state; kept pure for service-notification tests.
+ */
 internal fun voiceNotificationSuffix(
   mode: VoiceCaptureMode,
   manualMicEnabled: Boolean,
@@ -260,6 +274,7 @@ private fun String?.toVoiceCaptureMode(): VoiceCaptureMode =
     it.name == this
   } ?: VoiceCaptureMode.Off
 
+/** Connection fields that drive foreground notification title/body text. */
 private data class VoiceNotificationBase(
   val status: String,
   val server: String?,
@@ -267,6 +282,7 @@ private data class VoiceNotificationBase(
   val mode: VoiceCaptureMode,
 )
 
+/** Voice capture fields that affect foreground-service type and suffix. */
 private data class VoiceNotificationCapture(
   val micEnabled: Boolean,
   val micListening: Boolean,
@@ -274,6 +290,7 @@ private data class VoiceNotificationCapture(
   val talkSpeaking: Boolean,
 )
 
+/** Aggregated notification state from runtime flows. */
 private data class VoiceNotificationState(
   val base: VoiceNotificationBase,
   val capture: VoiceNotificationCapture,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/NodeRuntime.kt

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import ai.openclaw.app.chat.ChatPendingToolCall
 import ai.openclaw.app.chat.ChatSessionEntry
 import ai.openclaw.app.chat.OutgoingAttachment
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.DeviceAuthStore
-import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.DeviceAuthTokenStore
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.DeviceIdentityStore
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayDiscovery
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayEndpoint
@@ -76,12 +75,17 @@ import kotlinx.serialization.json.buildJsonObject
 import java.util.UUID
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong
 
+/**
+ * Process runtime that owns gateway sessions, node command handlers, capture managers, and UI-facing state.
+ */
 class NodeRuntime(
   context: Context,
   val prefs: SecurePrefs = SecurePrefs(context.applicationContext),
   private val tlsFingerprintProbe: suspend (String, Int) -> GatewayTlsProbeResult = ::probeGatewayTlsFingerprint,
-  private val deviceAuthStore: DeviceAuthTokenStore = DeviceAuthStore(context.applicationContext),
 ) {
+  /**
+   * Authentication material supplied by setup/manual connect flows before gateway session routing.
+   */
   data class GatewayConnectAuth(
     val token: String?,
     val bootstrapToken: String?,
@@ -90,6 +94,7 @@ class NodeRuntime(
 
   private val appContext = context.applicationContext
   private val scope = CoroutineScope(SupervisorJob() + Dispatchers.IO)
+  private val deviceAuthStore = DeviceAuthStore(prefs)
   val canvas = CanvasController()
   val camera = CameraCaptureManager(appContext)
   val location = LocationCaptureManager(appContext)
@@ -110,6 +115,7 @@ class NodeRuntime(
 
   private val cameraHandler: CameraHandler =
     CameraHandler(
+      appContext = appContext,
       camera = camera,
       externalAudioCaptureActive = externalAudioCaptureActive,
       showCameraHud = ::showCameraHud,
@@ -119,6 +125,7 @@ class NodeRuntime(
 
   private val debugHandler: DebugHandler =
     DebugHandler(
+      appContext = appContext,
       identityStore = identityStore,
     )
 
@@ -250,6 +257,9 @@ class NodeRuntime(
       motionPedometerAvailable = { motionHandler.isPedometerAvailable() },
     )
 
+  /**
+   * Pending TLS trust decision when a gateway certificate is new or has changed.
+   */
   data class GatewayTrustPrompt(
     val endpoint: GatewayEndpoint,
     val fingerprintSha256: String,
@@ -281,6 +291,9 @@ class NodeRuntime(
   val pendingGatewayTrust: StateFlow<GatewayTrustPrompt?> = _pendingGatewayTrust.asStateFlow()
   private val connectAttemptSeq = AtomicLong(0)
 
+  /**
+   * Builds the node-owned session key from stable device identity plus optional active agent.
+   */
   private fun resolveNodeMainSessionKey(agentId: String? = null): String {
     val deviceId = identityStore.loadOrCreate().deviceId
     return buildNodeMainSessionKey(deviceId, agentId)
@@ -840,6 +853,7 @@ class NodeRuntime(
 
   fun setGatewayPassword(value: String) = prefs.setGatewayPassword(value)
 
+  /** Clears setup credentials plus paired device tokens for both Android gateway roles. */
   fun resetGatewaySetupAuth() {
     prefs.clearGatewaySetupAuth()
     val deviceId = identityStore.loadOrCreate().deviceId
@@ -847,6 +861,7 @@ class NodeRuntime(
     deviceAuthStore.clearToken(deviceId, "operator")
   }
 
+  /** Persists onboarding state; callers decide whether runtime startup is needed first. */
   fun setOnboardingCompleted(value: Boolean) = prefs.setOnboardingCompleted(value)
 
   val lastDiscoveredStableId: StateFlow<String> = prefs.lastDiscoveredStableId
@@ -916,6 +931,7 @@ class NodeRuntime(
     updateHomeCanvasState()
   }
 
+  /** Updates foreground state and triggers reconnect/presence behavior on app visibility changes. */
   fun setForeground(value: Boolean) {
     _isForeground.value = value
     if (value) {
@@ -1005,6 +1021,8 @@ class NodeRuntime(
     if (didAutoConnect) return
     if (_isConnected.value) return
     val endpoint = resolvePreferredGatewayEndpoint() ?: return
+    // Only attempt the stored preferred gateway once per runtime lifetime; users
+    // can still reconnect explicitly from the UI after a failed auto attempt.
     didAutoConnect = true
     connect(endpoint)
   }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/NotificationForwardingPolicy.kt

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package ai.openclaw.app
 import java.time.Instant
 import java.time.ZoneId
 
+/** Package-filter mode used before notification events are forwarded to the gateway. */
 enum class NotificationPackageFilterMode(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -11,10 +12,12 @@ enum class NotificationPackageFilterMode(
   ;
 
   companion object {
+    /** Parses persisted filter mode text, defaulting to blocklist for safer forwarding. */
     fun fromRawValue(raw: String?): NotificationPackageFilterMode = entries.firstOrNull { it.rawValue == raw?.trim()?.lowercase() } ?: Blocklist
   }
 }
 
+/** Runtime policy used before forwarding notification events to a node session. */
 internal data class NotificationForwardingPolicy(
   val enabled: Boolean,
   val mode: NotificationPackageFilterMode,
@@ -26,6 +29,7 @@ internal data class NotificationForwardingPolicy(
   val sessionKey: String?,
 )
 
+/** Applies the operator-configured package allow/block list after trimming input. */
 internal fun NotificationForwardingPolicy.allowsPackage(packageName: String): Boolean {
   val normalized = packageName.trim()
   if (normalized.isEmpty()) {
@@ -37,6 +41,7 @@ internal fun NotificationForwardingPolicy.allowsPackage(packageName: String): Bo
   }
 }
 
+/** Returns true for both same-day and overnight quiet-hour windows. */
 internal fun NotificationForwardingPolicy.isWithinQuietHours(
   nowEpochMs: Long,
   zoneId: ZoneId = ZoneId.systemDefault(),
@@ -64,12 +69,14 @@ internal fun NotificationForwardingPolicy.isWithinQuietHours(
 
 private val localHourMinuteRegex = Regex("""^([01]\d|2[0-3]):([0-5]\d)$""")
 
+/** Normalizes persisted or user-entered local times to strict HH:mm form. */
 internal fun normalizeLocalHourMinute(raw: String): String? {
   val trimmed = raw.trim()
   val match = localHourMinuteRegex.matchEntire(trimmed) ?: return null
   return "${match.groupValues[1]}:${match.groupValues[2]}"
 }
 
+/** Converts strict local HH:mm text to minutes since midnight for window checks. */
 internal fun parseLocalHourMinute(raw: String): Int? {
   val normalized = normalizeLocalHourMinute(raw) ?: return null
   val parts = normalized.split(':')
@@ -78,11 +85,13 @@ internal fun parseLocalHourMinute(raw: String): Int? {
   return hour * 60 + minute
 }
 
+/** Fixed-window limiter that bounds notification bursts per wall-clock minute. */
 internal class NotificationBurstLimiter {
   private val lock = Any()
   private var windowStartMs: Long = -1L
   private var eventsInWindow: Int = 0
 
+  /** Returns true when the current minute bucket still has forwarding capacity. */
   fun allow(
     nowEpochMs: Long,
     maxEventsPerMinute: Int,
@@ -90,6 +99,8 @@ internal class NotificationBurstLimiter {
     if (maxEventsPerMinute <= 0) {
       return false
     }
+    // Align all callers to the same minute bucket so concurrent notifications
+    // share the quota even when they arrive with slightly different timestamps.
     val currentWindow = nowEpochMs - (nowEpochMs % 60_000L)
     synchronized(lock) {
       if (currentWindow != windowStartMs) {

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/PermissionRequester.kt

@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.withTimeout
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean
 import kotlin.coroutines.resume
 
+/**
+ * Serializes Android runtime-permission prompts behind coroutine-friendly request calls.
+ */
 class PermissionRequester internal constructor(
   private val activity: ComponentActivity,
   launcherFactory: ((Map<String, Boolean>) -> Unit) -> ActivityResultLauncher<Array<String>>,
@@ -50,8 +53,12 @@ class PermissionRequester internal constructor(
   private val mutex = Mutex()
   private val requestSlotsLock = Any()
   private val mainHandler = Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())
+  // ActivityResult launchers cannot be registered after start; pre-register a small pool for nested UI flows.
   private val launchers = List(4) { createPermissionRequestSlot(launcherFactory) }
 
+  /**
+   * Request missing Android runtime permissions and return the final grant state for every requested permission.
+   */
   suspend fun requestIfMissing(
     permissions: List<String>,
     timeoutMs: Long = 20_000,
@@ -93,6 +100,7 @@ class PermissionRequester internal constructor(
           try {
             withTimeout(timeoutMs) { deferred.await() }
           } catch (err: TimeoutCancellationException) {
+            // Late ActivityResult callbacks are ignored by completePermissionRequest.
             request.timedOut = true
             throw err
           }
@@ -130,6 +138,7 @@ class PermissionRequester internal constructor(
 
   private fun reservePermissionRequestSlot(request: PendingPermissionRequest): PermissionRequestSlot =
     synchronized(requestSlotsLock) {
+      // The outer mutex serializes normal callers; this guard catches accidental concurrent launchers in tests.
       val slot = launchers.firstOrNull { it.request == null } ?: error("permission request launcher busy")
       slot.request = request
       slot
@@ -145,6 +154,7 @@ class PermissionRequester internal constructor(
           slot.request = null
         }
       } ?: return
+    // Timed-out requests have already resumed callers with failure; ignore any late platform callback.
     if (request.timedOut) return
     request.deferred.complete(result)
   }
@@ -186,6 +196,7 @@ class PermissionRequester internal constructor(
         val actualObserver =
           LifecycleEventObserver { _, event ->
             if (event != Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY) return@LifecycleEventObserver
+            // Do not resume a destroyed Activity with a positive result.
             finish(false)
           }
         observer = actualObserver

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/SecurePrefs.kt

@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonNull
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
 import java.util.UUID
 
+/**
+ * Reactive settings facade for Android node preferences and encrypted gateway credentials.
+ */
 class SecurePrefs(
   context: Context,
   private val securePrefsOverride: SharedPreferences? = null,
@@ -42,9 +45,11 @@ class SecurePrefs(
 
   private val appContext = context.applicationContext
   private val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
+  // Non-secret UI/runtime preferences stay readable for migration and backup behavior.
   private val plainPrefs: SharedPreferences =
     appContext.getSharedPreferences(plainPrefsName, Context.MODE_PRIVATE)
 
+  // Gateway credentials and arbitrary secret strings are isolated behind EncryptedSharedPreferences.
   private val masterKey by lazy {
     MasterKey
       .Builder(appContext)
@@ -253,6 +258,7 @@ class SecurePrefs(
 
     val configuredPackages = loadNotificationForwardingPackages()
     val normalizedAppPackage = appPackageName.trim()
+    // Always block OpenClaw's own notifications in blocklist mode to prevent forwarding loops.
     val defaultBlockedPackages =
       if (normalizedAppPackage.isNotEmpty()) setOf(normalizedAppPackage) else emptySet()
 
@@ -311,6 +317,7 @@ class SecurePrefs(
         .toSet()
         .toList()
         .sorted()
+    // Persist deterministic JSON so settings diffs and state restoration are stable.
     val encoded = JsonArray(sanitized.map { JsonPrimitive(it) }).toString()
     plainPrefs.edit { putString(notificationsForwardingPackagesKey, encoded) }
     _notificationForwardingPackages.value = sanitized.toSet()
@@ -355,6 +362,7 @@ class SecurePrefs(
     _notificationForwardingSessionKey.value = normalized
   }
 
+  /** Loads manual or instance-scoped gateway token material from encrypted preferences. */
   fun loadGatewayToken(): String? {
     val manual =
       _gatewayToken.value.trim().ifEmpty {
@@ -363,16 +371,19 @@ class SecurePrefs(
         stored
       }
     if (manual.isNotEmpty()) return manual
+    // Per-instance tokens keep reused Android installs from sharing stale gateway auth.
     val key = "gateway.token.${_instanceId.value}"
     val stored = securePrefs.getString(key, null)?.trim()
     return stored?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
   }
 
+  /** Saves the paired gateway token under the current Android instance id. */
   fun saveGatewayToken(token: String) {
     val key = "gateway.token.${_instanceId.value}"
     securePrefs.edit { putString(key, token.trim()) }
   }
 
+  /** Loads the bootstrap token used during gateway setup and device-token handoff. */
   fun loadGatewayBootstrapToken(): String? {
     val key = "gateway.bootstrapToken.${_instanceId.value}"
     val stored =
@@ -404,9 +415,11 @@ class SecurePrefs(
     securePrefs.edit { putString(key, password.trim()) }
   }
 
+  /** Clears manual/setup credentials without removing persisted role-specific device tokens. */
   fun clearGatewaySetupAuth() {
     val instanceId = _instanceId.value
     securePrefs.edit {
+      // Clear both current manual credentials and instance-scoped setup credentials after pairing/reset.
       remove("gateway.manual.token")
       remove("gateway.token.$instanceId")
       remove("gateway.bootstrapToken.$instanceId")
@@ -416,11 +429,13 @@ class SecurePrefs(
     _gatewayBootstrapToken.value = ""
   }
 
+  /** Loads the pinned gateway TLS fingerprint for a discovered/manual stable endpoint id. */
   fun loadGatewayTlsFingerprint(stableId: String): String? {
     val key = "gateway.tls.$stableId"
     return plainPrefs.getString(key, null)?.trim()?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
   }
 
+  /** Persists the gateway TLS fingerprint captured through TOFU or explicit trust. */
   fun saveGatewayTlsFingerprint(
     stableId: String,
     fingerprint: String,
@@ -442,23 +457,6 @@ class SecurePrefs(
     securePrefs.edit { remove(key) }
   }
 
-  fun keysWithPrefix(prefix: String): Set<String> =
-    securePrefs
-      .all
-      .keys
-      .filter { it.startsWith(prefix) }
-      .toSet()
-
-  fun removeKeysWithPrefix(prefix: String) {
-    val keys = keysWithPrefix(prefix)
-    if (keys.isEmpty()) return
-    securePrefs.edit {
-      for (key in keys) {
-        remove(key)
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
   private fun createSecurePrefs(
     context: Context,
     name: String,
@@ -474,6 +472,7 @@ class SecurePrefs(
   private fun loadOrCreateInstanceId(): String {
     val existing = plainPrefs.getString("node.instanceId", null)?.trim()
     if (!existing.isNullOrBlank()) return existing
+    // Instance id is not secret; it scopes local credentials and survives display-name changes.
     val fresh = UUID.randomUUID().toString()
     plainPrefs.edit { putString("node.instanceId", fresh) }
     return fresh
@@ -483,6 +482,7 @@ class SecurePrefs(
     val existing = plainPrefs.getString(displayNameKey, null)?.trim().orEmpty()
     if (existing.isNotEmpty() && existing != "Android Node") return existing
 
+    // Replace the historical generic name with a device-specific default once.
     val candidate = DeviceNames.bestDefaultNodeName(context).trim()
     val resolved = candidate.ifEmpty { "Android Node" }
 
@@ -490,6 +490,7 @@ class SecurePrefs(
     return resolved
   }
 
+  /** Persists sanitized voice wake triggers and updates the reactive settings flow. */
   fun setWakeWords(words: List<String>) {
     val sanitized = WakeWords.sanitize(words, defaultWakeWords)
     val encoded =
@@ -538,7 +539,7 @@ class SecurePrefs(
     val raw = plainPrefs.getString(voiceWakeModeKey, null)
     val resolved = VoiceWakeMode.fromRawValue(raw)
 
-    // Default ON (foreground) when unset.
+    // Default ON (foreground) when unset, but keep "always" opt-in through explicit settings.
     if (raw.isNullOrBlank()) {
       plainPrefs.edit { putString(voiceWakeModeKey, resolved.rawValue) }
     }
@@ -550,6 +551,7 @@ class SecurePrefs(
     val raw = plainPrefs.getString(locationModeKey, "off")
     val resolved = LocationMode.fromRawValue(raw)
     if (raw?.trim()?.lowercase() == "always") {
+      // Migrate old "always" configs to the current while-using contract.
       plainPrefs.edit { putString(locationModeKey, resolved.rawValue) }
     }
     return resolved

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/SessionKey.kt

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app
 
+/** Normalizes blank gateway session keys to the legacy main session alias. */
 internal fun normalizeMainKey(raw: String?): String {
   val trimmed = raw?.trim()
   return if (!trimmed.isNullOrEmpty()) trimmed else "main"
 }
 
+/** Accepts only gateway session keys that can represent the main chat stream. */
 internal fun isCanonicalMainSessionKey(raw: String?): Boolean {
   val trimmed = raw?.trim().orEmpty()
   if (trimmed.isEmpty()) return false
@@ -12,6 +14,7 @@ internal fun isCanonicalMainSessionKey(raw: String?): Boolean {
   return trimmed.startsWith("agent:")
 }
 
+/** Extracts the agent id from canonical agent-scoped main session keys. */
 internal fun resolveAgentIdFromMainSessionKey(raw: String?): String? {
   val trimmed = raw?.trim().orEmpty()
   if (!trimmed.startsWith("agent:")) return null
@@ -22,6 +25,7 @@ internal fun resolveAgentIdFromMainSessionKey(raw: String?): String? {
     .ifEmpty { null }
 }
 
+/** Builds the node session key shape consumed by gateway chat and presence APIs. */
 internal fun buildNodeMainSessionKey(
   deviceId: String,
   agentId: String?,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/VoiceCaptureMode.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app
 
+/**
+ * Persisted voice capture mode that controls foreground-service microphone requirements.
+ */
 enum class VoiceCaptureMode {
   Off,
   ManualMic,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/VoiceWakeMode.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app
 
+/**
+ * Persisted wake-word mode; raw values are stored in secure preferences.
+ */
 enum class VoiceWakeMode(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -9,6 +12,9 @@ enum class VoiceWakeMode(
   ;
 
   companion object {
+    /**
+     * Invalid stored values fall back to foreground wake so hands-free behavior stays opt-in.
+     */
     fun fromRawValue(raw: String?): VoiceWakeMode = entries.firstOrNull { it.rawValue == raw?.trim()?.lowercase() } ?: Foreground
   }
 }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/WakeWords.kt

@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app
 
+/**
+ * Wake-word parsing limits and sanitizers shared by settings and voice runtime paths.
+ */
 object WakeWords {
   const val maxWords: Int = 32
   const val maxWordLength: Int = 64
 
+  /** Splits comma-separated user input into non-empty wake-word entries. */
   fun parseCommaSeparated(input: String): List<String> = input.split(",").map { it.trim() }.filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
 
+  /** Returns null when edited text normalizes to the current wake-word list. */
   fun parseIfChanged(
     input: String,
     current: List<String>,
@@ -14,6 +19,7 @@ object WakeWords {
     return if (parsed == current) null else parsed
   }
 
+  /** Applies persisted-list bounds and falls back to defaults when all entries are empty. */
   fun sanitize(
     words: List<String>,
     defaults: List<String>,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt

@@ -61,12 +61,15 @@ class ChatController(
 
   private val pendingRuns = mutableSetOf<String>()
   private val pendingRunTimeoutJobs = ConcurrentHashMap<String, Job>()
+  // Preserve sent messages locally until chat.history includes the gateway-confirmed copy.
   private val optimisticMessagesByRunId = LinkedHashMap<String, ChatMessage>()
   private val pendingRunTimeoutMs = 120_000L
+  // Drops stale history responses after session switches or refresh races.
   private val historyLoadGeneration = AtomicLong(0)
 
   private var lastHealthPollAtMs: Long? = null
 
+  /** Clears transient chat state when the operator gateway session disconnects. */
   fun onDisconnected(message: String) {
     _healthOk.value = false
     _errorText.value = null
@@ -78,6 +81,7 @@ class ChatController(
     _sessionId.value = null
   }
 
+  /** Loads a chat session, normalizing "main" to the current gateway-provided main session key. */
   fun load(sessionKey: String) {
     val key = normalizeRequestedSessionKey(sessionKey)
     val generation = beginHistoryLoad(key, clearMessages = key != _sessionKey.value)
@@ -86,6 +90,7 @@ class ChatController(
     }
   }
 
+  /** Rebinds chat to a new canonical main session key after gateway hello/agent changes. */
   fun applyMainSessionKey(mainSessionKey: String) {
     val trimmed = mainSessionKey.trim()
     if (trimmed.isEmpty()) return
@@ -108,6 +113,7 @@ class ChatController(
     }
   }
 
+  /** Refreshes current chat history and session list without clearing optimistic messages first. */
   fun refresh() {
     val key = normalizeRequestedSessionKey(_sessionKey.value)
     val generation = beginHistoryLoad(key, clearMessages = false)
@@ -120,12 +126,14 @@ class ChatController(
     scope.launch { fetchSessions(limit = limit) }
   }
 
+  /** Persists the normalized thinking level used for subsequent chat sends. */
   fun setThinkingLevel(thinkingLevel: String) {
     val normalized = normalizeThinking(thinkingLevel)
     if (normalized == _thinkingLevel.value) return
     _thinkingLevel.value = normalized
   }
 
+  /** Switches to another gateway chat session and starts a fresh history load. */
   fun switchSession(sessionKey: String) {
     val key = normalizeRequestedSessionKey(sessionKey)
     if (key.isEmpty()) return
@@ -163,6 +171,7 @@ class ChatController(
     return key
   }
 
+  /** Queues a chat send without waiting for gateway acceptance. */
   fun sendMessage(
     message: String,
     thinkingLevel: String,
@@ -177,6 +186,7 @@ class ChatController(
     }
   }
 
+  /** Sends a chat message and returns once the gateway accepts or rejects the request. */
   suspend fun sendMessageAwaitAcceptance(
     message: String,
     thinkingLevel: String,
@@ -194,7 +204,7 @@ class ChatController(
     val sessionKey = _sessionKey.value
     val thinking = normalizeThinking(thinkingLevel)
 
-    // Optimistic user message.
+    // Optimistic user message keeps the composer responsive while chat.send and history refresh complete.
     val userContent =
       buildList {
         add(ChatMessageContent(type = "text", text = text))
@@ -257,6 +267,7 @@ class ChatController(
       val res = session.request("chat.send", params.toString())
       val actualRunId = parseRunId(res) ?: runId
       if (actualRunId != runId) {
+        // Gateway may return a canonical run id; move all pending bookkeeping to that id.
         optimisticMessagesByRunId[actualRunId] = optimisticMessagesByRunId.remove(runId) ?: optimisticMessage
         clearPendingRun(runId)
         armPendingRunTimeout(actualRunId)
@@ -274,6 +285,7 @@ class ChatController(
     }
   }
 
+  /** Sends best-effort abort requests for every currently pending gateway run. */
   fun abort() {
     val runIds =
       synchronized(pendingRuns) {
@@ -296,6 +308,7 @@ class ChatController(
     }
   }
 
+  /** Applies gateway chat/agent stream events to local transcript and pending-run state. */
   fun handleGatewayEvent(
     event: String,
     payloadJson: String?,
@@ -396,7 +409,7 @@ class ChatController(
     val state = payload["state"].asStringOrNull()
     when (state) {
       "delta" -> {
-        // Only show streaming text for runs we initiated
+        // Only show streaming text for runs we initiated in this controller.
         if (!isPending) return
         val text = parseAssistantDeltaText(payload)
         if (!text.isNullOrEmpty()) {
@@ -637,6 +650,9 @@ internal fun isCurrentHistoryLoad(
   activeGeneration: Long,
 ): Boolean = requestedSessionKey == currentSessionKey && requestGeneration == activeGeneration
 
+/**
+ * Convert gateway chat content parts into Android UI content parts.
+ */
 internal fun parseChatMessageContent(el: JsonElement): ChatMessageContent? {
   val obj = el.asObjectOrNull() ?: return null
   return when (obj["type"].asStringOrNull() ?: "text") {
@@ -663,6 +679,9 @@ internal data class MainSessionState(
   val appliedMainSessionKey: String,
 )
 
+/**
+ * Rewrite only the active "main" alias when the gateway publishes a new canonical main session key.
+ */
 internal fun applyMainSessionKey(
   currentSessionKey: String,
   appliedMainSessionKey: String,
@@ -680,6 +699,9 @@ internal fun applyMainSessionKey(
   )
 }
 
+/**
+ * Keep Compose item identity stable across history refreshes by matching existing messages to incoming copies.
+ */
 internal fun reconcileMessageIds(
   previous: List<ChatMessage>,
   incoming: List<ChatMessage>,
@@ -729,6 +751,9 @@ internal fun mergeOptimisticMessages(
   return (incoming + missingOptimistic).sortedWith(compareBy<ChatMessage> { it.timestampMs ?: Long.MAX_VALUE }.thenBy { it.id })
 }
 
+/**
+ * Message identity used only for refresh reconciliation; it avoids exposing gateway ids as UI keys.
+ */
 internal fun messageIdentityKey(message: ChatMessage): String? {
   val contentKey = messageContentIdentityKey(message) ?: return null
   val timestamp = message.timestampMs?.toString().orEmpty()

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatModels.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app.chat
 
+/**
+ * Chat transcript item as delivered by gateway chat history and live chat events.
+ */
 data class ChatMessage(
   val id: String,
   val role: String,
@@ -7,6 +10,9 @@ data class ChatMessage(
   val timestampMs: Long?,
 )
 
+/**
+ * One content part in a chat message; binary parts carry base64 plus their MIME metadata.
+ */
 data class ChatMessageContent(
   val type: String = "text",
   val text: String? = null,
@@ -15,6 +21,9 @@ data class ChatMessageContent(
   val base64: String? = null,
 )
 
+/**
+ * Tool call placeholder shown while a gateway run is still streaming.
+ */
 data class ChatPendingToolCall(
   val toolCallId: String,
   val name: String,
@@ -23,12 +32,18 @@ data class ChatPendingToolCall(
   val isError: Boolean? = null,
 )
 
+/**
+ * Stable session selector row; [key] is the gateway session key used in chat requests.
+ */
 data class ChatSessionEntry(
   val key: String,
   val updatedAtMs: Long?,
   val displayName: String? = null,
 )
 
+/**
+ * Snapshot of one chat session, including optional thinking level selected on the gateway.
+ */
 data class ChatHistory(
   val sessionKey: String,
   val sessionId: String?,
@@ -36,6 +51,9 @@ data class ChatHistory(
   val messages: List<ChatMessage>,
 )
 
+/**
+ * User-selected attachment payload sent to the gateway as inline base64.
+ */
 data class OutgoingAttachment(
   val type: String,
   val mimeType: String,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/BonjourEscapes.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app.gateway
 
+/**
+ * Decoder for Bonjour DNS-SD service names returned with decimal byte escapes.
+ */
 object BonjourEscapes {
+  /** Decodes Bonjour DNS-SD decimal escapes while preserving ordinary UTF-8. */
   fun decode(input: String): String {
     if (input.isEmpty()) return input
 
@@ -15,6 +19,7 @@ object BonjourEscapes {
           val value =
             ((d0.code - '0'.code) * 100) + ((d1.code - '0'.code) * 10) + (d2.code - '0'.code)
           if (value in 0..255) {
+            // Bonjour escape bytes are decimal octets, not Unicode code points.
             bytes.add(value.toByte())
             i += 4
             continue

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/DeviceAuthPayload.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app.gateway
 
+/**
+ * Canonical device-auth payload builder shared with gateway verification rules.
+ */
 internal object DeviceAuthPayload {
+  /** Builds the canonical v3 auth string signed by device registration flows. */
   fun buildV3(
     deviceId: String,
     clientId: String,
@@ -32,6 +36,7 @@ internal object DeviceAuthPayload {
     ).joinToString("|")
   }
 
+  /** Normalizes signed metadata fields without locale-sensitive lowercasing. */
   internal fun normalizeMetadataField(value: String?): String {
     val trimmed = value?.trim().orEmpty()
     if (trimmed.isEmpty()) {

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/DeviceAuthStore.kt

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app.gateway
 
 import ai.openclaw.app.SecurePrefs
-import android.content.Context
 import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
-import kotlinx.serialization.decodeFromString
 import kotlinx.serialization.encodeToString
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
 
+/** Stored gateway device-token material scoped by device id and role. */
 data class DeviceAuthEntry(
   val token: String,
   val role: String,
@@ -20,21 +19,21 @@ private data class PersistedDeviceAuthMetadata(
   val updatedAtMs: Long = 0L,
 )
 
-private const val deviceAuthTokenPrefix = "gateway.deviceToken."
-private const val deviceAuthMetadataPrefix = "gateway.deviceTokenMeta."
-private const val sqliteSecurePrefsTokenMarker = "__openclaw_secure_prefs__"
-
+/** Persistence interface used by gateway pairing/session code for role tokens. */
 interface DeviceAuthTokenStore {
+  /** Loads the stored token plus metadata for one device/role pair. */
   fun loadEntry(
     deviceId: String,
     role: String,
   ): DeviceAuthEntry?
 
+  /** Loads only the bearer token when callers do not need scope metadata. */
   fun loadToken(
     deviceId: String,
     role: String,
   ): String? = loadEntry(deviceId, role)?.token
 
+  /** Persists a role token and deterministic scope metadata under normalized keys. */
   fun saveToken(
     deviceId: String,
     role: String,
@@ -42,110 +41,37 @@ interface DeviceAuthTokenStore {
     scopes: List<String> = emptyList(),
   )
 
+  /** Removes both token and metadata for the normalized device/role pair. */
   fun clearToken(
     deviceId: String,
     role: String,
   )
 }
 
-internal interface DeviceAuthStateStore {
-  fun readDeviceAuthToken(
-    deviceId: String,
-    role: String,
-  ): OpenClawSQLiteDeviceAuthTokenRow?
-
-  fun readLatestDeviceAuthDeviceId(): String?
-
-  fun upsertDeviceAuthToken(row: OpenClawSQLiteDeviceAuthTokenRow)
-
-  fun deleteDeviceAuthToken(
-    deviceId: String,
-    role: String,
-  )
-
-  fun deleteAllDeviceAuthTokens()
-}
-
-private class OpenClawSQLiteDeviceAuthStateStore(
-  private val store: OpenClawSQLiteStateStore,
-) : DeviceAuthStateStore {
-  override fun readDeviceAuthToken(
-    deviceId: String,
-    role: String,
-  ): OpenClawSQLiteDeviceAuthTokenRow? = store.readDeviceAuthToken(deviceId, role)
-
-  override fun readLatestDeviceAuthDeviceId(): String? = store.readLatestDeviceAuthDeviceId()
-
-  override fun upsertDeviceAuthToken(row: OpenClawSQLiteDeviceAuthTokenRow) {
-    store.upsertDeviceAuthToken(row)
-  }
-
-  override fun deleteDeviceAuthToken(
-    deviceId: String,
-    role: String,
-  ) {
-    store.deleteDeviceAuthToken(deviceId, role)
-  }
-
-  override fun deleteAllDeviceAuthTokens() {
-    store.deleteAllDeviceAuthTokens()
-  }
-}
-
-class DeviceAuthStore private constructor(
-  private val context: Context,
-  private val legacyPrefsOverride: SecurePrefs? = null,
-  private val stateStore: DeviceAuthStateStore,
+/** SecurePrefs-backed implementation of Android gateway device-token storage. */
+class DeviceAuthStore(
+  private val prefs: SecurePrefs,
 ) : DeviceAuthTokenStore {
-  constructor(
-    context: Context,
-    legacyPrefsOverride: SecurePrefs? = null,
-  ) : this(
-    context = context,
-    legacyPrefsOverride = legacyPrefsOverride,
-    stateStore = OpenClawSQLiteDeviceAuthStateStore(OpenClawSQLiteStateStore(context)),
-  )
-
-  internal companion object {
-    fun createForTesting(
-      context: Context,
-      legacyPrefsOverride: SecurePrefs? = null,
-      stateStoreOverride: DeviceAuthStateStore,
-    ): DeviceAuthStore =
-      DeviceAuthStore(
-        context = context,
-        legacyPrefsOverride = legacyPrefsOverride,
-        stateStore = stateStoreOverride,
-      )
-  }
-
   private val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
-  private val legacyPrefs by lazy { legacyPrefsOverride ?: SecurePrefs(context) }
 
   override fun loadEntry(
     deviceId: String,
     role: String,
   ): DeviceAuthEntry? {
-    val normalizedDevice = normalizeDeviceId(deviceId)
+    val key = tokenKey(deviceId, role)
+    val token = prefs.getString(key)?.trim()?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() } ?: return null
     val normalizedRole = normalizeRole(role)
-    val row =
-      stateStore.readDeviceAuthToken(normalizedDevice, normalizedRole)
-        ?: return migrateLegacyEntryIfNoSqliteAuthRows(normalizedDevice, normalizedRole)
-    val token =
-      legacyPrefs
-        .getString(tokenKey(normalizedDevice, normalizedRole))
-        ?.trim()
-        ?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
-        ?: row.token.trim().takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() && it != sqliteSecurePrefsTokenMarker }?.also {
-          legacyPrefs.putString(tokenKey(normalizedDevice, normalizedRole), it)
-          stateStore.upsertDeviceAuthToken(row.copy(token = sqliteSecurePrefsTokenMarker))
+    val metadata =
+      prefs
+        .getString(metadataKey(deviceId, role))
+        ?.let { raw ->
+          runCatching { json.decodeFromString<PersistedDeviceAuthMetadata>(raw) }.getOrNull()
         }
-        ?: return null
     return DeviceAuthEntry(
       token = token,
       role = normalizedRole,
-      scopes = decodeScopes(row.scopesJson),
-      updatedAtMs = row.updatedAtMs,
+      scopes = metadata?.scopes ?: emptyList(),
+      updatedAtMs = metadata?.updatedAtMs ?: 0L,
     )
   }
 
@@ -155,35 +81,16 @@ class DeviceAuthStore private constructor(
     token: String,
     scopes: List<String>,
   ) {
-    val normalizedDevice = normalizeDeviceId(deviceId)
-    val normalizedRole = normalizeRole(role)
     val normalizedScopes = normalizeScopes(scopes)
-    val latestDeviceId = stateStore.readLatestDeviceAuthDeviceId()
-    val shouldSeedSameDeviceLegacyRoles = latestDeviceId == null
-    val sqliteDeviceChanged = latestDeviceId != null && latestDeviceId != normalizedDevice
-    val shouldDropLegacyAuth =
-      sqliteDeviceChanged ||
-        legacyPrefs.keysWithPrefix(deviceAuthTokenPrefix).any {
-          !it.startsWith(tokenKeyPrefix(normalizedDevice))
-        }
-    if (sqliteDeviceChanged) {
-      stateStore.deleteAllDeviceAuthTokens()
-    }
-    if (shouldDropLegacyAuth) {
-      removeForeignLegacyEntries(normalizedDevice)
-    }
-    if (shouldSeedSameDeviceLegacyRoles) {
-      migrateLegacyEntriesForDevice(normalizedDevice)
-    }
-    legacyPrefs.putString(tokenKey(normalizedDevice, normalizedRole), token.trim())
-    removeLegacyMetadata(normalizedDevice, normalizedRole)
-    stateStore.upsertDeviceAuthToken(
-      OpenClawSQLiteDeviceAuthTokenRow(
-        deviceId = normalizedDevice,
-        role = normalizedRole,
-        token = sqliteSecurePrefsTokenMarker,
-        scopesJson = json.encodeToString(normalizedScopes),
-        updatedAtMs = System.currentTimeMillis(),
+    val key = tokenKey(deviceId, role)
+    prefs.putString(key, token.trim())
+    prefs.putString(
+      metadataKey(deviceId, role),
+      json.encodeToString(
+        PersistedDeviceAuthMetadata(
+          scopes = normalizedScopes,
+          updatedAtMs = System.currentTimeMillis(),
+        ),
       ),
     )
   }
@@ -192,133 +99,44 @@ class DeviceAuthStore private constructor(
     deviceId: String,
     role: String,
   ) {
-    val normalizedDevice = normalizeDeviceId(deviceId)
-    val normalizedRole = normalizeRole(role)
-    removeLegacyEntry(normalizedDevice, normalizedRole)
-    stateStore.deleteDeviceAuthToken(
-      deviceId = normalizedDevice,
-      role = normalizedRole,
-    )
+    val key = tokenKey(deviceId, role)
+    prefs.remove(key)
+    prefs.remove(metadataKey(deviceId, role))
   }
 
-  private fun migrateLegacyEntryIfNoSqliteAuthRows(
-    normalizedDevice: String,
-    normalizedRole: String,
-  ): DeviceAuthEntry? {
-    if (stateStore.readLatestDeviceAuthDeviceId() != null) {
-      removeLegacyEntry(normalizedDevice, normalizedRole)
-      return null
-    }
-    return migrateLegacyEntriesForDevice(normalizedDevice)[normalizedRole]
-  }
-
-  private fun migrateLegacyEntriesForDevice(normalizedDevice: String): Map<String, DeviceAuthEntry> {
-    val prefix = tokenKeyPrefix(normalizedDevice)
-    return legacyPrefs
-      .keysWithPrefix(prefix)
-      .mapNotNull { key ->
-        val role = normalizeRole(key.removePrefix(prefix))
-        if (role.isEmpty()) {
-          null
-        } else {
-          migrateLegacyEntry(normalizedDevice, role)?.let { role to it }
-        }
-      }.toMap()
-  }
-
-  private fun migrateLegacyEntry(
-    normalizedDevice: String,
-    normalizedRole: String,
-  ): DeviceAuthEntry? {
-    val token =
-      legacyPrefs
-        .getString(tokenKey(normalizedDevice, normalizedRole))
-        ?.trim()
-        ?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
-        ?: return null
-    val metadata =
-      legacyPrefs
-        .getString(metadataKey(normalizedDevice, normalizedRole))
-        ?.let { raw -> runCatching { json.decodeFromString<PersistedDeviceAuthMetadata>(raw) }.getOrNull() }
-    val entry =
-      DeviceAuthEntry(
-        token = token,
-        role = normalizedRole,
-        scopes = normalizeScopes(metadata?.scopes ?: emptyList()),
-        updatedAtMs = metadata?.updatedAtMs?.takeIf { it > 0L } ?: System.currentTimeMillis(),
-      )
-    val migrated =
-      runCatching {
-        stateStore.upsertDeviceAuthToken(
-          OpenClawSQLiteDeviceAuthTokenRow(
-            deviceId = normalizedDevice,
-            role = normalizedRole,
-            token = sqliteSecurePrefsTokenMarker,
-            scopesJson = json.encodeToString(entry.scopes),
-            updatedAtMs = entry.updatedAtMs,
-          ),
-        )
-      }.isSuccess
-    if (migrated) {
-      legacyPrefs.putString(tokenKey(normalizedDevice, normalizedRole), entry.token)
-      removeLegacyMetadata(normalizedDevice, normalizedRole)
-    }
-    return entry
-  }
-
-  private fun removeLegacyMetadata(
-    normalizedDevice: String,
-    normalizedRole: String,
-  ) {
-    legacyPrefs.remove(metadataKey(normalizedDevice, normalizedRole))
-  }
-
-  private fun removeLegacyEntry(
-    normalizedDevice: String,
-    normalizedRole: String,
-  ) {
-    legacyPrefs.remove(tokenKey(normalizedDevice, normalizedRole))
-    legacyPrefs.remove(metadataKey(normalizedDevice, normalizedRole))
-  }
-
-  private fun removeForeignLegacyEntries(normalizedDevice: String) {
-    val currentTokenPrefix = tokenKeyPrefix(normalizedDevice)
-    legacyPrefs
-      .keysWithPrefix(deviceAuthTokenPrefix)
-      .filterNot { it.startsWith(currentTokenPrefix) }
-      .forEach { legacyPrefs.remove(it) }
-    val currentMetadataPrefix = "$deviceAuthMetadataPrefix$normalizedDevice."
-    legacyPrefs
-      .keysWithPrefix(deviceAuthMetadataPrefix)
-      .filterNot { it.startsWith(currentMetadataPrefix) }
-      .forEach { legacyPrefs.remove(it) }
-  }
-
-  private fun tokenKeyPrefix(normalizedDevice: String): String = "$deviceAuthTokenPrefix$normalizedDevice."
-
   private fun tokenKey(
-    normalizedDevice: String,
-    normalizedRole: String,
-  ): String = "${tokenKeyPrefix(normalizedDevice)}$normalizedRole"
+    deviceId: String,
+    role: String,
+  ): String {
+    val normalizedDevice = normalizeDeviceId(deviceId)
+    val normalizedRole = normalizeRole(role)
+    // Keep key normalization shared with metadata keys so token and metadata
+    // are added/removed as one logical auth entry.
+    return "gateway.deviceToken.$normalizedDevice.$normalizedRole"
+  }
 
   private fun metadataKey(
-    normalizedDevice: String,
-    normalizedRole: String,
-  ): String = "$deviceAuthMetadataPrefix$normalizedDevice.$normalizedRole"
-
-  private fun decodeScopes(raw: String): List<String> =
-    runCatching { json.decodeFromString<List<String>>(raw) }
-      .getOrDefault(emptyList())
-      .let(::normalizeScopes)
+    deviceId: String,
+    role: String,
+  ): String {
+    val normalizedDevice = normalizeDeviceId(deviceId)
+    val normalizedRole = normalizeRole(role)
+    return "gateway.deviceTokenMeta.$normalizedDevice.$normalizedRole"
+  }
 
+  /** Normalizes device ids before they become encrypted preference key segments. */
   private fun normalizeDeviceId(deviceId: String): String = deviceId.trim().lowercase()
 
+  /** Normalizes role names so node/operator token slots are stable across callers. */
   private fun normalizeRole(role: String): String = role.trim().lowercase()
 
+  /** Stores scopes in deterministic order for display and restart comparisons. */
   private fun normalizeScopes(scopes: List<String>): List<String> =
     scopes
       .map { it.trim() }
       .filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+      // Persist deterministic scope lists because they are displayed and may be
+      // compared across process restarts.
       .distinct()
       .sorted()
 }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/DeviceIdentityStore.kt

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
 import java.io.File
 import java.security.MessageDigest
 
+/** Persistent Ed25519 identity used to register this Android node with gateways. */
 @Serializable
 data class DeviceIdentity(
   val deviceId: String,
@@ -15,40 +16,44 @@ data class DeviceIdentity(
   val createdAtMs: Long,
 )
 
+/** Owns device identity generation, persistence, and auth payload signatures. */
 class DeviceIdentityStore(
   context: Context,
 ) {
   private val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
-  private val stateStore = OpenClawSQLiteStateStore(context)
-  private val legacyIdentityFile = File(context.filesDir, "openclaw/identity/device.json")
+  private val identityFile = File(context.filesDir, "openclaw/identity/device.json")
 
   @Volatile private var cachedIdentity: DeviceIdentity? = null
 
+  /** Loads the persisted identity or creates one, repairing old device-id drift. */
   @Synchronized
   fun loadOrCreate(): DeviceIdentity {
     cachedIdentity?.let { return it }
     val existing = load()
     if (existing != null) {
+      val derived = deriveDeviceId(existing.publicKeyRawBase64)
+      if (derived != null && derived != existing.deviceId) {
+        val updated = existing.copy(deviceId = derived)
+        save(updated)
+        cachedIdentity = updated
+        return updated
+      }
       cachedIdentity = existing
       return existing
     }
-    if (legacyIdentityFile.exists()) {
-      val migrated = migrateLegacyIdentity()
-      cachedIdentity = migrated
-      return migrated
-    }
     val fresh = generate()
     save(fresh)
     cachedIdentity = fresh
     return fresh
   }
 
+  /** Signs gateway connect payload text with the persisted Ed25519 private key. */
   fun signPayload(
     payload: String,
     identity: DeviceIdentity,
   ): String? =
     try {
-      // Use BC lightweight API directly — JCA provider registration is broken by R8
+      // Use BC lightweight API directly; R8 can break JCA provider registration.
       val privateKeyBytes = Base64.decode(identity.privateKeyPkcs8Base64, Base64.DEFAULT)
       val pkInfo =
         org.bouncycastle.asn1.pkcs.PrivateKeyInfo
@@ -73,6 +78,7 @@ class DeviceIdentityStore(
       null
     }
 
+  /** Verifies a signature against the persisted public key for debug diagnostics. */
   fun verifySelfSignature(
     payload: String,
     signatureBase64Url: String,
@@ -96,12 +102,16 @@ class DeviceIdentityStore(
       false
     }
 
+  /** Decodes gateway URL-safe base64 signatures, accepting unpadded input. */
   private fun base64UrlDecode(input: String): ByteArray {
     val normalized = input.replace('-', '+').replace('_', '/')
+    // Android Base64 expects padded input; gateway signatures are URL-safe
+    // unpadded strings.
     val padded = normalized + "=".repeat((4 - normalized.length % 4) % 4)
     return Base64.decode(padded, Base64.DEFAULT)
   }
 
+  /** Returns the public key in the gateway's unpadded URL-safe base64 format. */
   fun publicKeyBase64Url(identity: DeviceIdentity): String? =
     try {
       val raw = Base64.decode(identity.publicKeyRawBase64, Base64.DEFAULT)
@@ -110,80 +120,38 @@ class DeviceIdentityStore(
       null
     }
 
-  private fun load(): DeviceIdentity? {
-    val row = stateStore.readDeviceIdentity(IDENTITY_KEY) ?: return null
-    return readIdentity(row)
-      ?: throw IllegalStateException(
-        "Stored OpenClaw device identity is invalid. Run openclaw doctor --fix.",
-      )
-  }
+  private fun load(): DeviceIdentity? = readIdentity(identityFile)
 
-  private fun migrateLegacyIdentity(): DeviceIdentity {
-    val raw =
-      try {
-        legacyIdentityFile.readText(Charsets.UTF_8)
-      } catch (error: Throwable) {
-        throw IllegalStateException("Failed to read legacy OpenClaw device identity.", error)
+  private fun readIdentity(file: File): DeviceIdentity? {
+    return try {
+      if (!file.exists()) return null
+      val raw = file.readText(Charsets.UTF_8)
+      val decoded = json.decodeFromString(DeviceIdentity.serializer(), raw)
+      if (decoded.deviceId.isBlank() ||
+        decoded.publicKeyRawBase64.isBlank() ||
+        decoded.privateKeyPkcs8Base64.isBlank()
+      ) {
+        null
+      } else {
+        decoded
       }
-    val identity =
-      runCatching { json.decodeFromString(DeviceIdentity.serializer(), raw) }
-        .getOrNull()
-        ?.let(::normalizeRawIdentity)
-        ?: throw IllegalStateException(
-          "Legacy OpenClaw device identity is invalid. Run openclaw doctor --fix.",
-        )
-    save(identity)
-    legacyIdentityFile.delete()
-    return identity
-  }
-
-  private fun normalizeRawIdentity(identity: DeviceIdentity): DeviceIdentity? =
-    try {
-      if (identity.publicKeyRawBase64.isBlank() || identity.privateKeyPkcs8Base64.isBlank()) {
-        return null
-      }
-      val publicRaw = Base64.decode(identity.publicKeyRawBase64, Base64.DEFAULT)
-      val privateDer = Base64.decode(identity.privateKeyPkcs8Base64, Base64.DEFAULT)
-      if (publicRaw.size != ED25519_KEY_SIZE || privateDer.isEmpty()) {
-        return null
-      }
-      val normalized = identity.copy(deviceId = sha256Hex(publicRaw))
-      if (!hasMatchingKeyPair(normalized)) {
-        return null
-      }
-      normalized
     } catch (_: Throwable) {
       null
     }
-
-  private fun readIdentity(row: OpenClawSQLiteDeviceIdentityRow): DeviceIdentity? =
-    PersistedDeviceIdentity(
-      deviceId = row.deviceId,
-      publicKeyPem = row.publicKeyPem,
-      privateKeyPem = row.privateKeyPem,
-      createdAtMs = row.createdAtMs,
-    ).toRuntimeIdentity()?.takeIf(::hasMatchingKeyPair)
-
-  private fun hasMatchingKeyPair(identity: DeviceIdentity): Boolean {
-    val signature = signPayload(KEYPAIR_VALIDATION_PAYLOAD, identity) ?: return false
-    return verifySelfSignature(KEYPAIR_VALIDATION_PAYLOAD, signature, identity)
   }
 
   private fun save(identity: DeviceIdentity) {
-    val persisted = PersistedDeviceIdentity.fromRuntimeIdentity(identity)
-    stateStore.writeDeviceIdentity(
-      OpenClawSQLiteDeviceIdentityRow(
-        deviceId = persisted.deviceId,
-        publicKeyPem = persisted.publicKeyPem,
-        privateKeyPem = persisted.privateKeyPem,
-        createdAtMs = persisted.createdAtMs,
-      ),
-      identityKey = IDENTITY_KEY,
-    )
+    try {
+      identityFile.parentFile?.mkdirs()
+      val encoded = json.encodeToString(DeviceIdentity.serializer(), identity)
+      identityFile.writeText(encoded, Charsets.UTF_8)
+    } catch (_: Throwable) {
+      // best-effort only
+    }
   }
 
   private fun generate(): DeviceIdentity {
-    // Use BC lightweight API directly to avoid JCA provider issues with R8
+    // Use BC lightweight API directly to avoid JCA provider issues with R8.
     val kpGen =
       org.bouncycastle.crypto.generators
         .Ed25519KeyPairGenerator()
@@ -196,7 +164,8 @@ class DeviceIdentityStore(
     val privKey = kp.private as org.bouncycastle.crypto.params.Ed25519PrivateKeyParameters
     val rawPublic = pubKey.encoded // 32 bytes
     val deviceId = sha256Hex(rawPublic)
-    // Encode private key as PKCS8 for storage
+    // Store private key as PKCS8 so signPayload can parse the same persisted
+    // shape after app restarts and upgrades.
     val privKeyInfo =
       org.bouncycastle.crypto.util.PrivateKeyInfoFactory
         .createPrivateKeyInfo(privKey)
@@ -209,6 +178,15 @@ class DeviceIdentityStore(
     )
   }
 
+  /** Re-derives the stable device id from the raw Ed25519 public key bytes. */
+  private fun deriveDeviceId(publicKeyRawBase64: String): String? =
+    try {
+      val raw = Base64.decode(publicKeyRawBase64, Base64.DEFAULT)
+      sha256Hex(raw)
+    } catch (_: Throwable) {
+      null
+    }
+
   private fun sha256Hex(data: ByteArray): String {
     val digest = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256").digest(data)
     val out = CharArray(digest.size * 2)
@@ -227,92 +205,7 @@ class DeviceIdentityStore(
       Base64.URL_SAFE or Base64.NO_WRAP or Base64.NO_PADDING,
     )
 
-  @Serializable
-  private data class PersistedDeviceIdentity(
-    val version: Int = 1,
-    val deviceId: String,
-    val publicKeyPem: String,
-    val privateKeyPem: String,
-    val createdAtMs: Long,
-  ) {
-    fun toRuntimeIdentity(): DeviceIdentity? {
-      if (version != 1 || deviceId.isBlank() || publicKeyPem.isBlank() || privateKeyPem.isBlank()) {
-        return null
-      }
-      val publicDer = decodePem(publicKeyPem, "PUBLIC KEY") ?: return null
-      if (!publicDer.startsWith(PUBLIC_KEY_INFO_PREFIX)) return null
-      val publicRaw = publicDer.copyOfRange(PUBLIC_KEY_INFO_PREFIX.size, publicDer.size)
-      if (publicRaw.size != ED25519_KEY_SIZE) return null
-      val derivedDeviceId = sha256HexStatic(publicRaw)
-      if (derivedDeviceId != deviceId.lowercase()) return null
-      val privateDer = decodePem(privateKeyPem, "PRIVATE KEY") ?: return null
-      return DeviceIdentity(
-        deviceId = derivedDeviceId,
-        publicKeyRawBase64 = Base64.encodeToString(publicRaw, Base64.NO_WRAP),
-        privateKeyPkcs8Base64 = Base64.encodeToString(privateDer, Base64.NO_WRAP),
-        createdAtMs = createdAtMs,
-      )
-    }
-
-    companion object {
-      fun fromRuntimeIdentity(identity: DeviceIdentity): PersistedDeviceIdentity {
-        val publicRaw = Base64.decode(identity.publicKeyRawBase64, Base64.DEFAULT)
-        val privateDer = Base64.decode(identity.privateKeyPkcs8Base64, Base64.DEFAULT)
-        return PersistedDeviceIdentity(
-          deviceId = identity.deviceId,
-          publicKeyPem = encodePem("PUBLIC KEY", PUBLIC_KEY_INFO_PREFIX + publicRaw),
-          privateKeyPem = encodePem("PRIVATE KEY", privateDer),
-          createdAtMs = identity.createdAtMs,
-        )
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
   companion object {
-    private const val IDENTITY_KEY = "default"
-    private const val KEYPAIR_VALIDATION_PAYLOAD = "openclaw-device-identity-keypair-validation"
-    private const val ED25519_KEY_SIZE = 32
     private val HEX = "0123456789abcdef".toCharArray()
-    private val PUBLIC_KEY_INFO_PREFIX =
-      byteArrayOf(0x30, 0x2a, 0x30, 0x05, 0x06, 0x03, 0x2b, 0x65, 0x70, 0x03, 0x21, 0x00)
-
-    private fun ByteArray.startsWith(prefix: ByteArray): Boolean = size >= prefix.size && prefix.indices.all { this[it] == prefix[it] }
-
-    private fun encodePem(
-      label: String,
-      bytes: ByteArray,
-    ): String {
-      val body = Base64.encodeToString(bytes, Base64.NO_WRAP)
-      val wrapped = body.chunked(64).joinToString("\n")
-      return "-----BEGIN $label-----\n$wrapped\n-----END $label-----\n"
-    }
-
-    private fun decodePem(
-      pem: String,
-      label: String,
-    ): ByteArray? {
-      val header = "-----BEGIN $label-----"
-      val footer = "-----END $label-----"
-      val trimmed = pem.trim()
-      if (!trimmed.startsWith(header) || !trimmed.endsWith(footer)) return null
-      val body =
-        trimmed
-          .removePrefix(header)
-          .removeSuffix(footer)
-          .replace("\\s".toRegex(), "")
-      return runCatching { Base64.decode(body, Base64.DEFAULT) }.getOrNull()
-    }
-
-    private fun sha256HexStatic(data: ByteArray): String {
-      val digest = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256").digest(data)
-      val out = CharArray(digest.size * 2)
-      var i = 0
-      for (byte in digest) {
-        val v = byte.toInt() and 0xff
-        out[i++] = HEX[v ushr 4]
-        out[i++] = HEX[v and 0x0f]
-      }
-      return String(out)
-    }
   }
 }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewayDiscovery.kt

@@ -49,6 +49,9 @@ import java.util.concurrent.Executors
 import kotlin.coroutines.resume
 import kotlin.coroutines.resumeWithException
 
+/**
+ * Watches local DNS-SD and optional wide-area DNS-SD for reachable OpenClaw gateways.
+ */
 class GatewayDiscovery(
   context: Context,
   private val scope: CoroutineScope,
@@ -63,9 +66,11 @@ class GatewayDiscovery(
   private val localById = ConcurrentHashMap<String, GatewayEndpoint>()
   private val unicastById = ConcurrentHashMap<String, GatewayEndpoint>()
   private val _gateways = MutableStateFlow<List<GatewayEndpoint>>(emptyList())
+  /** Current discovered gateway list, merged from local DNS-SD and optional wide-area DNS-SD. */
   val gateways: StateFlow<List<GatewayEndpoint>> = _gateways.asStateFlow()
 
   private val _statusText = MutableStateFlow("Searching…")
+  /** Short diagnostic text shown by connect UI while discovery is running. */
   val statusText: StateFlow<String> = _statusText.asStateFlow()
 
   private var unicastJob: Job? = null
@@ -130,6 +135,8 @@ class GatewayDiscovery(
     val cm = connectivity ?: return
     cm.activeNetwork?.let(availableNetworks::add)
     try {
+      // Track all networks so wide-area DNS can prefer VPN/split-DNS answers
+      // even when Android's active network is not the VPN.
       cm.registerNetworkCallback(NetworkRequest.Builder().build(), networkCallback)
     } catch (_: Throwable) {
       // ignore (best-effort)
@@ -168,6 +175,7 @@ class GatewayDiscovery(
 
   private fun resolve(serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo) {
     if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
+      // Android 14+ streams service updates; older releases require one-shot resolve calls.
       resolveWithServiceInfoCallback(serviceInfo)
     } else {
       resolveLegacy(serviceInfo)
@@ -255,6 +263,7 @@ class GatewayDiscovery(
     val tlsEnabled = txtBool(resolved, "gatewayTls")
     val tlsFingerprint = txt(resolved, "gatewayTlsSha256")
     val id = stableId(serviceName, "local.")
+    // Local NSD gives the socket host/port; TXT ports are retained as gateway metadata only.
     localById[id] =
       GatewayEndpoint(
         stableId = id,
@@ -288,6 +297,7 @@ class GatewayDiscovery(
 
   private fun publish() {
     _gateways.value =
+      // Merge local and wide-area results deterministically for stable UI selection.
       (localById.values + unicastById.values).sortedBy { it.name.lowercase() }
     _statusText.value = buildStatusText()
   }
@@ -369,6 +379,7 @@ class GatewayDiscovery(
           ?: resolveHostUnicast(targetFqdn)
           ?: continue
 
+      // Wide-area DNS-SD may put TXT in additional records; fall back to a direct TXT query.
       val txtFromPtr =
         recordsByName(ptrMsg, Section.ADDITIONAL)[keyName(instanceFqdn)]
           .orEmpty()
@@ -454,6 +465,7 @@ class GatewayDiscovery(
     val system = queryViaSystemDns(query)
     if (records(system, Section.ANSWER).any { it.type == type }) return system
 
+    // Android's DnsResolver can miss split-DNS answers; retry with dnsjava against network DNS servers.
     val direct = createDirectResolver() ?: return system
     return try {
       val msg = direct.send(query)
@@ -548,6 +560,7 @@ class GatewayDiscovery(
 
     val candidateNetworks =
       buildList {
+        // Put VPN DNS first so Tailscale split-horizon names win over public DNS.
         trackedNetworks(cm)
           .firstOrNull { n ->
             val caps = cm.getNetworkCapabilities(n) ?: return@firstOrNull false

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewayEndpoint.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app.gateway
 
+/** Resolved gateway address and optional metadata discovered from Bonjour/manual entry. */
 data class GatewayEndpoint(
   val stableId: String,
   val name: String,
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ data class GatewayEndpoint(
   val tlsFingerprintSha256: String? = null,
 ) {
   companion object {
+    /** Builds a stable manual endpoint key that survives display-name changes. */
     fun manual(
       host: String,
       port: Int,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewayHostSecurity.kt

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import android.os.Build
 import java.net.InetAddress
 import java.util.Locale
 
+/** Returns true only for loopback hosts safe to treat as local gateway origins. */
 internal fun isLoopbackGatewayHost(
   rawHost: String?,
   allowEmulatorBridgeAlias: Boolean = isAndroidEmulatorRuntime(),
@@ -18,9 +19,12 @@ internal fun isLoopbackGatewayHost(
     host = host.dropLast(1)
   }
   val zoneIndex = host.indexOf('%')
+  // Scoped IPv6 literals are not stable origin identifiers; reject them for
+  // loopback trust instead of guessing which interface the zone names.
   if (zoneIndex >= 0) return false
   if (host.isEmpty()) return false
   if (host == "localhost") return true
+  // Android emulator maps host loopback through this bridge alias.
   if (allowEmulatorBridgeAlias && host == "10.0.2.2") return true
 
   parseIpv4Address(host)?.let { ipv4 ->
@@ -44,6 +48,7 @@ internal fun isLoopbackGatewayHost(
   return isMappedIpv4 && address[12] == 127.toByte()
 }
 
+/** Allows cleartext only for loopback and private/link-local network ranges. */
 internal fun isLocalCleartextGatewayHost(
   rawHost: String?,
   allowEmulatorBridgeAlias: Boolean = isAndroidEmulatorRuntime(),
@@ -59,6 +64,8 @@ internal fun isLocalCleartextGatewayHost(
   }
   val zoneIndex = host.indexOf('%')
   if (zoneIndex >= 0) {
+    // Link-local cleartext policy is about the address range; strip the
+    // interface zone before InetAddress parsing rejects otherwise valid hosts.
     host = host.substring(0, zoneIndex)
   }
   if (host.isEmpty()) return false
@@ -107,6 +114,7 @@ private fun isAndroidEmulatorRuntime(): Boolean {
     product.contains("simulator")
 }
 
+/** Parses strict dotted-quad IPv4, rejecting shorthand and out-of-range octets. */
 private fun parseIpv4Address(host: String): ByteArray? {
   val parts = host.split('.')
   if (parts.size != 4) return null
@@ -119,4 +127,5 @@ private fun parseIpv4Address(host: String): ByteArray? {
   return bytes
 }
 
+/** Cheap prefilter before handing potential IPv6 literals to InetAddress. */
 private fun isIpv6LiteralChar(char: Char): Boolean = char in '0'..'9' || char in 'a'..'f' || char == ':' || char == '.'

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewayProtocol.kt

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app.gateway
 
+/** Gateway protocol version emitted by Android node clients. */
 const val GATEWAY_PROTOCOL_VERSION = 4
+
+/** Oldest gateway protocol version this Android client can speak safely. */
 const val GATEWAY_MIN_PROTOCOL_VERSION = 4

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewaySession.kt

@@ -33,6 +33,9 @@ import java.util.UUID
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean
 
+/**
+ * Identity advertised during gateway connect; these fields become the device row users approve.
+ */
 data class GatewayClientInfo(
   val id: String,
   val displayName: String?,
@@ -44,6 +47,9 @@ data class GatewayClientInfo(
   val modelIdentifier: String?,
 )
 
+/**
+ * Role, scopes, commands, and permission snapshot sent with the connect frame.
+ */
 data class GatewayConnectOptions(
   val role: String,
   val scopes: List<String>,
@@ -62,6 +68,9 @@ private enum class GatewayConnectAuthSource {
   NONE,
 }
 
+/**
+ * Structured auth failure guidance from the gateway, preserved for reconnect and UI decisions.
+ */
 data class GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
   val code: String?,
   val canRetryWithDeviceToken: Boolean,
@@ -70,6 +79,9 @@ data class GatewayConnectErrorDetails(
   val reason: String? = null,
 )
 
+/**
+ * Server hello fields cached by the Android runtime after a successful connect.
+ */
 data class GatewayHelloSummary(
   val serverName: String?,
   val remoteAddress: String?,
@@ -99,6 +111,9 @@ private class GatewayConnectFailure(
   val gatewayError: GatewaySession.ErrorShape,
 ) : IllegalStateException(gatewayError.message)
 
+/**
+ * WebSocket RPC session that maintains gateway connection lifecycle, auth, events, and node invokes.
+ */
 class GatewaySession(
   private val scope: CoroutineScope,
   private val identityStore: DeviceIdentityStore,
@@ -114,6 +129,9 @@ class GatewaySession(
     private const val CONNECT_RPC_TIMEOUT_MS = 12_000L
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Gateway node.invoke request routed to Android command handlers.
+   */
   data class InvokeRequest(
     val id: String,
     val nodeId: String,
@@ -143,6 +161,9 @@ class GatewaySession(
     val details: GatewayConnectErrorDetails? = null,
   )
 
+  /**
+   * Structured RPC result used by callers that need error codes without exceptions.
+   */
   data class RpcResult(
     val ok: Boolean,
     val payloadJson: String?,
@@ -174,12 +195,15 @@ class GatewaySession(
 
   @Volatile private var currentConnection: Connection? = null
 
+  // One reconnect can retry a shared-token mismatch by pairing the shared token with the stored device token.
   @Volatile private var pendingDeviceTokenRetry = false
 
+  // Keep the mismatch retry single-shot so an invalid stored token cannot create an auth loop.
   @Volatile private var deviceTokenRetryBudgetUsed = false
 
   @Volatile private var reconnectPausedForAuthFailure = false
 
+  /** Starts or replaces the desired gateway connection and launches the reconnect loop. */
   fun connect(
     endpoint: GatewayEndpoint,
     token: String?,
@@ -202,6 +226,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
     connectionToClose?.closeQuietly()
   }
 
+  /** Clears desired connection state, closes the socket, and stops reconnect attempts. */
   fun disconnect() {
     val jobToCancel: Job?
     val connectionToClose: Connection?
@@ -225,6 +250,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
     }
   }
 
+  /** Forces the current socket closed so the loop reconnects to the current desired endpoint. */
   fun reconnect() {
     reconnectPausedForAuthFailure = false
     currentConnection?.closeQuietly()
@@ -232,6 +258,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
 
   fun currentCanvasHostUrl(): String? = pluginSurfaceUrls["canvas"]
 
+  /** Refreshes the canvas plugin surface URL and caches the normalized Android-reachable URL. */
   suspend fun refreshCanvasHostUrl(timeoutMs: Long = 8_000): String? {
     val refreshed =
       refreshPluginSurfaceUrl(
@@ -247,6 +274,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
 
   fun currentMainSessionKey(): String? = mainSessionKey
 
+  /** Sends a best-effort node.event and returns false instead of throwing on failure. */
   suspend fun sendNodeEvent(
     event: String,
     payloadJson: String?,
@@ -287,6 +315,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
     }
   }
 
+  /** Sends node.event and preserves the gateway RPC error shape for callers that need diagnostics. */
   suspend fun sendNodeEventDetailed(
     event: String,
     payloadJson: String?,
@@ -319,9 +348,11 @@ class GatewaySession(
   ): JsonObject =
     buildJsonObject {
       put("event", JsonPrimitive(event))
+      // Gateway node events carry payloadJSON as a string for compatibility with non-JSON payload producers.
       put("payloadJSON", JsonPrimitive(payloadJson ?: "{}"))
     }
 
+  /** Sends an RPC request and throws a code-prefixed exception when the gateway returns an error. */
   suspend fun request(
     method: String,
     paramsJson: String?,
@@ -333,6 +364,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
     throw IllegalStateException("${err?.code ?: "UNAVAILABLE"}: ${err?.message ?: "request failed"}")
   }
 
+  /** Sends an RPC request and returns the structured success/error payload. */
   suspend fun requestDetailed(
     method: String,
     paramsJson: String?,
@@ -349,6 +381,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
     return RpcResult(ok = res.ok, payloadJson = res.payloadJson, error = res.error)
   }
 
+  /** Sends an RPC request frame and reports errors asynchronously through [onError]. */
   suspend fun sendRequestFrame(
     method: String,
     paramsJson: String?,
@@ -705,6 +738,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
         persistIssuedDeviceToken(authSource, deviceId, authRole, deviceToken, authScopes)
       }
       if (shouldPersistBootstrapHandoffTokens(authSource)) {
+        // Bootstrap connects can mint role-specific device tokens; store only locally trusted handoffs.
         authObj
           ?.get("deviceTokens")
           .asArrayOrNull()
@@ -725,6 +759,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
       val rawPluginSurfaceUrls = obj["pluginSurfaceUrls"].asObjectOrNull()
       val normalizedPluginSurfaceUrls =
         rawPluginSurfaceUrls?.mapNotNull { (surface, value) ->
+          // Canvas URLs may be loopback gateway metadata; normalize them to the reachable Android endpoint.
           normalizeCanvasHostUrl(value.asStringOrNull(), endpoint, isTlsConnection = tls != null)
             ?.let { normalized -> surface to normalized }
         } ?: emptyList()
@@ -797,6 +832,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
 
       val connectScopes = resolveConnectScopes(selectedAuth)
       val signedAtMs = System.currentTimeMillis()
+      // V3 signatures bind the auth token, nonce, role, and scopes so replayed connect frames fail.
       val payload =
         DeviceAuthPayload.buildV3(
           deviceId = identity.deviceId,
@@ -966,6 +1002,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
           if (parsedPayload != null) {
             put("payload", parsedPayload)
           } else if (result.payloadJson != null) {
+            // Preserve malformed/non-object payloads as payloadJSON so the gateway can report handler output.
             put("payloadJSON", JsonPrimitive(result.payloadJson))
           }
           result.error?.let { err ->
@@ -1189,6 +1226,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
     if (!isTrustedDeviceRetryEndpoint(endpoint, tls)) return false
     val detailCode = error.details?.code
     val recommendedNextStep = error.details?.recommendedNextStep
+    // New gateways set canRetryWithDeviceToken; older builds expose equivalent string codes.
     return error.details?.canRetryWithDeviceToken == true ||
       recommendedNextStep == "retry_with_device_token" ||
       detailCode == "AUTH_TOKEN_MISMATCH"
@@ -1213,10 +1251,13 @@ class GatewaySession(
     tls: GatewayTlsParams?,
   ): Boolean {
     if (isLocalCleartextGatewayHost(endpoint.host)) return true
+    // Retrying a stored device token alongside a shared token is only safe for
+    // remote gateways when an existing TLS pin already identifies the endpoint.
     return tls?.expectedFingerprint?.trim()?.isNotEmpty() == true
   }
 }
 
+/** Decides whether auth failures should stop reconnect churn until the user changes credentials. */
 internal fun shouldPauseGatewayReconnectAfterAuthFailure(
   error: GatewaySession.ErrorShape,
   hasBootstrapToken: Boolean,
@@ -1249,6 +1290,7 @@ internal fun shouldPauseGatewayReconnectAfterAuthFailure(
     else -> false
   }
 
+/** Builds the gateway WebSocket URL from endpoint authority and TLS policy. */
 internal fun buildGatewayWebSocketUrl(
   host: String,
   port: Int,
@@ -1258,6 +1300,7 @@ internal fun buildGatewayWebSocketUrl(
   return "$scheme://${formatGatewayAuthority(host, port)}"
 }
 
+/** Formats host/port for gateway URLs, including IPv6 bracket wrapping. */
 internal fun formatGatewayAuthority(
   host: String,
   port: Int,
@@ -1308,6 +1351,7 @@ private fun parseJsonOrNull(payload: String): JsonElement? {
   }
 }
 
+/** Keeps invoke-result ack waits inside the gateway-supported timeout window. */
 internal fun resolveInvokeResultAckTimeoutMs(invokeTimeoutMs: Long?): Long {
   val normalized = invokeTimeoutMs?.takeIf { it > 0L } ?: 15_000L
   return normalized.coerceIn(15_000L, 120_000L)

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/GatewayTls.kt

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory
 import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactory
 import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager
 
+/** TLS pinning inputs for a discovered or manually configured gateway endpoint. */
 data class GatewayTlsParams(
   val required: Boolean,
   val expectedFingerprint: String?,
@@ -32,22 +33,26 @@ data class GatewayTlsParams(
   val stableId: String,
 )
 
+/** SSL primitives installed into OkHttp when a gateway needs TLS pinning/TOFU. */
 data class GatewayTlsConfig(
   val sslSocketFactory: SSLSocketFactory,
   val trustManager: X509TrustManager,
   val hostnameVerifier: HostnameVerifier,
 )
 
+/** Distinguishes non-TLS endpoints from unreachable endpoints during probing. */
 enum class GatewayTlsProbeFailure {
   TLS_UNAVAILABLE,
   ENDPOINT_UNREACHABLE,
 }
 
+/** Result of probing a gateway TLS endpoint for first-use fingerprint capture. */
 data class GatewayTlsProbeResult(
   val fingerprintSha256: String? = null,
   val failure: GatewayTlsProbeFailure? = null,
 )
 
+/** Builds a TLS config that supports pinned fingerprints and trust-on-first-use. */
 fun buildGatewayTlsConfig(
   params: GatewayTlsParams?,
   onStore: ((String) -> Unit)? = null,
@@ -82,6 +87,9 @@ fun buildGatewayTlsConfig(
           return
         }
         if (params.allowTOFU) {
+          // Store only after the TLS stack presents a concrete server cert; the
+          // caller persists the fingerprint against the endpoint's stable id,
+          // and later connects must come back through the pinned branch above.
           onStore?.invoke(fingerprint)
           return
         }
@@ -107,6 +115,7 @@ fun buildGatewayTlsConfig(
   )
 }
 
+/** Connects with a probe trust manager that captures the presented cert hash. */
 suspend fun probeGatewayTlsFingerprint(
   host: String,
   port: Int,
@@ -132,6 +141,7 @@ suspend fun probeGatewayTlsFingerprint(
         ) {
           if (chain.isEmpty()) throw CertificateException("empty certificate chain")
           fingerprintRef.set(sha256Hex(chain[0].encoded))
+          // Abort validation after capture; the probe is not deciding trust.
           throw CertificateException("gateway TLS probe captured fingerprint")
         }
 
@@ -154,7 +164,8 @@ suspend fun probeGatewayTlsFingerprint(
           socket.sslParameters = params
         }
       } catch (_: Throwable) {
-        // ignore
+        // SNI is only a probe hint. IP literals and odd Bonjour names should
+        // still be probed instead of failing before the TLS handshake.
       }
 
       socket.startHandshake()
@@ -203,6 +214,7 @@ private fun sha256Hex(data: ByteArray): String {
   return out.toString()
 }
 
+/** Normalizes user-visible fingerprint text to lowercase bare SHA-256 hex. */
 fun normalizeGatewayTlsFingerprint(raw: String): String {
   val stripped =
     raw

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/InvokeErrorParser.kt

@@ -5,10 +5,15 @@ data class ParsedInvokeError(
   val message: String,
   val hadExplicitCode: Boolean,
 ) {
+  /** Gateway-facing form expected by UI and retry copy. */
   val prefixedMessage: String
     get() = "$code: $message"
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parses gateway invoke errors encoded as CODE: message while preserving legacy
+ * plain-text errors as UNAVAILABLE.
+ */
 fun parseInvokeErrorMessage(raw: String): ParsedInvokeError {
   val trimmed = raw.trim()
   if (trimmed.isEmpty()) {
@@ -30,6 +35,7 @@ fun parseInvokeErrorMessage(raw: String): ParsedInvokeError {
   return ParsedInvokeError(code = "UNAVAILABLE", message = trimmed, hadExplicitCode = false)
 }
 
+/** Extracts an invoke error from a throwable without exposing blank messages. */
 fun parseInvokeErrorFromThrowable(
   err: Throwable,
   fallbackMessage: String = "error",

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/gateway/OpenClawSQLiteStateStore.kt

@@ -1,310 +0,0 @@
-package ai.openclaw.app.gateway
-
-import android.content.ContentValues
-import android.content.Context
-import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase
-import java.io.File
-
-data class OpenClawSQLiteDeviceIdentityRow(
-  val deviceId: String,
-  val publicKeyPem: String,
-  val privateKeyPem: String,
-  val createdAtMs: Long,
-)
-
-data class OpenClawSQLiteDeviceAuthTokenRow(
-  val deviceId: String,
-  val role: String,
-  val token: String,
-  val scopesJson: String,
-  val updatedAtMs: Long,
-)
-
-class OpenClawSQLiteStateStore(
-  context: Context,
-) {
-  private val appContext = context.applicationContext
-  private val databaseFile = File(appContext.filesDir, "openclaw/state/openclaw.sqlite")
-
-  fun databaseFile(): File = databaseFile
-
-  @Synchronized
-  fun readDeviceIdentity(identityKey: String = "default"): OpenClawSQLiteDeviceIdentityRow? {
-    if (!databaseFile.exists()) return null
-    return openDatabase().use { db ->
-      db
-        .rawQuery(
-          """
-          SELECT device_id, public_key_pem, private_key_pem, created_at_ms
-          FROM device_identities
-          WHERE identity_key = ?
-          """.trimIndent(),
-          arrayOf(identityKey),
-        ).use { cursor ->
-          if (!cursor.moveToFirst()) return@use null
-          OpenClawSQLiteDeviceIdentityRow(
-            deviceId = cursor.getString(0),
-            publicKeyPem = cursor.getString(1),
-            privateKeyPem = cursor.getString(2),
-            createdAtMs = cursor.getLong(3),
-          )
-        }
-    }
-  }
-
-  @Synchronized
-  fun writeDeviceIdentity(
-    identity: OpenClawSQLiteDeviceIdentityRow,
-    identityKey: String = "default",
-    updatedAtMs: Long = System.currentTimeMillis(),
-  ) {
-    openDatabase().use { db ->
-      db.inWriteTransaction {
-        val values =
-          ContentValues().apply {
-            put("identity_key", identityKey)
-            put("device_id", identity.deviceId)
-            put("public_key_pem", identity.publicKeyPem)
-            put("private_key_pem", identity.privateKeyPem)
-            put("created_at_ms", identity.createdAtMs)
-            put("updated_at_ms", updatedAtMs)
-          }
-        db.insertWithOnConflict("device_identities", null, values, SQLiteDatabase.CONFLICT_REPLACE)
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  @Synchronized
-  fun readDeviceAuthToken(
-    deviceId: String,
-    role: String,
-  ): OpenClawSQLiteDeviceAuthTokenRow? {
-    if (!databaseFile.exists()) return null
-    return openDatabase().use { db ->
-      db
-        .rawQuery(
-          """
-          SELECT device_id, role, token, scopes_json, updated_at_ms
-          FROM device_auth_tokens
-          WHERE device_id = ? AND role = ?
-          """.trimIndent(),
-          arrayOf(deviceId, role),
-        ).use { cursor ->
-          if (!cursor.moveToFirst()) return@use null
-          OpenClawSQLiteDeviceAuthTokenRow(
-            deviceId = cursor.getString(0),
-            role = cursor.getString(1),
-            token = cursor.getString(2),
-            scopesJson = cursor.getString(3),
-            updatedAtMs = cursor.getLong(4),
-          )
-        }
-    }
-  }
-
-  @Synchronized
-  fun readLatestDeviceAuthDeviceId(): String? {
-    if (!databaseFile.exists()) return null
-    return openDatabase().use { db ->
-      db
-        .rawQuery(
-          """
-          SELECT device_id
-          FROM device_auth_tokens
-          ORDER BY updated_at_ms DESC, device_id ASC
-          LIMIT 1
-          """.trimIndent(),
-          emptyArray(),
-        ).use { cursor ->
-          if (cursor.moveToFirst()) cursor.getString(0) else null
-        }
-    }
-  }
-
-  @Synchronized
-  fun upsertDeviceAuthToken(row: OpenClawSQLiteDeviceAuthTokenRow) {
-    openDatabase().use { db ->
-      db.inWriteTransaction {
-        val values =
-          ContentValues().apply {
-            put("device_id", row.deviceId)
-            put("role", row.role)
-            put("token", row.token)
-            put("scopes_json", row.scopesJson)
-            put("updated_at_ms", row.updatedAtMs)
-          }
-        db.insertWithOnConflict("device_auth_tokens", null, values, SQLiteDatabase.CONFLICT_REPLACE)
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  @Synchronized
-  fun deleteDeviceAuthToken(
-    deviceId: String,
-    role: String,
-  ) {
-    openDatabase().use { db ->
-      db.inWriteTransaction {
-        db.delete("device_auth_tokens", "device_id = ? AND role = ?", arrayOf(deviceId, role))
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  @Synchronized
-  fun deleteAllDeviceAuthTokens() {
-    openDatabase().use { db ->
-      db.inWriteTransaction {
-        db.delete("device_auth_tokens", null, null)
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  @Synchronized
-  fun readRecentNotificationPackages(limit: Int = 64): List<String> {
-    if (!databaseFile.exists()) return emptyList()
-    return openDatabase().use { db ->
-      db
-        .rawQuery(
-          """
-          SELECT package_name
-          FROM android_notification_recent_packages
-          ORDER BY sort_order ASC, package_name ASC
-          LIMIT ?
-          """.trimIndent(),
-          arrayOf(limit.coerceAtLeast(0).toString()),
-        ).use { cursor ->
-          val packages = mutableListOf<String>()
-          while (cursor.moveToNext()) {
-            packages += cursor.getString(0)
-          }
-          packages
-        }
-    }
-  }
-
-  @Synchronized
-  fun replaceRecentNotificationPackages(
-    packageNames: List<String>,
-    limit: Int = 64,
-    updatedAtMs: Long = System.currentTimeMillis(),
-  ) {
-    val normalized =
-      packageNames
-        .asSequence()
-        .map { it.trim() }
-        .filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
-        .distinct()
-        .take(limit.coerceAtLeast(0))
-        .toList()
-    openDatabase().use { db ->
-      db.inWriteTransaction {
-        db.delete("android_notification_recent_packages", null, null)
-        normalized.forEachIndexed { index, packageName ->
-          val values =
-            ContentValues().apply {
-              put("package_name", packageName)
-              put("sort_order", index)
-              put("updated_at_ms", updatedAtMs)
-            }
-          db.insertWithOnConflict(
-            "android_notification_recent_packages",
-            null,
-            values,
-            SQLiteDatabase.CONFLICT_REPLACE,
-          )
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  private fun openDatabase(): SQLiteDatabase {
-    databaseFile.parentFile?.mkdirs()
-    val db =
-      SQLiteDatabase.openDatabase(
-        databaseFile.absolutePath,
-        null,
-        SQLiteDatabase.OPEN_READWRITE or SQLiteDatabase.CREATE_IF_NECESSARY,
-      )
-    configure(db)
-    return db
-  }
-
-  private fun configure(db: SQLiteDatabase) {
-    db.enableWriteAheadLogging()
-    executePragma(db, "PRAGMA synchronous = NORMAL")
-    executePragma(db, "PRAGMA busy_timeout = 30000")
-    executePragma(db, "PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON")
-    db.execSQL(
-      """
-      CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS device_identities (
-        identity_key TEXT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
-        device_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-        public_key_pem TEXT NOT NULL,
-        private_key_pem TEXT NOT NULL,
-        created_at_ms INTEGER NOT NULL,
-        updated_at_ms INTEGER NOT NULL
-      )
-      """.trimIndent(),
-    )
-    db.execSQL(
-      """
-      CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_device_identities_device
-      ON device_identities(device_id, updated_at_ms DESC)
-      """.trimIndent(),
-    )
-    db.execSQL(
-      """
-      CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS device_auth_tokens (
-        device_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-        role TEXT NOT NULL,
-        token TEXT NOT NULL,
-        scopes_json TEXT NOT NULL,
-        updated_at_ms INTEGER NOT NULL,
-        PRIMARY KEY (device_id, role)
-      )
-      """.trimIndent(),
-    )
-    db.execSQL(
-      """
-      CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_device_auth_tokens_updated
-      ON device_auth_tokens(updated_at_ms DESC, device_id, role)
-      """.trimIndent(),
-    )
-    db.execSQL(
-      """
-      CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS android_notification_recent_packages (
-        package_name TEXT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
-        sort_order INTEGER NOT NULL,
-        updated_at_ms INTEGER NOT NULL
-      )
-      """.trimIndent(),
-    )
-    db.execSQL(
-      """
-      CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_android_notification_recent_packages_order
-      ON android_notification_recent_packages(sort_order, package_name)
-      """.trimIndent(),
-    )
-  }
-
-  private fun executePragma(
-    db: SQLiteDatabase,
-    sql: String,
-  ) {
-    db.rawQuery(sql, null).use { cursor ->
-      if (cursor.moveToFirst()) {
-        // Some PRAGMA assignments return their new value; reading it closes the cursor cleanly.
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  private inline fun SQLiteDatabase.inWriteTransaction(body: () -> Unit) {
-    beginTransaction()
-    try {
-      body()
-      setTransactionSuccessful()
-    } finally {
-      endTransaction()
-    }
-  }
-}

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/A2UIHandler.kt

@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@ import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonArray
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
 
+/**
+ * Android bridge for applying gateway A2UI messages to the canvas WebView.
+ */
 class A2UIHandler(
   private val canvas: CanvasController,
   private val json: Json,
@@ -21,6 +24,7 @@ class A2UIHandler(
   fun resolveA2uiHostUrl(): String? {
     val nodeRaw = getNodeCanvasHostUrl()?.trim().orEmpty()
     val operatorRaw = getOperatorCanvasHostUrl()?.trim().orEmpty()
+    // Prefer node-advertised canvas host; operator URL is a fallback for older hello payloads.
     val raw = if (nodeRaw.isNotBlank()) nodeRaw else operatorRaw
     if (raw.isBlank()) return null
     val base = raw.trimEnd('/')
@@ -36,6 +40,7 @@ class A2UIHandler(
     }
 
     canvas.navigate(a2uiUrl)
+    // A2UI host bootstraps asynchronously after navigation; poll briefly before failing the command.
     repeat(50) {
       try {
         val ready = canvas.eval(a2uiReadyCheckJS)
@@ -65,6 +70,7 @@ class A2UIHandler(
     if (command == "canvas.a2ui.pushJSONL" || (!hasMessagesArray && jsonlField.isNotBlank())) {
       val jsonl = jsonlField
       if (jsonl.isBlank()) throw IllegalArgumentException("INVALID_REQUEST: jsonl required")
+      // JSONL keeps large A2UI streams model-friendly while still validating each message.
       val messages =
         jsonl
           .lineSequence()
@@ -98,6 +104,7 @@ class A2UIHandler(
     lineNumber: Int,
   ) {
     if (msg.containsKey("createSurface")) {
+      // Android scaffold currently implements A2UI v0.8, not the v0.9 createSurface shape.
       throw IllegalArgumentException(
         "A2UI JSONL line $lineNumber: looks like A2UI v0.9 (`createSurface`). Canvas supports v0.8 messages only.",
       )

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/CalendarHandler.kt

@@ -20,12 +20,18 @@ import java.util.TimeZone
 
 private const val DEFAULT_CALENDAR_LIMIT = 50
 
+/**
+ * Parsed calendar.events request; times are epoch millis for CalendarContract queries.
+ */
 internal data class CalendarEventsRequest(
   val startMs: Long,
   val endMs: Long,
   val limit: Int,
 )
 
+/**
+ * Parsed calendar.add request before resolving the target Android calendar.
+ */
 internal data class CalendarAddRequest(
   val title: String,
   val startMs: Long,
@@ -37,6 +43,9 @@ internal data class CalendarAddRequest(
   val calendarTitle: String?,
 )
 
+/**
+ * Normalized calendar event returned through gateway calendar commands.
+ */
 internal data class CalendarEventRecord(
   val identifier: String,
   val title: String,
@@ -47,6 +56,9 @@ internal data class CalendarEventRecord(
   val calendarTitle: String?,
 )
 
+/**
+ * Injectable CalendarProvider facade for command tests and Android runtime access.
+ */
 internal interface CalendarDataSource {
   fun hasReadPermission(context: Context): Boolean
 
@@ -78,6 +90,7 @@ private object SystemCalendarDataSource : CalendarDataSource {
   ): List<CalendarEventRecord> {
     val resolver = context.contentResolver
     val builder = CalendarContract.Instances.CONTENT_URI.buildUpon()
+    // Instances expands recurring events inside the requested time window.
     ContentUris.appendId(builder, request.startMs)
     ContentUris.appendId(builder, request.endMs)
     val projection =
@@ -155,10 +168,12 @@ private object SystemCalendarDataSource : CalendarDataSource {
     calendarTitle: String?,
   ): Long {
     if (calendarId != null) {
+      // Explicit id wins over title/default selection and must already exist.
       if (calendarExists(resolver, calendarId)) return calendarId
       throw IllegalArgumentException("CALENDAR_NOT_FOUND: no calendar id $calendarId")
     }
     if (!calendarTitle.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+      // Title lookup is exact to avoid adding events to a similarly named calendar.
       findCalendarByTitle(resolver, calendarTitle)?.let { return it }
       throw IllegalArgumentException("CALENDAR_NOT_FOUND: no calendar named $calendarTitle")
     }
@@ -209,6 +224,7 @@ private object SystemCalendarDataSource : CalendarDataSource {
         projection,
         "${CalendarContract.Calendars.VISIBLE}=1",
         null,
+        // Prefer Android's primary visible calendar, then lowest id for deterministic fallback.
         "${CalendarContract.Calendars.IS_PRIMARY} DESC, ${CalendarContract.Calendars._ID} ASC",
       ).use { cursor ->
         if (cursor == null || !cursor.moveToFirst()) return null
@@ -342,6 +358,7 @@ class CalendarHandler private constructor(
     if (paramsJson.isNullOrBlank()) {
       val start = Instant.now()
       val end = start.plus(7, ChronoUnit.DAYS)
+      // Default calendar read is a one-week window, not the full calendar store.
       return CalendarEventsRequest(startMs = start.toEpochMilli(), endMs = end.toEpochMilli(), limit = DEFAULT_CALENDAR_LIMIT)
     }
     val params =
@@ -354,6 +371,7 @@ class CalendarHandler private constructor(
     val end = parseISO((params["endISO"] as? JsonPrimitive)?.content)
     val resolvedStart = start ?: Instant.now()
     val resolvedEnd = end ?: resolvedStart.plus(7, ChronoUnit.DAYS)
+    // Keep model-driven calendar reads bounded.
     val limit = ((params["limit"] as? JsonPrimitive)?.content?.toIntOrNull() ?: DEFAULT_CALENDAR_LIMIT).coerceIn(1, 500)
     return CalendarEventsRequest(
       startMs = resolvedStart.toEpochMilli(),
@@ -390,6 +408,7 @@ class CalendarHandler private constructor(
   private fun parseISO(raw: String?): Instant? {
     val value = raw?.trim().orEmpty()
     if (value.isEmpty()) return null
+    // Gateway calendar payloads use UTC ISO-8601 instants for unambiguous Android storage.
     return try {
       Instant.parse(value)
     } catch (_: Throwable) {

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/CameraCaptureManager.kt

@@ -41,19 +41,25 @@ import kotlin.coroutines.resume
 import kotlin.coroutines.resumeWithException
 import kotlin.math.roundToInt
 
+/**
+ * CameraX-backed capture service used by gateway camera commands.
+ */
 class CameraCaptureManager(
   private val context: Context,
 ) {
+  /** Base64 JSON response for camera.snap after resize and JPEG budget enforcement. */
   data class Payload(
     val payloadJson: String,
   )
 
+  /** Temporary MP4 response for camera.clip before CameraHandler validates invoke size. */
   data class FilePayload(
     val file: File,
     val durationMs: Long,
     val hasAudio: Boolean,
   )
 
+  /** Camera device metadata exposed through camera.list. */
   data class CameraDeviceInfo(
     val id: String,
     val name: String,
@@ -65,14 +71,19 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(
 
   @Volatile private var permissionRequester: PermissionRequester? = null
 
+  /** Supplies the foreground Activity lifecycle required by CameraX use-case binding. */
   fun attachLifecycleOwner(owner: LifecycleOwner) {
+    // CameraX binds use cases to an Activity lifecycle; background services cannot capture alone.
     lifecycleOwner = owner
   }
 
+  /** Supplies the Activity-owned permission launcher used by camera and microphone commands. */
   fun attachPermissionRequester(requester: PermissionRequester) {
+    // Permission prompts must be launched by the Activity that owns the ActivityResult registry.
     permissionRequester = requester
   }
 
+  /** Lists CameraX devices with stable Camera2 ids where available. */
   suspend fun listDevices(): List<CameraDeviceInfo> =
     withContext(Dispatchers.Main) {
       val provider = context.cameraProvider()
@@ -107,6 +118,7 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(
     }
   }
 
+  /** Captures one still image and returns a gateway-sized JPEG payload. */
   suspend fun snap(paramsJson: String?): Payload =
     withContext(Dispatchers.Main) {
       ensureCameraPermission()
@@ -122,6 +134,7 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(
       val selector = resolveCameraSelector(provider, facing, deviceId)
 
       provider.unbindAll()
+      // Bind only the still capture use case; CameraX owns camera open/close through the lifecycle owner.
       provider.bindToLifecycle(owner, selector, capture)
 
       val (bytes, orientation) = capture.takeJpegWithExif(context.mainExecutor(), context.cacheDir)
@@ -179,6 +192,7 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(
       }
     }
 
+  /** Records a short MP4 clip into a temporary cache file for the caller to encode/delete. */
   @SuppressLint("MissingPermission")
   suspend fun clip(paramsJson: String?): FilePayload =
     withContext(Dispatchers.Main) {
@@ -303,6 +317,7 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(
     orientation: Int,
   ): Bitmap {
     val matrix = Matrix()
+    // CameraX JPEG bytes keep sensor orientation in EXIF; normalize before resizing/encoding.
     when (orientation) {
       ExifInterface.ORIENTATION_ROTATE_90 -> matrix.postRotate(90f)
       ExifInterface.ORIENTATION_ROTATE_180 -> matrix.postRotate(180f)
@@ -365,6 +380,7 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(
     }
     return CameraSelector
       .Builder()
+      // CameraX selectors are filters over CameraInfo; pin by Camera2 id for stable device selection.
       .addCameraFilter { infos -> infos.filter { cameraIdOrNull(it) == deviceId } }
       .build()
   }
@@ -419,7 +435,9 @@ private suspend fun Context.cameraProvider(): ProcessCameraProvider =
     )
   }
 
-/** Returns (jpegBytes, exifOrientation) so caller can rotate the decoded bitmap. */
+/**
+ * Returns JPEG bytes plus EXIF orientation so callers can normalize the decoded bitmap.
+ */
 private suspend fun ImageCapture.takeJpegWithExif(
   executor: Executor,
   tempDir: File,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/CameraHandler.kt

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package ai.openclaw.app.node
 import ai.openclaw.app.BuildConfig
 import ai.openclaw.app.CameraHudKind
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewaySession
+import android.content.Context
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.MutableStateFlow
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
@@ -15,15 +16,23 @@ import kotlinx.serialization.json.put
 
 internal const val CAMERA_CLIP_MAX_RAW_BYTES: Long = 18L * 1024L * 1024L
 
+/**
+ * Raw MP4 size guard before base64 encoding the clip into a node.invoke response.
+ */
 internal fun isCameraClipWithinPayloadLimit(rawBytes: Long): Boolean = rawBytes in 0L..CAMERA_CLIP_MAX_RAW_BYTES
 
+/**
+ * Gateway camera command adapter that adds HUD feedback and payload-size enforcement.
+ */
 class CameraHandler(
+  private val appContext: Context,
   private val camera: CameraCaptureManager,
   private val externalAudioCaptureActive: MutableStateFlow<Boolean>,
   private val showCameraHud: (message: String, kind: CameraHudKind, autoHideMs: Long?) -> Unit,
   private val triggerCameraFlash: () -> Unit,
   private val invokeErrorFromThrowable: (err: Throwable) -> Pair<String, String>,
 ) {
+  /** Handles camera.list by exposing CameraX devices through gateway metadata. */
   suspend fun handleList(_paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult =
     try {
       val devices = camera.listDevices()
@@ -51,13 +60,18 @@ class CameraHandler(
       GatewaySession.InvokeResult.error(code = code, message = message)
     }
 
+  /** Handles camera.snap with HUD progress, flash feedback, and normalized invoke errors. */
   suspend fun handleSnap(paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult {
+    val logFile = if (BuildConfig.DEBUG) java.io.File(appContext.cacheDir, "camera_debug.log") else null
+
     fun camLog(msg: String) {
       if (!BuildConfig.DEBUG) return
       val ts = java.text.SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss.SSS", java.util.Locale.US).format(java.util.Date())
-      android.util.Log.w("openclaw", "camera.snap[$ts]: $msg")
+      logFile?.appendText("[$ts] $msg\n")
+      android.util.Log.w("openclaw", "camera.snap: $msg")
     }
     try {
+      logFile?.writeText("") // clear
       camLog("starting, params=$paramsJson")
       camLog("calling showCameraHud")
       showCameraHud("Taking photo…", CameraHudKind.Photo, null)
@@ -86,15 +100,20 @@ class CameraHandler(
     }
   }
 
+  /** Handles camera.clip and keeps external audio capture paused while camera audio is active. */
   suspend fun handleClip(paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult {
+    val clipLogFile = if (BuildConfig.DEBUG) java.io.File(appContext.cacheDir, "camera_debug.log") else null
+
     fun clipLog(msg: String) {
       if (!BuildConfig.DEBUG) return
       val ts = java.text.SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss.SSS", java.util.Locale.US).format(java.util.Date())
-      android.util.Log.w("openclaw", "camera.clip[$ts]: $msg")
+      clipLogFile?.appendText("[CLIP $ts] $msg\n")
+      android.util.Log.w("openclaw", "camera.clip: $msg")
     }
     val includeAudio = parseIncludeAudio(paramsJson) ?: true
     if (includeAudio) externalAudioCaptureActive.value = true
     try {
+      clipLogFile?.writeText("") // clear
       clipLog("starting, params=$paramsJson includeAudio=$includeAudio")
       clipLog("calling showCameraHud")
       showCameraHud("Recording…", CameraHudKind.Recording, null)
@@ -114,6 +133,7 @@ class CameraHandler(
       val rawBytes = filePayload.file.length()
       if (!isCameraClipWithinPayloadLimit(rawBytes)) {
         clipLog("payload too large: bytes=$rawBytes max=$CAMERA_CLIP_MAX_RAW_BYTES")
+        // Delete oversized clips before returning so cache files do not accumulate after failed invokes.
         withContext(Dispatchers.IO) { filePayload.file.delete() }
         showCameraHud("Clip too large", CameraHudKind.Error, 2400)
         return GatewaySession.InvokeResult.error(
@@ -142,6 +162,7 @@ class CameraHandler(
       clipLog("stack: ${err.stackTraceToString().take(2000)}")
       return GatewaySession.InvokeResult.error(code = "UNAVAILABLE", message = err.message ?: "camera clip failed")
     } finally {
+      // Prevent talk/transcription capture from competing with camera audio after every exit path.
       if (includeAudio) externalAudioCaptureActive.value = false
     }
   }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/CanvasActionTrust.kt

@@ -2,9 +2,14 @@ package ai.openclaw.app.node
 
 import java.net.URI
 
+/**
+ * Trust helper for WebView-originated canvas/A2UI actions.
+ */
 object CanvasActionTrust {
+  /** Local canvas scaffold is the only trusted file URL. */
   const val scaffoldAssetUrl: String = "file:///android_asset/CanvasScaffold/scaffold.html"
 
+  /** Accepts local scaffold or exact remote A2UI URLs advertised by the gateway. */
   fun isTrustedCanvasActionUrl(
     rawUrl: String?,
     trustedA2uiUrls: List<String>,
@@ -28,11 +33,14 @@ object CanvasActionTrust {
     candidateUri: URI,
     trustedUrl: String,
   ): Boolean {
+    // Gateway-advertised URLs are capabilities. Treat malformed entries as
+    // absent instead of broadening trust to same-origin or prefix matches.
     val trustedUri = parseUri(trustedUrl) ?: return false
     val normalizedTrusted = normalizeTrustedRemoteA2uiUri(trustedUri) ?: return false
     return candidateUri == normalizedTrusted
   }
 
+  /** Normalizes only the URL parts allowed to vary across trusted remote A2UI URLs. */
   private fun normalizeTrustedRemoteA2uiUri(uri: URI): URI? {
     // Keep Android trust normalization aligned with iOS ScreenController:
     // exact remote URL match, scheme/host normalized, fragment ignored.
@@ -52,6 +60,7 @@ object CanvasActionTrust {
     }
   }
 
+  /** Parses untrusted WebView/gateway URL text without throwing into UI event handlers. */
   private fun parseUri(raw: String): URI? =
     try {
       URI(raw)

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/CanvasController.kt

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ import org.json.JSONObject
 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream
 import kotlin.coroutines.resume
 
+/**
+ * Owns the Android WebView canvas surface used by canvas and A2UI commands.
+ */
 class CanvasController {
   enum class SnapshotFormat(
     val rawValue: String,
@@ -60,19 +63,23 @@ class CanvasController {
     return scale(maxWidth, scaledHeight)
   }
 
+  /** Attaches the active WebView and replays state that may have arrived before the view existed. */
   fun attach(webView: WebView) {
     this.webView = webView
+    // Replay persisted state because WebView attachment can happen after gateway events arrive.
     reload()
     applyDebugStatus()
     applyHomeCanvasState()
   }
 
+  /** Detaches only the currently attached WebView instance. */
   fun detach(webView: WebView) {
     if (this.webView === webView) {
       this.webView = null
     }
   }
 
+  /** Navigates the canvas to a remote URL or back to the bundled scaffold for blank/root input. */
   fun navigate(url: String) {
     val trimmed = url.trim()
     this.url = if (trimmed.isBlank() || trimmed == "/") null else trimmed
@@ -113,6 +120,7 @@ class CanvasController {
     if (Looper.myLooper() == Looper.getMainLooper()) {
       block(wv)
     } else {
+      // WebView APIs must run on the main thread.
       wv.post { block(wv) }
     }
   }
@@ -178,6 +186,7 @@ class CanvasController {
     }
   }
 
+  /** Evaluates JavaScript against the attached WebView on the main thread. */
   suspend fun eval(javaScript: String): String =
     withContext(Dispatchers.Main) {
       val wv = webView ?: throw IllegalStateException("no webview")
@@ -206,6 +215,7 @@ class CanvasController {
       }
     }
 
+  /** Captures the WebView as PNG/JPEG base64 with optional width and quality bounds. */
   suspend fun snapshotBase64(
     format: SnapshotFormat,
     quality: Double?,
@@ -246,17 +256,22 @@ class CanvasController {
     }
 
   companion object {
+    /**
+     * Parsed canvas.snapshot options used by invoke dispatch.
+     */
     data class SnapshotParams(
       val format: SnapshotFormat,
       val quality: Double?,
       val maxWidth: Int?,
     )
 
+    /** Parses canvas.navigate params and returns blank when the payload is missing or invalid. */
     fun parseNavigateUrl(paramsJson: String?): String {
       val obj = parseParamsObject(paramsJson) ?: return ""
       return obj.string("url").trim()
     }
 
+    /** Parses non-blank JavaScript from canvas.eval params. */
     fun parseEvalJs(paramsJson: String?): String? {
       val obj = parseParamsObject(paramsJson) ?: return null
       val js = obj.string("javaScript").trim()
@@ -286,9 +301,11 @@ class CanvasController {
       if (!obj.containsKey("quality")) return null
       val q = obj.double("quality") ?: Double.NaN
       if (!q.isFinite()) return null
+      // Keep JPEG quality inside encoder-safe bounds; PNG ignores it.
       return q.coerceIn(0.1, 1.0)
     }
 
+    /** Parses canvas.snapshot params using JPEG defaults and encoder-safe bounds. */
     fun parseSnapshotParams(paramsJson: String?): SnapshotParams =
       SnapshotParams(
         format = parseSnapshotFormat(paramsJson),

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/ConnectionManager.kt

@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@ import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.isLocalCleartextGatewayHost
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.isLoopbackGatewayHost
 import android.os.Build
 
+/**
+ * Builds gateway connect metadata from current Android permissions, settings, and device identity.
+ */
 class ConnectionManager(
   private val prefs: SecurePrefs,
   private val cameraEnabled: () -> Boolean,
@@ -28,6 +31,9 @@ class ConnectionManager(
   private val manualTls: () -> Boolean,
 ) {
   companion object {
+    /**
+     * Decide whether a discovered/manual endpoint must use pinned TLS or can stay local cleartext.
+     */
     internal fun resolveTlsParamsForEndpoint(
       endpoint: GatewayEndpoint,
       storedFingerprint: String?,
@@ -44,6 +50,7 @@ class ConnectionManager(
         }
 
       if (isManual) {
+        // Manual remote hosts default to TLS; only local manual hosts may honor the cleartext toggle.
         if (!manualTlsEnabled && cleartextAllowedHost) return null
         if (!stored.isNullOrBlank()) {
           return GatewayTlsParams(
@@ -83,6 +90,7 @@ class ConnectionManager(
       }
 
       if (!cleartextAllowedHost) {
+        // Non-loopback discovered hosts require TLS even without TXT hints.
         return GatewayTlsParams(
           required = true,
           expectedFingerprint = null,
@@ -110,10 +118,15 @@ class ConnectionManager(
       debugBuild = BuildConfig.DEBUG,
     )
 
+  /** Builds the gateway-advertised node.invoke command list from current permission and feature state. */
   fun buildInvokeCommands(): List<String> = InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCommands(runtimeFlags())
 
+  /** Builds the gateway-advertised capability list from current permission and feature state. */
   fun buildCapabilities(): List<String> = InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCapabilities(runtimeFlags())
 
+  /**
+   * Debug Android builds advertise a dev version so gateway logs do not look like release clients.
+   */
   fun resolvedVersionName(): String {
     val versionName = BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME.trim().ifEmpty { "dev" }
     return if (BuildConfig.DEBUG && !versionName.contains("dev", ignoreCase = true)) {
@@ -123,12 +136,16 @@ class ConnectionManager(
     }
   }
 
+  /** Human-readable Android device model used in gateway client metadata. */
   fun resolveModelIdentifier(): String? =
     listOfNotNull(Build.MANUFACTURER, Build.MODEL)
       .joinToString(" ")
       .trim()
       .ifEmpty { null }
 
+  /**
+   * User-Agent used for gateway telemetry and troubleshooting.
+   */
   fun buildUserAgent(): String {
     val version = resolvedVersionName()
     val release =
@@ -139,6 +156,7 @@ class ConnectionManager(
     return "OpenClawAndroid/$version (Android $releaseLabel; SDK ${Build.VERSION.SDK_INT})"
   }
 
+  /** Client identity block shared by node and operator gateway sessions. */
   fun buildClientInfo(
     clientId: String,
     clientMode: String,
@@ -154,6 +172,7 @@ class ConnectionManager(
       modelIdentifier = resolveModelIdentifier(),
     )
 
+  /** Connect options for the Android node session that exposes phone capabilities. */
   fun buildNodeConnectOptions(): GatewayConnectOptions =
     GatewayConnectOptions(
       role = "node",
@@ -165,6 +184,7 @@ class ConnectionManager(
       userAgent = buildUserAgent(),
     )
 
+  /** Connect options for the Android operator session that drives approvals and UI actions. */
   fun buildOperatorConnectOptions(): GatewayConnectOptions =
     GatewayConnectOptions(
       role = "operator",
@@ -181,6 +201,7 @@ class ConnectionManager(
       userAgent = buildUserAgent(),
     )
 
+  /** Resolves persisted TLS pin policy for a concrete gateway endpoint. */
   fun resolveTlsParams(endpoint: GatewayEndpoint): GatewayTlsParams? {
     val stored = prefs.loadGatewayTlsFingerprint(endpoint.stableId)
     return resolveTlsParamsForEndpoint(endpoint, storedFingerprint = stored, manualTlsEnabled = manualTls())

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/ContactsHandler.kt

@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ import kotlinx.serialization.json.put
 
 private const val DEFAULT_CONTACTS_LIMIT = 25
 
+/**
+ * Normalized Android contact row returned through the contacts commands.
+ */
 internal data class ContactRecord(
   val identifier: String,
   val displayName: String,
@@ -27,11 +30,17 @@ internal data class ContactRecord(
   val emails: List<String>,
 )
 
+/**
+ * Parsed contacts.search request with bounded result count.
+ */
 internal data class ContactsSearchRequest(
   val query: String?,
   val limit: Int,
 )
 
+/**
+ * Parsed contacts.add request before ContentProviderOperation batching.
+ */
 internal data class ContactsAddRequest(
   val givenName: String?,
   val familyName: String?,
@@ -41,6 +50,9 @@ internal data class ContactsAddRequest(
   val emails: List<String>,
 )
 
+/**
+ * Injectable ContactsProvider facade for command tests and Android runtime access.
+ */
 internal interface ContactsDataSource {
   fun hasReadPermission(context: Context): Boolean
 
@@ -82,6 +94,7 @@ private object SystemContactsDataSource : ContactsDataSource {
       selection = null
       selectionArgs = null
     } else {
+      // Escape wildcard characters so user text remains a substring search, not a LIKE pattern.
       selection = "${ContactsContract.Contacts.DISPLAY_NAME_PRIMARY} LIKE ? ESCAPE '\\'"
       selectionArgs = arrayOf("%${escapeLikePattern(request.query)}%")
     }
@@ -119,6 +132,7 @@ private object SystemContactsDataSource : ContactsDataSource {
         .withValue(ContactsContract.RawContacts.ACCOUNT_TYPE, null)
         .withValue(ContactsContract.RawContacts.ACCOUNT_NAME, null)
         .build()
+    // Subsequent Data rows use back-reference 0 to attach to the RawContact inserted above.
     if (!request.givenName.isNullOrEmpty() || !request.familyName.isNullOrEmpty() || !request.displayName.isNullOrEmpty()) {
       operations +=
         ContentProviderOperation
@@ -168,6 +182,7 @@ private object SystemContactsDataSource : ContactsDataSource {
       rawContactUri.lastPathSegment?.toLongOrNull()
         ?: throw IllegalStateException("contact insert failed")
     val contactId =
+      // Android returns the RawContact id; resolve the aggregate Contact id used by search APIs.
       resolveContactIdForRawContact(resolver, rawContactId)
         ?: throw IllegalStateException("contact insert failed")
     return loadContactRecord(
@@ -330,12 +345,16 @@ private object SystemContactsDataSource : ContactsDataSource {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Handles contacts.search and contacts.add gateway commands through Android ContactsProvider.
+ */
 class ContactsHandler private constructor(
   private val appContext: Context,
   private val dataSource: ContactsDataSource,
 ) {
   constructor(appContext: Context) : this(appContext = appContext, dataSource = SystemContactsDataSource)
 
+  /** Searches contacts by optional display-name substring with bounded result count. */
   fun handleContactsSearch(paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult {
     if (!dataSource.hasReadPermission(appContext)) {
       return GatewaySession.InvokeResult.error(
@@ -369,6 +388,7 @@ class ContactsHandler private constructor(
     }
   }
 
+  /** Adds a local contact after validating that at least one user-visible field is present. */
   fun handleContactsAdd(paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult {
     if (!dataSource.hasWritePermission(appContext)) {
       return GatewaySession.InvokeResult.error(
@@ -418,6 +438,7 @@ class ContactsHandler private constructor(
         null
       } ?: return null
     val query = (params["query"] as? JsonPrimitive)?.content?.trim()?.ifEmpty { null }
+    // Keep gateway-driven searches bounded even if the model asks for a large contact dump.
     val limit = ((params["limit"] as? JsonPrimitive)?.content?.toIntOrNull() ?: DEFAULT_CONTACTS_LIMIT).coerceIn(1, 200)
     return ContactsSearchRequest(query = query, limit = limit)
   }
@@ -435,6 +456,7 @@ class ContactsHandler private constructor(
       organizationName = (params["organizationName"] as? JsonPrimitive)?.content?.trim()?.ifEmpty { null },
       displayName = (params["displayName"] as? JsonPrimitive)?.content?.trim()?.ifEmpty { null },
       phoneNumbers = stringArray(params["phoneNumbers"] as? JsonArray),
+      // Store emails case-normalized so repeated model calls do not create casing-only duplicates.
       emails = stringArray(params["emails"] as? JsonArray).map { it.lowercase() },
     )
   }
@@ -458,6 +480,7 @@ class ContactsHandler private constructor(
     }
 
   companion object {
+    /** Creates a handler with an injected contacts source for parser and payload tests. */
     internal fun forTesting(
       appContext: Context,
       dataSource: ContactsDataSource,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/DebugHandler.kt

@@ -3,23 +3,26 @@ package ai.openclaw.app.node
 import ai.openclaw.app.BuildConfig
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.DeviceIdentityStore
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewaySession
+import android.content.Context
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
-import java.io.InputStream
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference
 
 private const val LOGCAT_PATH = "/system/bin/logcat"
-private const val LOGCAT_TIMEOUT_MS = 4_000L
-private const val LOGCAT_MAX_CHARS = 128_000
 
+/**
+ * Debug-only node.invoke commands for Android cryptography and log diagnostics.
+ */
 class DebugHandler(
+  private val appContext: Context,
   private val identityStore: DeviceIdentityStore,
 ) {
+  /**
+   * Runs an Ed25519 self-test and returns redacted diagnostics for debug builds.
+   */
   fun handleEd25519(): GatewaySession.InvokeResult {
     if (!BuildConfig.DEBUG) {
       return GatewaySession.InvokeResult.error(code = "UNAVAILABLE", message = "debug commands are disabled in release builds")
     }
-    // Self-test Ed25519 signing and return diagnostic info
+    // Self-test Ed25519 signing without returning full private/public key material.
     try {
       val identity = identityStore.loadOrCreate()
       val testPayload = "test|${identity.deviceId}|${System.currentTimeMillis()}"
@@ -28,15 +31,14 @@ class DebugHandler(
       results.add("publicKeyRawBase64: ${identity.publicKeyRawBase64.take(20)}...")
       results.add("privateKeyPkcs8Base64: ${identity.privateKeyPkcs8Base64.take(20)}...")
 
-      // Test publicKeyBase64Url
+      // Public-key URL encoding must match the gateway device-auth payload contract.
       val pubKeyUrl = identityStore.publicKeyBase64Url(identity)
       results.add("publicKeyBase64Url: ${pubKeyUrl ?: "NULL (FAILED)"}")
 
-      // Test signing
+      // Sign/verify through DeviceIdentityStore to catch provider and key-format failures together.
       val signature = identityStore.signPayload(testPayload, identity)
       results.add("signPayload: ${if (signature != null) "${signature.take(20)}... (OK)" else "NULL (FAILED)"}")
 
-      // Test self-verify
       if (signature != null) {
         val verifyOk = identityStore.verifySelfSignature(testPayload, signature, identity)
         results.add("verifySelfSignature: $verifyOk")
@@ -77,6 +79,9 @@ class DebugHandler(
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Returns a filtered logcat snapshot plus CameraX debug log for debug builds.
+   */
   fun handleLogs(): GatewaySession.InvokeResult {
     if (!BuildConfig.DEBUG) {
       return GatewaySession.InvokeResult.error(code = "UNAVAILABLE", message = "debug commands are disabled in release builds")
@@ -84,14 +89,24 @@ class DebugHandler(
     val pid = android.os.Process.myPid()
     val rt = Runtime.getRuntime()
     val info = "v6 pid=$pid thread=${Thread.currentThread().name} free=${rt.freeMemory() / 1024}K total=${rt.totalMemory() / 1024}K max=${rt.maxMemory() / 1024}K uptime=${android.os.SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() / 1000}s sdk=${android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK_INT} device=${android.os.Build.MODEL}\n"
-    // Run logcat on current dispatcher thread; output is bounded by -t and never staged to disk.
+    // Capture only this process and redirect through a temp file to avoid blocking on pipe backpressure.
     val logResult =
       try {
+        val tmpFile = java.io.File(appContext.cacheDir, "debug_logs.txt")
+        if (tmpFile.exists()) tmpFile.delete()
         val pb = ProcessBuilder(LOGCAT_PATH, "-d", "-t", "200", "--pid=$pid")
+        pb.redirectOutput(tmpFile)
         pb.redirectErrorStream(true)
         val proc = pb.start()
-        val (finished, raw) = collectProcessOutput(proc, LOGCAT_TIMEOUT_MS, LOGCAT_MAX_CHARS)
-        val normalizedRaw = raw.ifBlank { "(no output, finished=$finished)" }
+        val finished = proc.waitFor(4, java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+        if (!finished) proc.destroyForcibly()
+        val raw =
+          if (tmpFile.exists() && tmpFile.length() > 0) {
+            tmpFile.readText().take(128000)
+          } else {
+            "(no output, finished=$finished, exists=${tmpFile.exists()})"
+          }
+        tmpFile.delete()
         val spamPatterns =
           listOf(
             "setRequestedFrameRate",
@@ -112,65 +127,29 @@ class DebugHandler(
             "IncorrectContextUseViolation",
           )
         val sb = StringBuilder()
-        for (line in normalizedRaw.lineSequence()) {
+        for (line in raw.lineSequence()) {
           if (line.isBlank()) continue
           if (spamPatterns.any { line.contains(it) }) continue
           if (sb.length + line.length > 16000) {
+            // Keep debug.invoke responses small enough for the gateway WebSocket frame budget.
             sb.append("\n(truncated)")
             break
           }
           if (sb.isNotEmpty()) sb.append('\n')
           sb.append(line)
         }
-        sb.toString().ifEmpty { "(all ${normalizedRaw.lines().size} lines filtered as spam)" }
+        sb.toString().ifEmpty { "(all ${raw.lines().size} lines filtered as spam)" }
       } catch (e: Throwable) {
         "(logcat error: ${e::class.java.simpleName}: ${e.message})"
       }
-    return GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"logs":${JsonPrimitive(info + logResult)}}""")
+    // Camera capture writes a separate debug file because CameraX failures often happen off logcat's hot path.
+    val camLogFile = java.io.File(appContext.cacheDir, "camera_debug.log")
+    val camLog =
+      if (camLogFile.exists() && camLogFile.length() > 0) {
+        "\n--- camera_debug.log ---\n" + camLogFile.readText().take(4000)
+      } else {
+        ""
+      }
+    return GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"logs":${JsonPrimitive(info + logResult + camLog)}}""")
   }
 }
-
-internal fun collectProcessOutput(
-  process: Process,
-  timeoutMs: Long,
-  maxChars: Int,
-): Pair<Boolean, String> {
-  val output = AtomicReference("")
-  val failure = AtomicReference<Throwable?>(null)
-  val reader =
-    Thread({
-      try {
-        output.set(readBoundedText(process.inputStream, maxChars))
-      } catch (error: Throwable) {
-        failure.set(error)
-      }
-    }, "openclaw-debug-output-reader")
-  reader.isDaemon = true
-  reader.start()
-
-  val finished = process.waitFor(timeoutMs, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
-  if (!finished) {
-    process.destroyForcibly()
-  }
-  reader.join(1_000)
-  failure.get()?.let { throw it }
-  return finished to output.get()
-}
-
-private fun readBoundedText(
-  stream: InputStream,
-  maxChars: Int,
-): String =
-  stream.bufferedReader().use { reader ->
-    val out = StringBuilder(minOf(maxChars, 8192))
-    val buffer = CharArray(4096)
-    while (true) {
-      val read = reader.read(buffer)
-      if (read < 0) break
-      val remaining = maxChars - out.length
-      if (remaining > 0) {
-        out.append(buffer, 0, minOf(read, remaining))
-      }
-    }
-    out.toString()
-  }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/DeviceHandler.kt

@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ import kotlinx.serialization.json.buildJsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.put
 import java.util.Locale
 
+/**
+ * Gateway device command adapter for Android status, info, permission, and health snapshots.
+ */
 class DeviceHandler(
   private val appContext: Context,
   private val smsEnabled: Boolean = SensitiveFeatureConfig.smsEnabled,
@@ -31,6 +34,9 @@ class DeviceHandler(
   private val photosEnabled: Boolean = SensitiveFeatureConfig.photosEnabled,
 ) {
   companion object {
+    /**
+     * SMS is available only when the feature flag, telephony hardware, and at least one SMS permission align.
+     */
     internal fun hasAnySmsCapability(
       smsEnabled: Boolean,
       telephonyAvailable: Boolean,
@@ -38,6 +44,9 @@ class DeviceHandler(
       smsReadGranted: Boolean,
     ): Boolean = smsEnabled && telephonyAvailable && (smsSendGranted || smsReadGranted)
 
+    /**
+     * Prompt only when Android can grant a missing SMS permission that this build can use.
+     */
     internal fun isSmsPromptable(
       smsEnabled: Boolean,
       telephonyAvailable: Boolean,
@@ -53,12 +62,16 @@ class DeviceHandler(
     val temperatureC: Double?,
   )
 
+  /** Returns battery, storage, network, and uptime state for device.status. */
   fun handleDeviceStatus(_paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult = GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok(statusPayloadJson())
 
+  /** Returns stable Android hardware, OS, app, and locale metadata for device.info. */
   fun handleDeviceInfo(_paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult = GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok(infoPayloadJson())
 
+  /** Returns permission and promptability state for Android capabilities exposed to the gateway. */
   fun handleDevicePermissions(_paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult = GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok(permissionsPayloadJson())
 
+  /** Returns coarse device health for memory, power, thermal, battery, and security patch state. */
   fun handleDeviceHealth(_paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult = GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok(healthPayloadJson())
 
   private fun statusPayloadJson(): String {
@@ -71,6 +84,7 @@ class DeviceHandler(
     val connectivity = appContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager::class.java)
     val activeNetwork = connectivity?.activeNetwork
     val caps = activeNetwork?.let { connectivity.getNetworkCapabilities(it) }
+    // elapsedRealtime is monotonic device uptime, not wall-clock time.
     val uptimeSeconds = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() / 1_000.0
 
     return buildJsonObject {
@@ -154,6 +168,7 @@ class DeviceHandler(
       if (!photosEnabled) {
         false
       } else if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 33) {
+        // Android 13 split media permissions; earlier versions use external storage.
         hasPermission(Manifest.permission.READ_MEDIA_IMAGES)
       } else {
         hasPermission(Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE)
@@ -161,6 +176,7 @@ class DeviceHandler(
     val motionGranted = hasPermission(Manifest.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION)
     val notificationsGranted =
       if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 33) {
+        // POST_NOTIFICATIONS exists only on Android 13+.
         hasPermission(Manifest.permission.POST_NOTIFICATIONS)
       } else {
         true
@@ -295,6 +311,7 @@ class DeviceHandler(
       if (currentNowUa == null || currentNowUa == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
         null
       } else {
+        // BatteryManager reports microamps; expose milliamps in the gateway payload.
         currentNowUa.toDouble() / 1_000.0
       }
 
@@ -349,6 +366,7 @@ class DeviceHandler(
   }
 
   private fun readBatterySnapshot(): BatterySnapshot {
+    // ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED is sticky; registerReceiver(null, ...) reads the last system snapshot.
     val intent = appContext.registerReceiver(null, IntentFilter(Intent.ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED))
     val status =
       intent?.getIntExtra(BatteryManager.EXTRA_STATUS, BatteryManager.BATTERY_STATUS_UNKNOWN)
@@ -410,6 +428,7 @@ class DeviceHandler(
     if (caps == null) return "unsatisfied"
     return when {
       caps.hasCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED) -> "satisfied"
+      // Internet without validation mirrors iOS "requiresConnection" for captive or unproven networks.
       caps.hasCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET) -> "requiresConnection"
       else -> "unsatisfied"
     }
@@ -436,6 +455,7 @@ class DeviceHandler(
     if (totalBytes <= 0L) return if (lowMemory) "critical" else "unknown"
     if (lowMemory) return "critical"
     val freeRatio = availableBytes.toDouble() / totalBytes.toDouble()
+    // Thresholds intentionally mirror coarse OS health labels instead of exact memory pressure.
     return when {
       freeRatio <= 0.05 -> "critical"
       freeRatio <= 0.15 -> "high"

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/DeviceNotificationListenerService.kt

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package ai.openclaw.app.node
 import ai.openclaw.app.NotificationBurstLimiter
 import ai.openclaw.app.SecurePrefs
 import ai.openclaw.app.allowsPackage
-import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.OpenClawSQLiteStateStore
 import ai.openclaw.app.isWithinQuietHours
 import android.app.Notification
 import android.app.NotificationManager
@@ -13,6 +12,7 @@ import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
 import android.service.notification.NotificationListenerService
 import android.service.notification.StatusBarNotification
+import androidx.core.content.edit
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.buildJsonObject
@@ -21,11 +21,18 @@ import kotlinx.serialization.json.put
 private const val MAX_NOTIFICATION_TEXT_CHARS = 512
 private const val NOTIFICATIONS_CHANGED_EVENT = "notifications.changed"
 
+/**
+ * Trims notification text and caps payload size before it enters gateway-visible state.
+ */
 internal fun sanitizeNotificationText(value: CharSequence?): String? {
   val normalized = value?.toString()?.trim().orEmpty()
+  // Notification extras can include long previews; cap before sending over node events.
   return normalized.take(MAX_NOTIFICATION_TEXT_CHARS).ifEmpty { null }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Stable notification snapshot entry exposed through the Android notifications command.
+ */
 data class DeviceNotificationEntry(
   val key: String,
   val packageName: String,
@@ -53,24 +60,36 @@ internal fun DeviceNotificationEntry.toJsonObject(): JsonObject =
     channelId?.let { put("channelId", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
   }
 
+/**
+ * Listener state exposed to the gateway, including whether Android has connected the service.
+ */
 data class DeviceNotificationSnapshot(
   val enabled: Boolean,
   val connected: Boolean,
   val notifications: List<DeviceNotificationEntry>,
 )
 
+/**
+ * Gateway-supported notification actions mapped to Android listener operations.
+ */
 enum class NotificationActionKind {
   Open,
   Dismiss,
   Reply,
 }
 
+/**
+ * Gateway action request; [key] must match Android's StatusBarNotification key.
+ */
 data class NotificationActionRequest(
   val key: String,
   val kind: NotificationActionKind,
   val replyText: String? = null,
 )
 
+/**
+ * Normalized notification action result returned through node.invoke.
+ */
 data class NotificationActionResult(
   val ok: Boolean,
   val code: String? = null,
@@ -79,6 +98,9 @@ data class NotificationActionResult(
 
 internal fun actionRequiresClearableNotification(kind: NotificationActionKind): Boolean = kind == NotificationActionKind.Dismiss
 
+/**
+ * Process-local cache of active notifications mirrored from Android listener callbacks.
+ */
 private object DeviceNotificationStore {
   private val lock = Any()
   private var connected = false
@@ -109,6 +131,7 @@ private object DeviceNotificationStore {
     synchronized(lock) {
       connected = value
       if (!value) {
+        // Android invalidates activeNotifications when the listener disconnects.
         byKey.clear()
       }
     }
@@ -127,6 +150,9 @@ private object DeviceNotificationStore {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Android notification listener that mirrors notification state and executes gateway actions.
+ */
 class DeviceNotificationListenerService : NotificationListenerService() {
   private val securePrefs by lazy { SecurePrefs(applicationContext) }
   private val forwardingLimiter = NotificationBurstLimiter()
@@ -226,6 +252,7 @@ class DeviceNotificationListenerService : NotificationListenerService() {
     if (policy.isWithinQuietHours(nowEpochMs = nowEpochMs)) {
       return null
     }
+    // Apply burst limits after package/quiet-hour filters so blocked notifications do not consume quota.
     if (!forwardingLimiter.allow(nowEpochMs, policy.maxEventsPerMinute)) {
       return null
     }
@@ -278,9 +305,8 @@ class DeviceNotificationListenerService : NotificationListenerService() {
   }
 
   companion object {
-    private const val notificationsPrefsPrefix = "notifications."
-    private const val recentPackagesPref = notificationsPrefsPrefix + "forwarding.recentPackages"
-    private const val legacyRecentPackagesPref = notificationsPrefsPrefix + "recentPackages"
+    private const val recentPackagesPref = "notifications.forwarding.recentPackages"
+    private const val legacyRecentPackagesPref = "notifications.recentPackages"
     private const val recentPackagesLimit = 64
 
     @Volatile private var activeService: DeviceNotificationListenerService? = null
@@ -289,67 +315,60 @@ class DeviceNotificationListenerService : NotificationListenerService() {
 
     private fun serviceComponent(context: Context): ComponentName = ComponentName(context, DeviceNotificationListenerService::class.java)
 
+    /** Installs the node event sink used to emit filtered notification change events. */
     fun setNodeEventSink(sink: ((event: String, payloadJson: String?) -> Unit)?) {
       nodeEventSink = sink
     }
 
-    private fun recentPackagesPrefs(context: Context) =
-      context.applicationContext
-        .getSharedPreferences("openclaw.secure", Context.MODE_PRIVATE)
+    private fun recentPackagesPrefs(context: Context) = context.applicationContext.getSharedPreferences("openclaw.secure", Context.MODE_PRIVATE)
 
-    private fun migrateLegacyRecentPackagesIfNeeded(
-      context: Context,
-      stateStore: OpenClawSQLiteStateStore,
-    ): List<String> {
+    private fun migrateLegacyRecentPackagesIfNeeded(context: Context) {
       val prefs = recentPackagesPrefs(context)
-      val raw =
-        prefs.getString(recentPackagesPref, null)?.trim()?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
-          ?: prefs.getString(legacyRecentPackagesPref, null)?.trim().orEmpty()
-      val packages =
-        raw
-          .split(',')
-          .map { it.trim() }
-          .filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
-          .distinct()
-          .take(recentPackagesLimit)
-      if (packages.isNotEmpty()) {
-        stateStore.replaceRecentNotificationPackages(packages, recentPackagesLimit)
+      val hasNew = prefs.contains(recentPackagesPref)
+      val legacy = prefs.getString(legacyRecentPackagesPref, null)?.trim().orEmpty()
+      if (!hasNew && legacy.isNotEmpty()) {
+        // Keep recent package suggestions across the preference-key rename.
+        prefs.edit {
+          putString(recentPackagesPref, legacy)
+          remove(legacyRecentPackagesPref)
+        }
+      } else if (hasNew && prefs.contains(legacyRecentPackagesPref)) {
+        prefs.edit { remove(legacyRecentPackagesPref) }
       }
-      if (prefs.contains(recentPackagesPref) || prefs.contains(legacyRecentPackagesPref)) {
-        prefs
-          .edit()
-          .remove(recentPackagesPref)
-          .remove(legacyRecentPackagesPref)
-          .apply()
-      }
-      return packages
     }
 
+    /** Returns recent third-party packages seen by the listener for settings suggestions. */
     fun recentPackages(context: Context): List<String> {
-      val stateStore = OpenClawSQLiteStateStore(context)
-      val stored = stateStore.readRecentNotificationPackages(recentPackagesLimit)
-      if (stored.isNotEmpty()) {
-        return stored
-      }
-      return migrateLegacyRecentPackagesIfNeeded(context, stateStore)
+      migrateLegacyRecentPackagesIfNeeded(context)
+      val prefs = recentPackagesPrefs(context)
+      val stored = prefs.getString(recentPackagesPref, null).orEmpty()
+      return stored
+        .split(',')
+        .map { it.trim() }
+        .filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+        .distinct()
     }
 
+    /** Checks whether Android has granted listener access to this service component. */
     fun isAccessEnabled(context: Context): Boolean {
       val manager = context.getSystemService(NotificationManager::class.java) ?: return false
       return manager.isNotificationListenerAccessGranted(serviceComponent(context))
     }
 
+    /** Reads the current mirrored notification snapshot without forcing service startup. */
     fun snapshot(
       context: Context,
       enabled: Boolean = isAccessEnabled(context),
     ): DeviceNotificationSnapshot = DeviceNotificationStore.snapshot(enabled = enabled)
 
+    /** Asks Android to rebind the listener after settings grant access but callbacks have not arrived. */
     fun requestServiceRebind(context: Context) {
       runCatching {
         NotificationListenerService.requestRebind(serviceComponent(context))
       }
     }
 
+    /** Executes an open, dismiss, or reply action through the active listener instance. */
     fun executeAction(
       context: Context,
       request: NotificationActionRequest,
@@ -381,13 +400,19 @@ class DeviceNotificationListenerService : NotificationListenerService() {
       val service = activeService ?: return
       val normalized = packageName?.trim().orEmpty()
       if (normalized.isEmpty() || normalized == service.packageName) return
+      migrateLegacyRecentPackagesIfNeeded(service.applicationContext)
+      val prefs = recentPackagesPrefs(service.applicationContext)
       val existing =
-        recentPackages(service.applicationContext)
-          .filter { it != normalized }
+        prefs
+          .getString(recentPackagesPref, null)
+          .orEmpty()
+          .split(',')
+          .map { it.trim() }
+          .filter { it.isNotEmpty() && it != normalized }
           .take(recentPackagesLimit - 1)
+      // Most recent package first keeps settings suggestions useful without storing notification content.
       val updated = listOf(normalized) + existing
-      OpenClawSQLiteStateStore(service.applicationContext)
-        .replaceRecentNotificationPackages(updated, recentPackagesLimit)
+      prefs.edit { putString(recentPackagesPref, updated.joinToString(",")) }
     }
   }
 
@@ -459,6 +484,7 @@ class DeviceNotificationListenerService : NotificationListenerService() {
         val action =
           sbn.notification.actions
             ?.firstOrNull { candidate ->
+              // Android reply actions are identified by RemoteInput, not by a stable action title.
               candidate.actionIntent != null && !candidate.remoteInputs.isNullOrEmpty()
             }
             ?: return NotificationActionResult(

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/GatewayEventHandler.kt

@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonArray
 
+/**
+ * Handles gateway-originated events that need to update local Android preferences.
+ */
 class GatewayEventHandler(
   private val scope: CoroutineScope,
   private val prefs: SecurePrefs,
@@ -19,12 +22,14 @@ class GatewayEventHandler(
   private var suppressWakeWordsSync = false
   private var wakeWordsSyncJob: Job? = null
 
+  /** Applies gateway wake words locally without echoing the same change back to the gateway. */
   fun applyWakeWordsFromGateway(words: List<String>) {
     suppressWakeWordsSync = true
     prefs.setWakeWords(words)
     suppressWakeWordsSync = false
   }
 
+  /** Debounces local wake-word edits before sending voicewake.set to the operator session. */
   fun scheduleWakeWordsSyncIfNeeded() {
     if (suppressWakeWordsSync) return
     if (!isConnected()) return
@@ -44,6 +49,7 @@ class GatewayEventHandler(
       }
   }
 
+  /** Loads gateway wake words on connect so Android settings show server truth. */
   suspend fun refreshWakeWordsFromGateway() {
     if (!isConnected()) return
     try {
@@ -57,6 +63,7 @@ class GatewayEventHandler(
     }
   }
 
+  /** Applies voicewake.changed event payloads emitted by the gateway. */
   fun handleVoiceWakeChangedEvent(payloadJson: String?) {
     if (payloadJson.isNullOrBlank()) return
     try {

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/InvokeCommandRegistry.kt

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import ai.openclaw.app.protocol.OpenClawSmsCommand
 import ai.openclaw.app.protocol.OpenClawSystemCommand
 import ai.openclaw.app.protocol.OpenClawTalkCommand
 
+/** Runtime feature flags used to decide which node tools are advertised. */
 data class NodeRuntimeFlags(
   val cameraEnabled: Boolean,
   val locationEnabled: Boolean,
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ data class NodeRuntimeFlags(
   val debugBuild: Boolean,
 )
 
+/** Per-command availability gates checked before advertising invoke methods. */
 enum class InvokeCommandAvailability {
   Always,
   CameraEnabled,
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@ enum class InvokeCommandAvailability {
   DebugBuild,
 }
 
+/** Per-capability availability gates for the node capabilities manifest. */
 enum class NodeCapabilityAvailability {
   Always,
   CameraEnabled,
@@ -55,11 +58,13 @@ enum class NodeCapabilityAvailability {
   MotionAvailable,
 }
 
+/** Capability entry reported to the gateway when its availability gate passes. */
 data class NodeCapabilitySpec(
   val name: String,
   val availability: NodeCapabilityAvailability = NodeCapabilityAvailability.Always,
 )
 
+/** Invoke method entry advertised to gateway plus foreground routing metadata. */
 data class InvokeCommandSpec(
   val name: String,
   val requiresForeground: Boolean = false,
@@ -67,6 +72,7 @@ data class InvokeCommandSpec(
 )
 
 object InvokeCommandRegistry {
+  /** Capabilities mirror gateway protocol ids and are filtered by device state. */
   val capabilityManifest: List<NodeCapabilitySpec> =
     listOf(
       NodeCapabilitySpec(name = OpenClawCapability.Canvas.rawValue),
@@ -106,6 +112,7 @@ object InvokeCommandRegistry {
       ),
     )
 
+  /** Complete Android node command catalog before runtime availability filtering. */
   val all: List<InvokeCommandSpec> =
     listOf(
       InvokeCommandSpec(
@@ -240,8 +247,10 @@ object InvokeCommandRegistry {
 
   private val byNameInternal: Map<String, InvokeCommandSpec> = all.associateBy { it.name }
 
+  /** Finds the command metadata used by dispatch and advertised-method builders. */
   fun find(command: String): InvokeCommandSpec? = byNameInternal[command]
 
+  /** Returns gateway capability ids the current Android device can actually serve. */
   fun advertisedCapabilities(flags: NodeRuntimeFlags): List<String> =
     capabilityManifest
       .filter { spec ->
@@ -257,6 +266,7 @@ object InvokeCommandRegistry {
         }
       }.map { it.name }
 
+  /** Returns gateway invoke method ids available under current permissions/build flags. */
   fun advertisedCommands(flags: NodeRuntimeFlags): List<String> =
     all
       .filter { spec ->

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/InvokeDispatcher.kt

@@ -15,12 +15,16 @@ import ai.openclaw.app.protocol.OpenClawSmsCommand
 import ai.openclaw.app.protocol.OpenClawSystemCommand
 import ai.openclaw.app.protocol.OpenClawTalkCommand
 
+/** Runtime state for SMS search, split so permission prompts are not reported as hard unavailability. */
 internal enum class SmsSearchAvailabilityReason {
   Available,
   PermissionRequired,
   Unavailable,
 }
 
+/**
+ * Distinguish permanent SMS search unavailability from permission-gated search.
+ */
 internal fun classifySmsSearchAvailability(
   readSmsAvailable: Boolean,
   smsFeatureEnabled: Boolean,
@@ -53,6 +57,9 @@ internal fun smsSearchAvailabilityError(
       )
   }
 
+/**
+ * Gateway node.invoke command router for Android-owned capabilities.
+ */
 class InvokeDispatcher(
   private val canvas: CanvasController,
   private val cameraHandler: CameraHandler,
@@ -85,6 +92,7 @@ class InvokeDispatcher(
   private val motionActivityAvailable: () -> Boolean,
   private val motionPedometerAvailable: () -> Boolean,
 ) {
+  /** Dispatches one gateway node.invoke command after foreground and availability gates pass. */
   suspend fun handleInvoke(
     command: String,
     paramsJson: String?,
@@ -96,6 +104,7 @@ class InvokeDispatcher(
           message = "INVALID_REQUEST: unknown command",
         )
     if (spec.requiresForeground && !isForeground()) {
+      // Canvas, camera, and screen-backed commands need an active Activity/WebView surface.
       return GatewaySession.InvokeResult.error(
         code = "NODE_BACKGROUND_UNAVAILABLE",
         message = "NODE_BACKGROUND_UNAVAILABLE: canvas/camera/screen commands require foreground",
@@ -103,6 +112,7 @@ class InvokeDispatcher(
     }
     availabilityError(spec.availability)?.let { return it }
 
+    // Command strings come from OpenClawProtocolConstants; the registry above owns advertised availability.
     return when (command) {
       // Canvas commands
       OpenClawCanvasCommand.Present.rawValue -> {
@@ -239,6 +249,7 @@ class InvokeDispatcher(
         )
     val readyOnFirstCheck = a2uiHandler.ensureA2uiReady(a2uiUrl)
     if (!readyOnFirstCheck) {
+      // Gateway canvas host metadata can lag reconnects; refresh once before failing the command.
       refreshCanvasHostUrl()
       a2uiUrl = a2uiHandler.resolveA2uiHostUrl() ?: a2uiUrl
       if (!a2uiHandler.ensureA2uiReady(a2uiUrl)) {
@@ -255,6 +266,7 @@ class InvokeDispatcher(
     try {
       block()
     } catch (_: Throwable) {
+      // WebView calls throw when the Activity is backgrounded between the foreground check and execution.
       GatewaySession.InvokeResult.error(
         code = "NODE_BACKGROUND_UNAVAILABLE",
         message = "NODE_BACKGROUND_UNAVAILABLE: canvas unavailable",
@@ -312,6 +324,7 @@ class InvokeDispatcher(
       InvokeCommandAvailability.ReadSmsAvailable,
       InvokeCommandAvailability.RequestableSmsSearchAvailable,
       ->
+        // SMS search may still be advertised as promptable; runtime invoke fails only on permanent unavailability.
         smsSearchAvailabilityError(
           readSmsAvailable = readSmsAvailable(),
           smsFeatureEnabled = smsFeatureEnabled(),
@@ -347,12 +360,19 @@ class InvokeDispatcher(
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Talk-mode command adapter implemented by the voice subsystem.
+ */
 interface TalkHandler {
+  /** Starts a push-to-talk capture session and keeps it open until stop or cancel. */
   suspend fun handlePttStart(paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult
 
+  /** Finishes the active push-to-talk capture and submits recognized speech. */
   suspend fun handlePttStop(paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult
 
+  /** Aborts the active push-to-talk capture without submitting speech. */
   suspend fun handlePttCancel(paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult
 
+  /** Runs a bounded one-shot push-to-talk capture. */
   suspend fun handlePttOnce(paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult
 }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/JpegSizeLimiter.kt

@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ import kotlin.math.max
 import kotlin.math.min
 import kotlin.math.roundToInt
 
+/**
+ * Result of a JPEG compression attempt after quality and scale reductions.
+ */
 internal data class JpegSizeLimiterResult(
   val bytes: ByteArray,
   val width: Int,
@@ -11,7 +14,11 @@ internal data class JpegSizeLimiterResult(
   val quality: Int,
 )
 
+/**
+ * Utility that searches quality/scale combinations until a JPEG fits a byte budget.
+ */
 internal object JpegSizeLimiter {
+  /** Compresses with the caller-provided encoder, reducing quality before image dimensions. */
   fun compressToLimit(
     initialWidth: Int,
     initialHeight: Int,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/LocationCaptureManager.kt

@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.withTimeout
 import java.time.Instant
 import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter
 
+/**
+ * Android LocationManager-backed capture used by gateway location commands.
+ */
 class LocationCaptureManager(
   private val context: Context,
 ) {
@@ -35,6 +38,7 @@ class LocationCaptureManager(
         throw IllegalStateException("LOCATION_UNAVAILABLE: no location providers enabled")
       }
 
+      // Prefer a recent cached fix before waking GPS/network providers.
       val cached = bestLastKnown(manager, desiredProviders, maxAgeMs)
       val location =
         cached ?: requestCurrent(manager, desiredProviders, timeoutMs)
@@ -81,6 +85,7 @@ class LocationCaptureManager(
     val candidates =
       providers.mapNotNull { provider -> manager.getLastKnownLocation(provider) }
     val freshest = candidates.maxByOrNull { it.time } ?: return null
+    // maxAgeMs is a caller contract; stale cached fixes force a live provider request.
     if (maxAgeMs != null && now - freshest.time > maxAgeMs) return null
     return freshest
   }
@@ -102,6 +107,7 @@ class LocationCaptureManager(
     val resolved =
       providers.firstOrNull { manager.isProviderEnabled(it) }
         ?: throw IllegalStateException("LOCATION_UNAVAILABLE: no providers available")
+    // getCurrentLocation can return null; the handler maps timeout/null fixes to gateway error shapes.
     val location =
       withTimeout(timeoutMs.coerceAtLeast(1)) {
         suspendCancellableCoroutine<Location?> { cont ->

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/LocationHandler.kt

@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.TimeoutCancellationException
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
 
+/**
+ * Injectable location facade for command tests and Android runtime access.
+ */
 internal interface LocationDataSource {
   fun hasFinePermission(context: Context): Boolean
 
@@ -69,11 +72,14 @@ class LocationHandler private constructor(
     locationPreciseEnabled = locationPreciseEnabled,
   )
 
+  /** Reports whether precise GPS-backed location can be requested from Android. */
   fun hasFineLocationPermission(): Boolean = dataSource.hasFinePermission(appContext)
 
+  /** Reports whether network/coarse location can be requested from Android. */
   fun hasCoarseLocationPermission(): Boolean = dataSource.hasCoarsePermission(appContext)
 
   companion object {
+    /** Creates a handler with injected location state for permission and payload tests. */
     internal fun forTesting(
       appContext: Context,
       dataSource: LocationDataSource,
@@ -90,8 +96,10 @@ class LocationHandler private constructor(
       )
   }
 
+  /** Handles location.get with foreground, permission, and user precision gates applied. */
   suspend fun handleLocationGet(paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult {
     if (!isForeground()) {
+      // Android foreground restrictions and user expectation keep live location tied to the visible app.
       return GatewaySession.InvokeResult.error(
         code = "LOCATION_BACKGROUND_UNAVAILABLE",
         message = "LOCATION_BACKGROUND_UNAVAILABLE: location requires OpenClaw to stay open",
@@ -105,6 +113,8 @@ class LocationHandler private constructor(
     }
     val (maxAgeMs, timeoutMs, desiredAccuracy) = parseLocationParams(paramsJson)
     val preciseEnabled = locationPreciseEnabled()
+    // Gateway requests are advisory; Android permission and user settings decide
+    // whether precise capture is actually allowed for this invocation.
     val accuracy =
       when (desiredAccuracy) {
         "precise" -> if (preciseEnabled && dataSource.hasFinePermission(appContext)) "precise" else "balanced"
@@ -113,6 +123,7 @@ class LocationHandler private constructor(
       }
     val providers =
       when (accuracy) {
+        // Provider order is part of the accuracy policy: GPS first for precise, network first otherwise.
         "precise" -> listOf(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER, LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER)
         "coarse" -> listOf(LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER, LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER)
         else -> listOf(LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER, LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER)
@@ -151,6 +162,7 @@ class LocationHandler private constructor(
     val timeoutMs =
       (root?.get("timeoutMs") as? JsonPrimitive)?.content?.toLongOrNull()?.coerceIn(1_000L, 60_000L)
         ?: 10_000L
+    // desiredAccuracy is advisory; invalid values fall through to the default policy.
     val desiredAccuracy =
       (root?.get("desiredAccuracy") as? JsonPrimitive)?.content?.trim()?.lowercase()
     return Triple(maxAgeMs, timeoutMs, desiredAccuracy)

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/MotionHandler.kt

@@ -25,17 +25,20 @@ import kotlin.math.sqrt
 private const val ACCELEROMETER_SAMPLE_TARGET = 20
 private const val ACCELEROMETER_SAMPLE_TIMEOUT_MS = 6_000L
 
+/** Gateway request for motion.activity after parsing and limit bounds. */
 internal data class MotionActivityRequest(
   val startISO: String?,
   val endISO: String?,
   val limit: Int,
 )
 
+/** Gateway request for motion.pedometer. */
 internal data class MotionPedometerRequest(
   val startISO: String?,
   val endISO: String?,
 )
 
+/** Motion activity sample returned in gateway-compatible boolean flags. */
 internal data class MotionActivityRecord(
   val startISO: String,
   val endISO: String,
@@ -48,6 +51,7 @@ internal data class MotionActivityRecord(
   val isUnknown: Boolean,
 )
 
+/** Pedometer sample returned from Android's cumulative step counter. */
 internal data class PedometerRecord(
   val startISO: String,
   val endISO: String,
@@ -57,6 +61,7 @@ internal data class PedometerRecord(
   val floorsDescended: Int?,
 )
 
+/** Motion data seam for Android sensors and tests. */
 internal interface MotionDataSource {
   fun isActivityAvailable(context: Context): Boolean
 
@@ -97,6 +102,8 @@ private object SystemMotionDataSource : MotionDataSource {
     request: MotionActivityRequest,
   ): MotionActivityRecord {
     if (!request.startISO.isNullOrBlank() || !request.endISO.isNullOrBlank()) {
+      // Android does not expose historical activity samples here; fail with a
+      // stable gateway code instead of pretending the range is empty.
       throw IllegalArgumentException("MOTION_RANGE_UNAVAILABLE: historical activity range not supported on Android")
     }
     val sensorManager =
@@ -130,6 +137,7 @@ private object SystemMotionDataSource : MotionDataSource {
     request: MotionPedometerRequest,
   ): PedometerRecord {
     if (!request.startISO.isNullOrBlank() || !request.endISO.isNullOrBlank()) {
+      // TYPE_STEP_COUNTER is cumulative since boot, not a historical query API.
       throw IllegalArgumentException("PEDOMETER_RANGE_UNAVAILABLE: historical pedometer range not supported on Android")
     }
     val sensorManager =
@@ -216,6 +224,8 @@ private object SystemMotionDataSource : MotionDataSource {
                 sumDelta += abs(magnitude - SensorManager.GRAVITY_EARTH.toDouble())
                 count += 1
                 if (count >= ACCELEROMETER_SAMPLE_TARGET) {
+                  // Average gravity-adjusted magnitude across a short window so
+                  // one noisy sensor event cannot decide the activity label.
                   val result =
                     AccelerometerSample(
                       samples = count,
@@ -260,12 +270,14 @@ private object SystemMotionDataSource : MotionDataSource {
   }
 }
 
+/** Handles Android motion-related node.invoke commands backed by live sensors. */
 class MotionHandler private constructor(
   private val appContext: Context,
   private val dataSource: MotionDataSource,
 ) {
   constructor(appContext: Context) : this(appContext = appContext, dataSource = SystemMotionDataSource)
 
+  /** Classifies a short accelerometer sample into the gateway activity shape. */
   suspend fun handleMotionActivity(paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult {
     if (!dataSource.hasPermission(appContext)) {
       return GatewaySession.InvokeResult.error(
@@ -313,6 +325,7 @@ class MotionHandler private constructor(
     }
   }
 
+  /** Returns the current boot-scoped Android step-counter reading. */
   suspend fun handleMotionPedometer(paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult {
     if (!dataSource.hasPermission(appContext)) {
       return GatewaySession.InvokeResult.error(
@@ -350,8 +363,10 @@ class MotionHandler private constructor(
 
   fun isAvailable(): Boolean = dataSource.isAvailable(appContext)
 
+  /** Returns true when live accelerometer classification can be sampled. */
   fun isActivityAvailable(): Boolean = dataSource.isActivityAvailable(appContext)
 
+  /** Returns true when Android exposes a cumulative step-counter sensor. */
   fun isPedometerAvailable(): Boolean = dataSource.isPedometerAvailable(appContext)
 
   private fun parseActivityRequest(paramsJson: String?): MotionActivityRequest? {
@@ -364,6 +379,8 @@ class MotionHandler private constructor(
       } catch (_: Throwable) {
         null
       } ?: return null
+    // Keep the accepted gateway parameter even though Android can only return
+    // one live classification sample for now.
     val limit = ((params["limit"] as? JsonPrimitive)?.content?.toIntOrNull() ?: 200).coerceIn(1, 1000)
     return MotionActivityRequest(
       startISO = (params["startISO"] as? JsonPrimitive)?.content?.trim()?.ifEmpty { null },
@@ -389,8 +406,10 @@ class MotionHandler private constructor(
   }
 
   companion object {
+    /** Static capability probe used before a MotionHandler instance is needed. */
     fun isMotionCapabilityAvailable(context: Context): Boolean = SystemMotionDataSource.isAvailable(context)
 
+    /** Creates a handler with an injected sensor source for parser and payload tests. */
     internal fun forTesting(
       appContext: Context,
       dataSource: MotionDataSource,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/NodePresenceAliveBeacon.kt

@@ -6,10 +6,16 @@ import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.buildJsonObject
 
 internal object NodePresenceAliveBeacon {
+  /** Gateway event emitted by Android when background execution confirms liveness. */
   const val EVENT_NAME: String = "node.presence.alive"
+
+  /** Avoids spamming presence when multiple background triggers fire together. */
   const val MIN_SUCCESS_INTERVAL_MS: Long = 10 * 60 * 1000
   private const val MAX_RESPONSE_JSON_CHARS: Int = 16 * 1024
 
+  /**
+   * Source of the liveness event, serialized as gateway-stable wire values.
+   */
   enum class Trigger(
     val rawValue: String,
   ) {
@@ -21,6 +27,9 @@ internal object NodePresenceAliveBeacon {
     Connect("connect"),
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Minimal gateway response fields used to decide whether a liveness event was accepted.
+   */
   data class ResponsePayload(
     val ok: Boolean?,
     val event: String?,
@@ -30,6 +39,7 @@ internal object NodePresenceAliveBeacon {
 
   private val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
 
+  /** Skips sends after a recent successful presence update. */
   fun shouldSkipRecentSuccess(
     nowMs: Long,
     lastSuccessAtMs: Long?,
@@ -41,6 +51,7 @@ internal object NodePresenceAliveBeacon {
     return elapsed >= 0 && elapsed < minIntervalMs
   }
 
+  /** Human-readable Android version label included in presence payloads. */
   fun androidPlatformLabel(): String {
     val release =
       Build.VERSION.RELEASE
@@ -50,6 +61,7 @@ internal object NodePresenceAliveBeacon {
     return "Android $release (SDK ${Build.VERSION.SDK_INT})"
   }
 
+  /** Builds the compact JSON payload consumed by gateway node-presence handlers. */
   fun makePayloadJson(
     trigger: Trigger,
     sentAtMs: Long,
@@ -71,8 +83,11 @@ internal object NodePresenceAliveBeacon {
       pushTransport?.trim()?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }?.let { put("pushTransport", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
     }.toString()
 
+  /** Parses the gateway response while rejecting empty, oversized, or malformed payloads. */
   fun decodeResponse(payloadJson: String?): ResponsePayload? {
     val raw = payloadJson?.trim()?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() } ?: return null
+    // Bound log/IPC responses before JSON parsing to avoid memory spikes from
+    // malformed gateway replies.
     if (raw.length > MAX_RESPONSE_JSON_CHARS) return null
     val obj =
       try {
@@ -88,6 +103,7 @@ internal object NodePresenceAliveBeacon {
     )
   }
 
+  /** Sanitizes gateway response reasons before writing them into Android logs. */
   fun sanitizeReasonForLog(raw: String?): String {
     val value = raw?.trim()?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() } ?: "unsupported"
     return value

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/NodeUtils.kt

@@ -8,8 +8,10 @@ import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.contentOrNull
 
+/** Default canvas seam color used when gateway/user params omit a hex color. */
 const val DEFAULT_SEAM_COLOR_ARGB: Long = 0xFF4F7A9A
 
+/** Small tuple used by Android node handlers that need four return values. */
 data class Quad<A, B, C, D>(
   val first: A,
   val second: B,
@@ -17,6 +19,7 @@ data class Quad<A, B, C, D>(
   val fourth: D,
 )
 
+/** Escapes a Kotlin string into a JSON string literal without building a JsonElement. */
 fun String.toJsonString(): String {
   val escaped =
     this
@@ -29,6 +32,7 @@ fun String.toJsonString(): String {
 
 fun JsonElement?.asObjectOrNull(): JsonObject? = this as? JsonObject
 
+/** Parses invoke params into a JSON object, returning null for absent/malformed input. */
 fun parseJsonParamsObject(paramsJson: String?): JsonObject? {
   if (paramsJson.isNullOrBlank()) return null
   return try {
@@ -38,26 +42,31 @@ fun parseJsonParamsObject(paramsJson: String?): JsonObject? {
   }
 }
 
+/** Reads a primitive field from invoke params without accepting arrays/objects. */
 fun readJsonPrimitive(
   params: JsonObject?,
   key: String,
 ): JsonPrimitive? = params?.get(key) as? JsonPrimitive
 
+/** Parses an optional integer invoke param. */
 fun parseJsonInt(
   params: JsonObject?,
   key: String,
 ): Int? = readJsonPrimitive(params, key)?.contentOrNull?.toIntOrNull()
 
+/** Parses an optional decimal invoke param. */
 fun parseJsonDouble(
   params: JsonObject?,
   key: String,
 ): Double? = readJsonPrimitive(params, key)?.contentOrNull?.toDoubleOrNull()
 
+/** Parses an optional string invoke param. */
 fun parseJsonString(
   params: JsonObject?,
   key: String,
 ): String? = readJsonPrimitive(params, key)?.contentOrNull
 
+/** Parses strict true/false flags from string-like JSON primitives. */
 fun parseJsonBooleanFlag(
   params: JsonObject?,
   key: String,
@@ -70,6 +79,7 @@ fun parseJsonBooleanFlag(
   }
 }
 
+/** Converts JSON null to Kotlin null while preserving primitive text content. */
 fun JsonElement?.asStringOrNull(): String? =
   when (this) {
     is JsonNull -> null
@@ -77,6 +87,7 @@ fun JsonElement?.asStringOrNull(): String? =
     else -> null
   }
 
+/** Parses #RRGGBB or RRGGBB into opaque ARGB. */
 fun parseHexColorArgb(raw: String?): Long? {
   val trimmed = raw?.trim().orEmpty()
   if (trimmed.isEmpty()) return null
@@ -86,15 +97,18 @@ fun parseHexColorArgb(raw: String?): Long? {
   return 0xFF000000L or rgb
 }
 
+/** Converts gateway invocation throwables into protocol code/message pairs. */
 fun invokeErrorFromThrowable(err: Throwable): Pair<String, String> {
   val parsed = parseInvokeErrorFromThrowable(err, fallbackMessage = "UNAVAILABLE: error")
   val message = if (parsed.hadExplicitCode) parsed.prefixedMessage else parsed.message
   return parsed.code to message
 }
 
+/** Normalizes user/session keys while preserving main as the canonical session id. */
 fun normalizeMainKey(raw: String?): String? {
   val trimmed = raw?.trim().orEmpty()
   return if (trimmed.isEmpty()) null else trimmed
 }
 
+/** Returns true only for the canonical main-session key understood by gateway UI. */
 fun isCanonicalMainSessionKey(key: String): Boolean = key == "main"

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/NotificationsHandler.kt

@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ import kotlinx.serialization.json.buildJsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.contentOrNull
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.put
 
+/**
+ * Injectable notification listener facade so command parsing can be tested without Android service state.
+ */
 internal interface NotificationsStateProvider {
   fun readSnapshot(context: Context): DeviceNotificationSnapshot
 
@@ -22,6 +25,7 @@ internal interface NotificationsStateProvider {
 }
 
 private object SystemNotificationsStateProvider : NotificationsStateProvider {
+  /** Reads listener state through Android APIs and returns a disabled snapshot when access is missing. */
   override fun readSnapshot(context: Context): DeviceNotificationSnapshot {
     val enabled = DeviceNotificationListenerService.isAccessEnabled(context)
     if (!enabled) {
@@ -34,27 +38,32 @@ private object SystemNotificationsStateProvider : NotificationsStateProvider {
     return DeviceNotificationListenerService.snapshot(context, enabled = true)
   }
 
+  /** Requests a platform listener rebind after access has been granted. */
   override fun requestServiceRebind(context: Context) {
     DeviceNotificationListenerService.requestServiceRebind(context)
   }
 
+  /** Delegates actions to the active listener service instance. */
   override fun executeAction(
     context: Context,
     request: NotificationActionRequest,
   ): NotificationActionResult = DeviceNotificationListenerService.executeAction(context, request)
 }
 
+/** Handles notification listing and actions via the Android listener service. */
 class NotificationsHandler private constructor(
   private val appContext: Context,
   private val stateProvider: NotificationsStateProvider,
 ) {
   constructor(appContext: Context) : this(appContext = appContext, stateProvider = SystemNotificationsStateProvider)
 
+  /** Lists the current listener snapshot after nudging Android to reconnect if needed. */
   suspend fun handleNotificationsList(_paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult {
     val snapshot = readSnapshotWithRebind()
     return GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok(snapshotPayloadJson(snapshot))
   }
 
+  /** Executes an action against a notification key from the current listener snapshot. */
   suspend fun handleNotificationsActions(paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult {
     readSnapshotWithRebind()
 
@@ -76,6 +85,8 @@ class NotificationsHandler private constructor(
           code = "INVALID_REQUEST",
           message = "INVALID_REQUEST: action required (open|dismiss|reply)",
         )
+    // Keep accepted action names aligned with the cross-platform notification
+    // command contract rather than Android-specific PendingIntent labels.
     val action =
       when (actionRaw) {
         "open" -> NotificationActionKind.Open
@@ -123,6 +134,7 @@ class NotificationsHandler private constructor(
   private fun readSnapshotWithRebind(): DeviceNotificationSnapshot {
     val snapshot = stateProvider.readSnapshot(appContext)
     if (snapshot.enabled && !snapshot.connected) {
+      // Access can be granted while Android has not rebound the listener yet.
       stateProvider.requestServiceRebind(appContext)
     }
     return snapshot

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/PhotosHandler.kt

@@ -29,12 +29,14 @@ private const val DEFAULT_PHOTOS_QUALITY = 0.85
 private const val MAX_TOTAL_BASE64_CHARS = 340 * 1024
 private const val MAX_PER_PHOTO_BASE64_CHARS = 300 * 1024
 
+/** Request shape for photos.latest after defaults and bounds are applied. */
 internal data class PhotosLatestRequest(
   val limit: Int,
   val maxWidth: Int,
   val quality: Double,
 )
 
+/** Encoded photo payload returned to the gateway. */
 internal data class EncodedPhotoPayload(
   val format: String,
   val base64: String,
@@ -43,6 +45,7 @@ internal data class EncodedPhotoPayload(
   val createdAt: String?,
 )
 
+/** Photo access seam for Android MediaStore and tests. */
 internal interface PhotosDataSource {
   fun hasPermission(context: Context): Boolean
 
@@ -53,6 +56,7 @@ internal interface PhotosDataSource {
 }
 
 private object SystemPhotosDataSource : PhotosDataSource {
+  /** Checks the API-specific image read permission used by MediaStore image access. */
   override fun hasPermission(context: Context): Boolean {
     val permission =
       if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 33) {
@@ -77,6 +81,8 @@ private object SystemPhotosDataSource : PhotosDataSource {
       if (remainingBudget <= 0) break
       val bitmap = decodeScaledBitmap(resolver, row.uri, request.maxWidth) ?: continue
       try {
+        // Enforce both per-photo and total payload budgets before returning
+        // base64 data through the gateway invoke response.
         val encoded = encodeJpegUnderBudget(bitmap, request.quality, MAX_PER_PHOTO_BASE64_CHARS)
         if (encoded == null) continue
         if (encoded.base64.length > remainingBudget) break
@@ -172,6 +178,8 @@ private object SystemPhotosDataSource : PhotosDataSource {
       } ?: return null
 
     if (decoded.width <= maxWidth) return decoded
+    // Decode sampling is power-of-two only; finish with exact scaling when the
+    // sampled bitmap is still wider than the requested max width.
     val targetHeight = max(1, ((decoded.height.toDouble() * maxWidth) / decoded.width).roundToInt())
     return try {
       decoded.scale(maxWidth, targetHeight, true)
@@ -215,6 +223,7 @@ private object SystemPhotosDataSource : PhotosDataSource {
           )
         }
         if (jpegQuality > 35) {
+          // Try quality reduction before resizing so small images keep detail.
           jpegQuality = max(25, jpegQuality - 15)
           return@repeat
         }
@@ -232,12 +241,14 @@ private object SystemPhotosDataSource : PhotosDataSource {
   }
 }
 
+/** Handles photos.latest by querying MediaStore and returning bounded JPEG payloads. */
 class PhotosHandler private constructor(
   private val appContext: Context,
   private val dataSource: PhotosDataSource,
 ) {
   constructor(appContext: Context) : this(appContext = appContext, dataSource = SystemPhotosDataSource)
 
+  /** Returns the newest accessible photos as gateway-sized base64 JPEGs. */
   fun handlePhotosLatest(paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult {
     if (!dataSource.hasPermission(appContext)) {
       return GatewaySession.InvokeResult.error(
@@ -300,6 +311,7 @@ class PhotosHandler private constructor(
     val maxWidthRaw = (params["maxWidth"] as? JsonPrimitive)?.content?.toIntOrNull()
     val qualityRaw = (params["quality"] as? JsonPrimitive)?.content?.toDoubleOrNull()
 
+    // Clamp model-supplied values to protect memory and response-size limits.
     val limit = (limitRaw ?: DEFAULT_PHOTOS_LIMIT).coerceIn(1, 20)
     val maxWidth = (maxWidthRaw ?: DEFAULT_PHOTOS_MAX_WIDTH).coerceIn(240, 4096)
     val quality = (qualityRaw ?: DEFAULT_PHOTOS_QUALITY).coerceIn(0.1, 1.0)
@@ -307,6 +319,7 @@ class PhotosHandler private constructor(
   }
 
   companion object {
+    /** Creates a handler with an injected photo source for parser and payload tests. */
     internal fun forTesting(
       appContext: Context,
       dataSource: PhotosDataSource,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/node/SystemHandler.kt

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import kotlinx.serialization.json.contentOrNull
 
 private const val NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_BASE_ID = "openclaw.system.notify"
 
+/** Parsed payload for system.notify invocations. */
 internal data class SystemNotifyRequest(
   val title: String,
   val body: String,
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ internal data class SystemNotifyRequest(
   val priority: String?,
 )
 
+/** Notification posting seam used by production Android and unit tests. */
 internal interface SystemNotificationPoster {
   fun isAuthorized(): Boolean
 
@@ -33,6 +35,7 @@ internal interface SystemNotificationPoster {
 private class AndroidSystemNotificationPoster(
   private val appContext: Context,
 ) : SystemNotificationPoster {
+  /** Checks both Android 13 runtime permission and app-level notification enablement. */
   override fun isAuthorized(): Boolean {
     if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 33) {
       val granted =
@@ -43,6 +46,7 @@ private class AndroidSystemNotificationPoster(
     return NotificationManagerCompat.from(appContext).areNotificationsEnabled()
   }
 
+  /** Posts through a priority-specific channel so Android's immutable channel importance is respected. */
   override fun post(request: SystemNotifyRequest) {
     val channelId = ensureChannel(request.priority)
     val silent = isSilentSound(request.sound)
@@ -69,6 +73,8 @@ private class AndroidSystemNotificationPoster(
 
   private fun ensureChannel(priority: String?): String {
     val normalizedPriority = priority.orEmpty().trim().lowercase()
+    // Android channel importance is immutable after creation, so priority maps
+    // to stable channel ids instead of mutating one shared channel.
     val (suffix, importance, name) =
       when (normalizedPriority) {
         "passive" -> Triple("passive", NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_LOW, "OpenClaw Passive")
@@ -97,11 +103,13 @@ private class AndroidSystemNotificationPoster(
   }
 }
 
+/** Handles system-level node.invoke commands implemented by Android services. */
 class SystemHandler private constructor(
   private val poster: SystemNotificationPoster,
 ) {
   constructor(appContext: Context) : this(poster = AndroidSystemNotificationPoster(appContext))
 
+  /** Posts an Android notification from the gateway system.notify command. */
   fun handleSystemNotify(paramsJson: String?): GatewaySession.InvokeResult {
     val params =
       parseNotifyRequest(paramsJson)
@@ -139,6 +147,8 @@ class SystemHandler private constructor(
 
   private fun parseNotifyRequest(paramsJson: String?): SystemNotifyRequest? {
     val params = parseParamsObject(paramsJson) ?: return null
+    // title/body are required by the gateway contract; optional fields only
+    // influence Android channel/silence behavior.
     val rawTitle =
       (params["title"] as? JsonPrimitive)
         ?.contentOrNull
@@ -167,6 +177,7 @@ class SystemHandler private constructor(
   }
 
   companion object {
+    /** Creates a handler with a fake poster for parser and authorization tests. */
     internal fun forTesting(poster: SystemNotificationPoster): SystemHandler = SystemHandler(poster)
   }
 }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/protocol/OpenClawCanvasA2UIAction.kt

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
 
 object OpenClawCanvasA2UIAction {
+  /** Reads the agent-facing action name from either the modern name field or legacy action field. */
   fun extractActionName(userAction: JsonObject): String? {
     val name =
       (userAction["name"] as? JsonPrimitive)
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ object OpenClawCanvasA2UIAction {
     return action.ifEmpty { null }
   }
 
+  /** Normalizes prompt tag values so the compact CANVAS_A2UI envelope stays parser-friendly. */
   fun sanitizeTagValue(value: String): String {
     val trimmed = value.trim().ifEmpty { "-" }
     val normalized = trimmed.replace(" ", "_")
@@ -35,6 +37,7 @@ object OpenClawCanvasA2UIAction {
     return out.toString()
   }
 
+  /** Formats the compact text envelope sent to the agent when a canvas UI action fires. */
   fun formatAgentMessage(
     actionName: String,
     sessionKey: String,
@@ -57,6 +60,7 @@ object OpenClawCanvasA2UIAction {
     ).joinToString(separator = " ")
   }
 
+  /** Builds JS that reports an agent action result back to the canvas runtime. */
   fun jsDispatchA2UIActionStatus(
     actionId: String,
     ok: Boolean,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/protocol/OpenClawProtocolConstants.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app.protocol
 
+/** Capability ids advertised by the Android node to the OpenClaw gateway. */
 enum class OpenClawCapability(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ enum class OpenClawCapability(
   CallLog("callLog"),
 }
 
+/** Canvas command ids mirrored from the gateway tool namespace. */
 enum class OpenClawCanvasCommand(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -34,6 +36,7 @@ enum class OpenClawCanvasCommand(
   }
 }
 
+/** Streaming canvas commands sent from agents back into the Android UI. */
 enum class OpenClawCanvasA2UICommand(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -47,6 +50,7 @@ enum class OpenClawCanvasA2UICommand(
   }
 }
 
+/** Camera command ids accepted by the Android node. */
 enum class OpenClawCameraCommand(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -60,6 +64,7 @@ enum class OpenClawCameraCommand(
   }
 }
 
+/** SMS command ids accepted by the Android node. */
 enum class OpenClawSmsCommand(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -72,6 +77,7 @@ enum class OpenClawSmsCommand(
   }
 }
 
+/** Push-to-talk command ids accepted by the Android node. */
 enum class OpenClawTalkCommand(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -86,6 +92,7 @@ enum class OpenClawTalkCommand(
   }
 }
 
+/** Location command ids accepted by the Android node. */
 enum class OpenClawLocationCommand(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -97,6 +104,7 @@ enum class OpenClawLocationCommand(
   }
 }
 
+/** Device status and metadata command ids accepted by the Android node. */
 enum class OpenClawDeviceCommand(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -111,6 +119,7 @@ enum class OpenClawDeviceCommand(
   }
 }
 
+/** Notification command ids accepted by the Android node. */
 enum class OpenClawNotificationsCommand(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -123,6 +132,7 @@ enum class OpenClawNotificationsCommand(
   }
 }
 
+/** System command ids accepted by the Android node. */
 enum class OpenClawSystemCommand(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -134,6 +144,7 @@ enum class OpenClawSystemCommand(
   }
 }
 
+/** Photos command ids accepted by the Android node. */
 enum class OpenClawPhotosCommand(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -145,6 +156,7 @@ enum class OpenClawPhotosCommand(
   }
 }
 
+/** Contacts command ids accepted by the Android node. */
 enum class OpenClawContactsCommand(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -157,6 +169,7 @@ enum class OpenClawContactsCommand(
   }
 }
 
+/** Calendar command ids accepted by the Android node. */
 enum class OpenClawCalendarCommand(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -169,6 +182,7 @@ enum class OpenClawCalendarCommand(
   }
 }
 
+/** Motion sensor command ids accepted by the Android node. */
 enum class OpenClawMotionCommand(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {
@@ -181,6 +195,7 @@ enum class OpenClawMotionCommand(
   }
 }
 
+/** Call-log command ids accepted by the Android node. */
 enum class OpenClawCallLogCommand(
   val rawValue: String,
 ) {

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/tools/ToolDisplay.kt

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ private data class ToolDisplayConfig(
   val tools: Map<String, ToolDisplaySpec>? = null,
 )
 
+/** Compact UI summary for a running or pending tool call. */
 data class ToolDisplaySummary(
   val name: String,
   val emoji: String,
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ data class ToolDisplaySummary(
   val verb: String?,
   val detail: String?,
 ) {
+  /** Optional second-line detail assembled from the action verb and best argument preview. */
   val detailLine: String?
     get() {
       val parts = mutableListOf<String>()
@@ -47,10 +49,12 @@ data class ToolDisplaySummary(
       return if (parts.isEmpty()) null else parts.joinToString(" · ")
     }
 
+  /** Single-line fallback for compact tool rows that do not render detail separately. */
   val summaryLine: String
     get() = if (detailLine != null) "$emoji $label: $detailLine" else "$emoji $label"
 }
 
+/** Resolves tool-call names and args into user-facing Android display text. */
 object ToolDisplayRegistry {
   private const val CONFIG_ASSET = "tool-display.json"
 
@@ -58,6 +62,7 @@ object ToolDisplayRegistry {
 
   @Volatile private var cachedConfig: ToolDisplayConfig? = null
 
+  /** Resolves a raw tool call into stable, bounded UI text for pending-tool surfaces. */
   fun resolve(
     context: Context,
     name: String?,
@@ -86,6 +91,8 @@ object ToolDisplayRegistry {
       detail = pathDetail(args)
     }
 
+    // Action-specific detail keys win over tool defaults so commands like
+    // read/write can surface the most useful argument for that action.
     val detailKeys = actionSpec?.detailKeys ?: spec?.detailKeys ?: fallback?.detailKeys ?: emptyList()
     if (detail == null) {
       detail = firstValue(args, detailKeys)
@@ -122,6 +129,8 @@ object ToolDisplayRegistry {
       cachedConfig = decoded
       decoded
     } catch (_: Throwable) {
+      // The chat UI should still render pending tools if the asset is absent or
+      // malformed in debug builds.
       val fallback = ToolDisplayConfig()
       cachedConfig = fallback
       fallback

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/CameraHudOverlay.kt

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.draw.alpha
 import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.Color
 import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
 
+/** Full-screen white flash keyed by camera capture tokens. */
 @Composable
 fun CameraFlashOverlay(
   token: Long,
@@ -29,6 +30,8 @@ private fun CameraFlash(token: Long) {
   var alpha by remember { mutableFloatStateOf(0f) }
   LaunchedEffect(token) {
     if (token == 0L) return@LaunchedEffect
+    // Token changes replay the animation even when consecutive captures use
+    // the same HUD message.
     alpha = 0.85f
     delay(110)
     alpha = 0f

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/CanvasScreen.kt

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import androidx.webkit.WebViewCompat
 import androidx.webkit.WebViewFeature
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference
 
+/** Hosts the gateway canvas WebView and attaches it to the runtime canvas controller. */
 @SuppressLint("SetJavaScriptEnabled")
 @Suppress("DEPRECATION")
 @Composable
@@ -151,6 +152,9 @@ fun CanvasScreen(
           }
         }
 
+      // The listener accepts any WebView origin at registration time because
+      // gateway A2UI URLs are dynamic; CanvasActionTrust validates the live URL
+      // before forwarding each message.
       val bridge =
         CanvasA2UIActionBridge(
           isTrustedPage = { viewModel.isTrustedCanvasActionUrl(currentPageUrlRef.get()) },
@@ -184,6 +188,7 @@ fun CanvasScreen(
   )
 }
 
+/** Filters WebView postMessage payloads before they enter the A2UI action handler. */
 internal class CanvasA2UIActionBridge(
   private val isTrustedPage: () -> Boolean,
   private val onMessage: (String) -> Unit,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/CanvasSettingsScreen.kt

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.draw.clip
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextOverflow
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 
+/** Settings detail surface for live canvas status, refresh, and embedded preview. */
 @Composable
 internal fun CanvasSettingsScreen(
   viewModel: MainViewModel,
@@ -47,6 +48,8 @@ internal fun CanvasSettingsScreen(
 
   LaunchedEffect(isConnected) {
     if (isConnected) {
+      // Refresh once when the gateway comes online so the settings preview is
+      // populated before the user manually asks for a rehydrate.
       viewModel.refreshHomeCanvasOverviewIfConnected()
     }
   }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/ChannelsSettingsScreen.kt

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 
+/** Settings screen for gateway channel readiness and account status. */
 @Composable
 internal fun ChannelsSettingsScreen(
   viewModel: MainViewModel,
@@ -71,6 +72,8 @@ internal fun ChannelsSettingsScreen(
       }
     }
     if (summary.partial || summary.warnings.isNotEmpty()) {
+      // Partial channel scans still include useful rows; surface the warning
+      // without hiding successful channel status.
       ClawPanel {
         Text(text = channelsWarningText(summary), style = ClawTheme.type.body, color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted)
       }
@@ -156,4 +159,5 @@ private fun channelBadge(label: String): String =
     .joinToString("")
     .ifBlank { "C" }
 
+/** Chooses the first gateway warning or a generic partial-scan message. */
 private fun channelsWarningText(summary: GatewayChannelsSummary): String = summary.warnings.firstOrNull()?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: "Some channel status checks did not complete."

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/ChatSheet.kt

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import ai.openclaw.app.MainViewModel
 import ai.openclaw.app.ui.chat.ChatSheetContent
 import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
 
+/** Keeps the public shell entry point stable while chat internals live under ui.chat. */
 @Composable
 fun ChatSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
   ChatSheetContent(viewModel = viewModel)

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/CommandPalette.kt

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextAlign
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextOverflow
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 
+/** Full-screen command palette for navigation and recent-session search. */
 @Composable
 internal fun CommandPalette(
   viewModel: MainViewModel,
@@ -158,6 +159,7 @@ private data class CommandItem(
   val icon: ImageVector,
   val onClick: () -> Unit,
 ) {
+  /** Matches palette queries against both action title and explanatory subtitle. */
   fun matches(query: String): Boolean = query.isEmpty() || title.lowercase().contains(query) || subtitle.lowercase().contains(query)
 }
 
@@ -295,6 +297,7 @@ private fun CommandSectionLabel(title: String) {
   }
 }
 
+/** Builds provider quick-action metadata from current gateway/catalog state. */
 private fun providerCommandSubtitle(
   isConnected: Boolean,
   providers: List<GatewayModelProviderSummary>,
@@ -307,8 +310,10 @@ private fun providerCommandSubtitle(
   return "Configure model access"
 }
 
+/** Falls back to the canonical main-session label when gateway display names are blank. */
 private fun commandSessionTitle(displayName: String?): String = displayName?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: "Main session"
 
+/** Formats command-palette session timestamps for compact rows. */
 private fun commandRelativeTime(updatedAtMs: Long): String {
   val deltaMs = (System.currentTimeMillis() - updatedAtMs).coerceAtLeast(0L)
   val minutes = deltaMs / 60_000L

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/ConnectTabScreen.kt

@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ private enum class ConnectInputMode {
   Manual,
 }
 
+/** Gateway connection screen for setup-code and manual endpoint pairing. */
 @Composable
 fun ConnectTabScreen(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
   val context = LocalContext.current
@@ -291,6 +292,8 @@ fun ConnectTabScreen(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
 
           validationText = null
           if (inputMode == ConnectInputMode.SetupCode) {
+            // Setup-code auth should replace old bootstrap/shared credentials;
+            // manual reconnects keep existing typed credentials.
             viewModel.resetGatewaySetupAuth()
           }
           viewModel.setManualEnabled(true)

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/DreamingSettingsScreen.kt

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextOverflow
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 
+/** Settings screen for gateway dreaming state and recent dream diary entries. */
 @Composable
 internal fun DreamingSettingsScreen(
   viewModel: MainViewModel,
@@ -187,6 +188,7 @@ private fun DreamDiaryRow(entry: GatewayDreamDiaryEntry) {
   }
 }
 
+/** Formats the next dreaming cycle as a compact relative label. */
 private fun formatDreamingNextRun(nextRunAtMs: Long?): String {
   val next = nextRunAtMs ?: return "Not scheduled"
   val deltaMinutes = ((next - System.currentTimeMillis()) / 60_000L).coerceAtLeast(0L)

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/GatewayConfigResolver.kt

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import java.net.URI
 import java.util.Base64
 import java.util.Locale
 
+/** Parsed endpoint fields after URL validation and cleartext-safety checks. */
 internal data class GatewayEndpointConfig(
   val host: String,
   val port: Int,
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ internal data class GatewayEndpointConfig(
   val displayUrl: String,
 )
 
+/** Decoded setup-code payload; only one credential family is expected to be populated. */
 internal data class GatewaySetupCode(
   val url: String,
   val bootstrapToken: String?,
@@ -24,6 +26,7 @@ internal data class GatewaySetupCode(
   val password: String?,
 )
 
+/** Final gateway connection fields selected from setup-code or manual UI input. */
 internal data class GatewayConnectConfig(
   val host: String,
   val port: Int,
@@ -33,22 +36,26 @@ internal data class GatewayConnectConfig(
   val password: String,
 )
 
+/** Validation reason used by setup, QR, and manual endpoint copy. */
 internal enum class GatewayEndpointValidationError {
   INVALID_URL,
   INSECURE_REMOTE_URL,
 }
 
+/** User input source used to choose endpoint-validation wording. */
 internal enum class GatewayEndpointInputSource {
   SETUP_CODE,
   MANUAL,
   QR_SCAN,
 }
 
+/** Endpoint parse result that preserves the reason when no usable config exists. */
 internal data class GatewayEndpointParseResult(
   val config: GatewayEndpointConfig? = null,
   val error: GatewayEndpointValidationError? = null,
 )
 
+/** QR scan result that separates a usable setup code from validation copy. */
 internal data class GatewayScannedSetupCodeResult(
   val setupCode: String? = null,
   val error: GatewayEndpointValidationError? = null,
@@ -60,6 +67,7 @@ private const val remoteGatewaySecurityRule =
 private const val remoteGatewaySecurityFix =
   "Use a private LAN IP for local setup, or enable Tailscale Serve / expose a wss:// gateway URL for remote access."
 
+/** Resolves setup-code or manual UI fields into a connection config. */
 internal fun resolveGatewayConnectConfig(
   useSetupCode: Boolean,
   setupCode: String,
@@ -77,6 +85,8 @@ internal fun resolveGatewayConnectConfig(
     val setup = decodeGatewaySetupCode(setupCode) ?: return null
     val parsed = parseGatewayEndpointResult(setup.url).config ?: return null
     val setupBootstrapToken = setup.bootstrapToken?.trim().orEmpty()
+    // Bootstrap setup codes intentionally suppress stale shared credentials;
+    // the bootstrap token owns the first authenticated pairing exchange.
     val sharedToken =
       when {
         !setup.token.isNullOrBlank() -> setup.token.trim()
@@ -121,8 +131,10 @@ internal fun resolveGatewayConnectConfig(
   )
 }
 
+/** Parses an endpoint string and returns only the valid connection config. */
 internal fun parseGatewayEndpoint(rawInput: String): GatewayEndpointConfig? = parseGatewayEndpointResult(rawInput).config
 
+/** Parses and validates gateway endpoint input with user-facing error reasons. */
 internal fun parseGatewayEndpointResult(rawInput: String): GatewayEndpointParseResult {
   val raw = rawInput.trim()
   if (raw.isEmpty()) return GatewayEndpointParseResult(error = GatewayEndpointValidationError.INVALID_URL)
@@ -166,6 +178,7 @@ internal fun parseGatewayEndpointResult(rawInput: String): GatewayEndpointParseR
   )
 }
 
+/** Decodes base64url setup-code payloads produced by gateway onboarding. */
 internal fun decodeGatewaySetupCode(rawInput: String): GatewaySetupCode? {
   val trimmed = rawInput.trim()
   if (trimmed.isEmpty()) return null
@@ -193,8 +206,10 @@ internal fun decodeGatewaySetupCode(rawInput: String): GatewaySetupCode? {
   }
 }
 
+/** Extracts a setup code from QR scanner text when the embedded endpoint is valid. */
 internal fun resolveScannedSetupCode(rawInput: String): String? = resolveScannedSetupCodeResult(rawInput).setupCode
 
+/** Resolves QR scanner text to setup-code or validation error for UI copy. */
 internal fun resolveScannedSetupCodeResult(rawInput: String): GatewayScannedSetupCodeResult {
   val setupCode =
     resolveSetupCodeCandidate(rawInput)
@@ -209,6 +224,7 @@ internal fun resolveScannedSetupCodeResult(rawInput: String): GatewayScannedSetu
   return GatewayScannedSetupCodeResult(setupCode = setupCode)
 }
 
+/** Converts endpoint validation errors into setup-source-specific UI copy. */
 internal fun gatewayEndpointValidationMessage(
   error: GatewayEndpointValidationError,
   source: GatewayEndpointInputSource,
@@ -231,6 +247,7 @@ internal fun gatewayEndpointValidationMessage(
       }
   }
 
+/** Builds a URL from manual host/port/tls fields for shared endpoint parsing. */
 internal fun composeGatewayManualUrl(
   hostInput: String,
   portInput: String,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/GatewayDiagnostics.kt

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import android.content.Context
 import android.os.Build
 import android.widget.Toast
 
+/** App version label shared by diagnostics and gateway-facing Android metadata. */
 internal fun openClawAndroidVersionLabel(): String {
   val versionName = BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME.trim().ifEmpty { "dev" }
   return if (BuildConfig.DEBUG && !versionName.contains("dev", ignoreCase = true)) {
@@ -16,18 +17,22 @@ internal fun openClawAndroidVersionLabel(): String {
   }
 }
 
+/** Normalizes blank gateway status text for display and diagnostics copy. */
 internal fun gatewayStatusForDisplay(statusText: String): String = statusText.trim().ifEmpty { "Offline" }
 
+/** Returns true when the status has enough signal to show diagnostics affordances. */
 internal fun gatewayStatusHasDiagnostics(statusText: String): Boolean {
   val lower = gatewayStatusForDisplay(statusText).lowercase()
   return lower != "offline" && !lower.contains("connecting")
 }
 
+/** Detects pairing/approval status text so UI can offer pairing-specific actions. */
 internal fun gatewayStatusLooksLikePairing(statusText: String): Boolean {
   val lower = gatewayStatusForDisplay(statusText).lowercase()
   return lower.contains("pair") || lower.contains("approve")
 }
 
+/** Builds the copyable support prompt with device, endpoint, and exact status context. */
 internal fun buildGatewayDiagnosticsReport(
   screen: String,
   gatewayAddress: String,
@@ -67,6 +72,7 @@ internal fun buildGatewayDiagnosticsReport(
     """.trimIndent()
 }
 
+/** Copies the diagnostics report to Android clipboard and shows a short confirmation toast. */
 internal fun copyGatewayDiagnosticsReport(
   context: Context,
   screen: String,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/GatewayPairingRetry.kt

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
 internal const val PAIRING_INITIAL_AUTO_RETRY_MS = 1_500L
 internal const val PAIRING_AUTO_RETRY_MS = 4_000L
 
+/** Retries pairing-only gateway refreshes while the screen is visible and started. */
 @Composable
 internal fun PairingAutoRetryEffect(
   enabled: Boolean,
@@ -41,6 +42,8 @@ internal fun PairingAutoRetryEffect(
     if (!enabled || !lifecycleStarted) {
       return@LaunchedEffect
     }
+    // Give the gateway a short settling window before the first retry so an
+    // approval response is not immediately chased by a redundant reconnect.
     delay(PAIRING_INITIAL_AUTO_RETRY_MS)
     while (true) {
       onRetry()

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/HealthLogsSettingsScreen.kt

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextOverflow
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 
+/** Settings health screen for gateway/node status and recent gateway logs. */
 @Composable
 internal fun HealthLogsSettingsScreen(
   viewModel: MainViewModel,
@@ -45,6 +46,8 @@ internal fun HealthLogsSettingsScreen(
 
   LaunchedEffect(isConnected) {
     if (isConnected) {
+      // Load logs when the gateway becomes available; manual refresh covers
+      // later updates so this screen does not poll.
       viewModel.refreshHealthLogs()
     }
   }
@@ -202,6 +205,8 @@ private fun GatewayLogRow(entry: GatewayLogEntry) {
 private fun compactLogTime(value: String?): String {
   val raw = value?.trim().orEmpty()
   if (raw.isEmpty()) return "--:--"
+  // Gateway log timestamps may be ISO strings or already-compact fragments;
+  // keep only the HH:mm portion when present.
   val time =
     raw
       .substringAfter('T', raw)

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/MobileUiTokens.kt

@@ -97,6 +97,8 @@ internal fun darkMobileColors() =
     chipBorderError = Color(0xFF3E1E1E),
   )
 
+// Defaulting to light tokens keeps previews/tests usable when a screen forgets to
+// provide the app theme; production roots override this composition local.
 internal val LocalMobileColors = staticCompositionLocalOf { lightMobileColors() }
 
 internal object MobileColorsAccessor {
@@ -104,9 +106,8 @@ internal object MobileColorsAccessor {
     @Composable get() = LocalMobileColors.current
 }
 
-// These allow existing call sites to keep using `mobileSurface`, `mobileText`, etc.
-// without converting every file at once. Each resolves to the themed value.
-
+// Keep these accessors while screens migrate to `MobileColorsAccessor.current`.
+// Each getter must stay composable so callers always read the active theme.
 internal val mobileSurface: Color @Composable get() = LocalMobileColors.current.surface
 internal val mobileSurfaceStrong: Color @Composable get() = LocalMobileColors.current.surfaceStrong
 internal val mobileCardSurface: Color @Composable get() = LocalMobileColors.current.cardSurface
@@ -129,7 +130,8 @@ internal val mobileCodeText: Color @Composable get() = LocalMobileColors.current
 internal val mobileCodeBorder: Color @Composable get() = LocalMobileColors.current.codeBorder
 internal val mobileCodeAccent: Color @Composable get() = LocalMobileColors.current.codeAccent
 
-// Background gradient – light fades white→gray, dark fades near-black→dark-gray
+// Build the page backdrop from semantic surfaces so light/dark palettes keep
+// their contrast relationship without duplicating raw color stops.
 internal val mobileBackgroundGradient: Brush
   @Composable get() {
     val colors = LocalMobileColors.current

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/NodesDevicesSettingsScreen.kt

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 
+/** Settings screen for gateway nodes, paired devices, and pending pairing requests. */
 @Composable
 internal fun NodesDevicesSettingsScreen(
   viewModel: MainViewModel,
@@ -41,6 +42,8 @@ internal fun NodesDevicesSettingsScreen(
 
   LaunchedEffect(isConnected) {
     if (isConnected) {
+      // Refresh once on connection; user-triggered refresh handles later changes
+      // so device admin state is not polled from Compose.
       viewModel.refreshNodesDevices()
     }
   }
@@ -195,6 +198,7 @@ private fun DeviceListRow(
   )
 }
 
+/** True when the gateway returned no node or device rows to render. */
 private fun GatewayNodesDevicesSummary.isEmpty(): Boolean = nodes.isEmpty() && pendingDevices.isEmpty() && pairedDevices.isEmpty()
 
 private fun nodeSubtitle(node: GatewayNodeSummary): String {

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/NotificationAppPicker.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+package ai.openclaw.app.ui
+
+import ai.openclaw.app.node.DeviceNotificationListenerService
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.Intent
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager
+
+/** App entry shown in the notification-forwarding package picker. */
+data class InstalledApp(
+  val label: String,
+  val packageName: String,
+  val isSystemApp: Boolean,
+)
+
+/** Reads launcher, recent-notification, and configured packages for the picker. */
+internal fun queryInstalledApps(
+  context: Context,
+  configuredPackages: Set<String>,
+): List<InstalledApp> {
+  val packageManager = context.packageManager
+  val launcherIntent = Intent(Intent.ACTION_MAIN).apply { addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_LAUNCHER) }
+
+  val launcherPackages =
+    packageManager
+      .queryIntentActivities(launcherIntent, PackageManager.MATCH_ALL)
+      .asSequence()
+      .mapNotNull {
+        it.activityInfo
+          ?.packageName
+          ?.trim()
+          ?.takeIf(String::isNotEmpty)
+      }.toMutableSet()
+
+  val recentNotificationPackages =
+    DeviceNotificationListenerService
+      .recentPackages(context)
+      .asSequence()
+      .map { it.trim() }
+      .filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+      .toList()
+
+  val candidatePackages =
+    resolveNotificationCandidatePackages(
+      launcherPackages = launcherPackages,
+      recentPackages = recentNotificationPackages,
+      configuredPackages = configuredPackages,
+      appPackageName = context.packageName,
+    )
+
+  return candidatePackages
+    .asSequence()
+    .mapNotNull { packageName ->
+      runCatching {
+        val appInfo = packageManager.getApplicationInfo(packageName, 0)
+        val label = packageManager.getApplicationLabel(appInfo).toString().trim()
+        InstalledApp(
+          label = if (label.isEmpty()) packageName else label,
+          packageName = packageName,
+          isSystemApp = (appInfo.flags and android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo.FLAG_SYSTEM) != 0,
+        )
+      }.getOrNull()
+    }.sortedWith(compareBy<InstalledApp> { it.label.lowercase() }.thenBy { it.packageName })
+    .toList()
+}
+
+/** Merges package sources while excluding OpenClaw from its own forwarding filter. */
+internal fun resolveNotificationCandidatePackages(
+  launcherPackages: Set<String>,
+  recentPackages: List<String>,
+  configuredPackages: Set<String>,
+  appPackageName: String,
+): Set<String> {
+  val blockedPackage = appPackageName.trim()
+  return sequenceOf(
+    configuredPackages.asSequence(),
+    launcherPackages.asSequence(),
+    recentPackages.asSequence(),
+  ).flatten()
+    .map { it.trim() }
+    .filter { it.isNotEmpty() && it != blockedPackage }
+    .toSet()
+}

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/OnboardingFlow.kt

@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@ private enum class OnboardingStep {
 
 private const val GATEWAY_CONNECT_SETTLING_MS = 2_500L
 
+/** First-run Android onboarding flow for gateway pairing and permission setup. */
 @Composable
 fun OnboardingFlow(
   viewModel: MainViewModel,
@@ -273,6 +274,8 @@ fun OnboardingFlow(
             setupError = null
             attemptedConnect = true
             connectAttemptStartedAtMs = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()
+            // Setup-code pairing replaces any stale shared credentials before
+            // the bootstrap token is stored for the first authenticated connect.
             viewModel.resetGatewaySetupAuth()
             viewModel.setManualEnabled(true)
             viewModel.setManualHost(config.host)
@@ -905,6 +908,7 @@ internal enum class GatewayRecoveryUiState(
   ),
 }
 
+/** Derives recovery screen state from gateway/node readiness and transient status text. */
 internal fun gatewayRecoveryUiState(
   ready: Boolean,
   statusText: String,
@@ -918,6 +922,7 @@ internal fun gatewayRecoveryUiState(
     else -> GatewayRecoveryUiState.Failed
   }
 
+/** Detects gateway-approved states where the Android node is still coming online. */
 internal fun gatewayStatusLooksLikePartialConnect(statusText: String): Boolean {
   val lower = gatewayStatusForDisplay(statusText).lowercase()
   return lower.contains("operator offline") || lower.contains("node offline")
@@ -932,6 +937,7 @@ private data class GatewayConfig(
   val password: String,
 )
 
+/** Resolves setup-code or manual fields into the gateway config used for first connect. */
 private fun resolveGatewayConfig(
   setupCode: String,
   manualHost: String,
@@ -944,6 +950,8 @@ private fun resolveGatewayConfig(
   if (setup != null) {
     val endpoint = parseGatewayEndpointResult(setup.url).config ?: return null
     val bootstrapToken = setup.bootstrapToken?.trim().orEmpty()
+    // Bootstrap setup codes own first-pairing auth; fall back to typed token or
+    // password only for non-bootstrap setup payloads.
     return GatewayConfig(
       host = endpoint.host,
       port = endpoint.port,
@@ -974,6 +982,7 @@ private fun resolveGatewayConfig(
   )
 }
 
+/** Selects the recovery detail line from endpoint metadata and transient gateway status. */
 private fun recoveryGatewayDetail(
   ready: Boolean,
   remoteAddress: String?,
@@ -991,6 +1000,7 @@ private fun recoveryGatewayDetail(
       "Gateway unreachable"
     }
 
+/** Copies the onboarding recovery snapshot for support without including credentials. */
 private fun copyGatewayDiagnostic(
   context: Context,
   statusText: String,
@@ -1011,6 +1021,7 @@ private fun copyGatewayDiagnostic(
   Toast.makeText(context, "Diagnostic copied", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
 }
 
+/** One permission row plus launcher callback for onboarding's final setup step. */
 private data class PermissionRowModel(
   val title: String,
   val subtitle: String,
@@ -1019,16 +1030,19 @@ private data class PermissionRowModel(
   val onClick: () -> Unit,
 )
 
+/** Permission screen model plus a commit hook that persists granted feature toggles. */
 private class PermissionState(
   val rows: List<PermissionRowModel>,
   val applyToViewModel: () -> Unit,
 )
 
+/** Onboarding can finish only after gateway and node channels are both ready. */
 internal fun canFinishOnboarding(
   isConnected: Boolean,
   isNodeConnected: Boolean,
 ): Boolean = isConnected && isNodeConnected
 
+/** Builds permission rows and applies granted feature toggles after onboarding. */
 @Composable
 private fun rememberPermissionState(
   context: Context,
@@ -1170,6 +1184,7 @@ private fun hasPermission(
   permission: String,
 ): Boolean = ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(context, permission) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
 
+/** Returns true when Android exposes any motion sensor that can back node motion commands. */
 private fun hasMotionCapabilities(context: Context): Boolean {
   val sensorManager = context.getSystemService(SensorManager::class.java) ?: return false
   return sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER) != null ||

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/OpenClawTheme.kt

@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.platform.LocalContext
 import androidx.compose.ui.platform.LocalView
 import androidx.core.view.WindowCompat
 
+/**
+ * App theme wrapper that installs dynamic Material colors and legacy mobile color tokens.
+ */
 @Composable
 fun OpenClawTheme(content: @Composable () -> Unit) {
   val context = LocalContext.current
@@ -35,6 +38,9 @@ fun OpenClawTheme(content: @Composable () -> Unit) {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Overlay background token tuned for panels floating over the mobile canvas.
+ */
 @Composable
 fun overlayContainerColor(): Color {
   val scheme = MaterialTheme.colorScheme
@@ -44,5 +50,8 @@ fun overlayContainerColor(): Color {
   return if (isDark) base else base.copy(alpha = 0.88f)
 }
 
+/**
+ * Overlay icon token kept next to overlayContainerColor for callers outside the design package.
+ */
 @Composable
 fun overlayIconColor(): Color = MaterialTheme.colorScheme.onSurfaceVariant

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/PostOnboardingTabs.kt

@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ private enum class StatusVisual {
   Offline,
 }
 
+/** Legacy tab scaffold used by the mobile post-onboarding experience. */
 @Composable
 fun PostOnboardingTabs(
   viewModel: MainViewModel,
@@ -150,6 +151,8 @@ fun PostOnboardingTabs(
           .background(mobileBackgroundGradient),
     ) {
       if (chatTabStarted) {
+        // Keep chat mounted after first use so session state and scroll position
+        // survive tab switches.
         Box(
           modifier =
             Modifier
@@ -162,6 +165,8 @@ fun PostOnboardingTabs(
       }
 
       if (screenTabStarted) {
+        // Canvas can be expensive to initialize; keep it mounted once visited
+        // and hide it by alpha/z-order instead of destroying the view tree.
         ScreenTabScreen(
           viewModel = viewModel,
           visible = activeTab == HomeTab.Screen,
@@ -184,6 +189,7 @@ fun PostOnboardingTabs(
   }
 }
 
+/** Screen tab wrapper that refreshes canvas data once per gateway connection. */
 @Composable
 private fun ScreenTabScreen(
   viewModel: MainViewModel,
@@ -205,6 +211,7 @@ private fun ScreenTabScreen(
   }
 }
 
+/** Top status chip derived from gateway connection text. */
 @Composable
 private fun TopStatusBar(
   statusText: String,
@@ -295,6 +302,7 @@ private fun TopStatusBar(
   }
 }
 
+/** Bottom navigation for the legacy tab scaffold. */
 @Composable
 private fun BottomTabBar(
   activeTab: HomeTab,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/ProvidersModelsScreen.kt

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextOverflow
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.sp
 
+/** Android providers/models browser backed by the gateway catalog. */
 @Composable
 internal fun ProvidersModelsScreen(
   viewModel: MainViewModel,
@@ -190,6 +191,7 @@ private data class ProviderRow(
   val modelCount: Int,
 )
 
+/** Combines auth-provider readiness rows with catalog-only providers. */
 private fun providerRows(
   providers: List<GatewayModelProviderSummary>,
   models: List<GatewayModelSummary>,
@@ -206,6 +208,8 @@ private fun providerRows(
         modelCount = modelCounts[provider.id] ?: 0,
       )
     }
+  // Static/catalog-only providers may expose models without a matching auth
+  // provider row; keep them visible as ready providers.
   val missingAuthRows =
     modelCounts.keys
       .filter { provider -> authRows.none { it.id == provider } }
@@ -245,6 +249,7 @@ private fun providerSetupSubtitle(
     else -> "Add provider credentials on your Gateway"
   }
 
+/** Normalizes gateway provider status strings into a ready/not-ready boolean. */
 internal fun modelProviderReady(status: String): Boolean {
   val normalized = status.trim().lowercase()
   return normalized == "ok" ||
@@ -254,6 +259,7 @@ internal fun modelProviderReady(status: String): Boolean {
     normalized == "static"
 }
 
+/** Groups models by provider using the same display priority as provider rows. */
 private fun sortedModelGroups(models: List<GatewayModelSummary>): List<Pair<String, List<GatewayModelSummary>>> =
   models
     .groupBy { it.provider }
@@ -483,6 +489,7 @@ private fun ModelRow(model: GatewayModelSummary) {
   }
 }
 
+/** Derives compact capability chips for model catalog rows. */
 private fun modelCapabilityLabels(model: GatewayModelSummary): List<String> =
   buildList {
     if (model.supportsReasoning) add("Reasoning")

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/RootScreen.kt

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import androidx.compose.runtime.collectAsState
 import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 
+/** Chooses onboarding or the authenticated app shell from persisted app state. */
 @Composable
 fun RootScreen(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
   val onboardingCompleted by viewModel.onboardingCompleted.collectAsState()