chore(lint): enable stricter error rules

.oxlintrc.json

@@ -82,7 +82,10 @@
     "typescript/no-meaningless-void-operator": "error",
     "typescript/no-misused-promises": "error",
     "typescript/no-inferrable-types": "error",
+    "typescript/only-throw-error": "error",
     "typescript/no-non-null-asserted-nullish-coalescing": "error",
+    "typescript/prefer-promise-reject-errors": "error",
+    "typescript/restrict-plus-operands": "error",
     "typescript/no-unnecessary-qualifier": "error",
     "typescript/no-unnecessary-type-assertion": "error",
     "typescript/no-unnecessary-type-arguments": "error",
@@ -109,6 +112,8 @@
     "typescript/require-array-sort-compare": "error",
     "typescript/restrict-template-expressions": "error",
     "typescript/triple-slash-reference": "error",
+    "typescript/unbound-method": "error",
+    "typescript/use-unknown-in-catch-callback-variable": "error",
     "unicorn/consistent-date-clone": "error",
     "unicorn/consistent-empty-array-spread": "error",
     "unicorn/consistent-function-scoping": "off",
@@ -128,6 +133,7 @@
     "unicorn/no-unnecessary-slice-end": "error",
     "unicorn/no-useless-error-capture-stack-trace": "error",
     "unicorn/no-useless-promise-resolve-reject": "error",
+    "unicorn/no-useless-switch-case": "error",
     "unicorn/no-zero-fractions": "error",
     "unicorn/prefer-date-now": "error",
     "unicorn/prefer-dom-node-text-content": "error",

extensions/acpx/src/runtime-turn.ts

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class LegacyRunTurnEventQueue {
       return item;
     }
     if (this.error) {
-      throw this.error;
+      throw toLintErrorObject(this.error, "Non-Error thrown");
     }
     if (this.closed) {
       return null;
@@ -178,3 +178,17 @@ export function lazyStartRuntimeTurn(
     },
   };
 }
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/acpx/src/runtime.test.ts

@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ describe("AcpxRuntime fresh reset wrapper", () => {
       })
       .then(
         () => ({ status: "resolved" as const }),
-        (error) => ({ status: "rejected" as const, error }),
+        (error: unknown) => ({ status: "rejected" as const, error }),
       );
 
     expect(outcome.status).toBe("rejected");
@@ -298,7 +298,12 @@ describe("AcpxRuntime fresh reset wrapper", () => {
       code: "ACP_SESSION_INIT_FAILED",
       message: expect.stringContaining("deployment missing"),
     });
-    expect(outcome.error.message).not.toContain("sk-testsecret1234567890");
+    const error = outcome.error;
+    expect(error).toBeInstanceOf(AcpRuntimeError);
+    if (!(error instanceof AcpRuntimeError)) {
+      throw new Error("expected AcpRuntimeError");
+    }
+    expect(error.message).not.toContain("sk-testsecret1234567890");
   });
 
   it("adds Codex wrapper stderr tail to generic first-turn failures", async () => {

extensions/active-memory/index.test.ts

@@ -218,13 +218,21 @@ describe("active-memory plugin", () => {
   };
   const waitForAbort = async (abortSignal?: AbortSignal): Promise<never> => {
     if (abortSignal?.aborted) {
-      throw (abortSignal.reason as unknown) ?? new Error("Operation aborted");
+      throw toLintErrorObject(
+        (abortSignal.reason as unknown) ?? new Error("Operation aborted"),
+        "Non-Error thrown",
+      );
     }
     return await new Promise<never>((_resolve, reject) => {
       abortSignal?.addEventListener(
         "abort",
         () => {
-          reject((abortSignal.reason as unknown) ?? new Error("Operation aborted"));
+          reject(
+            toLintErrorObject(
+              (abortSignal.reason as unknown) ?? new Error("Operation aborted"),
+              "Non-Error rejection",
+            ),
+          );
         },
         { once: true },
       );
@@ -4350,3 +4358,17 @@ describe("active-memory plugin", () => {
     expect(config.circuitBreakerCooldownMs).toBe(5000);
   });
 });
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/active-memory/index.ts

@@ -1011,7 +1011,6 @@ function buildPromptStyleLines(style: ActiveMemoryPromptStyle): string[] {
         "If relevant memory is mostly a stable user preference or recurring habit, lean toward returning it.",
         "If the strongest match is only a one-off historical fact and not a recurring preference or habit, prefer NONE unless the latest user message clearly asks for that fact.",
       ];
-    case "balanced":
     default:
       return [
         "Treat the latest user message as the primary query.",
@@ -1982,7 +1981,7 @@ async function waitForSubagentPartialTimeoutData(
       (await Promise.race([
         subagentPromise.then(
           () => undefined,
-          (error) => readPartialTimeoutData(error),
+          (error: unknown) => readPartialTimeoutData(error),
         ),
         timeoutPromise,
       ])) ?? {}

extensions/bonjour/src/advertiser.ts

@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ export async function startGatewayBonjourAdvertiser(
             .then(() => {
               logger.info(`bonjour: advertised ${serviceSummary(label, svc)}`);
             })
-            .catch((err) => {
+            .catch((err: unknown) => {
               handleAdvertiseFailure(label, svc, err, "failed");
             });
         } catch (err) {
@@ -747,7 +747,7 @@ export async function startGatewayBonjourAdvertiser(
           )})`,
         );
         try {
-          void svc.advertise().catch((err) => {
+          void svc.advertise().catch((err: unknown) => {
             logger.warn(
               `bonjour: watchdog re-advertise failed (${serviceSummary(label, svc)}): ${formatBonjourError(err)}`,
             );

extensions/browser/src/browser/cdp.helpers.internal.test.ts

@@ -416,7 +416,8 @@ describe("cdp.helpers internal", () => {
       await expect(
         withCdpSocket(server.url, async (send) => {
           await send("Test.ok");
-          const rejectRawString = () => Promise.reject("raw-string-from-callback");
+          const rejectRawString = () =>
+            Promise.reject(toLintErrorObject("raw-string-from-callback", "Non-Error rejection"));
           return rejectRawString();
         }),
       ).rejects.toThrow(/raw-string-from-callback/);
@@ -572,3 +573,17 @@ describe("openCdpWebSocket option handling", () => {
     ws.close();
   });
 });
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/browser/src/browser/chrome-mcp.ts

@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ function extractJsonMessage(result: ChromeMcpToolResult): unknown {
     }
   }
   if (lastError) {
-    throw lastError;
+    throw toLintErrorObject(lastError, "Non-Error thrown");
   }
   return null;
 }
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ async function closeChromeMcpClientAndProcess(params: {
     return;
   }
   await params.client.close().catch(() => {});
-  await terminateChromeMcpProcessTree(rootPid, descendantPids).catch((err) => {
+  await terminateChromeMcpProcessTree(rootPid, descendantPids).catch((err: unknown) => {
     log.trace(
       `Unable to fully terminate Chrome MCP subprocess tree for pid ${rootPid}: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
     );
@@ -761,7 +761,8 @@ async function waitForChromeMcpReady(
     if (signal) {
       racers.push(
         new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
-          abortListener = () => reject(signal.reason ?? new Error("aborted"));
+          abortListener = () =>
+            reject(toLintErrorObject(signal.reason ?? new Error("aborted"), "Non-Error rejection"));
           signal.addEventListener("abort", abortListener, { once: true });
         }),
       );
@@ -793,7 +794,8 @@ async function waitForChromeMcpPendingSession(
     return await Promise.race([
       pending,
       new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
-        abortListener = () => reject(signal.reason ?? new Error("aborted"));
+        abortListener = () =>
+          reject(toLintErrorObject(signal.reason ?? new Error("aborted"), "Non-Error rejection"));
         signal.addEventListener("abort", abortListener, { once: true });
       }),
     ]);
@@ -1022,7 +1024,8 @@ async function callTool(
     if (signal) {
       racers.push(
         new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
-          abortListener = () => reject(signal.reason ?? new Error("aborted"));
+          abortListener = () =>
+            reject(toLintErrorObject(signal.reason ?? new Error("aborted"), "Non-Error rejection"));
           signal.addEventListener("abort", abortListener, { once: true });
         }),
       );
@@ -1540,3 +1543,17 @@ export async function resetChromeMcpSessionsForTest(): Promise<void> {
   await stopAllChromeMcpSessions();
   chromeMcpProcessCleanupDepsForTest = null;
 }
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/browser/src/browser/client-fetch.ts

@@ -315,9 +315,17 @@ export async function fetchBrowserJson<T>(
 
     let abortListener: (() => void) | undefined;
     const abortPromise: Promise<never> = abortCtrl.signal.aborted
-      ? Promise.reject(abortCtrl.signal.reason ?? new Error("aborted"))
+      ? Promise.reject(
+          toLintErrorObject(abortCtrl.signal.reason ?? new Error("aborted"), "Non-Error rejection"),
+        )
       : new Promise((_, reject) => {
-          abortListener = () => reject(abortCtrl.signal.reason ?? new Error("aborted"));
+          abortListener = () =>
+            reject(
+              toLintErrorObject(
+                abortCtrl.signal.reason ?? new Error("aborted"),
+                "Non-Error rejection",
+              ),
+            );
           abortCtrl.signal.addEventListener("abort", abortListener, { once: true });
         });
 
@@ -382,3 +390,17 @@ export const testApi = {
   withLoopbackBrowserAuth: withLoopbackBrowserAuthImpl,
 };
 export { testApi as __test };
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/browser/src/browser/pw-session.ts

@@ -1359,12 +1359,12 @@ export async function gotoPageWithNavigationGuard(
   try {
     const response = await opts.page.goto(opts.url, { timeout: opts.timeoutMs });
     if (blockedError) {
-      throw blockedError;
+      throw toLintErrorObject(blockedError, "Non-Error thrown");
     }
     return response;
   } catch (err) {
     if (blockedError) {
-      throw blockedError;
+      throw toLintErrorObject(blockedError, "Non-Error thrown");
     }
     throw err;
   } finally {
@@ -1813,3 +1813,17 @@ export async function focusPageByTargetIdViaPlaywright(opts: {
     }
   }
 }
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/browser/src/browser/pw-tools-core.interactions.ts

@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ async function assertObservedDelayedNavigations(opts: {
     });
   }
   if (subframeError) {
-    throw subframeError;
+    throw toLintErrorObject(subframeError, "Non-Error thrown");
   }
 }
 
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ function scheduleDelayedInteractionNavigationGuard(opts: {
     const settle = (err?: unknown) => {
       cleanup();
       if (err) {
-        reject(err);
+        reject(toLintErrorObject(err, "Non-Error rejection"));
         return;
       }
       resolve();
@@ -428,11 +428,11 @@ async function assertInteractionNavigationCompletedSafely<T>(opts: {
   }
 
   if (subframeError) {
-    throw subframeError;
+    throw toLintErrorObject(subframeError, "Non-Error thrown");
   }
 
   if (actionError) {
-    throw actionError;
+    throw toLintErrorObject(actionError, "Non-Error thrown");
   }
   return result as T;
 }
@@ -478,12 +478,14 @@ function createAbortPromiseWithListener(
   const abortPromise: Promise<never> = signal.aborted
     ? (() => {
         onAbort?.(signal.reason);
-        return Promise.reject(signal.reason ?? new Error("aborted"));
+        return Promise.reject(
+          toLintErrorObject(signal.reason ?? new Error("aborted"), "Non-Error rejection"),
+        );
       })()
     : new Promise((_, reject) => {
         abortListener = () => {
           onAbort?.(signal.reason);
-          reject(signal.reason ?? new Error("aborted"));
+          reject(toLintErrorObject(signal.reason ?? new Error("aborted"), "Non-Error rejection"));
         };
         signal.addEventListener("abort", abortListener, { once: true });
       });
@@ -1712,3 +1714,17 @@ export async function batchViaPlaywright(opts: {
   }
   return { results };
 }
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/browser/src/browser/routes/agent.act.ts

@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ async function runExistingSessionActionWithNavigationGuard<T>(params: {
   }
 
   if (actionError) {
-    throw actionError;
+    throw toLintErrorObject(actionError, "Non-Error thrown");
   }
 
   return result as T;
@@ -809,3 +809,17 @@ export function registerBrowserAgentActRoutes(
     }),
   );
 }
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/browser/src/browser/routes/agent.snapshot.ts

@@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ export function registerBrowserAgentSnapshotRoutes(
           const pw = await getPwAiModule();
           const snap = plan.wantsRoleSnapshot
             ? pw
-              ? await pw.snapshotRoleViaPlaywright(roleSnapshotArgs).catch(async (err) => {
+              ? await pw.snapshotRoleViaPlaywright(roleSnapshotArgs).catch(async (err: unknown) => {
                   const fallback = await cdpRoleSnapshot();
                   if (fallback) {
                     return fallback;

extensions/browser/src/browser/routes/dispatcher.abort.test.ts

@@ -20,10 +20,21 @@ describe("browser route dispatcher (abort)", () => {
                 const signal = req.signal;
                 await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
                   if (signal?.aborted) {
-                    reject(signal.reason ?? new Error("aborted"));
+                    reject(
+                      toLintErrorObject(
+                        signal.reason ?? new Error("aborted"),
+                        "Non-Error rejection",
+                      ),
+                    );
                     return;
                   }
-                  const onAbort = () => reject(signal?.reason ?? new Error("aborted"));
+                  const onAbort = () =>
+                    reject(
+                      toLintErrorObject(
+                        signal?.reason ?? new Error("aborted"),
+                        "Non-Error rejection",
+                      ),
+                    );
                   signal?.addEventListener("abort", onAbort, { once: true });
                   queueMicrotask(() => {
                     signal?.removeEventListener("abort", onAbort);
@@ -81,3 +92,17 @@ describe("browser route dispatcher (abort)", () => {
     expect(body.error).toBe("invalid path parameter encoding: id");
   });
 });
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/browser/src/browser/screenshot.ts

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ export async function normalizeBrowserScreenshot(
   }
 
   if (processorUnavailableError) {
-    throw processorUnavailableError;
+    throw toLintErrorObject(processorUnavailableError, "Non-Error thrown");
   }
 
   const best = smallest?.buffer ?? buffer;
@@ -74,3 +74,17 @@ export async function normalizeBrowserScreenshot(
     `Browser screenshot could not be reduced below ${(maxBytes / (1024 * 1024)).toFixed(0)}MB (got ${(best.byteLength / (1024 * 1024)).toFixed(2)}MB)`,
   );
 }
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/browser/src/browser/server-context.tab-ops.ts

@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ export function createProfileTabOps({
         method: "PUT",
       },
       getCdpControlPolicy(),
-    ).catch(async (err) => {
+    ).catch(async (err: unknown) => {
       if (String(err).includes("HTTP 405")) {
         return await fetchJson<CdpTarget>(
           endpoint,

extensions/browser/src/node-host/invoke-browser.test.ts

@@ -57,7 +57,10 @@ vi.mock("../sdk-node-runtime.js", () => ({
           new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
             abortCtrl.signal.addEventListener(
               "abort",
-              () => reject(abortCtrl.signal.reason ?? timeoutError),
+              () =>
+                reject(
+                  toLintErrorObject(abortCtrl.signal.reason ?? timeoutError, "Non-Error rejection"),
+                ),
               { once: true },
             );
           }),
@@ -490,3 +493,17 @@ describe("runBrowserProxyCommand", () => {
     expect(dispatcherMocks.dispatch).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 });
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/browser/src/sdk-node-runtime.ts

@@ -45,11 +45,14 @@ function waitForAbort(
   cleanup: () => void;
 } {
   if (signal.aborted) {
-    return { promise: Promise.reject(signal.reason ?? fallback), cleanup: () => undefined };
+    return {
+      promise: Promise.reject(toLintErrorObject(signal.reason ?? fallback, "Non-Error rejection")),
+      cleanup: () => undefined,
+    };
   }
   let listener: (() => void) | undefined;
   const promise = new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
-    listener = () => reject(signal.reason ?? fallback);
+    listener = () => reject(toLintErrorObject(signal.reason ?? fallback, "Non-Error rejection"));
     signal.addEventListener("abort", listener, { once: true });
   });
   return {
@@ -82,3 +85,17 @@ export async function withTimeout<T>(
     abort.cleanup();
   }
 }
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/browser/src/server.ts

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ export async function startBrowserControlServerFromConfig(): Promise<BrowserServ
   const server = await new Promise<Server>((resolve, reject) => {
     const s = app.listen(port, "127.0.0.1", () => resolve(s));
     s.once("error", reject);
-  }).catch((err) => {
+  }).catch((err: unknown) => {
     logServer.error(`openclaw browser server failed to bind 127.0.0.1:${port}: ${String(err)}`);
     return null;
   });

extensions/byteplus/video-generation-provider.ts

@@ -193,8 +193,6 @@ async function pollBytePlusTask(params: {
         throw new Error(
           readBytePlusErrorMessage(payload.error) || "BytePlus video generation failed",
         );
-      case "queued":
-      case "running":
       default:
         await waitProviderOperationPollInterval({ deadline, pollIntervalMs: POLL_INTERVAL_MS });
         break;

extensions/canvas/scripts/bundle-a2ui.mjs

@@ -222,7 +222,9 @@ async function main() {
 }
 
 if (process.argv[1] && import.meta.url === pathToFileURL(process.argv[1]).href) {
-  await main().catch((error) => {
-    fail(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error));
-  });
+  await main().catch(
+    /** @param {unknown} error */ (error) => {
+      fail(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error));
+    },
+  );
 }

extensions/canvas/scripts/copy-a2ui.mjs

@@ -42,8 +42,10 @@ async function main() {
 }
 
 if (import.meta.url === pathToFileURL(process.argv[1] ?? "").href) {
-  main().catch((err) => {
-    console.error(String(err));
-    process.exit(1);
-  });
+  main().catch(
+    /** @param {unknown} err */ (err) => {
+      console.error(String(err));
+      process.exit(1);
+    },
+  );
 }

extensions/canvas/src/host/server.ts

@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ export async function startCanvasHost(opts: CanvasHostServerOpts): Promise<Canva
       res.statusCode = 404;
       res.setHeader("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8");
       res.end("Not Found");
-    })().catch((err) => {
+    })().catch((err: unknown) => {
       opts.runtime.error(`Canvas host request failed: ${String(err)}`);
       res.statusCode = 500;
       res.setHeader("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8");

extensions/codex-supervisor/src/mcp-serve.ts

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ function formatErrorMessage(error: unknown): string {
 }
 
 if (import.meta.url === pathToFileURL(process.argv[1] ?? "").href) {
-  serveCodexSupervisorMcp().catch((err) => {
+  serveCodexSupervisorMcp().catch((err: unknown) => {
     process.stderr.write(`codex-supervisor-serve: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}\n`);
     process.exit(1);
   });

extensions/codex/src/app-server/native-subagent-monitor.ts

@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ export class CodexNativeSubagentMonitor {
     childState.transcriptPollTimer = setTimeout(() => {
       childState.transcriptPollTimer = undefined;
       void this.reconcileChildTranscript(childState.childThreadId)
-        .catch((error) => {
+        .catch((error: unknown) => {
           embeddedAgentLog.warn("Failed to reconcile Codex native subagent transcript", {
             childThreadId: childState.childThreadId,
             error: formatErrorMessage(error),
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ export class CodexNativeSubagentMonitor {
     }
     this.taskRowReconcileTimer = setInterval(
       () => {
-        void this.reconcileKnownTaskRows().catch((error) => {
+        void this.reconcileKnownTaskRows().catch((error: unknown) => {
           embeddedAgentLog.warn("Failed to reconcile Codex native subagent task rows", {
             error: formatErrorMessage(error),
           });

extensions/codex/src/app-server/plugin-approval-roundtrip.ts

@@ -88,10 +88,10 @@ export async function waitForPluginApprovalDecision(params: {
   let onAbort: (() => void) | undefined;
   const abortPromise = new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
     if (params.signal!.aborted) {
-      reject(params.signal!.reason);
+      reject(toLintErrorObject(params.signal!.reason, "Non-Error rejection"));
       return;
     }
-    onAbort = () => reject(params.signal!.reason);
+    onAbort = () => reject(toLintErrorObject(params.signal!.reason, "Non-Error rejection"));
     params.signal!.addEventListener("abort", onAbort, { once: true });
   });
   try {
@@ -121,3 +121,17 @@ export function mapExecDecisionToOutcome(
 function truncateForGateway(value: string, maxLength: number): string {
   return value.length <= maxLength ? value : `${value.slice(0, Math.max(0, maxLength - 3))}...`;
 }
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/codex/src/app-server/run-attempt.context-engine.test.ts

@@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@ describe("runCodexAppServerAttempt context-engine lifecycle", () => {
       await vi.waitFor(
         () => {
           if (runError) {
-            throw runError;
+            throw toLintErrorObject(runError, "Non-Error thrown");
           }
           expect(harness.requests.map((request) => request.method)).toContain("turn/start");
         },
@@ -1709,3 +1709,17 @@ describe("runCodexAppServerAttempt context-engine lifecycle", () => {
     expect(maintain).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 });
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/codex/src/app-server/run-attempt.test.ts

@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ describe("runCodexAppServerAttempt", () => {
       });
 
       await expect(
-        client.request("turn/start", turnParams).catch(async (error) => {
+        client.request("turn/start", turnParams).catch(async (error: unknown) => {
           await releaseCodexSandboxExecServerEnvironment(sandbox);
           throw error;
         }),
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ describe("runCodexAppServerAttempt", () => {
           nativeCodeModeOnlyEnabled: false,
           userMcpServersEnabled: false,
           environmentSelection,
-        }).catch(async (error) => {
+        }).catch(async (error: unknown) => {
           await releaseCodexSandboxExecServerEnvironment(sandbox);
           throw error;
         }),
@@ -1237,7 +1237,7 @@ describe("runCodexAppServerAttempt", () => {
     params.prompt = "already persisted prompt";
     params.suppressNextUserMessagePersistence = true;
     const readTranscript = async () =>
-      fs.readFile(sessionFile, "utf8").catch((error) => {
+      fs.readFile(sessionFile, "utf8").catch((error: unknown) => {
         if ((error as NodeJS.ErrnoException).code === "ENOENT") {
           return "";
         }

extensions/codex/src/app-server/user-input-bridge.ts

@@ -94,9 +94,11 @@ export function createCodexUserInputBridge(params: {
           resolvePending(emptyUserInputResponse());
           return;
         }
-        void deliverUserInputPrompt(params.paramsForRun, requestParams.questions).catch((error) => {
-          embeddedAgentLog.warn("failed to deliver codex user input prompt", { error });
-        });
+        void deliverUserInputPrompt(params.paramsForRun, requestParams.questions).catch(
+          (error: unknown) => {
+            embeddedAgentLog.warn("failed to deliver codex user input prompt", { error });
+          },
+        );
       });
     },
     handleQueuedMessage(text) {

extensions/codex/src/migration/source.ts

@@ -388,22 +388,24 @@ async function withPluginMigrationEligibility(params: {
     return evaluated;
   }
 
-  const snapshot = await refreshSourceAppInventory(params.requestOptions).catch((error) => {
-    const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
-    for (const { plugin, apps } of pending) {
-      evaluated.push({
-        ...plugin,
-        migratable: false,
-        migrationBlock: {
-          code: "app_inventory_unavailable",
-          apps,
-          error: message,
-        },
-        message: `Codex plugin "${plugin.pluginName ?? plugin.name}" owns apps, but source app inventory could not be read: ${message}`,
-      });
-    }
-    return undefined;
-  });
+  const snapshot = await refreshSourceAppInventory(params.requestOptions).catch(
+    (error: unknown) => {
+      const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+      for (const { plugin, apps } of pending) {
+        evaluated.push({
+          ...plugin,
+          migratable: false,
+          migrationBlock: {
+            code: "app_inventory_unavailable",
+            apps,
+            error: message,
+          },
+          message: `Codex plugin "${plugin.pluginName ?? plugin.name}" owns apps, but source app inventory could not be read: ${message}`,
+        });
+      }
+      return undefined;
+    },
+  );
   if (!snapshot) {
     return evaluated;
   }

extensions/copilot/src/attempt.test.ts

@@ -1396,7 +1396,7 @@ describe("runCopilotAttempt", () => {
     const sdk = makeFakeSdk();
     const pool = makeFakePool(sdk);
     pool.release = vi.fn(async () => {
-      throw "release failed";
+      throw toLintErrorObject("release failed", "Non-Error thrown");
     });
 
     await expect(runCopilotAttempt(makeParams(), { pool })).rejects.toThrow("release failed");
@@ -1414,7 +1414,7 @@ describe("runCopilotAttempt", () => {
     });
     const pool = makeFakePool(sdk);
     pool.release = vi.fn(async () => {
-      throw "release failed";
+      throw toLintErrorObject("release failed", "Non-Error thrown");
     });
 
     const result = await runCopilotAttempt(makeParams(), { pool });
@@ -2534,3 +2534,17 @@ describe("runCopilotAttempt", () => {
     });
   });
 });
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/copilot/src/event-bridge.ts

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ export function attachEventBridge(
       });
     deltaChain = deltaQueue.then(() => {
       if (firstDeltaError !== undefined) {
-        throw firstDeltaError;
+        throw toLintErrorObject(firstDeltaError, "Non-Error thrown");
       }
     });
     void deltaChain.catch(() => undefined);
@@ -354,3 +354,17 @@ function registerListener<K extends SessionEventType>(
     session.off?.(eventType, handler as (...args: unknown[]) => void);
   });
 }
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/copilot/src/runtime.test.ts

@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ describe("createCopilotClientPool", () => {
   it("normalizes non-Error stop failures during dispose", async () => {
     const sdk = makeFake({
       stop: () => {
-        throw "stop-string";
+        throw toLintErrorObject("stop-string", "Non-Error thrown");
       },
     });
     const pool = createCopilotClientPool({ sdkFactory: sdk.fake });
@@ -485,3 +485,17 @@ describe("createCopilotClientPool", () => {
     expect(String(sdk.ctorCalls[0]?.baseDirectory)).toBe(normalizedHome);
   });
 });
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/copilot/src/sdk-loader.ts

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ export async function loadCopilotSdk(options: LoadCopilotSdkOptions = {}): Promi
 
   const promise = doLoad(options);
   if (useCache) {
-    cached = promise.catch((err) => {
+    cached = promise.catch((err: unknown) => {
       cached = undefined;
       throw err;
     });

extensions/copilot/src/telemetry-bridge.test.ts

@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ describe("createTraceContextProvider", () => {
     const onError = vi.fn();
     const provider = createTraceContextProvider({
       getTraceparent: () => {
-        throw "string-boom";
+        throw toLintErrorObject("string-boom", "Non-Error thrown");
       },
       onError,
     });
@@ -236,3 +236,17 @@ describe("createTraceContextProvider", () => {
     expect(getTraceparent).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 });
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/device-pair/notify.ts

@@ -504,11 +504,11 @@ export function createPairingNotifierService(api: OpenClawPluginApi): OpenClawPl
         await notifyPendingPairingRequests({ api, statePath });
       };
 
-      await tick().catch((err) => {
+      await tick().catch((err: unknown) => {
         api.logger.warn(`device-pair: initial notify poll failed: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`);
       });
       notifyInterval = setInterval(() => {
-        tick().catch((err) => {
+        tick().catch((err: unknown) => {
           api.logger.warn(`device-pair: notify poll failed: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`);
         });
       }, NOTIFY_POLL_INTERVAL_MS);

extensions/diffs/src/browser.ts

@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ async function resolveBrowserExecutablePath(config: OpenClawConfig): Promise<str
     return await executablePathCache.valuePromise;
   }
 
-  const valuePromise = resolveBrowserExecutablePathUncached(config).catch((error) => {
+  const valuePromise = resolveBrowserExecutablePathUncached(config).catch((error: unknown) => {
     if (executablePathCache?.valuePromise === valuePromise) {
       executablePathCache = null;
     }
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ async function acquireSharedBrowser(params: {
         }
         return browser;
       })
-      .catch((error) => {
+      .catch((error: unknown) => {
         if (sharedBrowserState?.browserPromise === browserPromise) {
           sharedBrowserState = null;
         }

extensions/diffs/src/store.ts

@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ export class DiffArtifactStore {
 
     this.nextCleanupAt = now + this.cleanupIntervalMs;
     const cleanupPromise = this.cleanupExpired()
-      .catch((error) => {
+      .catch((error: unknown) => {
         this.nextCleanupAt = 0;
         this.logger?.warn(`Failed to clean expired diff artifacts: ${String(error)}`);
       })

extensions/discord/src/client.proxy.test.ts

@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ describe("createDiscordRestClient proxy support", () => {
             },
           })
           .catch((err: unknown) => {
-            reject(err);
+            reject(toLintErrorObject(err, "Non-Error rejection"));
             server.close();
           });
       });
@@ -175,3 +175,17 @@ describe("createDiscordRestClient proxy support", () => {
     expect(received.body).toContain('"attachments":[{"id":0,"filename":"image.png"}]');
   });
 });
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/discord/src/components.parse.ts

@@ -153,7 +153,6 @@ export function mapButtonStyle(style?: DiscordComponentButtonStyle): ButtonStyle
       return ButtonStyle.Danger;
     case "link":
       return ButtonStyle.Link;
-    case "primary":
     default:
       return ButtonStyle.Primary;
   }

extensions/discord/src/monitor.gateway.ts

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ export async function waitForDiscordGatewayStop(
         gateway?.disconnect?.();
       } finally {
         cleanup();
-        reject(err);
+        reject(toLintErrorObject(err, "Non-Error rejection"));
       }
     };
     const onAbort = () => {
@@ -73,3 +73,17 @@ export async function waitForDiscordGatewayStop(
     params.registerForceStop?.(onForceStop);
   });
 }
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/discord/src/monitor/ack-reactions.ts

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ export function queueInitialDiscordAckReaction(params: {
   if (!params.shouldSendAckReaction || !params.ackReaction) {
     return;
   }
-  void params.reactionAdapter.setReaction(params.ackReaction).catch((err) => {
+  void params.reactionAdapter.setReaction(params.ackReaction).catch((err: unknown) => {
     logAckFailure({
       log: logVerbose,
       channel: "discord",

extensions/discord/src/monitor/gateway-plugin.ts

@@ -239,7 +239,9 @@ function createGatewayPlugin(params: {
             info,
             usedFallback: false,
           }))
-          .catch((error) => resolveGatewayInfoWithFallback({ runtime: params.runtime, error }));
+          .catch((error: unknown) =>
+            resolveGatewayInfoWithFallback({ runtime: params.runtime, error }),
+          );
         this.gatewayInfo = resolved.info;
         this.gatewayInfoUsedFallback = resolved.usedFallback;
       }

extensions/discord/src/monitor/listeners.ts

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ export class DiscordMessageListener extends MessageCreateListener {
     // Per-session ordering is owned by the message run queue.
     void Promise.resolve()
       .then(() => this.handler(data, client))
-      .catch((err) => {
+      .catch((err: unknown) => {
         const logger = this.logger ?? discordEventQueueLog;
         logger.error(danger(`discord handler failed: ${String(err)}`));
       });
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ export class DiscordInteractionListener extends InteractionCreateListener {
     // or compaction without blocking later gateway events.
     void Promise.resolve()
       .then(() => client.handleInteraction(data as Parameters<Client["handleInteraction"]>[0], {}))
-      .catch((err) => {
+      .catch((err: unknown) => {
         const logger = this.logger ?? discordEventQueueLog;
         logger.error(danger(`discord interaction handler failed: ${String(err)}`));
       });

extensions/discord/src/monitor/message-handler.ts

@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ function startAcceptedTypingFeedback(params: {
   };
   activeFeedback.set(dedupeKey, { channelId, feedback: replyTypingFeedback });
   ctx.replyTypingFeedback = replyTypingFeedback;
-  void replyTypingFeedback.onReplyStart().catch((err) => {
+  void replyTypingFeedback.onReplyStart().catch((err: unknown) => {
     logVerbose(`discord accepted typing feedback failed: ${String(err)}`);
   });
   return replyTypingFeedback;

extensions/discord/src/monitor/message-media.ts

@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ async function fetchDiscordMedia(params: {
     fallbackContentType: params.fallbackContentType,
     originalFilename: params.originalFilename,
     ...(signal ? { requestInit: { signal } } : {}),
-  }).catch((error) => {
+  }).catch((error: unknown) => {
     if (timedOut) {
       return new Promise<never>(() => {});
     }
@@ -365,8 +365,6 @@ function resolveStickerAssetCandidates(sticker: APIStickerItem): DiscordStickerA
           fileName: `${baseName}.json`,
         },
       ];
-    case StickerFormatType.APNG:
-    case StickerFormatType.PNG:
     default:
       return [
         { url: `${DISCORD_STICKER_ASSET_BASE_URL}/${sticker.id}.png`, fileName: `${baseName}.png` },

extensions/discord/src/monitor/provider.lifecycle.test.ts

@@ -727,7 +727,9 @@ describe("runDiscordGatewayLifecycle", () => {
       waitForDiscordGatewayStopMock.mockImplementationOnce(
         (params: WaitForDiscordGatewayStopParams) =>
           new Promise<void>((_resolve, reject) => {
-            params.registerForceStop?.((err) => reject(err));
+            params.registerForceStop?.((err) =>
+              reject(toLintErrorObject(err, "Non-Error rejection")),
+            );
             gateway.isConnected = false;
             emitter.emit("debug", "Gateway websocket opened");
           }),
@@ -755,3 +757,17 @@ describe("runDiscordGatewayLifecycle", () => {
     }
   });
 });
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/discord/src/voice/audio.ts

@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ export async function writeVoiceWavFile(
 
 function scheduleTempCleanup(tempDir: string, delayMs: number = 30 * 60 * 1000): void {
   const timer = setTimeout(() => {
-    fs.rm(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true }).catch((err) => {
+    fs.rm(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true }).catch((err: unknown) => {
       if (shouldLogVerbose()) {
         logVerbose(`discord voice: temp cleanup failed for ${tempDir}: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`);
       }

extensions/discord/src/voice/manager.ts

@@ -221,7 +221,9 @@ function isUnknownDiscordVoiceStateError(err: unknown): boolean {
 function startAutoJoin(manager: Pick<DiscordVoiceManager, "autoJoin">) {
   void manager
     .autoJoin()
-    .catch((err) => logger.warn(`discord voice: autoJoin failed: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`));
+    .catch((err: unknown) =>
+      logger.warn(`discord voice: autoJoin failed: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`),
+    );
 }
 
 function resolveDiscordVoiceAgentRoute(params: {
@@ -782,7 +784,7 @@ export class DiscordVoiceManager {
     }
 
     const speakingHandler: ((userId: string) => void) | undefined = (userId: string) => {
-      void this.handleSpeakingStart(entry, userId).catch((err) => {
+      void this.handleSpeakingStart(entry, userId).catch((err: unknown) => {
         logger.warn(`discord voice: capture failed: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`);
       });
     };
@@ -1134,7 +1136,7 @@ export class DiscordVoiceManager {
       return;
     }
     this.followUsersReconcileTimer = setInterval(() => {
-      void this.reconcileFollowedUsers("interval").catch((err) => {
+      void this.reconcileFollowedUsers("interval").catch((err: unknown) => {
         logger.warn(`discord voice: follow user reconciliation failed: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`);
       });
     }, FOLLOW_USERS_RECONCILE_INTERVAL_MS);
@@ -1176,7 +1178,7 @@ export class DiscordVoiceManager {
           this.params.client.rest,
           plan.guildId,
           userId,
-        ).catch((err) => {
+        ).catch((err: unknown) => {
           if (!isUnknownDiscordVoiceStateError(err)) {
             logger.warn(
               `discord voice: follow user reconcile skipped transient voice state error guild=${plan.guildId} user=${userId} reason=${reason}: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`,
@@ -1415,7 +1417,7 @@ export class DiscordVoiceManager {
       this.params.client.rest,
       guildId,
       this.botUserId,
-    ).catch((err) => {
+    ).catch((err: unknown) => {
       if (!isUnknownDiscordVoiceStateError(err)) {
         logger.warn(
           `discord voice: follow reconcile skipped transient bot voice state error guild=${guildId} reason=${reason}: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`,
@@ -1473,13 +1475,17 @@ export class DiscordVoiceManager {
   private enqueueProcessing(entry: VoiceSessionEntry, task: () => Promise<void>) {
     entry.processingQueue = entry.processingQueue
       .then(task)
-      .catch((err) => logger.warn(`discord voice: processing failed: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`));
+      .catch((err: unknown) =>
+        logger.warn(`discord voice: processing failed: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`),
+      );
   }
 
   private enqueuePlayback(entry: VoiceSessionEntry, task: () => Promise<void>) {
     entry.playbackQueue = entry.playbackQueue
       .then(task)
-      .catch((err) => logger.warn(`discord voice: playback failed: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`));
+      .catch((err: unknown) =>
+        logger.warn(`discord voice: playback failed: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`),
+      );
   }
 
   private clearCaptureFinalizeTimer(entry: VoiceSessionEntry, userId: string, generation?: number) {
@@ -1789,7 +1795,7 @@ export class DiscordVoiceManager {
       return;
     }
     void this.recoverFromDecryptFailures(entry)
-      .catch((recoverErr) =>
+      .catch((recoverErr: unknown) =>
         logger.warn(`discord voice: decrypt recovery failed: ${formatErrorMessage(recoverErr)}`),
       )
       .finally(() => {

extensions/document-extract/document-extractor.ts

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ async function loadPdfEngine(): Promise<PdfEngine> {
   if (!pdfEnginePromise) {
     pdfEnginePromise = import("clawpdf")
       .then(({ createEngine }) => createEngine())
-      .catch((err) => {
+      .catch((err: unknown) => {
         pdfEnginePromise = null;
         throw new Error("Dependency clawpdf is required for PDF extraction", {
           cause: err,

extensions/feishu/src/bot-content.ts

@@ -112,7 +112,6 @@ export function resolveFeishuGroupSession(params: {
           })
         : buildFeishuConversationId({ chatId, scope: "group_sender", senderOpenId });
       break;
-    case "group":
     default:
       peerId = chatId;
       break;

extensions/feishu/src/bot.ts

@@ -918,7 +918,7 @@ export async function handleFeishuMessage(params: {
           replyToMessageId: replyTargetMessageId,
           replyInThread: isGroup ? (groupSession?.replyInThread ?? false) : false,
           accountId: account.accountId,
-        }).catch((err) => {
+        }).catch((err: unknown) => {
           log(`feishu[${account.accountId}]: failed to send ACP init error reply: ${String(err)}`);
         });
         return;

extensions/feishu/src/conversation-id.ts

@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ export function buildFeishuConversationId(params: {
         return `${chatId}:topic:${topicId}`;
       }
       return senderOpenId ? `${chatId}:sender:${senderOpenId}` : chatId;
-    case "group":
     default:
       return chatId;
   }

extensions/feishu/src/monitor.account.ts

@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ function registerEventHandlers(
   const error = runtime?.error ?? console.error;
   const runFeishuHandler = async (params: { task: () => Promise<void>; errorMessage: string }) => {
     if (fireAndForget) {
-      void params.task().catch((err) => {
+      void params.task().catch((err: unknown) => {
         error(`${params.errorMessage}: ${String(err)}`);
       });
       return;
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ function registerEventHandlers(
           accountId,
         });
         if (fireAndForget) {
-          promise.catch((err) => {
+          promise.catch((err: unknown) => {
             error(`feishu[${accountId}]: error handling card action: ${String(err)}`);
           });
         } else {

extensions/feishu/src/monitor.bot-menu-handler.ts

@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ export function createFeishuBotMenuHandler(params: {
           }
           return await handleLegacyMenu();
         })
-        .catch(async (err) => {
+        .catch(async (err: unknown) => {
           if (isFeishuRetryableSyntheticEventError(err)) {
             await forgetProcessedFeishuMessage(syntheticMessageId, accountId, log);
           } else {
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ export function createFeishuBotMenuHandler(params: {
           releaseFeishuMessageProcessing(syntheticMessageId, accountId);
         });
       if (fireAndForget) {
-        promise.catch((err) => {
+        promise.catch((err: unknown) => {
           error(`feishu[${accountId}]: error handling bot menu event: ${String(err)}`);
         });
         return;

extensions/feishu/src/monitor.comment-notice-handler.ts

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ export function createFeishuDriveCommentNoticeHandler(params: {
   const getBotOpenId = params.getBotOpenId ?? ((id) => botOpenIds.get(id));
 
   const runFeishuHandler = async (task: () => Promise<void>) => {
-    const promise = task().catch((err) => {
+    const promise = task().catch((err: unknown) => {
       error(`feishu[${accountId}]: error handling drive comment notice: ${String(err)}`);
     });
     if (!fireAndForget) {

extensions/feishu/src/monitor.comment.ts

@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ async function resolveParsedCommentContent(params: {
               resolvedObjToken: objToken,
             };
           })
-          .catch((error) => {
+          .catch((error: unknown) => {
             params.logger?.(
               `feishu[${params.accountId}]: wiki link resolution threw token=${link.wikiNodeToken} error=${formatErrorMessage(error)}`,
             );
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ async function requestFeishuOpenApi<T>(params: {
     { timeoutMs: params.timeoutMs },
   )
     .then((resolved) => (resolved.status === "resolved" ? resolved.value : null))
-    .catch((error) => {
+    .catch((error: unknown) => {
       params.logger?.(`${params.errorLabel}: ${formatErrorDetails(error)}`);
       return null;
     });

extensions/feishu/src/monitor.message-handler.ts

@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ export function createFeishuMessageReceiveHandler({
       await inboundDebouncer.enqueue(event);
     };
     if (fireAndForget) {
-      void processMessage().catch((err) => {
+      void processMessage().catch((err: unknown) => {
         releaseFeishuMessageProcessing(messageDedupeKey, accountId);
         error(`feishu[${accountId}]: error handling message: ${String(err)}`);
       });

extensions/feishu/src/monitor.webhook-security.test.ts

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ async function waitForSlowBodyTimeoutResponse(
     socket.setEncoding("utf8");
     socket.on("error", () => {});
     socket.on("data", (chunk) => {
-      response += chunk;
+      response += chunk.toString();
       if (response.includes("Request body timeout")) {
         clearTimeout(failTimer);
         socket.destroy();
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ async function waitForOversizedBodyResponse(url: string): Promise<string> {
 
     socket.setEncoding("utf8");
     socket.on("data", (chunk) => {
-      response += chunk;
+      response += chunk.toString();
       if (response.includes("Payload too large")) {
         finish(response);
       }

extensions/feishu/src/session-conversation.ts

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ function resolveFeishuParentConversationCandidates(rawId: string): string[] {
     case "group_topic":
     case "group_sender":
       return [parsed.chatId];
-    case "group":
     default:
       return [];
   }

extensions/feishu/src/streaming-card.ts

@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ export class FeishuStreamingSession {
       .then(async ({ release }) => {
         await release();
       })
-      .catch((e) => this.log?.(`Note update failed: ${String(e)}`));
+      .catch((e: unknown) => this.log?.(`Note update failed: ${String(e)}`));
   }
 
   async close(finalText?: string, options?: { note?: string }): Promise<boolean> {
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ export class FeishuStreamingSession {
       .then(async ({ release }) => {
         await release();
       })
-      .catch((e) => this.log?.(`Close failed: ${String(e)}`));
+      .catch((e: unknown) => this.log?.(`Close failed: ${String(e)}`));
     const finalState = this.state;
     this.state = null;
     this.pendingText = null;

extensions/google-meet/src/agent-consult.ts

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ export function handleGoogleMeetRealtimeConsultToolCall(params: {
       });
       params.session.submitToolResult(callId, result);
     })
-    .catch((error: Error) => {
+    .catch((error: unknown) => {
       params.onTalkEvent?.({
         type: "tool.error",
         callId,

extensions/google-meet/src/realtime-node.ts

@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ export async function startNodeAgentAudioBridge(params: {
           ),
         );
       })
-      .catch((error) => {
+      .catch((error: unknown) => {
         params.logger.warn(`[google-meet] node agent TTS failed: ${formatErrorMessage(error)}`);
       });
   };
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ export async function startNodeRealtimeAudioBridge(params: {
             },
             timeoutMs: 5_000,
           })
-          .catch((error) => {
+          .catch((error: unknown) => {
             params.logger.warn(
               `[google-meet] node audio output failed: ${formatErrorMessage(error)}`,
             );
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ export async function startNodeRealtimeAudioBridge(params: {
             },
             timeoutMs: 5_000,
           })
-          .catch((error) => {
+          .catch((error: unknown) => {
             params.logger.warn(
               `[google-meet] node audio clear failed: ${formatErrorMessage(error)}`,
             );

extensions/google-meet/src/realtime.ts

@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ export async function startCommandAgentAudioBridge(params: {
         });
         endTalkTurn();
       })
-      .catch((error) => {
+      .catch((error: unknown) => {
         params.logger.warn(`[google-meet] agent TTS failed: ${formatErrorMessage(error)}`);
       });
   };

extensions/google-meet/src/voice-call-gateway.ts

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ async function createConnectedGatewayClient(
           reject(new Error("gateway event loop readiness timeout"));
         }
       })
-      .catch((err) => {
+      .catch((err: unknown) => {
         clearTimeout(timer);
         reject(err instanceof Error ? err : new Error(String(err)));
       });

extensions/google/google.live.test.ts

@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ describeLive("google plugin live", () => {
       }
     }
     if (lastError) {
-      throw lastError;
+      throw toLintErrorObject(lastError, "Non-Error thrown");
     }
 
     expect(result?.provider).toBe("gemini");
@@ -177,3 +177,17 @@ describeLive("google plugin live", () => {
     });
   }, 120_000);
 });
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/google/transport-stream.test.ts

@@ -637,7 +637,12 @@ describe("google transport stream", () => {
         (_url: string, init?: RequestInit) =>
           new Promise<Response>((_resolve, reject) => {
             init?.signal?.addEventListener("abort", () => {
-              reject(init.signal?.reason ?? new Error("aborted"));
+              reject(
+                toLintErrorObject(
+                  init.signal?.reason ?? new Error("aborted"),
+                  "Non-Error rejection",
+                ),
+              );
             });
           }),
       )
@@ -1984,3 +1989,17 @@ describe("google transport stream", () => {
     ]);
   });
 });
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/googlechat/src/monitor-webhook.ts

@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ export function createGoogleChatWebhookRequestHandler(params: {
 
         const dispatchTarget = selectedTarget;
         dispatchTarget.statusSink?.({ lastInboundAt: Date.now() });
-        params.processEvent(parsedEvent, dispatchTarget).catch((err) => {
+        params.processEvent(parsedEvent, dispatchTarget).catch((err: unknown) => {
           dispatchTarget.runtime.error?.(
             `[${dispatchTarget.account.accountId}] Google Chat webhook failed: ${String(err)}`,
           );

extensions/imessage/src/monitor.watch-subscribe-retry.test.ts

@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ describe("monitorIMessageProvider watch.subscribe startup retry", () => {
     const monitorErrorPromise = monitorIMessageProvider({
       config: { channels: { imessage: {} } } as never,
       runtime: runtime as never,
-    }).catch((error) => error);
+    }).catch((error: unknown) => error);
 
     await vi.runAllTimersAsync();
     const monitorError = await monitorErrorPromise;

extensions/imessage/src/monitor/monitor-provider.ts

@@ -1036,7 +1036,7 @@ export async function monitorIMessageProvider(opts: MonitorIMessageOpts = {}): P
       runtime,
       onNotification: (msg) => {
         if (msg.method === "message") {
-          void handleMessage(msg.params).catch((err) => {
+          void handleMessage(msg.params).catch((err: unknown) => {
             runtime.error?.(`imessage: handler failed: ${String(err)}`);
           });
         } else if (msg.method === "error") {

extensions/irc/src/client.ts

@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ export async function connectIrcClient(options: IrcClientOptions): Promise<IrcCl
               text,
               rawLine,
             }),
-          ).catch((error) => {
+          ).catch((error: unknown) => {
             fail(error);
           });
         }

extensions/line/src/bot-handlers.ts

@@ -615,6 +615,20 @@ export async function handleLineWebhookEvents(
     }
   }
   if (firstError) {
-    throw firstError;
+    throw toLintErrorObject(firstError, "Non-Error thrown");
   }
 }
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/line/src/monitor.ts

@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ export async function monitorLineProvider(
             logVerbose(`line: received ${body.events.length} webhook events`);
             void Promise.resolve()
               .then(() => match.target.bot.handleWebhook(body))
-              .catch((err) => {
+              .catch((err: unknown) => {
                 match.target.runtime.error?.(
                   danger(`line webhook dispatch failed: ${String(err)}`),
                 );

extensions/line/src/send.ts

@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ async function pushLineMessages(
   });
 
   if (behavior.errorContext) {
-    await pushRequest.catch((err) => {
+    await pushRequest.catch((err: unknown) => {
       logLineHttpError(err, behavior.errorContext!);
       throw err;
     });
@@ -301,7 +301,6 @@ export async function sendMessageLine(
       case "audio":
         messages.push(createAudioMessage(mediaUrl, opts.durationMs ?? 60000));
         break;
-      case "image":
       default:
         // Backward compatibility: keep image as default when media kind is unspecified.
         {

extensions/line/src/webhook-node.ts

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ export function createLineNodeWebhookHandler(params: {
         logVerbose(`line: received ${body.events.length} webhook events`);
         void Promise.resolve()
           .then(() => params.bot.handleWebhook(body))
-          .catch((err) => logLineWebhookDispatchError(params.runtime, err));
+          .catch((err: unknown) => logLineWebhookDispatchError(params.runtime, err));
       }
     } catch (err) {
       await receiveContext?.nack(err);

extensions/line/src/webhook.ts

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ export function createLineWebhookMiddleware(
         logVerbose(`line: received ${body.events.length} webhook events`);
         void Promise.resolve()
           .then(() => onEvents(body))
-          .catch((err) => logLineWebhookDispatchError(runtime, err));
+          .catch((err: unknown) => logLineWebhookDispatchError(runtime, err));
       }
     } catch (err) {
       await receiveContext?.nack(err);

extensions/lmstudio/src/stream.ts

@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ export function wrapLmstudioInferencePreload(ctx: ProviderWrapStreamFnContext):
                 () => {
                   recordPreloadSuccess(preloadKey);
                 },
-                (error) => {
+                (error: unknown) => {
                   const entry = recordPreloadFailure(preloadKey, Date.now());
                   throw Object.assign(new Error("preload-failed"), {
                     cause: error,

extensions/lobster/src/lobster-runner.test.ts

@@ -583,7 +583,12 @@ describe("createEmbeddedLobsterRunner", () => {
             );
             ctx?.signal?.addEventListener("abort", () => {
               clearTimeout(timeout);
-              reject(ctx.signal?.reason ?? new Error("aborted"));
+              reject(
+                toLintErrorObject(
+                  ctx.signal?.reason ?? new Error("aborted"),
+                  "Non-Error rejection",
+                ),
+              );
             });
           }),
       ),
@@ -605,3 +610,17 @@ describe("createEmbeddedLobsterRunner", () => {
     ).rejects.toThrow(/timed out|aborted/);
   });
 });
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/lobster/src/lobster-runner.ts

@@ -286,9 +286,9 @@ async function withTimeout<T>(
         clearTimeout(timer);
         resolve(value);
       },
-      (error) => {
+      (error: unknown) => {
         clearTimeout(timer);
-        reject(error);
+        reject(toLintErrorObject(error, "Non-Error rejection"));
       },
     );
   });
@@ -392,3 +392,17 @@ export function createEmbeddedLobsterRunner(options?: {
     },
   };
 }
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/client/file-sync-store.ts

@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ export class FileBackedMatrixSyncStore extends MemoryStore {
     }
     this.persistTimer = setTimeout(() => {
       this.persistTimer = null;
-      void this.flush().catch((err) => {
+      void this.flush().catch((err: unknown) => {
         LogService.warn("MatrixFileSyncStore", "Failed to persist Matrix sync store:", err);
       });
     }, PERSIST_DEBOUNCE_MS);

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/monitor/events.test.ts

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ function createHarness(params?: {
   const runDetachedTask = vi.fn((_label: string, task: () => Promise<void>) => {
     const promise = Promise.resolve()
       .then(task)
-      .catch((error) => {
+      .catch((error: unknown) => {
         throw error;
       })
       .finally(() => {

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/monitor/events.ts

@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ export function registerMatrixMonitorEvents(params: {
     }
     return Promise.resolve()
       .then(task)
-      .catch((error) => {
+      .catch((error: unknown) => {
         logVerboseMessage(`matrix: ${label} failed (${String(error)})`);
       });
   };

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/monitor/handler.ts

@@ -905,12 +905,14 @@ export function createMatrixRoomMessageHandler(params: MatrixMonitorHandlerParam
           if (!isPollEvent) {
             return null;
           }
-          pollSnapshotPromise ??= fetchMatrixPollSnapshot(client, roomId, event).catch((err) => {
-            logVerboseMessage(
-              `matrix: failed resolving poll snapshot room=${roomId} id=${event.event_id ?? "unknown"}: ${String(err)}`,
-            );
-            return null;
-          });
+          pollSnapshotPromise ??= fetchMatrixPollSnapshot(client, roomId, event).catch(
+            (err: unknown) => {
+              logVerboseMessage(
+                `matrix: failed resolving poll snapshot room=${roomId} id=${event.event_id ?? "unknown"}: ${String(err)}`,
+              );
+              return null;
+            },
+          );
           return await pollSnapshotPromise;
         };
 
@@ -1481,7 +1483,7 @@ export function createMatrixRoomMessageHandler(params: MatrixMonitorHandlerParam
           .then(({ reactMatrixMessage }) =>
             reactMatrixMessage(roomId, messageId, ackReaction, client),
           )
-          .catch((err) => {
+          .catch((err: unknown) => {
             logVerboseMessage(`matrix react failed for room ${roomId}: ${String(err)}`);
           });
       }
@@ -1489,7 +1491,7 @@ export function createMatrixRoomMessageHandler(params: MatrixMonitorHandlerParam
       if (messageId) {
         loadMatrixSendModule()
           .then(({ sendReadReceiptMatrix }) => sendReadReceiptMatrix(roomId, messageId, client))
-          .catch((err) => {
+          .catch((err: unknown) => {
             logVerboseMessage(
               `matrix: read receipt failed room=${roomId} id=${messageId}: ${String(err)}`,
             );

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/monitor/inbound-dedupe.ts

@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ export async function createMatrixInboundEventDeduper(params: {
           },
           ttlMs > 0 ? { ttlMs } : undefined,
         )
-        .catch((err) => {
+        .catch((err: unknown) => {
           LogService.warn(
             "MatrixInboundDedupe",
             "Failed persisting Matrix inbound dedupe entry:",

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/monitor/index.ts

@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ export async function monitorMatrixProvider(opts: MonitorMatrixOpts = {}): Promi
       auth,
       env: process.env,
       abortSignal: opts.abortSignal,
-    }).catch((err) => {
+    }).catch((err: unknown) => {
       logVerboseMessage(`matrix: failed to backfill deviceId after startup (${String(err)})`);
     });
 

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/monitor/reaction-events.ts

@@ -136,12 +136,14 @@ export async function handleInboundMatrixReaction(params: {
     return;
   }
 
-  const targetEvent = await params.client.getEvent(params.roomId, reaction.eventId).catch((err) => {
-    params.logVerboseMessage(
-      `matrix: failed resolving reaction target room=${params.roomId} id=${reaction.eventId}: ${String(err)}`,
-    );
-    return null;
-  });
+  const targetEvent = await params.client
+    .getEvent(params.roomId, reaction.eventId)
+    .catch((err: unknown) => {
+      params.logVerboseMessage(
+        `matrix: failed resolving reaction target room=${params.roomId} id=${reaction.eventId}: ${String(err)}`,
+      );
+      return null;
+    });
   const targetSender =
     targetEvent && typeof targetEvent.sender === "string" ? targetEvent.sender.trim() : "";
   if (!targetSender) {

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/monitor/reply-context.ts

@@ -56,12 +56,14 @@ export function createMatrixReplyContextResolver(params: {
       return cached;
     }
 
-    const event = await params.client.getEvent(input.roomId, input.eventId).catch((err) => {
-      params.logVerboseMessage(
-        `matrix: failed resolving reply context room=${input.roomId} id=${input.eventId}: ${String(err)}`,
-      );
-      return null;
-    });
+    const event = await params.client
+      .getEvent(input.roomId, input.eventId)
+      .catch((err: unknown) => {
+        params.logVerboseMessage(
+          `matrix: failed resolving reply context room=${input.roomId} id=${input.eventId}: ${String(err)}`,
+        );
+        return null;
+      });
     if (!event) {
       // Do not cache failures so transient errors can be retried on the next
       // message that references the same event.

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/monitor/task-runner.ts

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ export function createMatrixMonitorTaskRunner(params: {
   const runDetachedTask = (label: string, task: () => Promise<void>): Promise<void> => {
     const trackedTask: Promise<void> = Promise.resolve()
       .then(task)
-      .catch((error) => {
+      .catch((error: unknown) => {
         const message = String(error);
         params.logVerboseMessage(`matrix: ${label} failed (${message})`);
         params.logger.warn("matrix background task failed", {

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/monitor/thread-context.ts

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ export function createMatrixThreadContextResolver(params: {
 
     const rootEvent = await params.client
       .getEvent(input.roomId, input.threadRootId)
-      .catch((err) => {
+      .catch((err: unknown) => {
         params.logVerboseMessage(
           `matrix: failed resolving thread root room=${input.roomId} id=${input.threadRootId}: ${String(err)}`,
         );

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/monitor/verification-events.ts

@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ export function createMatrixVerificationEventRouter(params: {
         routeTask,
       );
     } else {
-      void routeTask().catch((err) => {
+      void routeTask().catch((err: unknown) => {
         params.logVerboseMessage(`matrix: failed routing verification event: ${String(err)}`);
       });
     }

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/sdk/idb-persistence.test-helpers.ts

@@ -11,7 +11,11 @@ export async function clearAllIndexedDbState(params?: { databasePrefix?: string
           new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
             const req = indexedDB.deleteDatabase(name);
             req.addEventListener("success", () => resolve(), { once: true });
-            req.addEventListener("error", () => reject(req.error), { once: true });
+            req.addEventListener(
+              "error",
+              () => reject(toLintErrorObject(req.error, "Non-Error rejection")),
+              { once: true },
+            );
             req.addEventListener("blocked", () => resolve(), { once: true });
           }),
       ),
@@ -43,9 +47,17 @@ export async function seedDatabase(params: {
         db.close();
         resolve();
       });
-      tx.addEventListener("error", () => reject(tx.error), { once: true });
+      tx.addEventListener(
+        "error",
+        () => reject(toLintErrorObject(tx.error, "Non-Error rejection")),
+        { once: true },
+      );
     });
-    req.addEventListener("error", () => reject(req.error), { once: true });
+    req.addEventListener(
+      "error",
+      () => reject(toLintErrorObject(req.error, "Non-Error rejection")),
+      { once: true },
+    );
   });
 }
 
@@ -82,9 +94,35 @@ export async function readDatabaseRecords(params: {
         values = valuesReq.result;
         maybeResolve();
       });
-      keysReq.addEventListener("error", () => reject(keysReq.error), { once: true });
-      valuesReq.addEventListener("error", () => reject(valuesReq.error), { once: true });
+      keysReq.addEventListener(
+        "error",
+        () => reject(toLintErrorObject(keysReq.error, "Non-Error rejection")),
+        { once: true },
+      );
+      valuesReq.addEventListener(
+        "error",
+        () => reject(toLintErrorObject(valuesReq.error, "Non-Error rejection")),
+        { once: true },
+      );
     });
-    req.addEventListener("error", () => reject(req.error), { once: true });
+    req.addEventListener(
+      "error",
+      () => reject(toLintErrorObject(req.error, "Non-Error rejection")),
+      { once: true },
+    );
   });
 }
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/sdk/idb-persistence.ts

@@ -97,7 +97,11 @@ function parseSnapshotPayload(data: string): IdbDatabaseSnapshot[] | null {
 function idbReq<T>(req: IDBRequest<T>): Promise<T> {
   return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
     req.addEventListener("success", () => resolve(req.result), { once: true });
-    req.addEventListener("error", () => reject(req.error), { once: true });
+    req.addEventListener(
+      "error",
+      () => reject(toLintErrorObject(req.error, "Non-Error rejection")),
+      { once: true },
+    );
   });
 }
 
@@ -117,7 +121,9 @@ async function dumpIndexedDatabases(databasePrefix?: string): Promise<IdbDatabas
     const db: IDBDatabase = await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
       const r = idb.open(name, version);
       r.addEventListener("success", () => resolve(r.result), { once: true });
-      r.addEventListener("error", () => reject(r.error), { once: true });
+      r.addEventListener("error", () => reject(toLintErrorObject(r.error, "Non-Error rejection")), {
+        once: true,
+      });
     });
 
     const stores: IdbStoreSnapshot[] = [];
@@ -203,7 +209,9 @@ async function restoreIndexedDatabases(snapshot: IdbDatabaseSnapshot[]): Promise
         },
         { once: true },
       );
-      r.addEventListener("error", () => reject(r.error), { once: true });
+      r.addEventListener("error", () => reject(toLintErrorObject(r.error, "Non-Error rejection")), {
+        once: true,
+      });
     });
   }
 }
@@ -284,3 +292,17 @@ export async function persistIdbToDisk(params?: {
     LogService.warn("IdbPersistence", "Failed to persist IndexedDB snapshot:", err);
   }
 }
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/sdk/verification-manager.ts

@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ export class MatrixVerificationManager {
       .then(() => {
         this.touchVerificationSession(session);
       })
-      .catch((err) => {
+      .catch((err: unknown) => {
         session.acceptRequested = false;
         session.error = formatMatrixErrorMessage(err);
         this.touchVerificationSession(session);
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ export class MatrixVerificationManager {
         .then(() => {
           this.touchVerificationSession(session);
         })
-        .catch((err) => {
+        .catch((err: unknown) => {
           session.error = formatMatrixErrorMessage(err);
           this.touchVerificationSession(session);
         });
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ export class MatrixVerificationManager {
       .then(() => {
         this.touchVerificationSession(session);
       })
-      .catch((err) => {
+      .catch((err: unknown) => {
         session.error = formatMatrixErrorMessage(err);
         this.touchVerificationSession(session);
       });

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/startup-abort.ts

@@ -35,10 +35,24 @@ export async function awaitMatrixStartupWithAbort<T>(
         abortSignal.removeEventListener("abort", onAbort);
         resolve(value);
       },
-      (error) => {
+      (error: unknown) => {
         abortSignal.removeEventListener("abort", onAbort);
-        reject(error);
+        reject(toLintErrorObject(error, "Non-Error rejection"));
       },
     );
   });
 }
+
+function toLintErrorObject(value: unknown, fallbackMessage: string): Error {
+  if (value instanceof Error) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return new Error(value);
+  }
+  const error = new Error(fallbackMessage, { cause: value });
+  if ((typeof value === "object" && value !== null) || typeof value === "function") {
+    Object.assign(error, value);
+  }
+  return error;
+}

extensions/matrix/src/matrix/thread-bindings.ts

@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ export async function createMatrixThreadBindingManager(params: {
   };
   const persist = async () => await enqueuePersist();
   const persistSafely = (reason: string, bindings?: MatrixThreadBindingRecord[]) => {
-    void enqueuePersist(bindings).catch((err) => {
+    void enqueuePersist(bindings).catch((err: unknown) => {
       params.logVerboseMessage?.(
         `matrix: failed persisting thread bindings account=${params.accountId} action=${reason}: ${String(err)}`,
       );
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ export async function createMatrixThreadBindingManager(params: {
       await persist();
     }
     await migrationStore.register(legacyImportKey, { importedAt: Date.now() });
-    await fs.rm(legacyFilePath, { force: true }).catch((err) => {
+    await fs.rm(legacyFilePath, { force: true }).catch((err: unknown) => {
       params.logVerboseMessage?.(
         `matrix: failed removing migrated legacy thread bindings account=${params.accountId}: ${String(err)}`,
       );
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ export async function createMatrixThreadBindingManager(params: {
         await sendFarewellMessages(removed, (record) =>
           reasonByBindingKey.get(resolveBindingKey(record)),
         );
-      })().catch((err) => {
+      })().catch((err: unknown) => {
         params.logVerboseMessage?.(
           `matrix: failed auto-unbinding expired bindings account=${params.accountId}: ${String(err)}`,
         );

extensions/mattermost/src/mattermost/monitor.ts

@@ -2165,7 +2165,7 @@ export async function monitorMattermostProvider(opts: MonitorMattermostOpts = {}
         client,
         commands,
         log: (msg) => runtime.log?.(msg),
-      }).catch((err) => {
+      }).catch((err: unknown) => {
         runtime.error?.(`mattermost: slash cleanup failed: ${String(err)}`);
       });
     };

extensions/memory-core/src/dreaming-narrative.ts

@@ -500,8 +500,8 @@ export function formatBackfillDiaryDate(isoDay: string, _timezone?: string): str
 }
 
 async function assertSafeDreamsPath(dreamsPath: string): Promise<void> {
-  const stat = await fs.lstat(dreamsPath).catch((err: NodeJS.ErrnoException) => {
-    if (err.code === "ENOENT") {
+  const stat = await fs.lstat(dreamsPath).catch((err: unknown) => {
+    if (extractErrorCode(err) === "ENOENT") {
       return null;
     }
     throw err;

extensions/memory-core/src/dreaming-repair.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
 import fs from "node:fs/promises";
 import path from "node:path";
+import { extractErrorCode } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 
 type DreamingArtifactsAuditIssue = {
   severity: "warn" | "error";
@@ -87,8 +88,8 @@ function buildArchiveTimestamp(now: Date): string {
 }
 
 async function ensureArchivablePath(targetPath: string): Promise<"file" | "dir" | null> {
-  const stat = await fs.lstat(targetPath).catch((err: NodeJS.ErrnoException) => {
-    if (err.code === "ENOENT") {
+  const stat = await fs.lstat(targetPath).catch((err: unknown) => {
+    if (extractErrorCode(err) === "ENOENT") {
       return null;
     }
     throw err;

extensions/memory-core/src/dreaming.ts

@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ export function registerShortTermPromotionDreaming(api: OpenClawPluginApi): void
           }
           scheduleStartupCronRetry();
         })
-        .catch((err) => {
+        .catch((err: unknown) => {
           if (disposed) {
             return;
           }
@@ -877,7 +877,7 @@ export function registerShortTermPromotionDreaming(api: OpenClawPluginApi): void
       return;
     }
     runtimeCronReconcileTimer = setInterval(() => {
-      void reconcileManagedDreamingCron({ reason: "runtime" }).catch((err) => {
+      void reconcileManagedDreamingCron({ reason: "runtime" }).catch((err: unknown) => {
         api.logger.error(`memory-core: dreaming cron reconcile failed: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`);
       });
     }, RUNTIME_CRON_RECONCILE_INTERVAL_MS);

extensions/memory-core/src/memory/manager-async-state.ts

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ export function startAsyncSearchSync(params: {
   if (!params.enabled || (!params.dirty && !params.sessionsDirty)) {
     return;
   }
-  void params.sync({ reason: "search" }).catch((err) => {
+  void params.sync({ reason: "search" }).catch((err: unknown) => {
     params.onError(err);
   });
 }