Fixed version check for palloc variants, take 2

Co-authored-by: 0xJi3F

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -8,10 +8,12 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
+          - postgres: 20
+            os: ubuntu-26.04
           - postgres: 19
-            os: ubuntu-24.04
+            os: ubuntu-26.04
           - postgres: 18
-            os: ubuntu-24.04
+            os: ubuntu-26.04-arm
           - postgres: 17
             os: ubuntu-24.04
           - postgres: 16
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
           - postgres: 13
             os: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
       - uses: ankane/setup-postgres@v1
         with:
           postgres-version: ${{ matrix.postgres }}
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ jobs:
           - postgres: 14
             os: macos-15-intel
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
       - uses: ankane/setup-postgres@v1
         with:
           postgres-version: ${{ matrix.postgres }}
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ jobs:
           - postgres: 14
             os: windows-2022
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
       - uses: ankane/setup-postgres@v1
         with:
           postgres-version: ${{ matrix.postgres }}
@@ -133,7 +135,7 @@ jobs:
     if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'mac') && !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'windows') }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
       - uses: ankane/setup-postgres-valgrind@v1
         with:
           postgres-version: 18

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,7 +1,17 @@
+## 0.8.6 (unreleased)
+
+- Fixed array to `sparsevec` cast not limiting non-zero elements
+- Fixed memory usage for IVFFlat index scans with nested loop joins
+
+## 0.8.5 (2026-07-08)
+
+- Reduced memory usage for small tables for IVFFlat index builds
+
 ## 0.8.4 (2026-06-30)
 
 - Fixed `hnsw graph not repaired` error with HNSW vacuuming
 - Fixed possible error with inserts during HNSW vacuuming
+- Fixed memory exceeding `maintenance_work_mem` with IVFFlat index builds
 
 ## 0.8.3 (2026-06-17)
 

Dockerfile

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ ARG DEBIAN_CODENAME=bookworm
 FROM postgres:$PG_MAJOR-$DEBIAN_CODENAME
 ARG PG_MAJOR
 
-ADD https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git#v0.8.4 /tmp/pgvector
+ADD https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git#v0.8.5 /tmp/pgvector
 
 RUN apt-get update && \
 		apt-mark hold locales && \

META.json

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 	"name": "vector",
 	"abstract": "Open-source vector similarity search for Postgres",
 	"description": "Supports L2 distance, inner product, and cosine distance",
-	"version": "0.8.4",
+	"version": "0.8.5",
 	"maintainer": [
 		"Andrew Kane <andrew@ankane.org>"
 	],
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 		"vector": {
 			"file": "sql/vector.sql",
 			"docfile": "README.md",
-			"version": "0.8.4",
+			"version": "0.8.5",
 			"abstract": "Open-source vector similarity search for Postgres"
 		}
 	},

Makefile

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 EXTENSION = vector
-EXTVERSION = 0.8.4
+EXTVERSION = 0.8.5
 
 MODULE_big = vector
 DATA = $(wildcard sql/*--*--*.sql)

Makefile.win

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 EXTENSION = vector
-EXTVERSION = 0.8.4
+EXTVERSION = 0.8.5
 
 DATA_built = sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
 OBJS = src\bitutils.obj src\bitvec.obj src\halfutils.obj src\halfvec.obj src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\sparsevec.obj src\vector.obj

README.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Compile and install the extension (supports Postgres 13+)
 
 ```sh
 cd /tmp
-git clone --branch v0.8.4 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.8.5 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
 make
 make install # may need sudo
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Ensure [C++ support in Visual Studio](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/buil
 ```cmd
 set "PGROOT=C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\18"
 cd %TEMP%
-git clone --branch v0.8.4 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.8.5 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
 nmake /F Makefile.win
 nmake /F Makefile.win install
@@ -465,6 +465,16 @@ If filtering by many different values, consider [partitioning](https://www.postg
 CREATE TABLE items (embedding vector(3), category_id int) PARTITION BY LIST(category_id);
 ```
 
+## Multitenancy
+
+For applications with multiple tenants, sharing an approximate index between tenants means vectors from one tenant can affect recall (and speed) for other tenants.
+
+For tenant isolation, use [list partitioning](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-partitioning.html) or separate tables.
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE items (customer_id int, embedding vector(3)) PARTITION BY LIST(customer_id);
+```
+
 ## Iterative Index Scans
 
 With approximate indexes, queries with filtering can return less results since filtering is applied *after* the index is scanned. Starting with 0.8.0, you can enable iterative index scans, which will automatically scan more of the index until enough results are found (or it reaches `hnsw.max_scan_tuples` or `ivfflat.max_probes`).
@@ -1151,23 +1161,23 @@ This adds pgvector to the [Postgres image](https://hub.docker.com/_/postgres) (r
 
 Supported tags are:
 
-- `pg18-trixie`, `0.8.4-pg18-trixie`
-- `pg18-bookworm`, `0.8.4-pg18-bookworm`, `pg18`, `0.8.4-pg18`
-- `pg17-trixie`, `0.8.4-pg17-trixie`
-- `pg17-bookworm`, `0.8.4-pg17-bookworm`, `pg17`, `0.8.4-pg17`
-- `pg16-trixie`, `0.8.4-pg16-trixie`
-- `pg16-bookworm`, `0.8.4-pg16-bookworm`, `pg16`, `0.8.4-pg16`
-- `pg15-trixie`, `0.8.4-pg15-trixie`
-- `pg15-bookworm`, `0.8.4-pg15-bookworm`, `pg15`, `0.8.4-pg15`
-- `pg14-trixie`, `0.8.4-pg14-trixie`
-- `pg14-bookworm`, `0.8.4-pg14-bookworm`, `pg14`, `0.8.4-pg14`
-- `pg13-trixie`, `0.8.4-pg13-trixie`
-- `pg13-bookworm`, `0.8.4-pg13-bookworm`, `pg13`, `0.8.4-pg13`
+- `pg18-trixie`, `0.8.5-pg18-trixie`
+- `pg18-bookworm`, `0.8.5-pg18-bookworm`, `pg18`, `0.8.5-pg18`
+- `pg17-trixie`, `0.8.5-pg17-trixie`
+- `pg17-bookworm`, `0.8.5-pg17-bookworm`, `pg17`, `0.8.5-pg17`
+- `pg16-trixie`, `0.8.5-pg16-trixie`
+- `pg16-bookworm`, `0.8.5-pg16-bookworm`, `pg16`, `0.8.5-pg16`
+- `pg15-trixie`, `0.8.5-pg15-trixie`
+- `pg15-bookworm`, `0.8.5-pg15-bookworm`, `pg15`, `0.8.5-pg15`
+- `pg14-trixie`, `0.8.5-pg14-trixie`
+- `pg14-bookworm`, `0.8.5-pg14-bookworm`, `pg14`, `0.8.5-pg14`
+- `pg13-trixie`, `0.8.5-pg13-trixie`
+- `pg13-bookworm`, `0.8.5-pg13-bookworm`, `pg13`, `0.8.5-pg13`
 
 You can also build the image manually:
 
 ```sh
-git clone --branch v0.8.4 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.8.5 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
 docker build --pull --build-arg PG_MAJOR=18 -t myuser/pgvector .
 ```
@@ -1223,7 +1233,7 @@ Note: Replace `18` with your Postgres server version
 Install the FreeBSD package with:
 
 ```sh
-pkg install postgresql17-pgvector
+pkg install postgresql18-pgvector
 ```
 
 or the port with:

sql/vector--0.8.4--0.8.5.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.8.5'" to load this file. \quit

src/halfvec.c

@@ -27,8 +27,12 @@
 #include "parser/scansup.h"
 #endif
 
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 140006
+#define palloc_array(type, count) ((type *) palloc(sizeof(type) * (count)))
+#endif
+
 #define STATE_DIMS(x) (ARR_DIMS(x)[0] - 1)
-#define CreateStateDatums(dim) palloc(sizeof(Datum) * (dim + 1))
+#define CreateStateDatums(dim) palloc_array(Datum, (dim) + 1)
 
 /*
  * Get a half from a message buffer
@@ -513,7 +517,7 @@ halfvec_to_float4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	Datum	   *datums;
 	ArrayType  *result;
 
-	datums = (Datum *) palloc(sizeof(Datum) * vec->dim);
+	datums = palloc_array(Datum, vec->dim);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
 		datums[i] = Float4GetDatum(HalfToFloat4(vec->x[i]));

src/hnsw.h

@@ -105,6 +105,12 @@ typedef Pointer Item;
 #define SeedRandom(seed) srandom(seed)
 #endif
 
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 140006
+#define palloc_object(type) ((type *) palloc(sizeof(type)))
+#define palloc0_object(type) ((type *) palloc0(sizeof(type)))
+#define palloc_array(type, count) ((type *) palloc(sizeof(type) * (count)))
+#endif
+
 #define HnswIsElementTuple(tup) ((tup)->type == HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_TYPE)
 #define HnswIsNeighborTuple(tup) ((tup)->type == HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_TYPE)
 

src/hnswbuild.c

@@ -930,7 +930,7 @@ HnswBeginParallel(HnswBuildState * buildstate, bool isconcurrent, int request)
 	Size		estother;
 	HnswShared *hnswshared;
 	char	   *hnswarea;
-	HnswLeader *hnswleader = (HnswLeader *) palloc0(sizeof(HnswLeader));
+	HnswLeader *hnswleader = palloc0_object(HnswLeader);
 	bool		leaderparticipates = true;
 	int			querylen;
 
@@ -1151,7 +1151,7 @@ hnswbuild(Relation heap, Relation index, IndexInfo *indexInfo)
 
 	BuildIndex(heap, index, indexInfo, &buildstate, MAIN_FORKNUM);
 
-	result = (IndexBuildResult *) palloc(sizeof(IndexBuildResult));
+	result = palloc_object(IndexBuildResult);
 	result->heap_tuples = buildstate.reltuples;
 	result->index_tuples = buildstate.indtuples;
 

src/hnswscan.c

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ hnswbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 
 	scan = RelationGetIndexScan(index, nkeys, norderbys);
 
-	so = (HnswScanOpaque) palloc(sizeof(HnswScanOpaqueData));
+	so = palloc_object(HnswScanOpaqueData);
 	so->typeInfo = HnswGetTypeInfo(index);
 
 	/* Set support functions */

src/hnswutils.c

@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ HnswAddHeapTid(HnswElement element, ItemPointer heaptid)
 HnswElement
 HnswInitElementFromBlock(BlockNumber blkno, OffsetNumber offno)
 {
-	HnswElement element = palloc(sizeof(HnswElementData));
+	HnswElement element = palloc_object(HnswElementData);
 	char	   *base = NULL;
 
 	element->blkno = blkno;
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ GetElementDistance(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswQuery * q, HnswSupport *
 static HnswSearchCandidate *
 HnswInitSearchCandidate(char *base, HnswElement element, double distance)
 {
-	HnswSearchCandidate *sc = palloc(sizeof(HnswSearchCandidate));
+	HnswSearchCandidate *sc = palloc_object(HnswSearchCandidate);
 
 	HnswPtrStore(base, sc->element, element);
 	sc->distance = distance;
@@ -831,7 +831,7 @@ HnswSearchLayer(char *base, HnswQuery * q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation in
 	HnswNeighborArray *localNeighborhood = NULL;
 	Size		neighborhoodSize = 0;
 	int			lm = HnswGetLayerM(m, lc);
-	HnswUnvisited *unvisited = palloc(lm * sizeof(HnswUnvisited));
+	HnswUnvisited *unvisited = palloc_array(HnswUnvisited, lm);
 	int			unvisitedLength;
 	bool		inMemory = index == NULL;
 
@@ -1074,7 +1074,7 @@ SelectNeighbors(char *base, List *c, int lm, HnswSupport * support, bool *closer
 	if (list_length(w) <= lm)
 		return w;
 
-	wd = palloc(sizeof(HnswCandidate *) * list_length(w));
+	wd = palloc_array(HnswCandidate *, list_length(w));
 
 	/* Ensure order of candidates is deterministic for closer caching */
 	if (sortCandidates)
@@ -1328,7 +1328,7 @@ HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint
 		foreach(lc2, w)
 		{
 			HnswSearchCandidate *sc = lfirst(lc2);
-			HnswCandidate *hc = palloc(sizeof(HnswCandidate));
+			HnswCandidate *hc = palloc_object(HnswCandidate);
 
 			hc->element = sc->element;
 			hc->distance = sc->distance;

src/hnswvacuum.c

@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ InitVacuumState(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkD
 	Relation	index = info->index;
 
 	if (stats == NULL)
-		stats = (IndexBulkDeleteResult *) palloc0(sizeof(IndexBulkDeleteResult));
+		stats = palloc0_object(IndexBulkDeleteResult);
 
 	vacuumstate->index = index;
 	vacuumstate->stats = stats;

src/ivfbuild.c

@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ InitBuildState(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, In
 	buildstate->centers = VectorArrayInit(buildstate->lists, buildstate->dimensions, buildstate->itemsize);
 
 	/* TODO Move allocation to page creation */
-	buildstate->listInfo = palloc(sizeof(ListInfo) * buildstate->lists);
+	buildstate->listInfo = palloc_array(ListInfo, buildstate->lists);
 
 	buildstate->tmpCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
 											   "Ivfflat build temporary context",
@@ -404,8 +404,8 @@ InitBuildState(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, In
 
 #ifdef IVFFLAT_KMEANS_DEBUG
 	buildstate->inertia = 0;
-	buildstate->listSums = palloc0(sizeof(double) * buildstate->lists);
-	buildstate->listCounts = palloc0(sizeof(int) * buildstate->lists);
+	buildstate->listSums = palloc0_array(double, buildstate->lists);
+	buildstate->listCounts = palloc0_array(int, buildstate->lists);
 #endif
 
 	buildstate->ivfleader = NULL;
@@ -438,15 +438,22 @@ ComputeCenters(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 
 	pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE, PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_KMEANS);
 
-	/* Target 50 samples per list, with at least 10000 samples */
-	/* The number of samples has a large effect on index build time */
-	numSamples = buildstate->lists * 50;
-	if (numSamples < 10000)
-		numSamples = 10000;
-
 	/* Skip samples for unlogged table */
 	if (buildstate->heap == NULL)
 		numSamples = 1;
+	else
+	{
+		int64		maxTuples = (int64) RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(buildstate->heap) * MaxHeapTuplesPerPage;
+
+		/* Target 50 samples per list, with at least 10000 samples */
+		/* The number of samples has a large effect on index build time */
+		numSamples = buildstate->lists * 50;
+		if (numSamples < 10000)
+			numSamples = 10000;
+
+		/* Save memory since will not have more than max tuples */
+		numSamples = Max(Min(numSamples, maxTuples), 1);
+	}
 
 	/* Sample rows */
 	buildstate->memoryUsed += VECTOR_ARRAY_SIZE(numSamples, buildstate->itemsize);
@@ -655,7 +662,7 @@ IvfflatParallelScanAndSort(IvfflatSpool * ivfspool, IvfflatShared * ivfshared, S
 	IndexInfo  *indexInfo;
 
 	/* Initialize local tuplesort coordination state */
-	coordinate = palloc0(sizeof(SortCoordinateData));
+	coordinate = palloc0_object(SortCoordinateData);
 	coordinate->isWorker = true;
 	coordinate->nParticipants = -1;
 	coordinate->sharedsort = sharedsort;
@@ -750,7 +757,7 @@ IvfflatParallelBuildMain(dsm_segment *seg, shm_toc *toc)
 	indexRel = index_open(ivfshared->indexrelid, indexLockmode);
 
 	/* Initialize worker's own spool */
-	ivfspool = (IvfflatSpool *) palloc0(sizeof(IvfflatSpool));
+	ivfspool = palloc0_object(IvfflatSpool);
 	ivfspool->heap = heapRel;
 	ivfspool->index = indexRel;
 
@@ -805,7 +812,7 @@ IvfflatLeaderParticipateAsWorker(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	int			sortmem;
 
 	/* Allocate memory and initialize private spool */
-	leaderworker = (IvfflatSpool *) palloc0(sizeof(IvfflatSpool));
+	leaderworker = palloc0_object(IvfflatSpool);
 	leaderworker->heap = buildstate->heap;
 	leaderworker->index = buildstate->index;
 
@@ -831,7 +838,7 @@ IvfflatBeginParallel(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, bool isconcurrent, int requ
 	IvfflatShared *ivfshared;
 	Sharedsort *sharedsort;
 	char	   *ivfcenters;
-	IvfflatLeader *ivfleader = (IvfflatLeader *) palloc0(sizeof(IvfflatLeader));
+	IvfflatLeader *ivfleader = palloc0_object(IvfflatLeader);
 	bool		leaderparticipates = true;
 	int			querylen;
 
@@ -980,7 +987,7 @@ AssignTuples(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	/* Set up coordination state if at least one worker launched */
 	if (buildstate->ivfleader)
 	{
-		coordinate = (SortCoordinate) palloc0(sizeof(SortCoordinateData));
+		coordinate = palloc0_object(SortCoordinateData);
 		coordinate->isWorker = false;
 		coordinate->nParticipants = buildstate->ivfleader->nparticipanttuplesorts;
 		coordinate->sharedsort = buildstate->ivfleader->sharedsort;
@@ -1065,7 +1072,7 @@ ivfflatbuild(Relation heap, Relation index, IndexInfo *indexInfo)
 
 	BuildIndex(heap, index, indexInfo, &buildstate, MAIN_FORKNUM);
 
-	result = (IndexBuildResult *) palloc(sizeof(IndexBuildResult));
+	result = palloc_object(IndexBuildResult);
 	result->heap_tuples = buildstate.reltuples;
 	result->index_tuples = buildstate.indtuples;
 

src/ivfflat.h

@@ -89,6 +89,13 @@ typedef Pointer Item;
 #define SeedRandom(seed) srandom(seed)
 #endif
 
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 140006
+#define palloc_object(type) ((type *) palloc(sizeof(type)))
+#define palloc0_object(type) ((type *) palloc0(sizeof(type)))
+#define palloc_array(type, count) ((type *) palloc(sizeof(type) * (count)))
+#define palloc0_array(type, count) ((type *) palloc0(sizeof(type) * (count)))
+#endif
+
 /* Variables */
 extern int	ivfflat_probes;
 extern int	ivfflat_iterative_scan;
@@ -305,7 +312,7 @@ typedef IvfflatScanOpaqueData * IvfflatScanOpaque;
 static inline Pointer
 VectorArrayGet(VectorArray arr, int offset)
 {
-	if (offset >= arr->maxlen)
+	if (offset < 0 || offset >= arr->maxlen)
 		elog(ERROR, "safety check failed");
 
 	return ((char *) arr->items) + (offset * arr->itemsize);

src/ivfkmeans.c

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ InitCenters(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, float *low
 	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
 	Oid			collation;
 	int64		j;
-	float	   *weight = palloc(samples->length * sizeof(float));
+	float	   *weight = palloc_array(float, samples->length);
 	int			numCenters = centers->maxlen;
 	int			numSamples = samples->length;
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ RandomCenters(Relation index, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeI
 	int			dimensions = centers->dim;
 	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo = IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(index, IVFFLAT_KMEANS_NORM_PROC);
 	Oid			collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
-	float	   *x = (float *) palloc(sizeof(float) * dimensions);
+	float	   *x = palloc_array(float, dimensions);
 
 	/* Fill with random data */
 	while (centers->length < centers->maxlen)
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff
 static void
 CheckElements(VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo)
 {
-	float	   *scratch = palloc(sizeof(float) * centers->dim);
+	float	   *scratch = palloc_array(float, centers->dim);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < centers->length; i++)
 	{

src/ivfscan.c

@@ -276,12 +276,13 @@ ivfflatbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 	if (maxProbes > lists)
 		maxProbes = lists;
 
-	so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) palloc(sizeof(IvfflatScanOpaqueData));
+	so = palloc_object(IvfflatScanOpaqueData);
 	so->typeInfo = IvfflatGetTypeInfo(index);
 	so->first = true;
 	so->probes = probes;
 	so->maxProbes = maxProbes;
 	so->dimensions = dimensions;
+	so->value = PointerGetDatum(NULL);
 
 	/* Set support functions */
 	so->procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, IVFFLAT_DISTANCE_PROC);
@@ -317,9 +318,9 @@ ivfflatbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 	so->bas = GetAccessStrategy(BAS_BULKREAD);
 
 	so->listQueue = pairingheap_allocate(CompareLists, scan);
-	so->listPages = palloc(maxProbes * sizeof(BlockNumber));
+	so->listPages = palloc_array(BlockNumber, maxProbes);
 	so->listIndex = 0;
-	so->lists = palloc(maxProbes * sizeof(IvfflatScanList));
+	so->lists = palloc_array(IvfflatScanList, maxProbes);
 
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
 
@@ -340,6 +341,12 @@ ivfflatrescan(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanKey keys, int nkeys, ScanKey orderbys, int
 	pairingheap_reset(so->listQueue);
 	so->listIndex = 0;
 
+	if (so->normprocinfo != NULL && DatumGetPointer(so->value) != NULL)
+	{
+		pfree(DatumGetPointer(so->value));
+		so->value = PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
 	if (keys && scan->numberOfKeys > 0)
 		memmove(scan->keyData, keys, scan->numberOfKeys * sizeof(ScanKeyData));
 

src/ivfutils.c

@@ -23,11 +23,15 @@
 VectorArray
 VectorArrayInit(int maxlen, int dimensions, Size itemsize)
 {
-	VectorArray res = palloc(sizeof(VectorArrayData));
+	VectorArray res;
+
+	if (maxlen < 1 || dimensions < 1 || itemsize == 0)
+		elog(ERROR, "cannot create vector array");
 
 	/* Ensure items are aligned to prevent UB */
 	itemsize = MAXALIGN(itemsize);
 
+	res = palloc_object(VectorArrayData);
 	res->length = 0;
 	res->maxlen = maxlen;
 	res->dim = dimensions;

src/ivfvacuum.c

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ ivfflatbulkdelete(IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats,
 	BufferAccessStrategy bas = GetAccessStrategy(BAS_BULKREAD);
 
 	if (stats == NULL)
-		stats = (IndexBulkDeleteResult *) palloc0(sizeof(IndexBulkDeleteResult));
+		stats = palloc0_object(IndexBulkDeleteResult);
 
 	/* Iterate over list pages */
 	while (BlockNumberIsValid(blkno))

src/sparsevec.c

@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@
 #include "parser/scansup.h"
 #endif
 
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 140006
+#define palloc_array(type, count) ((type *) palloc(sizeof(type) * (count)))
+#endif
+
 typedef struct SparseInputElement
 {
 	int32		index;
@@ -223,7 +227,7 @@ sparsevec_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
 				 errmsg("sparsevec cannot have more than %d non-zero elements", SPARSEVEC_MAX_NNZ)));
 
-	elements = palloc(maxNnz * sizeof(SparseInputElement));
+	elements = palloc_array(SparseInputElement, maxNnz);
 
 	pt = lit;
 
@@ -614,6 +618,7 @@ vector_to_sparsevec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 			nnz++;
 	}
 
+	CheckNnz(nnz, dim);
 	result = InitSparseVector(dim, nnz);
 	values = SPARSEVEC_VALUES(result);
 	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
@@ -657,6 +662,7 @@ halfvec_to_sparsevec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 			nnz++;
 	}
 
+	CheckNnz(nnz, dim);
 	result = InitSparseVector(dim, nnz);
 	values = SPARSEVEC_VALUES(result);
 	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
@@ -745,6 +751,7 @@ array_to_sparsevec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 				 errmsg("unsupported array type")));
 	}
 
+	CheckNnz(nnz, nelemsp);
 	result = InitSparseVector(nelemsp, nnz);
 	values = SPARSEVEC_VALUES(result);
 

src/vector.c

@@ -30,8 +30,12 @@
 #include "parser/scansup.h"
 #endif
 
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 140006
+#define palloc_array(type, count) ((type *) palloc(sizeof(type) * (count)))
+#endif
+
 #define STATE_DIMS(x) (ARR_DIMS(x)[0] - 1)
-#define CreateStateDatums(dim) palloc(sizeof(Datum) * (dim + 1))
+#define CreateStateDatums(dim) palloc_array(Datum, (dim) + 1)
 
 #if defined(USE_TARGET_CLONES) && !defined(__FMA__)
 #define VECTOR_TARGET_CLONES __attribute__((target_clones("default", "fma")))
@@ -40,7 +44,7 @@
 #endif
 
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
-PG_MODULE_MAGIC_EXT(.name = "vector", .version = "0.8.4");
+PG_MODULE_MAGIC_EXT(.name = "vector", .version = "0.8.5");
 #else
 PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
 #endif
@@ -516,7 +520,7 @@ vector_to_float4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	Datum	   *datums;
 	ArrayType  *result;
 
-	datums = (Datum *) palloc(sizeof(Datum) * vec->dim);
+	datums = palloc_array(Datum, vec->dim);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
 		datums[i] = Float4GetDatum(vec->x[i]);

test/expected/cast.out

@@ -268,6 +268,10 @@ SELECT array_agg(n)::vector FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 ERROR:  vector cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
 SELECT array_to_vector(array_agg(n), 16001, false) FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 ERROR:  vector cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
+SELECT array_agg(n)::halfvec FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
+ERROR:  halfvec cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
+SELECT array_agg(n)::sparsevec FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
+ERROR:  sparsevec cannot have more than 16000 non-zero elements
 -- ensure no error
 SELECT ARRAY[1,2,3] = ARRAY[1,2,3];
  ?column? 

test/expected/hnsw_bit.out

@@ -49,3 +49,11 @@ CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw ((val::bit(3)) bit_hamming_ops);
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw ((val::bit(64001)) bit_hamming_ops);
 ERROR:  column cannot have more than 64000 dimensions for hnsw index
 DROP TABLE t;
+-- dimensions
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_hamming_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_hamming_ops);
+ERROR:  column cannot have more than 64000 dimensions for hnsw index
+DROP TABLE t;

test/expected/hnsw_halfvec.out

@@ -100,3 +100,11 @@ SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t
 (1 row)
 
 DROP TABLE t;
+-- dimensions
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+ERROR:  column cannot have more than 4000 dimensions for hnsw index
+DROP TABLE t;

test/expected/hnsw_vector.out

@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ ERROR:  value 1001 out of bounds for option "ef_construction"
 DETAIL:  Valid values are between "4" and "1000".
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 16, ef_construction = 31);
 ERROR:  ef_construction must be greater than or equal to 2 * m
+DROP TABLE t;
 SHOW hnsw.ef_search;
  hnsw.ef_search 
 ----------------
@@ -198,4 +199,11 @@ SET hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier = 0;
 ERROR:  0 is outside the valid range for parameter "hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier" (1 .. 1000)
 SET hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier = 1001;
 ERROR:  1001 is outside the valid range for parameter "hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier" (1 .. 1000)
+-- dimensions
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
+ERROR:  column cannot have more than 2000 dimensions for hnsw index
 DROP TABLE t;

test/expected/ivfflat_bit.out

@@ -35,3 +35,32 @@ NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
 DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
 HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
 DROP TABLE t;
+-- dimensions
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+DROP TABLE t;
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops);
+ERROR:  column cannot have more than 64000 dimensions for ivfflat index
+DROP TABLE t;
+-- memory
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '1MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '29MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64000));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'0'::bit(64000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;

test/expected/ivfflat_halfvec.out

@@ -82,3 +82,32 @@ SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t
 (1 row)
 
 DROP TABLE t;
+-- dimensions
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+DROP TABLE t;
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+ERROR:  column cannot have more than 4000 dimensions for ivfflat index
+DROP TABLE t;
+-- memory
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '1MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '6MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4000));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (array_fill(0, ARRAY[4000]));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;

test/expected/ivfflat_vector.out

@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ DETAIL:  Valid values are between "1" and "32768".
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 32769);
 ERROR:  value 32769 out of bounds for option "lists"
 DETAIL:  Valid values are between "1" and "32768".
+DROP TABLE t;
 SHOW ivfflat.probes;
  ivfflat.probes 
 ----------------
@@ -172,4 +173,32 @@ SET ivfflat.max_probes = 0;
 ERROR:  0 is outside the valid range for parameter "ivfflat.max_probes" (1 .. 32768)
 SET ivfflat.max_probes = 32769;
 ERROR:  32769 is outside the valid range for parameter "ivfflat.max_probes" (1 .. 32768)
+-- dimensions
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
 DROP TABLE t;
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops);
+ERROR:  column cannot have more than 2000 dimensions for ivfflat index
+DROP TABLE t;
+-- memory
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '1MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '5MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2000));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (array_fill(0, ARRAY[2000]));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops);
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;

test/sql/cast.sql

@@ -76,6 +76,8 @@ SELECT '{{1}}'::real[]::sparsevec;
 
 SELECT array_agg(n)::vector FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 SELECT array_to_vector(array_agg(n), 16001, false) FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
+SELECT array_agg(n)::halfvec FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
+SELECT array_agg(n)::sparsevec FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 
 -- ensure no error
 SELECT ARRAY[1,2,3] = ARRAY[1,2,3];

test/sql/hnsw_bit.sql

@@ -33,3 +33,13 @@ CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_hamming_ops);
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw ((val::bit(3)) bit_hamming_ops);
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw ((val::bit(64001)) bit_hamming_ops);
 DROP TABLE t;
+
+-- dimensions
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_hamming_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_hamming_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;

test/sql/hnsw_halfvec.sql

@@ -56,3 +56,13 @@ SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> '[3,3,3]';
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
 
 DROP TABLE t;
+
+-- dimensions
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;

test/sql/hnsw_vector.sql

@@ -95,23 +95,28 @@ CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 101);
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (ef_construction = 3);
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (ef_construction = 1001);
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 16, ef_construction = 31);
+DROP TABLE t;
 
 SHOW hnsw.ef_search;
-
 SET hnsw.ef_search = 0;
 SET hnsw.ef_search = 1001;
 
 SHOW hnsw.iterative_scan;
-
 SET hnsw.iterative_scan = on;
 
 SHOW hnsw.max_scan_tuples;
-
 SET hnsw.max_scan_tuples = 0;
 
 SHOW hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier;
-
 SET hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier = 0;
 SET hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier = 1001;
 
+-- dimensions
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
 DROP TABLE t;

test/sql/ivfflat_bit.sql

@@ -21,3 +21,28 @@ CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat ((val::bit(3)) bit_hamming_ops) WITH (lists = 1)
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat ((val::bit(64001)) bit_hamming_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat ((val::bit(2)) bit_hamming_ops) WITH (lists = 5);
 DROP TABLE t;
+
+-- dimensions
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+
+-- memory
+
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '1MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;
+
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '29MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(64000));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'0'::bit(64000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;

test/sql/ivfflat_halfvec.sql

@@ -43,3 +43,28 @@ SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[0,0,0]') t2;
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
 
 DROP TABLE t;
+
+-- dimensions
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+
+-- memory
+
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '1MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;
+
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '6MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(4000));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (array_fill(0, ARRAY[4000]));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;

test/sql/ivfflat_vector.sql

@@ -81,19 +81,40 @@ DROP TABLE t;
 CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 0);
 CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 32769);
+DROP TABLE t;
 
 SHOW ivfflat.probes;
-
 SET ivfflat.probes = 0;
 SET ivfflat.probes = 32769;
 
 SHOW ivfflat.iterative_scan;
-
 SET ivfflat.iterative_scan = on;
 
 SHOW ivfflat.max_probes;
-
 SET ivfflat.max_probes = 0;
 SET ivfflat.max_probes = 32769;
 
+-- dimensions
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops);
 DROP TABLE t;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2001));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+
+-- memory
+
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '1MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2000));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;
+
+SET maintenance_work_mem = '5MB';
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(2000));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (array_fill(0, ARRAY[2000]));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops);
+DROP TABLE t;
+RESET maintenance_work_mem;

test/t/047_hnsw_vacuum_insert.pl

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ $node->pgbench(
     {
         "047_hnsw_vacuum_insert_insert\@500" => "INSERT INTO tst (v) VALUES (ARRAY[$array_sql]);",
         "047_hnsw_vacuum_insert_delete\@500" => "DELETE FROM tst WHERE i = (SELECT i FROM tst LIMIT 1);",
-        "047_hnsw_vacuum_insert_select\@20" => "SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v <-> '[0,0,0]' LIMIT 10;",
+        "047_hnsw_vacuum_insert_select\@20" => "SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v <-> (SELECT ARRAY[$array_sql]::vector) LIMIT 10;",
         "047_hnsw_vacuum_insert_vacuum\@1" => "VACUUM tst;"
     }
 );

test/t/048_ivfflat_vacuum_insert.pl

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+use strict;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
+use Test::More;
+
+my $dim = 3;
+my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
+
+# Initialize node
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
+$node->init;
+$node->start;
+
+# Create table and index
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i serial, v vector($dim));");
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "ALTER TABLE tst SET (autovacuum_enabled = false);");
+$node->safe_psql("postgres",
+    "INSERT INTO tst (v) SELECT ARRAY[$array_sql] FROM generate_series(1, 1000) i;"
+);
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX ON tst USING ivfflat (v vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 10);");
+
+# Test no errors
+$node->pgbench(
+    "--no-vacuum --client=5 --transactions=1500",
+    0,
+    [qr{actually processed}],
+    [qr{^$}],
+    "concurrent INSERTs, DELETEs, SELECTs, and VACUUM",
+    {
+        "048_ivfflat_vacuum_insert_insert\@500" => "INSERT INTO tst (v) VALUES (ARRAY[$array_sql]);",
+        "048_ivfflat_vacuum_insert_delete\@500" => "DELETE FROM tst WHERE i = (SELECT i FROM tst LIMIT 1);",
+        "048_ivfflat_vacuum_insert_select\@500" => "SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v <-> (SELECT ARRAY[$array_sql]::vector) LIMIT 10;",
+        "048_ivfflat_vacuum_insert_vacuum\@1" => "VACUUM tst;"
+    }
+);
+
+done_testing();

vector.control

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 comment = 'vector data type and ivfflat and hnsw access methods'
-default_version = '0.8.4'
+default_version = '0.8.5'
 module_pathname = '$libdir/vector'
 relocatable = true