Removed extra file [skip ci]

Exclude zero vectors for cosine distance to be consistent with other types [skip ci]
Fixed CI
2026-07-22 03:57:34 +08:00 · 2024-03-30 02:27:20 -07:00 · 2024-03-29 22:54:23 -07:00 · 2024-03-29 17:35:47 -07:00 · 2024-03-29 17:19:07 -07:00
163 changed files with 3730 additions and 14683 deletions
--- a/.dockerignore
+++ b/.dockerignore
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/.git/
+/dist/
+/results/
+/tmp_check/
+/sql/vector--?.?.?.sql
+regression.*
+*.o
+*.so
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -8,29 +8,27 @@ jobs:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        include:
-          - postgres: 19
-            os: ubuntu-24.04
-          - postgres: 18
-            os: ubuntu-24.04
          - postgres: 17
-            os: ubuntu-24.04
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
          - postgres: 16
-            os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
          - postgres: 15
            os: ubuntu-22.04
          - postgres: 14
-            os: ubuntu-22.04-arm
-          - postgres: 13
            os: ubuntu-22.04
+          - postgres: 13
+            os: ubuntu-20.04
+          - postgres: 12
+            os: ubuntu-20.04
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: ankane/setup-postgres@v1
        with:
          postgres-version: ${{ matrix.postgres }}
          dev-files: true
      - run: make
        env:
-          PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-sign-compare ${{ matrix.postgres >= 18 && '-Wno-missing-field-initializers' || '' }}
+          PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-sign-compare
      - run: |
          export PG_CONFIG=`which pg_config`
          sudo --preserve-env=PG_CONFIG make install
@@ -42,70 +40,46 @@ jobs:
          sudo apt-get install libipc-run-perl
      - run: make prove_installcheck
  mac:
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: macos-latest
    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'windows') }}
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - postgres: 18
-            os: macos-26
-          - postgres: 14
-            os: macos-15-intel
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: ankane/setup-postgres@v1
        with:
-          postgres-version: ${{ matrix.postgres }}
+          postgres-version: 14
      - run: make
        env:
-          PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-unknown-warning-option ${{ matrix.postgres >= 18 && '-Wno-missing-field-initializers' || '' }}
+          PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter
      - run: make install
      - run: make installcheck
      - if: ${{ failure() }}
        run: cat regression.diffs
-      # Homebrew Postgres does not enable TAP tests, so need to download
      - run: |
          brew install cpanm
          cpanm --notest IPC::Run
-          wget -q https://github.com/postgres/postgres/archive/refs/tags/$TAG.tar.gz
-          tar xf $TAG.tar.gz
-          mv postgres-$TAG postgres
+          wget -q https://github.com/postgres/postgres/archive/refs/tags/REL_14_10.tar.gz
+          tar xf REL_14_10.tar.gz
+      - run: make prove_installcheck PROVE_FLAGS="-I ./postgres-REL_14_10/src/test/perl" PERL5LIB="/Users/runner/perl5/lib/perl5"
+      - run: make clean && /usr/local/opt/llvm@15/bin/scan-build --status-bugs make
        env:
-          TAG: ${{ matrix.postgres == 18 && 'REL_18_2' || 'REL_14_21' }}
-      - run: make prove_installcheck PROVE_FLAGS="-I ./postgres/src/test/perl -I ./test/perl"
-        env:
-          PERL5LIB: /Users/runner/perl5/lib/perl5
-      - run: make clean && $(brew --prefix llvm@$LLVM_VERSION)/bin/scan-build --status-bugs make
-        env:
-          LLVM_VERSION: ${{ matrix.os == 'macos-26' && 20 || 18 }}
          PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING
  windows:
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: windows-latest
    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'mac') }}
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - postgres: 17
-            os: windows-2025
-          - postgres: 14
-            os: windows-2022
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: ankane/setup-postgres@v1
        with:
-          postgres-version: ${{ matrix.postgres }}
+          postgres-version: 14
      - run: |
-          call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\${{ matrix.os == 'windows-2025' && 18 || 2022 }}\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat" && ^
+          call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat" && ^
+          cd %TEMP% && ^
          nmake /NOLOGO /F Makefile.win && ^
          nmake /NOLOGO /F Makefile.win install && ^
-          nmake /NOLOGO /F Makefile.win installcheck ${{ matrix.postgres != 17 && 'PG_REGRESS=$(PGROOT)\bin\pg_regress' || '' }} && ^
+          nmake /NOLOGO /F Makefile.win installcheck && ^
          nmake /NOLOGO /F Makefile.win clean && ^
          nmake /NOLOGO /F Makefile.win uninstall
        shell: cmd
-      - if: ${{ failure() }}
-        run: cat regression.diffs
  i386:
    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'mac') && !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'windows') }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -127,17 +101,14 @@ jobs:
          sudo -u postgres make prove_installcheck
        env:
          PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-sign-compare
-      - if: ${{ failure() }}
-        run: cat pgvector/regression.diffs
  valgrind:
    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'mac') && !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'windows') }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: ankane/setup-postgres-valgrind@v1
        with:
-          postgres-version: 18
-          check-ub: yes
-      - run: make OPTFLAGS=""
+          postgres-version: 16
+      - run: make
      - run: sudo --preserve-env=PG_CONFIG make install
      - run: make installcheck
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,69 +1,6 @@
-## 0.8.4 (2026-06-30)
+## 0.7.0 (unreleased)

- Fixed `hnsw graph not repaired` error with HNSW vacuuming
- Fixed possible error with inserts during HNSW vacuuming
-
-## 0.8.3 (2026-06-17)
-
- Fixed possible index corruption with HNSW vacuuming
- Fixed performance regression with Hamming distance and Jaccard distance with Postgres 18
-
-## 0.8.2 (2026-02-25)
-
- Fixed buffer overflow with parallel HNSW index build - [more info](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/issues/959)
- Improved `install` target on Windows
- Fixed `Index Searches` in `EXPLAIN` output for Postgres 18
-
-## 0.8.1 (2025-09-04)
-
- Added support for Postgres 18 rc1
- Improved performance of `binary_quantize` function
-
-## 0.8.0 (2024-10-30)
-
- Added support for iterative index scans
- Added casts for arrays to `sparsevec`
- Improved cost estimation for better index selection when filtering
- Improved performance of HNSW index scans
- Improved performance of HNSW inserts and on-disk index builds
- Dropped support for Postgres 12
-
-## 0.7.4 (2024-08-05)
-
- Fixed locking for parallel HNSW index builds
- Fixed compilation error with GCC 14 on i386 when SSE2 is not enabled
-
-## 0.7.3 (2024-07-22)
-
- Fixed `failed to add index item` error with `sparsevec`
- Fixed compilation error with FreeBSD ARM
- Fixed compilation warning with MSVC and Postgres 16
-
-## 0.7.2 (2024-06-11)
-
- Fixed initialization fork for indexes on unlogged tables
-
-## 0.7.1 (2024-06-03)
-
- Improved performance of on-disk HNSW index builds
- Fixed `undefined symbol` error with GCC 8
- Fixed compilation error with universal binaries on Mac
- Fixed compilation warning with Clang < 14
-
-## 0.7.0 (2024-04-29)
-
- Added `halfvec` type
- Added `sparsevec` type
- Added support for indexing `bit` type
- Added support for indexing L1 distance with HNSW
- Added `binary_quantize` function
- Added `hamming_distance` function
- Added `jaccard_distance` function
- Added `l2_normalize` function
- Added `subvector` function
- Added concatenate operator for vectors
- Added CPU dispatching for distance functions on Linux x86-64
- Updated comparison operators to support vectors with different dimensions
+- Added `intvec` type

 ## 0.6.2 (2024-03-18)

--- a/9
+++ b/9
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
-
-ARG PG_MAJOR=17
-ARG DEBIAN_CODENAME=bookworm
-FROM postgres:$PG_MAJOR-$DEBIAN_CODENAME
+ARG PG_MAJOR=16
+FROM postgres:$PG_MAJOR
 ARG PG_MAJOR

-ADD https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git#v0.8.4 /tmp/pgvector
+COPY . /tmp/pgvector

 RUN apt-get update && \
 		apt-mark hold locales && \
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2026, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2024, PostgreSQL Global Development Group

 Portions Copyright (c) 1994, The Regents of the University of California

--- a/META.json
+++ b/META.json
@@ -2,17 +2,17 @@
 	"name": "vector",
 	"abstract": "Open-source vector similarity search for Postgres",
 	"description": "Supports L2 distance, inner product, and cosine distance",
-	"version": "0.8.4",
+	"version": "0.6.2",
 	"maintainer": [
 		"Andrew Kane <andrew@ankane.org>"
 	],
 	"license": {
-		"PostgreSQL": "https://www.postgresql.org/about/licence"
+		"PostgreSQL": "http://www.postgresql.org/about/licence"
 	},
 	"prereqs": {
 		"runtime": {
 			"requires": {
-				"PostgreSQL": "13.0.0"
+				"PostgreSQL": "12.0.0"
 			}
 		}
 	},
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 		"vector": {
 			"file": "sql/vector.sql",
 			"docfile": "README.md",
-			"version": "0.8.4",
+			"version": "0.6.2",
 			"abstract": "Open-source vector similarity search for Postgres"
 		}
 	},
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 	"generated_by": "Andrew Kane",
 	"meta-spec": {
 		"version": "1.0.0",
-		"url": "https://pgxn.org/meta/spec.txt"
+		"url": "http://pgxn.org/meta/spec.txt"
 	},
 	"tags": [
 		"vectors",
--- a/30
+++ b/30
@@ -1,20 +1,18 @@
 EXTENSION = vector
-EXTVERSION = 0.8.4
+EXTVERSION = 0.6.2

 MODULE_big = vector
-DATA = $(wildcard sql/*--*--*.sql)
-DATA_built = sql/$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
-OBJS = src/bitutils.o src/bitvec.o src/halfutils.o src/halfvec.o src/hnsw.o src/hnswbuild.o src/hnswinsert.o src/hnswscan.o src/hnswutils.o src/hnswvacuum.o src/ivfbuild.o src/ivfflat.o src/ivfinsert.o src/ivfkmeans.o src/ivfscan.o src/ivfutils.o src/ivfvacuum.o src/sparsevec.o src/vector.o
-HEADERS = src/halfvec.h src/sparsevec.h src/vector.h
+DATA = $(wildcard sql/*--*.sql)
+OBJS = src/hnsw.o src/hnswbuild.o src/hnswinsert.o src/hnswscan.o src/hnswutils.o src/hnswvacuum.o src/intvec.o src/ivfbuild.o src/ivfflat.o src/ivfinsert.o src/ivfkmeans.o src/ivfscan.o src/ivfutils.o src/ivfvacuum.o src/vector.o
+HEADERS = src/intvec.h src/vector.h

 TESTS = $(wildcard test/sql/*.sql)
 REGRESS = $(patsubst test/sql/%.sql,%,$(TESTS))
 REGRESS_OPTS = --inputdir=test --load-extension=$(EXTENSION)

-# To compile for portability, run: make OPTFLAGS=""
 OPTFLAGS = -march=native

-# Mac ARM doesn't always support -march=native
+# Mac ARM doesn't support -march=native
 ifeq ($(shell uname -s), Darwin)
 	ifeq ($(shell uname -p), arm)
 		# no difference with -march=armv8.5-a
@@ -27,11 +25,6 @@ ifneq ($(filter ppc64%, $(shell uname -m)), )
 	OPTFLAGS =
 endif

-# RISC-V64 doesn't support -march=native
-ifeq ($(shell uname -m), riscv64)
-	OPTFLAGS =
-endif
-
 # For auto-vectorization:
 # - GCC (needs -ftree-vectorize OR -O3) - https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/tree-ssa/vectorization.html
 # - Clang (could use pragma instead) - https://llvm.org/docs/Vectorizers.html
@@ -48,6 +41,8 @@ all: sql/$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
 sql/$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql: sql/$(EXTENSION).sql
 	cp $< $@

+EXTRA_CLEAN = sql/$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
+
 PG_CONFIG ?= pg_config
 PGXS := $(shell $(PG_CONFIG) --pgxs)
 include $(PGXS)
@@ -57,7 +52,7 @@ ifeq ($(PROVE),)
 	PROVE = prove
 endif

-# for Postgres < 15
+# for Postgres 15
 PROVE_FLAGS += -I ./test/perl

 prove_installcheck:
@@ -71,7 +66,7 @@ dist:
 	git archive --format zip --prefix=$(EXTENSION)-$(EXTVERSION)/ --output dist/$(EXTENSION)-$(EXTVERSION).zip master

 # for Docker
-PG_MAJOR ?= 17
+PG_MAJOR ?= 16

 .PHONY: docker

@@ -81,9 +76,4 @@ docker:
 .PHONY: docker-release

 docker-release:
-	docker buildx build --push --pull --no-cache --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 --build-arg PG_MAJOR=$(PG_MAJOR) --build-arg DEBIAN_CODENAME=bookworm -t pgvector/pgvector:pg$(PG_MAJOR) -t pgvector/pgvector:pg$(PG_MAJOR)-bookworm -t pgvector/pgvector:$(EXTVERSION)-pg$(PG_MAJOR) -t pgvector/pgvector:$(EXTVERSION)-pg$(PG_MAJOR)-bookworm .
-
-.PHONY: docker-release-trixie
-
-docker-release-trixie:
-	docker buildx build --push --pull --no-cache --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 --build-arg PG_MAJOR=$(PG_MAJOR) --build-arg DEBIAN_CODENAME=trixie -t pgvector/pgvector:pg$(PG_MAJOR)-trixie -t pgvector/pgvector:$(EXTVERSION)-pg$(PG_MAJOR)-trixie .
+	docker buildx build --push --pull --no-cache --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 --build-arg PG_MAJOR=$(PG_MAJOR) -t pgvector/pgvector:pg$(PG_MAJOR) -t pgvector/pgvector:$(EXTVERSION)-pg$(PG_MAJOR) .
--- a/Makefile.win
+++ b/Makefile.win
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 EXTENSION = vector
-EXTVERSION = 0.8.4
+EXTVERSION = 0.6.2

-DATA_built = sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
-OBJS = src\bitutils.obj src\bitvec.obj src\halfutils.obj src\halfvec.obj src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\sparsevec.obj src\vector.obj
-HEADERS = src\halfvec.h src\sparsevec.h src\vector.h
+OBJS = src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\intvec.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\vector.obj
+HEADERS = src\intvec.h src\vector.h

-REGRESS = bit btree cast copy halfvec hnsw_bit hnsw_halfvec hnsw_sparsevec hnsw_vector ivfflat_bit ivfflat_halfvec ivfflat_vector sparsevec vector_type
+REGRESS = btree cast copy functions input ivfflat_cosine ivfflat_ip ivfflat_l2 ivfflat_options ivfflat_unlogged
 REGRESS_OPTS = --inputdir=test --load-extension=$(EXTENSION)

 # For /arch flags
@@ -20,6 +19,11 @@ PG_CFLAGS = $(PG_CFLAGS) $(OPTFLAGS) /O2 /fp:fast
 # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/error-messages/tool-errors/vectorizer-and-parallelizer-messages
 # PG_CFLAGS = $(PG_CFLAGS) /Qvec-report:2

+all: sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
+
+sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql: sql\$(EXTENSION).sql
+	copy sql\$(EXTENSION).sql $@
+
 # TODO use pg_config
 !ifndef PGROOT
 !error PGROOT is not set
@@ -31,9 +35,6 @@ LIBDIR = $(PGROOT)\lib
 PKGLIBDIR = $(PGROOT)\lib
 SHAREDIR = $(PGROOT)\share

-# Use $(PGROOT)\bin\pg_regress for Postgres < 17
-PG_REGRESS = $(LIBDIR)\pgxs\src\test\regress\pg_regress
-
 CFLAGS = /nologo /I"$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\port\win32_msvc" /I"$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\port\win32" /I"$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)" /I"$(INCLUDEDIR)"

 CFLAGS = $(CFLAGS) $(PG_CFLAGS)
@@ -42,26 +43,23 @@ SHLIB = $(EXTENSION).dll

 LIBS = "$(LIBDIR)\postgres.lib"

-all: $(SHLIB) $(DATA_built)
-
 .c.obj:
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) /c $< /Fo$@

 $(SHLIB): $(OBJS)
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(OBJS) $(LIBS) /link /DLL /OUT:$(SHLIB)

-sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql: sql\$(EXTENSION).sql
-	copy sql\$(EXTENSION).sql $@
+all: $(SHLIB)

-install: all
+install:
 	copy $(SHLIB) "$(PKGLIBDIR)"
 	copy $(EXTENSION).control "$(SHAREDIR)\extension"
 	copy sql\$(EXTENSION)--*.sql "$(SHAREDIR)\extension"
-	if not exist "$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\extension\$(EXTENSION)" mkdir "$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\extension\$(EXTENSION)"
+	mkdir "$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\extension\$(EXTENSION)"
 	for %f in ($(HEADERS)) do copy %f "$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\extension\$(EXTENSION)"

 installcheck:
-	"$(PG_REGRESS)" --bindir="$(BINDIR)" $(REGRESS_OPTS) $(REGRESS)
+	"$(BINDIR)\pg_regress" --bindir="$(BINDIR)" $(REGRESS_OPTS) $(REGRESS)

 uninstall:
 	del /f "$(PKGLIBDIR)\$(SHLIB)"
@@ -72,6 +70,6 @@ uninstall:

 clean:
 	del /f $(SHLIB) $(EXTENSION).lib $(EXTENSION).exp
-	del /f $(DATA_built)
 	del /f $(OBJS)
+	del /f sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
 	del /f /s /q results regression.diffs regression.out tmp_check tmp_check_iso log output_iso
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,25 +5,22 @@ Open-source vector similarity search for Postgres
 Store your vectors with the rest of your data. Supports:

 - exact and approximate nearest neighbor search
- single-precision, half-precision, binary, and sparse vectors
- L2 distance, inner product, cosine distance, L1 distance, Hamming distance, and Jaccard distance
+- L2 distance, inner product, and cosine distance
 - any [language](#languages) with a Postgres client

 Plus [ACID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID) compliance, point-in-time recovery, JOINs, and all of the other [great features](https://www.postgresql.org/about/) of Postgres

-Have a lot of vectors? Use [quantization](#scaling) to scale
-
 [![Build Status](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/actions/workflows/build.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/actions)

 ## Installation

 ### Linux and Mac

-Compile and install the extension (supports Postgres 13+)
+Compile and install the extension (supports Postgres 12+)

 ```sh
 cd /tmp
-git clone --branch v0.8.4 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.6.2 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
 make
 make install # may need sudo
@@ -31,16 +28,24 @@ make install # may need sudo

 See the [installation notes](#installation-notes---linux-and-mac) if you run into issues

-You can also install it with [Docker](#docker), [Homebrew](#homebrew), [PGXN](#pgxn), [APT](#apt), [Yum](#yum), [pkg](#pkg), [APK](#apk), or [conda-forge](#conda-forge), and it comes preinstalled with [Postgres.app](#postgresapp) and many [hosted providers](#hosted-postgres). There are also instructions for [GitHub Actions](https://github.com/pgvector/setup-pgvector).
+You can also install it with [Docker](#docker), [Homebrew](#homebrew), [PGXN](#pgxn), [APT](#apt), [Yum](#yum), [pkg](#pkg), or [conda-forge](#conda-forge), and it comes preinstalled with [Postgres.app](#postgresapp) and many [hosted providers](#hosted-postgres). There are also instructions for [GitHub Actions](https://github.com/pgvector/setup-pgvector).

 ### Windows

-Ensure [C++ support in Visual Studio](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/building-on-the-command-line?view=msvc-170#download-and-install-the-tools) is installed and run `x64 Native Tools Command Prompt for VS [version]` as administrator. Then use `nmake` to build:
+Ensure [C++ support in Visual Studio](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/building-on-the-command-line?view=msvc-170#download-and-install-the-tools) is installed, and run:

 ```cmd
-set "PGROOT=C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\18"
+call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Community\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
+```
+
+Note: The exact path will vary depending on your Visual Studio version and edition
+
+Then use `nmake` to build:
+
+```cmd
+set "PGROOT=C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\16"
 cd %TEMP%
-git clone --branch v0.8.4 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.6.2 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
 nmake /F Makefile.win
 nmake /F Makefile.win install
@@ -76,7 +81,7 @@ Get the nearest neighbors by L2 distance
 SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <-> '[3,1,2]' LIMIT 5;
 ```

-Also supports inner product (`<#>`), cosine distance (`<=>`), and L1 distance (`<+>`)
+Also supports inner product (`<#>`) and cosine distance (`<=>`)

 Note: `<#>` returns the negative inner product since Postgres only supports `ASC` order index scans on operators

@@ -94,15 +99,13 @@ Or add a vector column to an existing table
 ALTER TABLE items ADD COLUMN embedding vector(3);
 ```

-Also supports [half-precision](#half-precision-vectors), [binary](#binary-vectors), and [sparse](#sparse-vectors) vectors
-
 Insert vectors

 ```sql
 INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES ('[1,2,3]'), ('[4,5,6]');
 ```

-Or load vectors in bulk using `COPY` ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/loading/example.py))
+Or load vectors in bulk using `COPY` ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/bulk_loading.py))

 ```sql
 COPY items (embedding) FROM STDIN WITH (FORMAT BINARY);
@@ -135,15 +138,6 @@ Get the nearest neighbors to a vector
 SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <-> '[3,1,2]' LIMIT 5;
 ```

-Supported distance functions are:
-
- `<->` - L2 distance
- `<#>` - (negative) inner product
- `<=>` - cosine distance
- `<+>` - L1 distance
- `<~>` - Hamming distance (binary vectors)
- `<%>` - Jaccard distance (binary vectors)
-
 Get the nearest neighbors to a row

 ```sql
@@ -200,7 +194,7 @@ You can add an index to use approximate nearest neighbor search, which trades so

 Supported index types are:

- [HNSW](#hnsw)
+- [HNSW](#hnsw) - added in 0.5.0
 - [IVFFlat](#ivfflat)

 ## HNSW
@@ -215,8 +209,6 @@ L2 distance
 CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops);
 ```

-Note: Use `halfvec_l2_ops` for `halfvec` and `sparsevec_l2_ops` for `sparsevec` (and similar with the other distance functions)
-
 Inner product

 ```sql
@@ -229,30 +221,7 @@ Cosine distance
 CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_cosine_ops);
 ```

-L1 distance
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l1_ops);
-```
-
-Hamming distance
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding bit_hamming_ops);
-```
-
-Jaccard distance
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding bit_jaccard_ops);
-```
-
-Supported types are:
-
- `vector` - up to 2,000 dimensions
- `halfvec` - up to 4,000 dimensions
- `bit` - up to 64,000 dimensions
- `sparsevec` - up to 1,000 non-zero elements
+Vectors with up to 2,000 dimensions can be indexed.

 ### Index Options

@@ -306,21 +275,17 @@ Note: Do not set `maintenance_work_mem` so high that it exhausts the memory on t

 Like other index types, it’s faster to create an index after loading your initial data

-You can also speed up index creation by increasing the number of parallel workers (2 by default)
+Starting with 0.6.0, you can also speed up index creation by increasing the number of parallel workers (2 by default)

 ```sql
 SET max_parallel_maintenance_workers = 7; -- plus leader
 ```

-For a large number of workers, you may need to increase `max_parallel_workers` (8 by default)
-
-The [index options](#index-options) also have a significant impact on build time (use the defaults unless seeing low recall)
-
-Use [binary quantization](#binary-quantization) for faster build times at scale
+For a large number of workers, you may also need to increase `max_parallel_workers` (8 by default)

 ### Indexing Progress

-Check [indexing progress](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/progress-reporting.html#CREATE-INDEX-PROGRESS-REPORTING)
+Check [indexing progress](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/progress-reporting.html#CREATE-INDEX-PROGRESS-REPORTING) with Postgres 12+

 ```sql
 SELECT phase, round(100.0 * blocks_done / nullif(blocks_total, 0), 1) AS "%" FROM pg_stat_progress_create_index;
@@ -349,8 +314,6 @@ L2 distance
 CREATE INDEX ON items USING ivfflat (embedding vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 100);
 ```

-Note: Use `halfvec_l2_ops` for `halfvec` (and similar with the other distance functions)
-
 Inner product

 ```sql
@@ -363,17 +326,7 @@ Cosine distance
 CREATE INDEX ON items USING ivfflat (embedding vector_cosine_ops) WITH (lists = 100);
 ```

-Hamming distance
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING ivfflat (embedding bit_hamming_ops) WITH (lists = 100);
-```
-
-Supported types are:
-
- `vector` - up to 2,000 dimensions
- `halfvec` - up to 4,000 dimensions
- `bit` - up to 64,000 dimensions
+Vectors with up to 2,000 dimensions can be indexed.

 ### Query Options

@@ -406,7 +359,7 @@ For a large number of workers, you may also need to increase `max_parallel_worke

 ### Indexing Progress

-Check [indexing progress](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/progress-reporting.html#CREATE-INDEX-PROGRESS-REPORTING)
+Check [indexing progress](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/progress-reporting.html#CREATE-INDEX-PROGRESS-REPORTING) with Postgres 12+

 ```sql
 SELECT phase, round(100.0 * tuples_done / nullif(tuples_total, 0), 1) AS "%" FROM pg_stat_progress_create_index;
@@ -423,203 +376,30 @@ Note: `%` is only populated during the `loading tuples` phase

 ## Filtering

-There are a few ways to index nearest neighbor queries with a `WHERE` clause.
+There are a few ways to index nearest neighbor queries with a `WHERE` clause

 ```sql
 SELECT * FROM items WHERE category_id = 123 ORDER BY embedding <-> '[3,1,2]' LIMIT 5;
 ```

-A good place to start is creating an index on the filter column. This can provide fast, exact nearest neighbor search in many cases. Postgres has a number of [index types](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-types.html) for this: B-tree (default), hash, GiST, SP-GiST, GIN, and BRIN.
+Create an index on one [or more](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-multicolumn.html) of the `WHERE` columns for exact search

 ```sql
 CREATE INDEX ON items (category_id);
 ```

-For multiple columns, consider a [multicolumn index](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-multicolumn.html).
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items (location_id, category_id);
-```
-
-Exact indexes work well for conditions that match a low percentage of rows. Otherwise, [approximate indexes](#indexing) can work better.
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops);
-```
-
-With approximate indexes, filtering is applied *after* the index is scanned. If a condition matches 10% of rows, with HNSW and the default `hnsw.ef_search` of 40, only 4 rows will match on average. For more rows, enable [iterative index scans](#iterative-index-scans), which will automatically scan more of the index when needed.
-
-```sql
-SET hnsw.iterative_scan = strict_order;
-```
-
-If filtering by only a few distinct values, consider [partial indexing](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-partial.html).
+Or a [partial index](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-partial.html) on the vector column for approximate search

 ```sql
 CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops) WHERE (category_id = 123);
 ```

-If filtering by many different values, consider [partitioning](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-partitioning.html).
+Use [partitioning](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-partitioning.html) for approximate search on many different values of the `WHERE` columns

 ```sql
 CREATE TABLE items (embedding vector(3), category_id int) PARTITION BY LIST(category_id);
 ```

-## Iterative Index Scans
-
-With approximate indexes, queries with filtering can return less results since filtering is applied *after* the index is scanned. Starting with 0.8.0, you can enable iterative index scans, which will automatically scan more of the index until enough results are found (or it reaches `hnsw.max_scan_tuples` or `ivfflat.max_probes`).
-
-Iterative scans can use strict or relaxed ordering.
-
-Strict ensures results are in the exact order by distance
-
-```sql
-SET hnsw.iterative_scan = strict_order;
-```
-
-Relaxed allows results to be slightly out of order by distance, but provides better recall
-
-```sql
-SET hnsw.iterative_scan = relaxed_order;
-# or
-SET ivfflat.iterative_scan = relaxed_order;
-```
-
-With relaxed ordering, you can use a [materialized CTE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/queries-with.html#QUERIES-WITH-CTE-MATERIALIZATION) to get strict ordering
-
-```sql
-WITH relaxed_results AS MATERIALIZED (
-    SELECT id, embedding <-> '[1,2,3]' AS distance FROM items WHERE category_id = 123 ORDER BY distance LIMIT 5
-) SELECT * FROM relaxed_results ORDER BY distance + 0;
-```
-
-Note: `+ 0` is needed for Postgres 17+
-
-For queries that filter by distance, use a materialized CTE and place the distance filter outside of it for best performance (due to the [current behavior](https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CAOdR5yGUoMQ6j7M5hNUXrySzaqZVGf_Ne%2B8fwZMRKTFxU1nbJg%40mail.gmail.com) of the Postgres executor)
-
-```sql
-WITH nearest_results AS MATERIALIZED (
-    SELECT id, embedding <-> '[1,2,3]' AS distance FROM items ORDER BY distance LIMIT 5
-) SELECT * FROM nearest_results WHERE distance < 5 ORDER BY distance;
-```
-
-Note: Place any other filters inside the CTE
-
-### Iterative Scan Options
-
-Since scanning a large portion of an approximate index is expensive, there are options to control when a scan ends.
-
-#### HNSW
-
-Specify the max number of tuples to visit (20,000 by default)
-
-```sql
-SET hnsw.max_scan_tuples = 20000;
-```
-
-Note: This is approximate and does not affect the initial scan
-
-Specify the max amount of memory to use, as a multiple of `work_mem` (1 by default)
-
-```sql
-SET hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier = 2;
-```
-
-Note: Try increasing this if increasing `hnsw.max_scan_tuples` does not improve recall
-
-#### IVFFlat
-
-Specify the max number of probes
-
-```sql
-SET ivfflat.max_probes = 100;
-```
-
-Note: If this is lower than `ivfflat.probes`, `ivfflat.probes` will be used
-
-## Half-Precision Vectors
-
-Use the `halfvec` type to store half-precision vectors
-
-```sql
-CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding halfvec(3));
-```
-
-## Half-Precision Indexing
-
-Index vectors at half precision for smaller indexes
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw ((embedding::halfvec(3)) halfvec_l2_ops);
-```
-
-Get the nearest neighbors
-
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding::halfvec(3) <-> '[1,2,3]' LIMIT 5;
-```
-
-## Binary Vectors
-
-Use the `bit` type to store binary vectors ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/imagehash/example.py))
-
-```sql
-CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding bit(3));
-INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES ('000'), ('111');
-```
-
-Get the nearest neighbors by Hamming distance
-
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <~> '101' LIMIT 5;
-```
-
-Also supports Jaccard distance (`<%>`)
-
-## Binary Quantization
-
-Use expression indexing for binary quantization
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw ((binary_quantize(embedding)::bit(3)) bit_hamming_ops);
-```
-
-Get the nearest neighbors by Hamming distance
-
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY binary_quantize(embedding)::bit(3) <~> binary_quantize('[1,-2,3]') LIMIT 5;
-```
-
-Re-rank by the original vectors for better recall
-
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM (
-    SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY binary_quantize(embedding)::bit(3) <~> binary_quantize('[1,-2,3]') LIMIT 20
-) ORDER BY embedding <=> '[1,-2,3]' LIMIT 5;
-```
-
-## Sparse Vectors
-
-Use the `sparsevec` type to store sparse vectors
-
-```sql
-CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding sparsevec(5));
-```
-
-Insert vectors
-
-```sql
-INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES ('{1:1,3:2,5:3}/5'), ('{1:4,3:5,5:6}/5');
-```
-
-The format is `{index1:value1,index2:value2}/dimensions` and indices start at 1 like SQL arrays
-
-Get the nearest neighbors by L2 distance
-
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <-> '{1:3,3:1,5:2}/5' LIMIT 5;
-```
-
 ## Hybrid Search

 Use together with Postgres [full-text search](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch-intro.html) for hybrid search.
@@ -629,29 +409,7 @@ SELECT id, content FROM items, plainto_tsquery('hello search') query
    WHERE textsearch @@ query ORDER BY ts_rank_cd(textsearch, query) DESC LIMIT 5;
 ```

-You can use [Reciprocal Rank Fusion](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search/rrf.py) or a [cross-encoder](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search/cross_encoder.py) to combine results.
-
-## Indexing Subvectors
-
-Use expression indexing to index subvectors
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw ((subvector(embedding, 1, 3)::vector(3)) vector_cosine_ops);
-```
-
-Get the nearest neighbors by cosine distance
-
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY subvector(embedding, 1, 3)::vector(3) <=> subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::vector, 1, 3) LIMIT 5;
-```
-
-Re-rank by the full vectors for better recall
-
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM (
-    SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY subvector(embedding, 1, 3)::vector(3) <=> subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::vector, 1, 3) LIMIT 20
-) ORDER BY embedding <=> '[1,2,3,4,5]' LIMIT 5;
-```
+You can use [Reciprocal Rank Fusion](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search_rrf.py) or a [cross-encoder](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search.py) to combine results.

 ## Performance

@@ -671,13 +429,9 @@ SHOW shared_buffers;

 Be sure to restart Postgres for changes to take effect.

-### Storing
-
-Use the `halfvec` type instead of `vector` for a smaller working set.
-
 ### Loading

-Use `COPY` for bulk loading data ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/loading/example.py)).
+Use `COPY` for bulk loading data ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/bulk_loading.py)).

 ```sql
 COPY items (embedding) FROM STDIN WITH (FORMAT BINARY);
@@ -689,8 +443,6 @@ Add any indexes *after* loading the initial data for best performance.

 See index build time for [HNSW](#index-build-time) and [IVFFlat](#index-build-time-1).

-Use [binary quantization](#binary-quantization) for smaller indexes and faster build times at scale.
-
 In production environments, create indexes concurrently to avoid blocking writes.

 ```sql
@@ -699,10 +451,10 @@ CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY ...

 ### Querying

-Use `EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS)` to debug performance.
+Use `EXPLAIN ANALYZE` to debug performance.

 ```sql
-EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS) SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <-> '[3,1,2]' LIMIT 5;
+EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <-> '[3,1,2]' LIMIT 5;
 ```

 #### Exact Search
@@ -721,8 +473,6 @@ SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <#> '[3,1,2]' LIMIT 5;

 #### Approximate Search

-Use [binary quantization](#binary-quantization) with re-ranking to keep indexes in-memory at scale.
-
 To speed up queries with an IVFFlat index, increase the number of inverted lists (at the expense of recall).

 ```sql
@@ -738,20 +488,23 @@ REINDEX INDEX CONCURRENTLY index_name;
 VACUUM table_name;
 ```

-## Scaling
-
-For a smaller working set:
-
-1. Use the `halfvec` type instead of `vector` for tables
-2. Use [binary quantization](#binary-quantization) for indexes (with re-ranking for search)
-
-Scale vertically by increasing memory, CPU, and storage on a single instance. Use existing tools to [tune parameters](#tuning) and [monitor performance](#monitoring).
-
-Scale horizontally with [replicas](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/hot-standby.html), or use [Citus](https://github.com/citusdata/citus), [PgDog](https://github.com/pgdogdev/pgdog), or another approach for sharding ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/citus/example.py)).
-
 ## Monitoring

-Use existing tools like [pg_stat_statements](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html) or [PgHero](https://github.com/ankane/pghero) to monitor performance.
+Monitor performance with [pg_stat_statements](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html) (be sure to add it to `shared_preload_libraries`).
+
+```sql
+CREATE EXTENSION pg_stat_statements;
+```
+
+Get the most time-consuming queries with:
+
+```sql
+SELECT query, calls, ROUND((total_plan_time + total_exec_time) / calls) AS avg_time_ms,
+    ROUND((total_plan_time + total_exec_time) / 60000) AS total_time_min
+    FROM pg_stat_statements ORDER BY total_plan_time + total_exec_time DESC LIMIT 20;
+```
+
+Note: Replace `total_plan_time + total_exec_time` with `total_time` for Postgres < 13

 Monitor recall by comparing results from approximate search with exact search.

@@ -762,46 +515,42 @@ SELECT ...
 COMMIT;
 ```

+## Scaling
+
+Scale pgvector the same way you scale Postgres.
+
+Scale vertically by increasing memory, CPU, and storage on a single instance. Use existing tools to [tune parameters](#tuning) and [monitor performance](#monitoring).
+
+Scale horizontally with [replicas](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/hot-standby.html), or use [Citus](https://github.com/citusdata/citus) or another approach for sharding ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/citus.py)).
+
 ## Languages

 Use pgvector from any language with a Postgres client. You can even generate and store vectors in one language and query them in another.

 Language | Libraries / Examples
 --- | ---
-Ada | [pgvector-ada](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-ada)
-Algol | [pgvector-algol](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-algol)
 C | [pgvector-c](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-c)
 C++ | [pgvector-cpp](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-cpp)
 C#, F#, Visual Basic | [pgvector-dotnet](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-dotnet)
-COBOL | [pgvector-cobol](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-cobol)
 Crystal | [pgvector-crystal](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-crystal)
-D | [pgvector-d](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-d)
 Dart | [pgvector-dart](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-dart)
 Elixir | [pgvector-elixir](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-elixir)
-Erlang | [pgvector-erlang](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-erlang)
-Fortran | [pgvector-fortran](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-fortran)
-Gleam | [pgvector-gleam](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-gleam)
 Go | [pgvector-go](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-go)
 Haskell | [pgvector-haskell](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-haskell)
 Java, Kotlin, Groovy, Scala | [pgvector-java](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-java)
 JavaScript, TypeScript | [pgvector-node](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-node)
-Julia | [Pgvector.jl](https://github.com/pgvector/Pgvector.jl)
+Julia | [pgvector-julia](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-julia)
 Lisp | [pgvector-lisp](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-lisp)
 Lua | [pgvector-lua](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-lua)
 Nim | [pgvector-nim](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-nim)
 OCaml | [pgvector-ocaml](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-ocaml)
-Pascal | [pgvector-pascal](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-pascal)
 Perl | [pgvector-perl](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-perl)
 PHP | [pgvector-php](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-php)
-Prolog | [pgvector-prolog](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-prolog)
 Python | [pgvector-python](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python)
 R | [pgvector-r](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-r)
-Racket | [pgvector-racket](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-racket)
-Raku | [pgvector-raku](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-raku)
 Ruby | [pgvector-ruby](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-ruby), [Neighbor](https://github.com/ankane/neighbor)
 Rust | [pgvector-rust](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-rust)
 Swift | [pgvector-swift](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-swift)
-Tcl | [pgvector-tcl](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-tcl)
 Zig | [pgvector-zig](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-zig)

 ## Frequently Asked Questions
@@ -816,11 +565,11 @@ Yes, pgvector uses the write-ahead log (WAL), which allows for replication and p

 #### What if I want to index vectors with more than 2,000 dimensions?

-You can use [half-precision vectors](#half-precision-vectors) or [half-precision indexing](#half-precision-indexing) to index up to 4,000 dimensions or [binary quantization](#binary-quantization) to index up to 64,000 dimensions. Other options are [indexing subvectors](#indexing-subvectors) (for models that support it) or [dimensionality reduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction).
+You’ll need to use [dimensionality reduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction) at the moment.

 #### Can I store vectors with different dimensions in the same column?

-You can use `vector` as the type (instead of `vector(n)`).
+You can use `vector` as the type (instead of `vector(3)`).

 ```sql
 CREATE TABLE embeddings (model_id bigint, item_id bigint, embedding vector, PRIMARY KEY (model_id, item_id));
@@ -867,6 +616,18 @@ and query with:
 SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding::vector(3) <-> '[3,1,2]' LIMIT 5;
 ```

+#### Are binary vectors supported?
+
+You can store binary vectors and perform exact nearest neighbor search by Hamming distance in Postgres without an extension ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hash_image_search.py)).
+
+```tsql
+CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding bit(3));
+INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES (B'000'), (B'111');
+SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY bit_count(embedding # B'101') LIMIT 5;
+```
+
+Indexing is not currently supported.
+
 #### Do indexes need to fit into memory?

 No, but like other index types, you’ll likely see better performance if they do. You can get the size of an index with:
@@ -875,13 +636,11 @@ No, but like other index types, you’ll likely see better performance if they d
 SELECT pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size('index_name'));
 ```

-Use [half-precision indexing](#half-precision-indexing) or [binary quantization](#binary-quantization) for smaller indexes.
-
 ## Troubleshooting

 #### Why isn’t a query using an index?

-The query needs to have an `ORDER BY` and `LIMIT`, and the `ORDER BY` must be the result of a distance operator (not an expression) in ascending order.
+The query needs to have an `ORDER BY` and `LIMIT`, and the `ORDER BY` must be the result of a distance operator, not an expression.

 ```sql
 -- index
@@ -922,7 +681,7 @@ ALTER TABLE items ALTER COLUMN embedding SET STORAGE PLAIN;

 #### Why are there less results for a query after adding an HNSW index?

-Results are limited by the size of the dynamic candidate list (`hnsw.ef_search`), which is 40 by default. There may be even less results due to dead tuples or filtering conditions in the query. Enabling [iterative index scans](#iterative-index-scans) can help address this.
+Results are limited by the size of the dynamic candidate list (`hnsw.ef_search`). There may be even less results due to dead tuples or filtering conditions in the query. We recommend setting `hnsw.ef_search` to at least twice the `LIMIT` of the query. If you need more than 500 results, use an IVFFlat index instead.

 Also, note that `NULL` vectors are not indexed (as well as zero vectors for cosine distance).

@@ -934,17 +693,12 @@ The index was likely created with too little data for the number of lists. Drop
 DROP INDEX index_name;
 ```

-Results can also be limited by the number of probes (`ivfflat.probes`). Enabling [iterative index scans](#iterative-index-scans) can address this.
+Results can also be limited by the number of probes (`ivfflat.probes`).

 Also, note that `NULL` vectors are not indexed (as well as zero vectors for cosine distance).

 ## Reference

- [Vector](#vector-type)
- [Halfvec](#halfvec-type)
- [Bit](#bit-type)
- [Sparsevec](#sparsevec-type)
-
 ### Vector Type

 Each vector takes `4 * dimensions + 8` bytes of storage. Each element is a single-precision floating-point number (like the `real` type in Postgres), and all elements must be finite (no `NaN`, `Infinity` or `-Infinity`). Vectors can have up to 16,000 dimensions.
@@ -956,23 +710,18 @@ Operator | Description | Added
 \+ | element-wise addition |
 \- | element-wise subtraction |
 \* | element-wise multiplication | 0.5.0
-\|\| | concatenate | 0.7.0
 <-> | Euclidean distance |
 <#> | negative inner product |
 <=> | cosine distance |
-<+> | taxicab distance | 0.7.0

 ### Vector Functions

 Function | Description | Added
 --- | --- | ---
-binary_quantize(vector) → bit | binary quantize | 0.7.0
 cosine_distance(vector, vector) → double precision | cosine distance |
 inner_product(vector, vector) → double precision | inner product |
-l1_distance(vector, vector) → double precision | taxicab distance | 0.5.0
 l2_distance(vector, vector) → double precision | Euclidean distance |
-l2_normalize(vector) → vector | Normalize with Euclidean norm | 0.7.0
-subvector(vector, integer, integer) → vector | subvector | 0.7.0
+l1_distance(vector, vector) → double precision | taxicab distance | 0.5.0
 vector_dims(vector) → integer | number of dimensions |
 vector_norm(vector) → double precision | Euclidean norm |

@@ -983,85 +732,26 @@ Function | Description | Added
 avg(vector) → vector | average |
 sum(vector) → vector | sum | 0.5.0

-### Halfvec Type
+### Intvec Type

-Each half vector takes `2 * dimensions + 8` bytes of storage. Each element is a half-precision floating-point number, and all elements must be finite (no `NaN`, `Infinity` or `-Infinity`). Half vectors can have up to 16,000 dimensions.
+Each int vector takes `dimensions + 8` bytes of storage. Each element is a single byte signed integer. Int vectors can have up to 16,000 dimensions.

-### Halfvec Operators
-
-Operator | Description | Added
--- | --- | ---
-\+ | element-wise addition | 0.7.0
-\- | element-wise subtraction | 0.7.0
-\* | element-wise multiplication | 0.7.0
-\|\| | concatenate | 0.7.0
-<-> | Euclidean distance | 0.7.0
-<#> | negative inner product | 0.7.0
-<=> | cosine distance | 0.7.0
-<+> | taxicab distance | 0.7.0
-
-### Halfvec Functions
-
-Function | Description | Added
--- | --- | ---
-binary_quantize(halfvec) → bit | binary quantize | 0.7.0
-cosine_distance(halfvec, halfvec) → double precision | cosine distance | 0.7.0
-inner_product(halfvec, halfvec) → double precision | inner product | 0.7.0
-l1_distance(halfvec, halfvec) → double precision | taxicab distance | 0.7.0
-l2_distance(halfvec, halfvec) → double precision | Euclidean distance | 0.7.0
-l2_norm(halfvec) → double precision | Euclidean norm | 0.7.0
-l2_normalize(halfvec) → halfvec | Normalize with Euclidean norm | 0.7.0
-subvector(halfvec, integer, integer) → halfvec | subvector | 0.7.0
-vector_dims(halfvec) → integer | number of dimensions | 0.7.0
-
-### Halfvec Aggregate Functions
-
-Function | Description | Added
--- | --- | ---
-avg(halfvec) → halfvec | average | 0.7.0
-sum(halfvec) → halfvec | sum | 0.7.0
-
-### Bit Type
-
-Each bit vector takes `dimensions / 8 + 8` bytes of storage. See the [Postgres docs](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype-bit.html) for more info.
-
-### Bit Operators
-
-Operator | Description | Added
--- | --- | ---
-<~> | Hamming distance | 0.7.0
-<%> | Jaccard distance | 0.7.0
-
-### Bit Functions
-
-Function | Description | Added
--- | --- | ---
-hamming_distance(bit, bit) → double precision | Hamming distance | 0.7.0
-jaccard_distance(bit, bit) → double precision | Jaccard distance | 0.7.0
-
-### Sparsevec Type
-
-Each sparse vector takes `8 * non-zero elements + 16` bytes of storage. Each element is a single-precision floating-point number, and all elements must be finite (no `NaN`, `Infinity` or `-Infinity`). Sparse vectors can have up to 16,000 non-zero elements.
-
-### Sparsevec Operators
+### Intvec Operators

 Operator | Description | Added
 --- | --- | ---
 <-> | Euclidean distance | 0.7.0
 <#> | negative inner product | 0.7.0
 <=> | cosine distance | 0.7.0
-<+> | taxicab distance | 0.7.0

-### Sparsevec Functions
+### Intvec Functions

 Function | Description | Added
 --- | --- | ---
-cosine_distance(sparsevec, sparsevec) → double precision | cosine distance | 0.7.0
-inner_product(sparsevec, sparsevec) → double precision | inner product | 0.7.0
-l1_distance(sparsevec, sparsevec) → double precision | taxicab distance | 0.7.0
-l2_distance(sparsevec, sparsevec) → double precision | Euclidean distance | 0.7.0
-l2_norm(sparsevec) → double precision | Euclidean norm | 0.7.0
-l2_normalize(sparsevec) → sparsevec | Normalize with Euclidean norm | 0.7.0
+cosine_distance(intvec, intvec) → double precision | cosine distance | 0.7.0
+inner_product(intvec, intvec) → double precision | inner product | 0.7.0
+l2_distance(intvec, intvec) → double precision | Euclidean distance | 0.7.0
+l1_distance(intvec, intvec) → double precision | taxicab distance | 0.7.0

 ## Installation Notes - Linux and Mac

@@ -1070,7 +760,7 @@ l2_normalize(sparsevec) → sparsevec | Normalize with Euclidean norm | 0.7.0
 If your machine has multiple Postgres installations, specify the path to [pg_config](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-pgconfig.html) with:

 ```sh
-export PG_CONFIG=/Library/PostgreSQL/18/bin/pg_config
+export PG_CONFIG=/Library/PostgreSQL/16/bin/pg_config
 ```

 Then re-run the installation instructions (run `make clean` before `make` if needed). If `sudo` is needed for `make install`, use:
@@ -1081,11 +771,11 @@ sudo --preserve-env=PG_CONFIG make install

 A few common paths on Mac are:

- EDB installer - `/Library/PostgreSQL/18/bin/pg_config`
- Homebrew (arm64) - `/opt/homebrew/opt/postgresql@18/bin/pg_config`
- Homebrew (x86-64) - `/usr/local/opt/postgresql@18/bin/pg_config`
+- EDB installer - `/Library/PostgreSQL/16/bin/pg_config`
+- Homebrew (arm64) - `/opt/homebrew/opt/postgresql@16/bin/pg_config`
+- Homebrew (x86-64) - `/usr/local/opt/postgresql@16/bin/pg_config`

-Note: Replace `18` with your Postgres server version
+Note: Replace `16` with your Postgres server version

 ### Missing Header

@@ -1094,20 +784,14 @@ If compilation fails with `fatal error: postgres.h: No such file or directory`,
 For Ubuntu and Debian, use:

 ```sh
-sudo apt install postgresql-server-dev-18
+sudo apt install postgresql-server-dev-16
 ```

-Note: Replace `18` with your Postgres server version
+Note: Replace `16` with your Postgres server version

 ### Missing SDK

-If compilation fails and the output includes `warning: no such sysroot directory` on Mac, your Postgres installation points to a path that no longer exists.
-
-```sh
-pg_config --cppflags
-```
-
-Reinstall Postgres to fix this.
+If compilation fails and the output includes `warning: no such sysroot directory` on Mac, reinstall Xcode Command Line Tools.

 ### Portability

@@ -1125,14 +809,6 @@ make OPTFLAGS=""

 If compilation fails with `Cannot open include file: 'postgres.h': No such file or directory`, make sure `PGROOT` is correct.

-### Mismatched Architecture
-
-If compilation fails with `error C2196: case value '4' already used`, make sure you’re using the `x64 Native Tools Command Prompt`. Then run `nmake /F Makefile.win clean` and re-run the installation instructions.
-
-### Missing Symbol
-
-If linking fails with `unresolved external symbol float_to_shortest_decimal_bufn` with Postgres 17.0-17.2, upgrade to Postgres 17.3+.
-
 ### Permissions

 If installation fails with `Access is denied`, re-run the installation instructions as an administrator.
@@ -1144,38 +820,17 @@ If installation fails with `Access is denied`, re-run the installation instructi
 Get the [Docker image](https://hub.docker.com/r/pgvector/pgvector) with:

 ```sh
-docker pull pgvector/pgvector:pg18-trixie
+docker pull pgvector/pgvector:pg16
 ```

-This adds pgvector to the [Postgres image](https://hub.docker.com/_/postgres) (replace `18` with your Postgres server version, and run it the same way).
-
-Supported tags are:
-
- `pg18-trixie`, `0.8.4-pg18-trixie`
- `pg18-bookworm`, `0.8.4-pg18-bookworm`, `pg18`, `0.8.4-pg18`
- `pg17-trixie`, `0.8.4-pg17-trixie`
- `pg17-bookworm`, `0.8.4-pg17-bookworm`, `pg17`, `0.8.4-pg17`
- `pg16-trixie`, `0.8.4-pg16-trixie`
- `pg16-bookworm`, `0.8.4-pg16-bookworm`, `pg16`, `0.8.4-pg16`
- `pg15-trixie`, `0.8.4-pg15-trixie`
- `pg15-bookworm`, `0.8.4-pg15-bookworm`, `pg15`, `0.8.4-pg15`
- `pg14-trixie`, `0.8.4-pg14-trixie`
- `pg14-bookworm`, `0.8.4-pg14-bookworm`, `pg14`, `0.8.4-pg14`
- `pg13-trixie`, `0.8.4-pg13-trixie`
- `pg13-bookworm`, `0.8.4-pg13-bookworm`, `pg13`, `0.8.4-pg13`
+This adds pgvector to the [Postgres image](https://hub.docker.com/_/postgres) (replace `16` with your Postgres server version, and run it the same way).

 You can also build the image manually:

 ```sh
-git clone --branch v0.8.4 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.6.2 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
-docker build --pull --build-arg PG_MAJOR=18 -t myuser/pgvector .
-```
-
-If you increase `maintenance_work_mem`, make sure `--shm-size` is at least that size to avoid an error with parallel HNSW index builds.
-
-```sh
-docker run --shm-size=1g ...
+docker build --build-arg PG_MAJOR=16 -t myuser/pgvector .
 ```

 ### Homebrew
@@ -1186,7 +841,7 @@ With Homebrew Postgres, you can use:
 brew install pgvector
 ```

-Note: This only adds it to the `postgresql@18` and `postgresql@17` formulas
+Note: This only adds it to the `postgresql@14` formula

 ### PGXN

@@ -1201,29 +856,29 @@ pgxn install vector
 Debian and Ubuntu packages are available from the [PostgreSQL APT Repository](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Apt). Follow the [setup instructions](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Apt#Quickstart) and run:

 ```sh
-sudo apt install postgresql-18-pgvector
+sudo apt install postgresql-16-pgvector
 ```

-Note: Replace `18` with your Postgres server version
+Note: Replace `16` with your Postgres server version

 ### Yum

 RPM packages are available from the [PostgreSQL Yum Repository](https://yum.postgresql.org/). Follow the [setup instructions](https://www.postgresql.org/download/linux/redhat/) for your distribution and run:

 ```sh
-sudo yum install pgvector_18
+sudo yum install pgvector_16
 # or
-sudo dnf install pgvector_18
+sudo dnf install pgvector_16
 ```

-Note: Replace `18` with your Postgres server version
+Note: Replace `16` with your Postgres server version

 ### pkg

 Install the FreeBSD package with:

 ```sh
-pkg install postgresql17-pgvector
+pkg install postgresql15-pg_vector
 ```

 or the port with:
@@ -1233,14 +888,6 @@ cd /usr/ports/databases/pgvector
 make install
 ```

-### APK
-
-Install the Alpine package with:
-
-```sh
-apk add postgresql-pgvector
-```
-
 ### conda-forge

 With Conda Postgres, install from [conda-forge](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/pgvector) with:
@@ -1273,6 +920,36 @@ You can check the version in the current database with:
 SELECT extversion FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = 'vector';
 ```

+## Upgrade Notes
+
+### 0.6.0
+
+#### Postgres 12
+
+If upgrading with Postgres 12, remove this line from `sql/vector--0.5.1--0.6.0.sql`:
+
+```sql
+ALTER TYPE vector SET (STORAGE = external);
+```
+
+Then run `make install` and `ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE;`.
+
+#### Docker
+
+The Docker image is now published in the `pgvector` org, and there are tags for each supported version of Postgres (rather than a `latest` tag).
+
+```sh
+docker pull pgvector/pgvector:pg16
+# or
+docker pull pgvector/pgvector:0.6.0-pg16
+```
+
+Also, if you’ve increased `maintenance_work_mem`, make sure `--shm-size` is at least that size to avoid an error with parallel HNSW index builds.
+
+```sh
+docker run --shm-size=1g ...
+```
+
 ## Thanks

 Thanks to:
@@ -1329,7 +1006,7 @@ make clean && PG_CFLAGS="-DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING" make && make install
 To enable benchmarking:

 ```sh
-make clean && PG_CFLAGS="-DHNSW_BENCH -DIVFFLAT_BENCH" make && make install
+make clean && PG_CFLAGS="-DIVFFLAT_BENCH" make && make install
 ```

 To show memory usage:
--- a/sql/vector--0.6.2--0.7.0.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.6.2--0.7.0.sql
@@ -1,569 +1,92 @@
 -- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
 \echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.7.0'" to load this file. \quit

-CREATE FUNCTION l2_normalize(vector) RETURNS vector
+CREATE TYPE intvec;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION intvec_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS intvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION binary_quantize(vector) RETURNS bit
+CREATE FUNCTION intvec_out(intvec) RETURNS cstring
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION subvector(vector, int, int) RETURNS vector
+CREATE FUNCTION intvec_typmod_in(cstring[]) RETURNS integer
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION vector_concat(vector, vector) RETURNS vector
+CREATE FUNCTION intvec_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS intvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE OPERATOR <+> (
-	LEFTARG = vector, RIGHTARG = vector, PROCEDURE = l1_distance,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<+>'
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR || (
-	LEFTARG = vector, RIGHTARG = vector, PROCEDURE = vector_concat
-);
-
-CREATE FUNCTION ivfflat_halfvec_support(internal) RETURNS internal
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION ivfflat_bit_support(internal) RETURNS internal
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION hnsw_halfvec_support(internal) RETURNS internal
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION hnsw_bit_support(internal) RETURNS internal
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION hnsw_sparsevec_support(internal) RETURNS internal
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS vector_l1_ops
-	FOR TYPE vector USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <+> (vector, vector) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 l1_distance(vector, vector);
-
-CREATE TYPE halfvec;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS halfvec
+CREATE FUNCTION intvec_send(intvec) RETURNS bytea
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_out(halfvec) RETURNS cstring
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_typmod_in(cstring[]) RETURNS integer
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_send(halfvec) RETURNS bytea
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE TYPE halfvec (
-	INPUT     = halfvec_in,
-	OUTPUT    = halfvec_out,
-	TYPMOD_IN = halfvec_typmod_in,
-	RECEIVE   = halfvec_recv,
-	SEND      = halfvec_send,
+CREATE TYPE intvec (
+	INPUT     = intvec_in,
+	OUTPUT    = intvec_out,
+	TYPMOD_IN = intvec_typmod_in,
+	RECEIVE   = intvec_recv,
+	SEND      = intvec_send,
 	STORAGE   = external
 );

-CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION l1_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_l1_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+CREATE FUNCTION l1_distance(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_l1_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION vector_dims(halfvec) RETURNS integer
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_vector_dims' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_norm(intvec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_l2_norm' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION l2_norm(halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_l2_norm' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION l2_normalize(halfvec) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_l2_normalize' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION binary_quantize(halfvec) RETURNS bit
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_binary_quantize' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION subvector(halfvec, int, int) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_subvector' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_add(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS halfvec
+CREATE FUNCTION intvec_l2_squared_distance(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_sub(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS halfvec
+CREATE FUNCTION intvec_negative_inner_product(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_mul(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS halfvec
+CREATE FUNCTION intvec(intvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS intvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_concat(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS halfvec
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_intvec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS intvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_lt(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+CREATE CAST (intvec AS intvec)
+	WITH FUNCTION intvec(intvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_le(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_eq(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_ne(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_ge(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_gt(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_cmp(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS int4
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_l2_squared_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_spherical_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_accum(double precision[], halfvec) RETURNS double precision[]
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_avg(double precision[]) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_combine(double precision[], double precision[]) RETURNS double precision[]
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'vector_combine' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE AGGREGATE avg(halfvec) (
-	SFUNC = halfvec_accum,
-	STYPE = double precision[],
-	FINALFUNC = halfvec_avg,
-	COMBINEFUNC = halfvec_combine,
-	INITCOND = '{0}',
-	PARALLEL = SAFE
-);
-
-CREATE AGGREGATE sum(halfvec) (
-	SFUNC = halfvec_add,
-	STYPE = halfvec,
-	COMBINEFUNC = halfvec_add,
-	PARALLEL = SAFE
-);
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_vector(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS vector
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION vector_to_halfvec(vector, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(real[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(double precision[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_float4(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS real[]
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE CAST (halfvec AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION halfvec(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
-
-CREATE CAST (halfvec AS vector)
-	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_vector(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (vector AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION vector_to_halfvec(vector, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
-
-CREATE CAST (halfvec AS real[])
-	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_float4(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (integer[] AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (real[] AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(real[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(double precision[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+CREATE CAST (integer[] AS intvec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_intvec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;

 CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
+	LEFTARG = intvec, RIGHTARG = intvec, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
 	COMMUTATOR = '<->'
 );

 CREATE OPERATOR <#> (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_negative_inner_product,
+	LEFTARG = intvec, RIGHTARG = intvec, PROCEDURE = intvec_negative_inner_product,
 	COMMUTATOR = '<#>'
 );

 CREATE OPERATOR <=> (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
+	LEFTARG = intvec, RIGHTARG = intvec, PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
 	COMMUTATOR = '<=>'
 );

-CREATE OPERATOR <+> (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = l1_distance,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<+>'
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR + (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_add,
-	COMMUTATOR = +
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR - (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_sub
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR * (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_mul,
-	COMMUTATOR = *
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR || (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_concat
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR < (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_lt,
-	COMMUTATOR = > , NEGATOR = >= ,
-	RESTRICT = scalarltsel, JOIN = scalarltjoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <= (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_le,
-	COMMUTATOR = >= , NEGATOR = > ,
-	RESTRICT = scalarlesel, JOIN = scalarlejoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR = (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_eq,
-	COMMUTATOR = = , NEGATOR = <> ,
-	RESTRICT = eqsel, JOIN = eqjoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <> (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_ne,
-	COMMUTATOR = <> , NEGATOR = = ,
-	RESTRICT = eqsel, JOIN = eqjoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR >= (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_ge,
-	COMMUTATOR = <= , NEGATOR = < ,
-	RESTRICT = scalargesel, JOIN = scalargejoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR > (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_gt,
-	COMMUTATOR = < , NEGATOR = <= ,
-	RESTRICT = scalargtsel, JOIN = scalargtjoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_ops
-	DEFAULT FOR TYPE halfvec USING btree AS
-	OPERATOR 1 < ,
-	OPERATOR 2 <= ,
-	OPERATOR 3 = ,
-	OPERATOR 4 >= ,
-	OPERATOR 5 > ,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_cmp(halfvec, halfvec);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_l2_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING ivfflat AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <-> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_l2_squared_distance(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 3 l2_distance(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 5 ivfflat_halfvec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_ip_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING ivfflat AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <#> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 3 halfvec_spherical_distance(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 4 l2_norm(halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 5 ivfflat_halfvec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_cosine_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING ivfflat AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <=> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 2 l2_norm(halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 3 halfvec_spherical_distance(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 4 l2_norm(halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 5 ivfflat_halfvec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_l2_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <-> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_l2_squared_distance(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_halfvec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_ip_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <#> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_halfvec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_cosine_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <=> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 2 l2_norm(halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_halfvec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_l1_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <+> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 l1_distance(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_halfvec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE FUNCTION hamming_distance(bit, bit) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION jaccard_distance(bit, bit) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <~> (
-	LEFTARG = bit, RIGHTARG = bit, PROCEDURE = hamming_distance,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<~>'
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <%> (
-	LEFTARG = bit, RIGHTARG = bit, PROCEDURE = jaccard_distance,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<%>'
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS bit_hamming_ops
-	FOR TYPE bit USING ivfflat AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <~> (bit, bit) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 hamming_distance(bit, bit),
-	FUNCTION 3 hamming_distance(bit, bit),
-	FUNCTION 5 ivfflat_bit_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS bit_hamming_ops
-	FOR TYPE bit USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <~> (bit, bit) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 hamming_distance(bit, bit),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_bit_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS bit_jaccard_ops
-	FOR TYPE bit USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <%> (bit, bit) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 jaccard_distance(bit, bit),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_bit_support(internal);
-
-CREATE TYPE sparsevec;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_out(sparsevec) RETURNS cstring
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_typmod_in(cstring[]) RETURNS integer
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_send(sparsevec) RETURNS bytea
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE TYPE sparsevec (
-	INPUT     = sparsevec_in,
-	OUTPUT    = sparsevec_out,
-	TYPMOD_IN = sparsevec_typmod_in,
-	RECEIVE   = sparsevec_recv,
-	SEND      = sparsevec_send,
-	STORAGE   = external
-);
-
-CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'sparsevec_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'sparsevec_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'sparsevec_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION l1_distance(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'sparsevec_l1_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION l2_norm(sparsevec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'sparsevec_l2_norm' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION l2_normalize(sparsevec) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'sparsevec_l2_normalize' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_lt(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_le(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_eq(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_ne(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_ge(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_gt(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_cmp(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS int4
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_l2_squared_distance(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_negative_inner_product(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec(sparsevec, integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION vector_to_sparsevec(vector, integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_to_vector(sparsevec, integer, boolean) RETURNS vector
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_sparsevec(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_to_halfvec(sparsevec, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE CAST (sparsevec AS sparsevec)
-	WITH FUNCTION sparsevec(sparsevec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
-
-CREATE CAST (sparsevec AS vector)
-	WITH FUNCTION sparsevec_to_vector(sparsevec, integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (vector AS sparsevec)
-	WITH FUNCTION vector_to_sparsevec(vector, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
-
-CREATE CAST (sparsevec AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION sparsevec_to_halfvec(sparsevec, integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (halfvec AS sparsevec)
-	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_sparsevec(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<->'
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <#> (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = sparsevec_negative_inner_product,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<#>'
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <=> (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<=>'
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <+> (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = l1_distance,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<+>'
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR < (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = sparsevec_lt,
-	COMMUTATOR = > , NEGATOR = >= ,
-	RESTRICT = scalarltsel, JOIN = scalarltjoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <= (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = sparsevec_le,
-	COMMUTATOR = >= , NEGATOR = > ,
-	RESTRICT = scalarlesel, JOIN = scalarlejoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR = (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = sparsevec_eq,
-	COMMUTATOR = = , NEGATOR = <> ,
-	RESTRICT = eqsel, JOIN = eqjoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <> (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = sparsevec_ne,
-	COMMUTATOR = <> , NEGATOR = = ,
-	RESTRICT = eqsel, JOIN = eqjoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR >= (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = sparsevec_ge,
-	COMMUTATOR = <= , NEGATOR = < ,
-	RESTRICT = scalargesel, JOIN = scalargejoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR > (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = sparsevec_gt,
-	COMMUTATOR = < , NEGATOR = <= ,
-	RESTRICT = scalargtsel, JOIN = scalargtjoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS sparsevec_ops
-	DEFAULT FOR TYPE sparsevec USING btree AS
-	OPERATOR 1 < ,
-	OPERATOR 2 <= ,
-	OPERATOR 3 = ,
-	OPERATOR 4 >= ,
-	OPERATOR 5 > ,
-	FUNCTION 1 sparsevec_cmp(sparsevec, sparsevec);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS sparsevec_l2_ops
-	FOR TYPE sparsevec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <-> (sparsevec, sparsevec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 sparsevec_l2_squared_distance(sparsevec, sparsevec),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_sparsevec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS sparsevec_ip_ops
-	FOR TYPE sparsevec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <#> (sparsevec, sparsevec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 sparsevec_negative_inner_product(sparsevec, sparsevec),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_sparsevec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS sparsevec_cosine_ops
-	FOR TYPE sparsevec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <=> (sparsevec, sparsevec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 sparsevec_negative_inner_product(sparsevec, sparsevec),
-	FUNCTION 2 l2_norm(sparsevec),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_sparsevec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS sparsevec_l1_ops
-	FOR TYPE sparsevec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <+> (sparsevec, sparsevec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 l1_distance(sparsevec, sparsevec),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_sparsevec_support(internal);
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS intvec_l2_ops
+	FOR TYPE intvec USING hnsw AS
+	OPERATOR 1 <-> (intvec, intvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	FUNCTION 1 intvec_l2_squared_distance(intvec, intvec);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS intvec_ip_ops
+	FOR TYPE intvec USING hnsw AS
+	OPERATOR 1 <#> (intvec, intvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	FUNCTION 1 intvec_negative_inner_product(intvec, intvec);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS intvec_cosine_ops
+	FOR TYPE intvec USING hnsw AS
+	OPERATOR 1 <=> (intvec, intvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	FUNCTION 1 cosine_distance(intvec, intvec),
+	FUNCTION 2 l2_norm(intvec);
--- a/sql/vector--0.7.0--0.7.1.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.7.0--0.7.1.sql
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
-\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.7.1'" to load this file. \quit
--- a/sql/vector--0.7.1--0.7.2.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.7.1--0.7.2.sql
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
-\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.7.2'" to load this file. \quit
--- a/sql/vector--0.7.2--0.7.3.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.7.2--0.7.3.sql
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
-\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.7.3'" to load this file. \quit
--- a/sql/vector--0.7.3--0.7.4.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.7.3--0.7.4.sql
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
-\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.7.4'" to load this file. \quit
--- a/sql/vector--0.7.4--0.8.0.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.7.4--0.8.0.sql
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
-\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.8.0'" to load this file. \quit
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(real[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(double precision[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE CAST (integer[] AS sparsevec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (real[] AS sparsevec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(real[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS sparsevec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(double precision[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS sparsevec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
--- a/sql/vector--0.8.0--0.8.1.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.8.0--0.8.1.sql
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
-\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.8.1'" to load this file. \quit
--- a/sql/vector--0.8.1--0.8.2.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.8.1--0.8.2.sql
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
-\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.8.2'" to load this file. \quit
--- a/sql/vector--0.8.2--0.8.3.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.8.2--0.8.3.sql
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
-\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.8.3'" to load this file. \quit
--- a/sql/vector--0.8.3--0.8.4.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.8.3--0.8.4.sql
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
-\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.8.4'" to load this file. \quit
--- a/sql/vector.sql
+++ b/sql/vector.sql
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 -- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
 \echo Use "CREATE EXTENSION vector" to load this file. \quit

-- vector type
+-- type

 CREATE TYPE vector;

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ CREATE TYPE vector (
 	STORAGE   = external
 );

-- vector functions
+-- functions

 CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(vector, vector) RETURNS float8
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
@@ -49,17 +49,6 @@ CREATE FUNCTION vector_dims(vector) RETURNS integer
 CREATE FUNCTION vector_norm(vector) RETURNS float8
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION l2_normalize(vector) RETURNS vector
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION binary_quantize(vector) RETURNS bit
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION subvector(vector, int, int) RETURNS vector
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-- vector private functions
-
 CREATE FUNCTION vector_add(vector, vector) RETURNS vector
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

@@ -69,8 +58,7 @@ CREATE FUNCTION vector_sub(vector, vector) RETURNS vector
 CREATE FUNCTION vector_mul(vector, vector) RETURNS vector
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION vector_concat(vector, vector) RETURNS vector
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+-- private functions

 CREATE FUNCTION vector_lt(vector, vector) RETURNS bool
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
@@ -111,7 +99,7 @@ CREATE FUNCTION vector_avg(double precision[]) RETURNS vector
 CREATE FUNCTION vector_combine(double precision[], double precision[]) RETURNS double precision[]
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-- vector aggregates
+-- aggregates

 CREATE AGGREGATE avg(vector) (
 	SFUNC = vector_accum,
@@ -129,7 +117,7 @@ CREATE AGGREGATE sum(vector) (
 	PARALLEL = SAFE
 );

-- vector cast functions
+-- cast functions

 CREATE FUNCTION vector(vector, integer, boolean) RETURNS vector
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
@@ -149,7 +137,7 @@ CREATE FUNCTION array_to_vector(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS vector
 CREATE FUNCTION vector_to_float4(vector, integer, boolean) RETURNS real[]
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-- vector casts
+-- casts

 CREATE CAST (vector AS vector)
 	WITH FUNCTION vector(vector, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
@@ -169,7 +157,7 @@ CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS vector)
 CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS vector)
 	WITH FUNCTION array_to_vector(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;

-- vector operators
+-- operators

 CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
 	LEFTARG = vector, RIGHTARG = vector, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
@@ -186,11 +174,6 @@ CREATE OPERATOR <=> (
 	COMMUTATOR = '<=>'
 );

-CREATE OPERATOR <+> (
-	LEFTARG = vector, RIGHTARG = vector, PROCEDURE = l1_distance,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<+>'
-);
-
 CREATE OPERATOR + (
 	LEFTARG = vector, RIGHTARG = vector, PROCEDURE = vector_add,
 	COMMUTATOR = +
@@ -205,10 +188,6 @@ CREATE OPERATOR * (
 	COMMUTATOR = *
 );

-CREATE OPERATOR || (
-	LEFTARG = vector, RIGHTARG = vector, PROCEDURE = vector_concat
-);
-
 CREATE OPERATOR < (
 	LEFTARG = vector, RIGHTARG = vector, PROCEDURE = vector_lt,
 	COMMUTATOR = > , NEGATOR = >= ,
@@ -261,24 +240,7 @@ CREATE ACCESS METHOD hnsw TYPE INDEX HANDLER hnswhandler;

 COMMENT ON ACCESS METHOD hnsw IS 'hnsw index access method';

-- access method private functions
-
-CREATE FUNCTION ivfflat_halfvec_support(internal) RETURNS internal
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION ivfflat_bit_support(internal) RETURNS internal
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION hnsw_halfvec_support(internal) RETURNS internal
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION hnsw_bit_support(internal) RETURNS internal
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION hnsw_sparsevec_support(internal) RETURNS internal
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
-
-- vector opclasses
+-- opclasses

 CREATE OPERATOR CLASS vector_ops
 	DEFAULT FOR TYPE vector USING btree AS
@@ -326,593 +288,106 @@ CREATE OPERATOR CLASS vector_cosine_ops
 	FUNCTION 1 vector_negative_inner_product(vector, vector),
 	FUNCTION 2 vector_norm(vector);

-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS vector_l1_ops
-	FOR TYPE vector USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <+> (vector, vector) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 l1_distance(vector, vector);
+-- intvec type

-- halfvec type
+CREATE TYPE intvec;

-CREATE TYPE halfvec;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS halfvec
+CREATE FUNCTION intvec_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS intvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_out(halfvec) RETURNS cstring
+CREATE FUNCTION intvec_out(intvec) RETURNS cstring
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_typmod_in(cstring[]) RETURNS integer
+CREATE FUNCTION intvec_typmod_in(cstring[]) RETURNS integer
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS halfvec
+CREATE FUNCTION intvec_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS intvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_send(halfvec) RETURNS bytea
+CREATE FUNCTION intvec_send(intvec) RETURNS bytea
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE TYPE halfvec (
-	INPUT     = halfvec_in,
-	OUTPUT    = halfvec_out,
-	TYPMOD_IN = halfvec_typmod_in,
-	RECEIVE   = halfvec_recv,
-	SEND      = halfvec_send,
+CREATE TYPE intvec (
+	INPUT     = intvec_in,
+	OUTPUT    = intvec_out,
+	TYPMOD_IN = intvec_typmod_in,
+	RECEIVE   = intvec_recv,
+	SEND      = intvec_send,
 	STORAGE   = external
 );

-- halfvec functions
+-- intvec functions

-CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION l1_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_l1_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+CREATE FUNCTION l1_distance(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_l1_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION vector_dims(halfvec) RETURNS integer
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_vector_dims' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_norm(intvec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_l2_norm' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION l2_norm(halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_l2_norm' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+-- intvec private functions

-CREATE FUNCTION l2_normalize(halfvec) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_l2_normalize' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION binary_quantize(halfvec) RETURNS bit
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_binary_quantize' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION subvector(halfvec, int, int) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_subvector' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-- halfvec private functions
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_add(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS halfvec
+CREATE FUNCTION intvec_l2_squared_distance(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_sub(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS halfvec
+CREATE FUNCTION intvec_negative_inner_product(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_mul(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS halfvec
+-- intvec cast functions
+
+CREATE FUNCTION intvec(intvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS intvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_concat(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS halfvec
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_intvec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS intvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_lt(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+-- intvec casts

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_le(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+CREATE CAST (intvec AS intvec)
+	WITH FUNCTION intvec(intvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_eq(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+CREATE CAST (integer[] AS intvec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_intvec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;

-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_ne(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_ge(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_gt(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_cmp(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS int4
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_l2_squared_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_spherical_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_accum(double precision[], halfvec) RETURNS double precision[]
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_avg(double precision[]) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_combine(double precision[], double precision[]) RETURNS double precision[]
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'vector_combine' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-- halfvec aggregates
-
-CREATE AGGREGATE avg(halfvec) (
-	SFUNC = halfvec_accum,
-	STYPE = double precision[],
-	FINALFUNC = halfvec_avg,
-	COMBINEFUNC = halfvec_combine,
-	INITCOND = '{0}',
-	PARALLEL = SAFE
-);
-
-CREATE AGGREGATE sum(halfvec) (
-	SFUNC = halfvec_add,
-	STYPE = halfvec,
-	COMBINEFUNC = halfvec_add,
-	PARALLEL = SAFE
-);
-
-- halfvec cast functions
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_vector(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS vector
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION vector_to_halfvec(vector, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(real[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(double precision[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_float4(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS real[]
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-- halfvec casts
-
-CREATE CAST (halfvec AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION halfvec(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
-
-CREATE CAST (halfvec AS vector)
-	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_vector(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (vector AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION vector_to_halfvec(vector, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
-
-CREATE CAST (halfvec AS real[])
-	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_float4(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (integer[] AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (real[] AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(real[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(double precision[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-- halfvec operators
+-- intvec operators

 CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
+	LEFTARG = intvec, RIGHTARG = intvec, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
 	COMMUTATOR = '<->'
 );

 CREATE OPERATOR <#> (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_negative_inner_product,
+	LEFTARG = intvec, RIGHTARG = intvec, PROCEDURE = intvec_negative_inner_product,
 	COMMUTATOR = '<#>'
 );

 CREATE OPERATOR <=> (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
+	LEFTARG = intvec, RIGHTARG = intvec, PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
 	COMMUTATOR = '<=>'
 );

-CREATE OPERATOR <+> (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = l1_distance,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<+>'
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR + (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_add,
-	COMMUTATOR = +
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR - (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_sub
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR * (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_mul,
-	COMMUTATOR = *
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR || (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_concat
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR < (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_lt,
-	COMMUTATOR = > , NEGATOR = >= ,
-	RESTRICT = scalarltsel, JOIN = scalarltjoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <= (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_le,
-	COMMUTATOR = >= , NEGATOR = > ,
-	RESTRICT = scalarlesel, JOIN = scalarlejoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR = (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_eq,
-	COMMUTATOR = = , NEGATOR = <> ,
-	RESTRICT = eqsel, JOIN = eqjoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <> (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_ne,
-	COMMUTATOR = <> , NEGATOR = = ,
-	RESTRICT = eqsel, JOIN = eqjoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR >= (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_ge,
-	COMMUTATOR = <= , NEGATOR = < ,
-	RESTRICT = scalargesel, JOIN = scalargejoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR > (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_gt,
-	COMMUTATOR = < , NEGATOR = <= ,
-	RESTRICT = scalargtsel, JOIN = scalargtjoinsel
-);
-
-- halfvec opclasses
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_ops
-	DEFAULT FOR TYPE halfvec USING btree AS
-	OPERATOR 1 < ,
-	OPERATOR 2 <= ,
-	OPERATOR 3 = ,
-	OPERATOR 4 >= ,
-	OPERATOR 5 > ,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_cmp(halfvec, halfvec);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_l2_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING ivfflat AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <-> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_l2_squared_distance(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 3 l2_distance(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 5 ivfflat_halfvec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_ip_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING ivfflat AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <#> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 3 halfvec_spherical_distance(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 4 l2_norm(halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 5 ivfflat_halfvec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_cosine_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING ivfflat AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <=> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 2 l2_norm(halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 3 halfvec_spherical_distance(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 4 l2_norm(halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 5 ivfflat_halfvec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_l2_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <-> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_l2_squared_distance(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_halfvec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_ip_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <#> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_halfvec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_cosine_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <=> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 2 l2_norm(halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_halfvec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_l1_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <+> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 l1_distance(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_halfvec_support(internal);
-
-- bit functions
-
-CREATE FUNCTION hamming_distance(bit, bit) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION jaccard_distance(bit, bit) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-- bit operators
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <~> (
-	LEFTARG = bit, RIGHTARG = bit, PROCEDURE = hamming_distance,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<~>'
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <%> (
-	LEFTARG = bit, RIGHTARG = bit, PROCEDURE = jaccard_distance,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<%>'
-);
-
-- bit opclasses
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS bit_hamming_ops
-	FOR TYPE bit USING ivfflat AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <~> (bit, bit) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 hamming_distance(bit, bit),
-	FUNCTION 3 hamming_distance(bit, bit),
-	FUNCTION 5 ivfflat_bit_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS bit_hamming_ops
-	FOR TYPE bit USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <~> (bit, bit) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 hamming_distance(bit, bit),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_bit_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS bit_jaccard_ops
-	FOR TYPE bit USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <%> (bit, bit) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 jaccard_distance(bit, bit),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_bit_support(internal);
-
--- sparsevec type
-
-CREATE TYPE sparsevec;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_out(sparsevec) RETURNS cstring
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_typmod_in(cstring[]) RETURNS integer
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_send(sparsevec) RETURNS bytea
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE TYPE sparsevec (
-	INPUT     = sparsevec_in,
-	OUTPUT    = sparsevec_out,
-	TYPMOD_IN = sparsevec_typmod_in,
-	RECEIVE   = sparsevec_recv,
-	SEND      = sparsevec_send,
-	STORAGE   = external
-);
-
-- sparsevec functions
-
-CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'sparsevec_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'sparsevec_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'sparsevec_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION l1_distance(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'sparsevec_l1_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION l2_norm(sparsevec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'sparsevec_l2_norm' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION l2_normalize(sparsevec) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'sparsevec_l2_normalize' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-- sparsevec private functions
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_lt(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_le(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_eq(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_ne(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_ge(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_gt(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_cmp(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS int4
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_l2_squared_distance(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_negative_inner_product(sparsevec, sparsevec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-- sparsevec cast functions
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec(sparsevec, integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION vector_to_sparsevec(vector, integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_to_vector(sparsevec, integer, boolean) RETURNS vector
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_sparsevec(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_to_halfvec(sparsevec, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(real[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(double precision[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-- sparsevec casts
-
-CREATE CAST (sparsevec AS sparsevec)
-	WITH FUNCTION sparsevec(sparsevec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
-
-CREATE CAST (sparsevec AS vector)
-	WITH FUNCTION sparsevec_to_vector(sparsevec, integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (vector AS sparsevec)
-	WITH FUNCTION vector_to_sparsevec(vector, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
-
-CREATE CAST (sparsevec AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION sparsevec_to_halfvec(sparsevec, integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (halfvec AS sparsevec)
-	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_sparsevec(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
-
-CREATE CAST (integer[] AS sparsevec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (real[] AS sparsevec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(real[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS sparsevec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(double precision[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS sparsevec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-- sparsevec operators
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<->'
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <#> (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = sparsevec_negative_inner_product,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<#>'
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <=> (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<=>'
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <+> (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = l1_distance,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<+>'
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR < (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = sparsevec_lt,
-	COMMUTATOR = > , NEGATOR = >= ,
-	RESTRICT = scalarltsel, JOIN = scalarltjoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <= (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = sparsevec_le,
-	COMMUTATOR = >= , NEGATOR = > ,
-	RESTRICT = scalarlesel, JOIN = scalarlejoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR = (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = sparsevec_eq,
-	COMMUTATOR = = , NEGATOR = <> ,
-	RESTRICT = eqsel, JOIN = eqjoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <> (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = sparsevec_ne,
-	COMMUTATOR = <> , NEGATOR = = ,
-	RESTRICT = eqsel, JOIN = eqjoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR >= (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = sparsevec_ge,
-	COMMUTATOR = <= , NEGATOR = < ,
-	RESTRICT = scalargesel, JOIN = scalargejoinsel
-);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR > (
-	LEFTARG = sparsevec, RIGHTARG = sparsevec, PROCEDURE = sparsevec_gt,
-	COMMUTATOR = < , NEGATOR = <= ,
-	RESTRICT = scalargtsel, JOIN = scalargtjoinsel
-);
-
-- sparsevec opclasses
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS sparsevec_ops
-	DEFAULT FOR TYPE sparsevec USING btree AS
-	OPERATOR 1 < ,
-	OPERATOR 2 <= ,
-	OPERATOR 3 = ,
-	OPERATOR 4 >= ,
-	OPERATOR 5 > ,
-	FUNCTION 1 sparsevec_cmp(sparsevec, sparsevec);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS sparsevec_l2_ops
-	FOR TYPE sparsevec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <-> (sparsevec, sparsevec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 sparsevec_l2_squared_distance(sparsevec, sparsevec),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_sparsevec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS sparsevec_ip_ops
-	FOR TYPE sparsevec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <#> (sparsevec, sparsevec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 sparsevec_negative_inner_product(sparsevec, sparsevec),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_sparsevec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS sparsevec_cosine_ops
-	FOR TYPE sparsevec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <=> (sparsevec, sparsevec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 sparsevec_negative_inner_product(sparsevec, sparsevec),
-	FUNCTION 2 l2_norm(sparsevec),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_sparsevec_support(internal);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS sparsevec_l1_ops
-	FOR TYPE sparsevec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <+> (sparsevec, sparsevec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 l1_distance(sparsevec, sparsevec),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_sparsevec_support(internal);
+-- intvec opclasses
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS intvec_l2_ops
+	FOR TYPE intvec USING hnsw AS
+	OPERATOR 1 <-> (intvec, intvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	FUNCTION 1 intvec_l2_squared_distance(intvec, intvec);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS intvec_ip_ops
+	FOR TYPE intvec USING hnsw AS
+	OPERATOR 1 <#> (intvec, intvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	FUNCTION 1 intvec_negative_inner_product(intvec, intvec);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS intvec_cosine_ops
+	FOR TYPE intvec USING hnsw AS
+	OPERATOR 1 <=> (intvec, intvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	FUNCTION 1 cosine_distance(intvec, intvec),
+	FUNCTION 2 l2_norm(intvec);
--- a/src/bitutils.c
+++ b/src/bitutils.c
@@ -1,224 +0,0 @@
-#include "postgres.h"
-
-#include "bitutils.h"
-#include "halfvec.h"			/* for USE_DISPATCH and USE_TARGET_CLONES */
-#include "port/pg_bitutils.h"
-
-#if defined(USE_DISPATCH)
-#define BIT_DISPATCH
-#endif
-
-#ifdef BIT_DISPATCH
-#include <immintrin.h>
-
-#if defined(USE__GET_CPUID)
-#include <cpuid.h>
-#else
-#include <intrin.h>
-#endif
-
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-#define TARGET_AVX512_POPCOUNT
-#else
-#define TARGET_AVX512_POPCOUNT __attribute__((target("avx512f,avx512vpopcntdq")))
-#endif
-#endif
-
-/* Disable for LLVM due to crash with bitcode generation */
-#if defined(USE_TARGET_CLONES) && !defined(__POPCNT__) && !defined(__llvm__)
-#define BIT_TARGET_CLONES __attribute__((target_clones("default", "popcnt")))
-#else
-#define BIT_TARGET_CLONES
-#endif
-
-/* Use built-ins when possible for Postgres < 19 for inlining */
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
-#define popcount64(x) pg_popcount64(x)
-#elif defined(HAVE__BUILTIN_POPCOUNT) && (defined(HAVE_LONG_INT_64) || SIZEOF_LONG == 8)
-#define popcount64(x) __builtin_popcountl(x)
-#elif defined(HAVE__BUILTIN_POPCOUNT) && (defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG_INT_64) || SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == 8)
-#define popcount64(x) __builtin_popcountll(x)
-#elif !defined(_MSC_VER)
-/* Fails to resolve with MSVC */
-#define popcount64(x) pg_popcount64(x)
-#endif
-
-uint64		(*BitHammingDistance) (uint32 bytes, unsigned char *ax, unsigned char *bx, uint64 distance);
-double		(*BitJaccardDistance) (uint32 bytes, unsigned char *ax, unsigned char *bx, uint64 ab, uint64 aa, uint64 bb);
-
-BIT_TARGET_CLONES static uint64
-BitHammingDistanceDefault(uint32 bytes, unsigned char *ax, unsigned char *bx, uint64 distance)
-{
-#ifdef popcount64
-	for (; bytes >= sizeof(uint64); bytes -= sizeof(uint64))
-	{
-		uint64		axs;
-		uint64		bxs;
-
-		/* Ensure aligned */
-		memcpy(&axs, ax, sizeof(uint64));
-		memcpy(&bxs, bx, sizeof(uint64));
-
-		distance += popcount64(axs ^ bxs);
-
-		ax += sizeof(uint64);
-		bx += sizeof(uint64);
-	}
-#endif
-
-	for (uint32 i = 0; i < bytes; i++)
-		distance += pg_number_of_ones[ax[i] ^ bx[i]];
-
-	return distance;
-}
-
-#ifdef BIT_DISPATCH
-TARGET_AVX512_POPCOUNT static uint64
-BitHammingDistanceAvx512Popcount(uint32 bytes, unsigned char *ax, unsigned char *bx, uint64 distance)
-{
-	__m512i		dist = _mm512_setzero_si512();
-
-	for (; bytes >= sizeof(__m512i); bytes -= sizeof(__m512i))
-	{
-		__m512i		axs = _mm512_loadu_si512((const __m512i *) ax);
-		__m512i		bxs = _mm512_loadu_si512((const __m512i *) bx);
-
-		dist = _mm512_add_epi64(dist, _mm512_popcnt_epi64(_mm512_xor_si512(axs, bxs)));
-
-		ax += sizeof(__m512i);
-		bx += sizeof(__m512i);
-	}
-
-	distance += _mm512_reduce_add_epi64(dist);
-
-	return BitHammingDistanceDefault(bytes, ax, bx, distance);
-}
-#endif
-
-BIT_TARGET_CLONES static double
-BitJaccardDistanceDefault(uint32 bytes, unsigned char *ax, unsigned char *bx, uint64 ab, uint64 aa, uint64 bb)
-{
-#ifdef popcount64
-	for (; bytes >= sizeof(uint64); bytes -= sizeof(uint64))
-	{
-		uint64		axs;
-		uint64		bxs;
-
-		/* Ensure aligned */
-		memcpy(&axs, ax, sizeof(uint64));
-		memcpy(&bxs, bx, sizeof(uint64));
-
-		ab += popcount64(axs & bxs);
-		aa += popcount64(axs);
-		bb += popcount64(bxs);
-
-		ax += sizeof(uint64);
-		bx += sizeof(uint64);
-	}
-#endif
-
-	for (uint32 i = 0; i < bytes; i++)
-	{
-		ab += pg_number_of_ones[ax[i] & bx[i]];
-		aa += pg_number_of_ones[ax[i]];
-		bb += pg_number_of_ones[bx[i]];
-	}
-
-	if (ab == 0)
-		return 1;
-	else
-		return 1 - (ab / ((double) (aa + bb - ab)));
-}
-
-#ifdef BIT_DISPATCH
-TARGET_AVX512_POPCOUNT static double
-BitJaccardDistanceAvx512Popcount(uint32 bytes, unsigned char *ax, unsigned char *bx, uint64 ab, uint64 aa, uint64 bb)
-{
-	__m512i		abx = _mm512_setzero_si512();
-	__m512i		aax = _mm512_setzero_si512();
-	__m512i		bbx = _mm512_setzero_si512();
-
-	for (; bytes >= sizeof(__m512i); bytes -= sizeof(__m512i))
-	{
-		__m512i		axs = _mm512_loadu_si512((const __m512i *) ax);
-		__m512i		bxs = _mm512_loadu_si512((const __m512i *) bx);
-
-		abx = _mm512_add_epi64(abx, _mm512_popcnt_epi64(_mm512_and_si512(axs, bxs)));
-		aax = _mm512_add_epi64(aax, _mm512_popcnt_epi64(axs));
-		bbx = _mm512_add_epi64(bbx, _mm512_popcnt_epi64(bxs));
-
-		ax += sizeof(__m512i);
-		bx += sizeof(__m512i);
-	}
-
-	ab += _mm512_reduce_add_epi64(abx);
-	aa += _mm512_reduce_add_epi64(aax);
-	bb += _mm512_reduce_add_epi64(bbx);
-
-	return BitJaccardDistanceDefault(bytes, ax, bx, ab, aa, bb);
-}
-#endif
-
-#ifdef BIT_DISPATCH
-#define CPU_FEATURE_OSXSAVE         (1 << 27)	/* F1 ECX */
-#define CPU_FEATURE_AVX512F         (1 << 16)	/* F7,0 EBX */
-#define CPU_FEATURE_AVX512VPOPCNTDQ (1 << 14)	/* F7,0 ECX */
-
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-#define TARGET_XSAVE
-#else
-#define TARGET_XSAVE __attribute__((target("xsave")))
-#endif
-
-TARGET_XSAVE static bool
-SupportsAvx512Popcount(void)
-{
-	unsigned int exx[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
-
-#if defined(USE__GET_CPUID)
-	__get_cpuid(1, &exx[0], &exx[1], &exx[2], &exx[3]);
-#else
-	__cpuid(exx, 1);
-#endif
-
-	/* Check OS supports XSAVE */
-	if ((exx[2] & CPU_FEATURE_OSXSAVE) != CPU_FEATURE_OSXSAVE)
-		return false;
-
-	/* Check XMM, YMM, and ZMM registers are enabled */
-	if ((_xgetbv(0) & 0xe6) != 0xe6)
-		return false;
-
-#if defined(USE__GET_CPUID)
-	__get_cpuid_count(7, 0, &exx[0], &exx[1], &exx[2], &exx[3]);
-#else
-	__cpuidex(exx, 7, 0);
-#endif
-
-	/* Check AVX512F */
-	if ((exx[1] & CPU_FEATURE_AVX512F) != CPU_FEATURE_AVX512F)
-		return false;
-
-	/* Check AVX512VPOPCNTDQ */
-	return (exx[2] & CPU_FEATURE_AVX512VPOPCNTDQ) == CPU_FEATURE_AVX512VPOPCNTDQ;
-}
-#endif
-
-void
-BitvecInit(void)
-{
-	/*
-	 * Could skip pointer when single function, but no difference in
-	 * performance
-	 */
-	BitHammingDistance = BitHammingDistanceDefault;
-	BitJaccardDistance = BitJaccardDistanceDefault;
-
-#ifdef BIT_DISPATCH
-	if (SupportsAvx512Popcount())
-	{
-		BitHammingDistance = BitHammingDistanceAvx512Popcount;
-		BitJaccardDistance = BitJaccardDistanceAvx512Popcount;
-	}
-#endif
-}
--- a/src/bitutils.h
+++ b/src/bitutils.h
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef BITUTILS_H
-#define BITUTILS_H
-
-#include "postgres.h"
-
-/* Check version in first header */
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-#error "Requires PostgreSQL 13+"
-#endif
-
-extern uint64 (*BitHammingDistance) (uint32 bytes, unsigned char *ax, unsigned char *bx, uint64 distance);
-extern double (*BitJaccardDistance) (uint32 bytes, unsigned char *ax, unsigned char *bx, uint64 ab, uint64 aa, uint64 bb);
-
-void		BitvecInit(void);
-
-#endif
--- a/src/bitvec.c
+++ b/src/bitvec.c
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-#include "postgres.h"
-
-#include "bitutils.h"
-#include "bitvec.h"
-#include "fmgr.h"
-#include "utils/varbit.h"
-#include "vector.h"
-
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
-#include "varatt.h"
-#endif
-
-/*
- * Allocate and initialize a new bit vector
- */
-VarBit *
-InitBitVector(int dim)
-{
-	VarBit	   *result;
-	int			size;
-
-	size = VARBITTOTALLEN(dim);
-	result = (VarBit *) palloc0(size);
-	SET_VARSIZE(result, size);
-	VARBITLEN(result) = dim;
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-/*
- * Ensure same dimensions
- */
-static inline void
-CheckDims(VarBit *a, VarBit *b)
-{
-	if (VARBITLEN(a) != VARBITLEN(b))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("different bit lengths %u and %u", VARBITLEN(a), VARBITLEN(b))));
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the Hamming distance between two bit vectors
- */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(hamming_distance);
-Datum
-hamming_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	VarBit	   *a = PG_GETARG_VARBIT_P(0);
-	VarBit	   *b = PG_GETARG_VARBIT_P(1);
-
-	CheckDims(a, b);
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) BitHammingDistance(VARBITBYTES(a), VARBITS(a), VARBITS(b), 0));
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the Jaccard distance between two bit vectors
- */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(jaccard_distance);
-Datum
-jaccard_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	VarBit	   *a = PG_GETARG_VARBIT_P(0);
-	VarBit	   *b = PG_GETARG_VARBIT_P(1);
-
-	CheckDims(a, b);
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(BitJaccardDistance(VARBITBYTES(a), VARBITS(a), VARBITS(b), 0, 0, 0));
-}
--- a/src/bitvec.h
+++ b/src/bitvec.h
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef BITVEC_H
-#define BITVEC_H
-
-#include "utils/varbit.h"
-
-VarBit	   *InitBitVector(int dim);
-
-#endif
--- a/src/halfutils.c
+++ b/src/halfutils.c
@@ -1,300 +0,0 @@
-#include "postgres.h"
-
-#include <math.h>
-
-#include "halfutils.h"
-#include "halfvec.h"
-
-#ifdef HALFVEC_DISPATCH
-#include <immintrin.h>
-
-#if defined(USE__GET_CPUID)
-#include <cpuid.h>
-#else
-#include <intrin.h>
-#endif
-
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-#define TARGET_F16C
-#else
-#define TARGET_F16C __attribute__((target("avx,f16c,fma")))
-#endif
-#endif
-
-float		(*HalfvecL2SquaredDistance) (int dim, half * ax, half * bx);
-float		(*HalfvecInnerProduct) (int dim, half * ax, half * bx);
-double		(*HalfvecCosineSimilarity) (int dim, half * ax, half * bx);
-float		(*HalfvecL1Distance) (int dim, half * ax, half * bx);
-
-static float
-HalfvecL2SquaredDistanceDefault(int dim, half * ax, half * bx)
-{
-	float		distance = 0.0;
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-	{
-		float		diff = HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) - HalfToFloat4(bx[i]);
-
-		distance += diff * diff;
-	}
-
-	return distance;
-}
-
-#ifdef HALFVEC_DISPATCH
-TARGET_F16C static float
-HalfvecL2SquaredDistanceF16c(int dim, half * ax, half * bx)
-{
-	float		distance;
-	int			i;
-	float		s[8];
-	int			count = (dim / 8) * 8;
-	__m256		dist = _mm256_setzero_ps();
-
-	for (i = 0; i < count; i += 8)
-	{
-		__m128i		axi = _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i *) (ax + i));
-		__m128i		bxi = _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i *) (bx + i));
-		__m256		axs = _mm256_cvtph_ps(axi);
-		__m256		bxs = _mm256_cvtph_ps(bxi);
-		__m256		diff = _mm256_sub_ps(axs, bxs);
-
-		dist = _mm256_fmadd_ps(diff, diff, dist);
-	}
-
-	_mm256_storeu_ps(s, dist);
-
-	distance = s[0] + s[1] + s[2] + s[3] + s[4] + s[5] + s[6] + s[7];
-
-	for (; i < dim; i++)
-	{
-		float		diff = HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) - HalfToFloat4(bx[i]);
-
-		distance += diff * diff;
-	}
-
-	return distance;
-}
-#endif
-
-static float
-HalfvecInnerProductDefault(int dim, half * ax, half * bx)
-{
-	float		distance = 0.0;
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-		distance += HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) * HalfToFloat4(bx[i]);
-
-	return distance;
-}
-
-#ifdef HALFVEC_DISPATCH
-TARGET_F16C static float
-HalfvecInnerProductF16c(int dim, half * ax, half * bx)
-{
-	float		distance;
-	int			i;
-	float		s[8];
-	int			count = (dim / 8) * 8;
-	__m256		dist = _mm256_setzero_ps();
-
-	for (i = 0; i < count; i += 8)
-	{
-		__m128i		axi = _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i *) (ax + i));
-		__m128i		bxi = _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i *) (bx + i));
-		__m256		axs = _mm256_cvtph_ps(axi);
-		__m256		bxs = _mm256_cvtph_ps(bxi);
-
-		dist = _mm256_fmadd_ps(axs, bxs, dist);
-	}
-
-	_mm256_storeu_ps(s, dist);
-
-	distance = s[0] + s[1] + s[2] + s[3] + s[4] + s[5] + s[6] + s[7];
-
-	for (; i < dim; i++)
-		distance += HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) * HalfToFloat4(bx[i]);
-
-	return distance;
-}
-#endif
-
-static double
-HalfvecCosineSimilarityDefault(int dim, half * ax, half * bx)
-{
-	float		similarity = 0.0;
-	float		norma = 0.0;
-	float		normb = 0.0;
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-	{
-		float		axi = HalfToFloat4(ax[i]);
-		float		bxi = HalfToFloat4(bx[i]);
-
-		similarity += axi * bxi;
-		norma += axi * axi;
-		normb += bxi * bxi;
-	}
-
-	/* Use sqrt(a * b) over sqrt(a) * sqrt(b) */
-	return (double) similarity / sqrt((double) norma * (double) normb);
-}
-
-#ifdef HALFVEC_DISPATCH
-TARGET_F16C static double
-HalfvecCosineSimilarityF16c(int dim, half * ax, half * bx)
-{
-	float		similarity;
-	float		norma;
-	float		normb;
-	int			i;
-	float		s[8];
-	int			count = (dim / 8) * 8;
-	__m256		sim = _mm256_setzero_ps();
-	__m256		na = _mm256_setzero_ps();
-	__m256		nb = _mm256_setzero_ps();
-
-	for (i = 0; i < count; i += 8)
-	{
-		__m128i		axi = _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i *) (ax + i));
-		__m128i		bxi = _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i *) (bx + i));
-		__m256		axs = _mm256_cvtph_ps(axi);
-		__m256		bxs = _mm256_cvtph_ps(bxi);
-
-		sim = _mm256_fmadd_ps(axs, bxs, sim);
-		na = _mm256_fmadd_ps(axs, axs, na);
-		nb = _mm256_fmadd_ps(bxs, bxs, nb);
-	}
-
-	_mm256_storeu_ps(s, sim);
-	similarity = s[0] + s[1] + s[2] + s[3] + s[4] + s[5] + s[6] + s[7];
-
-	_mm256_storeu_ps(s, na);
-	norma = s[0] + s[1] + s[2] + s[3] + s[4] + s[5] + s[6] + s[7];
-
-	_mm256_storeu_ps(s, nb);
-	normb = s[0] + s[1] + s[2] + s[3] + s[4] + s[5] + s[6] + s[7];
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (; i < dim; i++)
-	{
-		float		axi = HalfToFloat4(ax[i]);
-		float		bxi = HalfToFloat4(bx[i]);
-
-		similarity += axi * bxi;
-		norma += axi * axi;
-		normb += bxi * bxi;
-	}
-
-	/* Use sqrt(a * b) over sqrt(a) * sqrt(b) */
-	return (double) similarity / sqrt((double) norma * (double) normb);
-}
-#endif
-
-static float
-HalfvecL1DistanceDefault(int dim, half * ax, half * bx)
-{
-	float		distance = 0.0;
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-		distance += fabsf(HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) - HalfToFloat4(bx[i]));
-
-	return distance;
-}
-
-#ifdef HALFVEC_DISPATCH
-/* Does not require FMA, but keep logic simple */
-TARGET_F16C static float
-HalfvecL1DistanceF16c(int dim, half * ax, half * bx)
-{
-	float		distance;
-	int			i;
-	float		s[8];
-	int			count = (dim / 8) * 8;
-	__m256		dist = _mm256_setzero_ps();
-	__m256		sign = _mm256_set1_ps(-0.0);
-
-	for (i = 0; i < count; i += 8)
-	{
-		__m128i		axi = _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i *) (ax + i));
-		__m128i		bxi = _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i *) (bx + i));
-		__m256		axs = _mm256_cvtph_ps(axi);
-		__m256		bxs = _mm256_cvtph_ps(bxi);
-
-		dist = _mm256_add_ps(dist, _mm256_andnot_ps(sign, _mm256_sub_ps(axs, bxs)));
-	}
-
-	_mm256_storeu_ps(s, dist);
-
-	distance = s[0] + s[1] + s[2] + s[3] + s[4] + s[5] + s[6] + s[7];
-
-	for (; i < dim; i++)
-		distance += fabsf(HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) - HalfToFloat4(bx[i]));
-
-	return distance;
-}
-#endif
-
-#ifdef HALFVEC_DISPATCH
-#define CPU_FEATURE_FMA     (1 << 12)
-#define CPU_FEATURE_OSXSAVE (1 << 27)
-#define CPU_FEATURE_AVX     (1 << 28)
-#define CPU_FEATURE_F16C    (1 << 29)
-
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-#define TARGET_XSAVE
-#else
-#define TARGET_XSAVE __attribute__((target("xsave")))
-#endif
-
-TARGET_XSAVE static bool
-SupportsCpuFeature(unsigned int feature)
-{
-	unsigned int exx[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
-
-#if defined(USE__GET_CPUID)
-	__get_cpuid(1, &exx[0], &exx[1], &exx[2], &exx[3]);
-#else
-	__cpuid(exx, 1);
-#endif
-
-	/* Check OS supports XSAVE */
-	if ((exx[2] & CPU_FEATURE_OSXSAVE) != CPU_FEATURE_OSXSAVE)
-		return false;
-
-	/* Check XMM and YMM registers are enabled */
-	if ((_xgetbv(0) & 6) != 6)
-		return false;
-
-	/* Now check features */
-	return (exx[2] & feature) == feature;
-}
-#endif
-
-void
-HalfvecInit(void)
-{
-	/*
-	 * Could skip pointer when single function, but no difference in
-	 * performance
-	 */
-	HalfvecL2SquaredDistance = HalfvecL2SquaredDistanceDefault;
-	HalfvecInnerProduct = HalfvecInnerProductDefault;
-	HalfvecCosineSimilarity = HalfvecCosineSimilarityDefault;
-	HalfvecL1Distance = HalfvecL1DistanceDefault;
-
-#ifdef HALFVEC_DISPATCH
-	if (SupportsCpuFeature(CPU_FEATURE_AVX | CPU_FEATURE_F16C | CPU_FEATURE_FMA))
-	{
-		HalfvecL2SquaredDistance = HalfvecL2SquaredDistanceF16c;
-		HalfvecInnerProduct = HalfvecInnerProductF16c;
-		HalfvecCosineSimilarity = HalfvecCosineSimilarityF16c;
-		/* Does not require FMA, but keep logic simple */
-		HalfvecL1Distance = HalfvecL1DistanceF16c;
-	}
-#endif
-}
--- a/src/halfutils.h
+++ b/src/halfutils.h
@@ -1,263 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef HALFUTILS_H
-#define HALFUTILS_H
-
-#include <math.h>
-
-#include "common/shortest_dec.h"
-#include "halfvec.h"
-
-#ifdef F16C_SUPPORT
-#include <immintrin.h>
-#endif
-
-extern float (*HalfvecL2SquaredDistance) (int dim, half * ax, half * bx);
-extern float (*HalfvecInnerProduct) (int dim, half * ax, half * bx);
-extern double (*HalfvecCosineSimilarity) (int dim, half * ax, half * bx);
-extern float (*HalfvecL1Distance) (int dim, half * ax, half * bx);
-
-void		HalfvecInit(void);
-
-/*
- * Check if half is NaN
- */
-static inline bool
-HalfIsNan(half num)
-{
-#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
-	return isnan(num);
-#else
-	return (num & 0x7C00) == 0x7C00 && (num & 0x7FFF) != 0x7C00;
-#endif
-}
-
-/*
- * Check if half is infinite
- */
-static inline bool
-HalfIsInf(half num)
-{
-#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
-	return isinf(num);
-#else
-	return (num & 0x7FFF) == 0x7C00;
-#endif
-}
-
-/*
- * Check if half is zero
- */
-static inline bool
-HalfIsZero(half num)
-{
-#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
-	return num == 0;
-#else
-	return (num & 0x7FFF) == 0x0000;
-#endif
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert a half to a float4
- */
-static inline float
-HalfToFloat4(half num)
-{
-#if defined(F16C_SUPPORT)
-	return _cvtsh_ss(num);
-#elif defined(FLT16_SUPPORT)
-	return (float) num;
-#else
-	union
-	{
-		float		f;
-		uint32		i;
-	}			swapfloat;
-
-	union
-	{
-		half		h;
-		uint16		i;
-	}			swaphalf;
-
-	uint16		bin;
-	uint32		exponent;
-	uint32		mantissa;
-	uint32		result;
-
-	swaphalf.h = num;
-	bin = swaphalf.i;
-	exponent = (bin & 0x7C00) >> 10;
-	mantissa = bin & 0x03FF;
-
-	/* Sign */
-	result = (bin & 0x8000) << 16;
-
-	if (unlikely(exponent == 31))
-	{
-		if (mantissa == 0)
-		{
-			/* Infinite */
-			result |= 0x7F800000;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			/* NaN */
-			result |= 0x7FC00000;
-		}
-	}
-	else if (unlikely(exponent == 0))
-	{
-		/* Subnormal */
-		if (mantissa != 0)
-		{
-			exponent = -14;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
-			{
-				mantissa <<= 1;
-				exponent -= 1;
-
-				if ((mantissa >> 10) % 2 == 1)
-				{
-					mantissa &= 0x03ff;
-					break;
-				}
-			}
-
-			result |= (exponent + 127) << 23;
-		}
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		/* Normal */
-		result |= (exponent - 15 + 127) << 23;
-	}
-
-	result |= mantissa << 13;
-
-	swapfloat.i = result;
-	return swapfloat.f;
-#endif
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert a float4 to a half
- */
-static inline half
-Float4ToHalfUnchecked(float num)
-{
-#if defined(F16C_SUPPORT)
-	return _cvtss_sh(num, 0);
-#elif defined(FLT16_SUPPORT)
-	return (_Float16) num;
-#else
-	union
-	{
-		float		f;
-		uint32		i;
-	}			swapfloat;
-
-	union
-	{
-		half		h;
-		uint16		i;
-	}			swaphalf;
-
-	uint32		bin;
-	int			exponent;
-	int			mantissa;
-	uint16		result;
-
-	swapfloat.f = num;
-	bin = swapfloat.i;
-	exponent = (bin & 0x7F800000) >> 23;
-	mantissa = bin & 0x007FFFFF;
-
-	/* Sign */
-	result = (bin & 0x80000000) >> 16;
-
-	if (isinf(num))
-	{
-		/* Infinite */
-		result |= 0x7C00;
-	}
-	else if (isnan(num))
-	{
-		/* NaN */
-		result |= 0x7E00;
-		result |= mantissa >> 13;
-	}
-	else if (exponent > 98)
-	{
-		int			m;
-		int			gr;
-		int			s;
-
-		exponent -= 127;
-		s = mantissa & 0x00000FFF;
-
-		/* Subnormal */
-		if (exponent < -14)
-		{
-			int			diff = -exponent - 14;
-
-			mantissa >>= diff;
-			mantissa += 1 << (23 - diff);
-			s |= mantissa & 0x00000FFF;
-		}
-
-		m = mantissa >> 13;
-
-		/* Round */
-		gr = (mantissa >> 12) % 4;
-		if (gr == 3 || (gr == 1 && s != 0))
-			m += 1;
-
-		if (m == 1024)
-		{
-			m = 0;
-			exponent += 1;
-		}
-
-		if (exponent > 15)
-		{
-			/* Infinite */
-			result |= 0x7C00;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			if (exponent >= -14)
-				result |= (exponent + 15) << 10;
-
-			result |= m;
-		}
-	}
-
-	swaphalf.i = result;
-	return swaphalf.h;
-#endif
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert a float4 to a half
- */
-static inline half
-Float4ToHalf(float num)
-{
-	half		result = Float4ToHalfUnchecked(num);
-
-	if (unlikely(HalfIsInf(result)) && !isinf(num))
-	{
-		char	   *buf = palloc(FLOAT_SHORTEST_DECIMAL_LEN);
-
-		float_to_shortest_decimal_buf(num, buf);
-
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-				 errmsg("\"%s\" is out of range for type halfvec", buf)));
-	}
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-#endif
--- a/src/halfvec.c
+++ b/src/halfvec.c
--- a/src/halfvec.h
+++ b/src/halfvec.h
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef HALFVEC_H
-#define HALFVEC_H
-
-#define __STDC_WANT_IEC_60559_TYPES_EXT__
-
-#include <float.h>
-
-/* We use two types of dispatching: intrinsics and target_clones */
-/* TODO Move to better place */
-#ifndef DISABLE_DISPATCH
-/* Only enable for more recent compilers to keep build process simple */
-#if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 9
-#define USE_DISPATCH
-#elif defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__clang_major__) && __clang_major__ >= 7
-#define USE_DISPATCH
-#elif defined(_M_AMD64) && defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1920
-#define USE_DISPATCH
-#endif
-#endif
-
-/* target_clones requires glibc */
-#if defined(USE_DISPATCH) && defined(__gnu_linux__) && defined(__has_attribute)
-/* Use separate line for portability */
-#if __has_attribute(target_clones)
-#define USE_TARGET_CLONES
-#endif
-#endif
-
-/* Apple clang check needed for universal binaries on Mac */
-#if defined(USE_DISPATCH) && (defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID) || defined(__apple_build_version__))
-#define USE__GET_CPUID
-#endif
-
-#if defined(USE_DISPATCH)
-#define HALFVEC_DISPATCH
-#endif
-
-/* F16C has better performance than _Float16 (on x86-64) */
-#if defined(__F16C__)
-#define F16C_SUPPORT
-#elif defined(__FLT16_MAX__) && !defined(HALFVEC_DISPATCH) && !defined(__FreeBSD__) && (!defined(__i386__) || defined(__SSE2__))
-#define FLT16_SUPPORT
-#endif
-
-#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
-#define half _Float16
-#define HALF_MAX FLT16_MAX
-#else
-#define half uint16
-#define HALF_MAX 65504
-#endif
-
-#define HALFVEC_MAX_DIM 16000
-
-#define HALFVEC_SIZE(_dim)		(offsetof(HalfVector, x) + sizeof(half)*(_dim))
-#define DatumGetHalfVector(x)	((HalfVector *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(x))
-#define PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(x)	DatumGetHalfVector(PG_GETARG_DATUM(x))
-#define PG_RETURN_HALFVEC_P(x)	PG_RETURN_POINTER(x)
-
-typedef struct HalfVector
-{
-	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
-	int16		dim;			/* number of dimensions */
-	int16		unused;			/* reserved for future use, always zero */
-	half		x[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
-}			HalfVector;
-
-HalfVector *InitHalfVector(int dim);
-
-#endif
--- a/src/hnsw.c
+++ b/src/hnsw.c
@@ -1,41 +1,22 @@
 #include "postgres.h"

 #include <float.h>
-#include <limits.h>
 #include <math.h>

 #include "access/amapi.h"
-#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/reloptions.h"
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
-#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
-#include "nodes/pg_list.h"
-#include "storage/lwlock.h"
-#include "utils/float.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
-#include "utils/relcache.h"
 #include "utils/selfuncs.h"
-#include "utils/spccache.h"
-#include "vector.h"

 #if PG_VERSION_NUM < 150000
 #define MarkGUCPrefixReserved(x) EmitWarningsOnPlaceholders(x)
 #endif

-static const struct config_enum_entry hnsw_iterative_scan_options[] = {
-	{"off", HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF, false},
-	{"relaxed_order", HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_RELAXED, false},
-	{"strict_order", HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_STRICT, false},
-	{NULL, 0, false}
-};
-
 int			hnsw_ef_search;
-int			hnsw_iterative_scan;
-int			hnsw_max_scan_tuples;
-double		hnsw_scan_mem_multiplier;
 int			hnsw_lock_tranche_id;
 static relopt_kind hnsw_relopt_kind;

@@ -59,20 +40,12 @@ HnswInitLockTranche(void)
 								  sizeof(int) * 1,
 								  &found);
 	if (!found)
-	{
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
-		tranche_ids[0] = LWLockNewTrancheId("HnswBuild");
-#else
 		tranche_ids[0] = LWLockNewTrancheId();
-#endif
-	}
 	hnsw_lock_tranche_id = tranche_ids[0];
 	LWLockRelease(AddinShmemInitLock);

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 190000
 	/* Per-backend registration of the tranche ID */
 	LWLockRegisterTranche(hnsw_lock_tranche_id, "HnswBuild");
-#endif
 }

 /*
@@ -86,28 +59,22 @@ HnswInit(void)

 	hnsw_relopt_kind = add_reloption_kind();
 	add_int_reloption(hnsw_relopt_kind, "m", "Max number of connections",
-					  HNSW_DEFAULT_M, HNSW_MIN_M, HNSW_MAX_M, AccessExclusiveLock);
+					  HNSW_DEFAULT_M, HNSW_MIN_M, HNSW_MAX_M
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
+					  ,AccessExclusiveLock
+#endif
+		);
 	add_int_reloption(hnsw_relopt_kind, "ef_construction", "Size of the dynamic candidate list for construction",
-					  HNSW_DEFAULT_EF_CONSTRUCTION, HNSW_MIN_EF_CONSTRUCTION, HNSW_MAX_EF_CONSTRUCTION, AccessExclusiveLock);
+					  HNSW_DEFAULT_EF_CONSTRUCTION, HNSW_MIN_EF_CONSTRUCTION, HNSW_MAX_EF_CONSTRUCTION
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
+					  ,AccessExclusiveLock
+#endif
+		);

 	DefineCustomIntVariable("hnsw.ef_search", "Sets the size of the dynamic candidate list for search",
 							"Valid range is 1..1000.", &hnsw_ef_search,
 							HNSW_DEFAULT_EF_SEARCH, HNSW_MIN_EF_SEARCH, HNSW_MAX_EF_SEARCH, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);

-	DefineCustomEnumVariable("hnsw.iterative_scan", "Sets the mode for iterative scans",
-							 NULL, &hnsw_iterative_scan,
-							 HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF, hnsw_iterative_scan_options, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
-
-	/* This is approximate and does not affect the initial scan */
-	DefineCustomIntVariable("hnsw.max_scan_tuples", "Sets the max number of tuples to visit for iterative scans",
-							NULL, &hnsw_max_scan_tuples,
-							20000, 1, INT_MAX, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
-
-	/* Same range as hash_mem_multiplier */
-	DefineCustomRealVariable("hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier", "Sets the multiple of work_mem to use for iterative scans",
-							 NULL, &hnsw_scan_mem_multiplier,
-							 1, 1, 1000, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
-
 	MarkGUCPrefixReserved("hnsw");
 }

@@ -139,93 +106,37 @@ hnswcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 {
 	GenericCosts costs;
 	int			m;
-	double		ratio;
-	double		startupPages;
-	double		spc_seq_page_cost;
+	int			entryLevel;
 	Relation	index;

 	/* Never use index without order */
-	if (path->indexorderbys == NIL)
+	if (path->indexorderbys == NULL)
 	{
-		*indexStartupCost = get_float8_infinity();
-		*indexTotalCost = get_float8_infinity();
+		*indexStartupCost = DBL_MAX;
+		*indexTotalCost = DBL_MAX;
 		*indexSelectivity = 0;
 		*indexCorrelation = 0;
 		*indexPages = 0;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
-		/* See "On disable_cost" thread on pgsql-hackers */
-		path->path.disabled_nodes = 2;
-#endif
 		return;
 	}

 	MemSet(&costs, 0, sizeof(costs));

-	genericcostestimate(root, path, loop_count, &costs);
-
 	index = index_open(path->indexinfo->indexoid, NoLock);
 	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, &m, NULL);
 	index_close(index, NoLock);

-	/*
-	 * HNSW cost estimation follows a formula that accounts for the total
-	 * number of tuples indexed combined with the parameters that most
-	 * influence the duration of the index scan, namely: m - the number of
-	 * tuples that are scanned in each step of the HNSW graph traversal
-	 * ef_search - which influences the total number of steps taken at layer 0
-	 *
-	 * The source of the vector data can impact how many steps it takes to
-	 * converge on the set of vectors to return to the executor. Currently, we
-	 * use a hardcoded scaling factor (HNSWScanScalingFactor) to help
-	 * influence that, but this could later become a configurable parameter
-	 * based on the cost estimations.
-	 *
-	 * The tuple estimator formula is below:
-	 *
-	 * numIndexTuples = entryLevel * m + layer0TuplesMax * layer0Selectivity
-	 *
-	 * "entryLevel * m" represents the floor of tuples we need to scan to get
-	 * to layer 0 (L0).
-	 *
-	 * "layer0TuplesMax" is the estimated total number of tuples we'd scan at
-	 * L0 if we weren't discarding already visited tuples as part of the scan.
-	 *
-	 * "layer0Selectivity" estimates the percentage of tuples that are scanned
-	 * at L0, accounting for previously visited tuples, multiplied by the
-	 * "scalingFactor" (currently hardcoded).
-	 */
-	if (path->indexinfo->tuples > 0)
-	{
-		double		scalingFactor = 0.55;
-		int			entryLevel = (int) (log(path->indexinfo->tuples) * HnswGetMl(m));
-		int			layer0TuplesMax = HnswGetLayerM(m, 0) * hnsw_ef_search;
-		double		layer0Selectivity = scalingFactor * log(path->indexinfo->tuples) / (log(m) * (1 + log(hnsw_ef_search)));
+	/* Approximate entry level */
+	entryLevel = (int) -log(1.0 / path->indexinfo->tuples) * HnswGetMl(m);

-		ratio = (entryLevel * m + layer0TuplesMax * layer0Selectivity) / path->indexinfo->tuples;
+	/* TODO Improve estimate of visited tuples (currently underestimates) */
+	/* Account for number of tuples (or entry level), m, and ef_search */
+	costs.numIndexTuples = (entryLevel + 2) * m;

-		if (ratio > 1)
-			ratio = 1;
-	}
-	else
-		ratio = 1;
+	genericcostestimate(root, path, loop_count, &costs);

-	get_tablespace_page_costs(path->indexinfo->reltablespace, NULL, &spc_seq_page_cost);
-
-	/* Startup cost is cost before returning the first row */
-	costs.indexStartupCost = costs.indexTotalCost * ratio;
-
-	/* Adjust cost if needed since TOAST not included in seq scan cost */
-	startupPages = costs.numIndexPages * ratio;
-	if (startupPages > path->indexinfo->rel->pages && ratio < 0.5)
-	{
-		/* Change all page cost from random to sequential */
-		costs.indexStartupCost -= startupPages * (costs.spc_random_page_cost - spc_seq_page_cost);
-
-		/* Remove cost of extra pages */
-		costs.indexStartupCost -= (startupPages - path->indexinfo->rel->pages) * spc_seq_page_cost;
-	}
-
-	*indexStartupCost = costs.indexStartupCost;
+	/* Use total cost since most work happens before first tuple is returned */
+	*indexStartupCost = costs.indexTotalCost;
 	*indexTotalCost = costs.indexTotalCost;
 	*indexSelectivity = costs.indexSelectivity;
 	*indexCorrelation = costs.indexCorrelation;
@@ -243,10 +154,23 @@ hnswoptions(Datum reloptions, bool validate)
 		{"ef_construction", RELOPT_TYPE_INT, offsetof(HnswOptions, efConstruction)},
 	};

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	return (bytea *) build_reloptions(reloptions, validate,
 									  hnsw_relopt_kind,
 									  sizeof(HnswOptions),
 									  tab, lengthof(tab));
+#else
+	relopt_value *options;
+	int			numoptions;
+	HnswOptions *rdopts;
+
+	options = parseRelOptions(reloptions, validate, hnsw_relopt_kind, &numoptions);
+	rdopts = allocateReloptStruct(sizeof(HnswOptions), options, numoptions);
+	fillRelOptions((void *) rdopts, sizeof(HnswOptions), options, numoptions,
+				   validate, tab, lengthof(tab));
+
+	return (bytea *) rdopts;
+#endif
 }

 /*
@@ -263,80 +187,19 @@ hnswvalidate(Oid opclassoid)
 *
 * See https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/index-api.html
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(hnswhandler);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(hnswhandler);
 Datum
 hnswhandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
-	static const IndexAmRoutine amroutine = {
-		.type = T_IndexAmRoutine,
-		.amstrategies = 0,
-		.amsupport = 3,
-		.amoptsprocnum = 0,
-		.amcanorder = false,
-		.amcanorderbyop = true,
-		.amcanhash = false,
-		.amconsistentequality = false,
-		.amconsistentordering = false,
-		.amcanbackward = false,
-		.amcanunique = false,
-		.amcanmulticol = false,
-		.amoptionalkey = true,
-		.amsearcharray = false,
-		.amsearchnulls = false,
-		.amstorage = false,
-		.amclusterable = false,
-		.ampredlocks = false,
-		.amcanparallel = false,
-		.amcanbuildparallel = true,
-		.amcaninclude = false,
-		.amusemaintenanceworkmem = false,
-		.amsummarizing = false,
-		.amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL,
-		.amkeytype = InvalidOid,
-
-		.ambuild = hnswbuild,
-		.ambuildempty = hnswbuildempty,
-		.aminsert = hnswinsert,
-		.aminsertcleanup = NULL,
-		.ambulkdelete = hnswbulkdelete,
-		.amvacuumcleanup = hnswvacuumcleanup,
-		.amcanreturn = NULL,
-		.amcostestimate = hnswcostestimate,
-		.amgettreeheight = NULL,
-		.amoptions = hnswoptions,
-		.amproperty = NULL,
-		.ambuildphasename = hnswbuildphasename,
-		.amvalidate = hnswvalidate,
-		.amadjustmembers = NULL,
-		.ambeginscan = hnswbeginscan,
-		.amrescan = hnswrescan,
-		.amgettuple = hnswgettuple,
-		.amgetbitmap = NULL,
-		.amendscan = hnswendscan,
-		.ammarkpos = NULL,
-		.amrestrpos = NULL,
-		.amestimateparallelscan = NULL,
-		.aminitparallelscan = NULL,
-		.amparallelrescan = NULL,
-		.amtranslatestrategy = NULL,
-		.amtranslatecmptype = NULL,
-	};
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(&amroutine);
-#else
 	IndexAmRoutine *amroutine = makeNode(IndexAmRoutine);

 	amroutine->amstrategies = 0;
-	amroutine->amsupport = 3;
+	amroutine->amsupport = 2;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	amroutine->amoptsprocnum = 0;
+#endif
 	amroutine->amcanorder = false;
 	amroutine->amcanorderbyop = true;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
-	amroutine->amcanhash = false;
-	amroutine->amconsistentequality = false;
-	amroutine->amconsistentordering = false;
-#endif
 	amroutine->amcanbackward = false;	/* can change direction mid-scan */
 	amroutine->amcanunique = false;
 	amroutine->amcanmulticol = false;
@@ -347,31 +210,21 @@ hnswhandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	amroutine->amclusterable = false;
 	amroutine->ampredlocks = false;
 	amroutine->amcanparallel = false;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
-	amroutine->amcanbuildparallel = true;
-#endif
 	amroutine->amcaninclude = false;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false; /* not used during VACUUM */
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
-	amroutine->amsummarizing = false;
-#endif
 	amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL;
+#endif
 	amroutine->amkeytype = InvalidOid;

 	/* Interface functions */
 	amroutine->ambuild = hnswbuild;
 	amroutine->ambuildempty = hnswbuildempty;
 	amroutine->aminsert = hnswinsert;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
-	amroutine->aminsertcleanup = NULL;
-#endif
 	amroutine->ambulkdelete = hnswbulkdelete;
 	amroutine->amvacuumcleanup = hnswvacuumcleanup;
 	amroutine->amcanreturn = NULL;
 	amroutine->amcostestimate = hnswcostestimate;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
-	amroutine->amgettreeheight = NULL;
-#endif
 	amroutine->amoptions = hnswoptions;
 	amroutine->amproperty = NULL;	/* TODO AMPROP_DISTANCE_ORDERABLE */
 	amroutine->ambuildphasename = hnswbuildphasename;
@@ -392,11 +245,5 @@ hnswhandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	amroutine->aminitparallelscan = NULL;
 	amroutine->amparallelrescan = NULL;

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
-	amroutine->amtranslatestrategy = NULL;
-	amroutine->amtranslatecmptype = NULL;
-#endif
-
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(amroutine);
-#endif
 }
--- a/src/hnsw.h
+++ b/src/hnsw.h
@@ -3,36 +3,24 @@

 #include "postgres.h"

-#include <math.h>
-
 #include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/parallel.h"
 #include "lib/pairingheap.h"
 #include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "port.h"				/* for random() */
-#include "storage/bufpage.h"
-#include "storage/condition_variable.h"
-#include "storage/lwlock.h"
-#include "storage/s_lock.h"
 #include "utils/relptr.h"
 #include "utils/sampling.h"
 #include "vector.h"

-#ifdef HNSW_BENCH
-#include "portability/instr_time.h"
-#endif
-
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
-typedef Pointer Item;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120000
+#error "Requires PostgreSQL 12+"
 #endif

 #define HNSW_MAX_DIM 2000
-#define HNSW_MAX_NNZ 1000

 /* Support functions */
 #define HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC 1
 #define HNSW_NORM_PROC 2
-#define HNSW_TYPE_INFO_PROC 3

 #define HNSW_VERSION	1
 #define HNSW_MAGIC_NUMBER 0xA953A953
@@ -67,6 +55,12 @@ typedef Pointer Item;
 #define HNSW_UPDATE_ENTRY_GREATER 1
 #define HNSW_UPDATE_ENTRY_ALWAYS 2

+typedef enum HnswType
+{
+	HNSW_TYPE_VECTOR,
+	HNSW_TYPE_INTVEC
+}			HnswType;
+
 /* Build phases */
 /* PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE_INITIALIZE is 1 */
 #define PROGRESS_HNSW_PHASE_LOAD		2
@@ -82,21 +76,6 @@ typedef Pointer Item;
 #define HnswPageGetOpaque(page)	((HnswPageOpaque) PageGetSpecialPointer(page))
 #define HnswPageGetMeta(page)	((HnswMetaPageData *) PageGetContents(page))

-#ifdef HNSW_BENCH
-#define HnswBench(name, code) \
-	do { \
-		instr_time	start; \
-		instr_time	duration; \
-		INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(start); \
-		(code); \
-		INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(duration); \
-		INSTR_TIME_SUBTRACT(duration, start); \
-		elog(INFO, "%s: %.3f ms", name, INSTR_TIME_GET_MILLISEC(duration)); \
-	} while (0)
-#else
-#define HnswBench(name, code) (code)
-#endif
-
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 150000
 #define RandomDouble() pg_prng_double(&pg_global_prng_state)
 #define SeedRandom(seed) pg_prng_seed(&pg_global_prng_state, seed)
@@ -105,6 +84,11 @@ typedef Pointer Item;
 #define SeedRandom(seed) srandom(seed)
 #endif

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
+#define list_delete_last(list) list_truncate(list, list_length(list) - 1)
+#define list_sort(list, cmp) ((list) = list_qsort(list, cmp))
+#endif
+
 #define HnswIsElementTuple(tup) ((tup)->type == HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_TYPE)
 #define HnswIsNeighborTuple(tup) ((tup)->type == HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_TYPE)

@@ -117,9 +101,6 @@ typedef Pointer Item;
 /* Ensure fits on page and in uint8 */
 #define HnswGetMaxLevel(m) Min(((BLCKSZ - MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData) - MAXALIGN(sizeof(HnswPageOpaqueData)) - offsetof(HnswNeighborTupleData, indextids) - sizeof(ItemIdData)) / (sizeof(ItemPointerData)) / (m)) - 2, 255)

-#define HnswGetSearchCandidate(membername, ptr) pairingheap_container(HnswSearchCandidate, membername, ptr)
-#define HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(membername, ptr) pairingheap_const_container(HnswSearchCandidate, membername, ptr)
-
 #define HnswGetValue(base, element) PointerGetDatum(HnswPtrAccess(base, (element)->value))

 #if PG_VERSION_NUM < 140005
@@ -138,24 +119,14 @@ typedef Pointer Item;

 /* Variables */
 extern int	hnsw_ef_search;
-extern int	hnsw_iterative_scan;
-extern int	hnsw_max_scan_tuples;
-extern double hnsw_scan_mem_multiplier;
 extern int	hnsw_lock_tranche_id;

-typedef enum HnswIterativeScanMode
-{
-	HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF,
-	HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_RELAXED,
-	HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_STRICT
-}			HnswIterativeScanMode;
-
 typedef struct HnswElementData HnswElementData;
 typedef struct HnswNeighborArray HnswNeighborArray;

 #define HnswPtrDeclare(type, relptrtype, ptrtype) \
 	relptr_declare(type, relptrtype); \
-	typedef union { type *ptr; relptrtype relptr; } ptrtype
+	typedef union { type *ptr; relptrtype relptr; } ptrtype;

 /* Pointers that can be absolute or relative */
 /* Use char for DatumPtr so works with Pointer */
@@ -171,7 +142,6 @@ struct HnswElementData
 	uint8		heaptidsLength;
 	uint8		level;
 	uint8		deleted;
-	uint8		version;
 	uint32		hash;
 	HnswNeighborsPtr neighbors;
 	BlockNumber blkno;
@@ -198,13 +168,11 @@ struct HnswNeighborArray
 	HnswCandidate items[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
 };

-typedef struct HnswSearchCandidate
+typedef struct HnswPairingHeapNode
 {
-	pairingheap_node c_node;
-	pairingheap_node w_node;
-	HnswElementPtr element;
-	double		distance;
-}			HnswSearchCandidate;
+	pairingheap_node ph_node;
+	HnswCandidate *inner;
+}			HnswPairingHeapNode;

 /* HNSW index options */
 typedef struct HnswOptions
@@ -228,8 +196,8 @@ typedef struct HnswGraph

 	/* Allocations state */
 	LWLock		allocatorLock;
-	Size		memoryUsed;
-	Size		memoryTotal;
+	long		memoryUsed;
+	long		memoryTotal;

 	/* Flushed state */
 	LWLock		flushLock;
@@ -273,25 +241,6 @@ typedef struct HnswAllocator
 	void	   *state;
 }			HnswAllocator;

-typedef struct HnswTypeInfo
-{
-	int			maxDimensions;
-	Datum		(*normalize) (PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
-	void		(*checkValue) (Pointer v);
-}			HnswTypeInfo;
-
-typedef struct HnswSupport
-{
-	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
-	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
-	Oid			collation;
-}			HnswSupport;
-
-typedef struct HnswQuery
-{
-	Datum		value;
-}			HnswQuery;
-
 typedef struct HnswBuildState
 {
 	/* Info */
@@ -299,7 +248,7 @@ typedef struct HnswBuildState
 	Relation	index;
 	IndexInfo  *indexInfo;
 	ForkNumber	forkNum;
-	const		HnswTypeInfo *typeInfo;
+	HnswType	type;

 	/* Settings */
 	int			dimensions;
@@ -311,7 +260,9 @@ typedef struct HnswBuildState
 	double		reltuples;

 	/* Support functions */
-	HnswSupport support;
+	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
+	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
+	Oid			collation;

 	/* Variables */
 	HnswGraph	graphData;
@@ -359,10 +310,10 @@ typedef struct HnswElementTupleData
 	uint8		type;
 	uint8		level;
 	uint8		deleted;
-	uint8		version;
+	uint8		unused;
 	ItemPointerData heaptids[HNSW_HEAPTIDS];
 	ItemPointerData neighbortid;
-	uint16		unused;
+	uint16		unused2;
 	Vector		data;
 }			HnswElementTupleData;

@@ -371,42 +322,23 @@ typedef HnswElementTupleData * HnswElementTuple;
 typedef struct HnswNeighborTupleData
 {
 	uint8		type;
-	uint8		version;
+	uint8		unused;
 	uint16		count;
 	ItemPointerData indextids[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
 }			HnswNeighborTupleData;

 typedef HnswNeighborTupleData * HnswNeighborTuple;

-typedef union
-{
-	struct pointerhash_hash *pointers;
-	struct offsethash_hash *offsets;
-	struct tidhash_hash *tids;
-}			visited_hash;
-
-typedef union
-{
-	HnswElement element;
-	ItemPointerData indextid;
-}			HnswUnvisited;
-
 typedef struct HnswScanOpaqueData
 {
-	const		HnswTypeInfo *typeInfo;
 	bool		first;
 	List	   *w;
-	visited_hash v;
-	pairingheap *discarded;
-	HnswQuery	q;
-	int			m;
-	int64		tuples;
-	double		previousDistance;
-	Size		maxMemory;
 	MemoryContext tmpCtx;

 	/* Support functions */
-	HnswSupport support;
+	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
+	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
+	Oid			collation;
 }			HnswScanOpaqueData;

 typedef HnswScanOpaqueData * HnswScanOpaque;
@@ -424,14 +356,14 @@ typedef struct HnswVacuumState
 	int			efConstruction;

 	/* Support functions */
-	HnswSupport support;
+	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
+	Oid			collation;

 	/* Variables */
-	struct tidhash_hash *deleting;
+	struct tidhash_hash *deleted;
 	BufferAccessStrategy bas;
 	HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
 	HnswElementData highestPoint;
-	HnswElementData fallbackPoint;

 	/* Memory */
 	MemoryContext tmpCtx;
@@ -441,35 +373,31 @@ typedef struct HnswVacuumState
 int			HnswGetM(Relation index);
 int			HnswGetEfConstruction(Relation index);
 FmgrInfo   *HnswOptionalProcInfo(Relation index, uint16 procnum);
-void		HnswInitSupport(HnswSupport * support, Relation index);
-Datum		HnswNormValue(const HnswTypeInfo * typeInfo, Oid collation, Datum value);
-bool		HnswCheckNorm(HnswSupport * support, Datum value);
+HnswType	HnswGetType(Relation index);
+bool		HnswNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value, HnswType type);
 Buffer		HnswNewBuffer(Relation index, ForkNumber forkNum);
 void		HnswInitPage(Buffer buf, Page page);
 void		HnswInit(void);
-List	   *HnswSearchLayer(char *base, HnswQuery * q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, HnswSupport * support, int m, bool inserting, HnswElement skipElement, visited_hash * v, pairingheap **discarded, bool initVisited, int64 *tuples);
+List	   *HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, bool inserting, HnswElement skipElement);
 HnswElement HnswGetEntryPoint(Relation index);
 void		HnswGetMetaPageInfo(Relation index, int *m, HnswElement * entryPoint);
 void	   *HnswAlloc(HnswAllocator * allocator, Size size);
 HnswElement HnswInitElement(char *base, ItemPointer tid, int m, double ml, int maxLevel, HnswAllocator * alloc);
 HnswElement HnswInitElementFromBlock(BlockNumber blkno, OffsetNumber offno);
-void		HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint, Relation index, HnswSupport * support, int m, int efConstruction, bool existing);
-HnswSearchCandidate *HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement entryPoint, HnswQuery * q, Relation index, HnswSupport * support, bool loadVec);
+void		HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, int efConstruction, bool existing);
+HnswCandidate *HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement em, Datum q, Relation rel, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec);
 void		HnswUpdateMetaPage(Relation index, int updateEntry, HnswElement entryPoint, BlockNumber insertPage, ForkNumber forkNum, bool building);
 void		HnswSetNeighborTuple(char *base, HnswNeighborTuple ntup, HnswElement e, int m);
 void		HnswAddHeapTid(HnswElement element, ItemPointer heaptid);
-HnswNeighborArray *HnswInitNeighborArray(int lm, HnswAllocator * allocator);
 void		HnswInitNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, int m, HnswAllocator * alloc);
-bool		HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, HnswSupport * support, Datum value, ItemPointer heaptid, bool building);
-void		HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, HnswSupport * support, HnswElement e, int m, bool checkExisting, bool building);
+bool		HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, Datum value, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, bool building);
+void		HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement e, int m, bool checkExisting, bool building);
 void		HnswLoadElementFromTuple(HnswElement element, HnswElementTuple etup, bool loadHeaptids, bool loadVec);
-void		HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, double *distance, HnswQuery * q, Relation index, HnswSupport * support, bool loadVec, double *maxDistance);
-bool		HnswFormIndexValue(Datum *out, Datum *values, bool *isnull, const HnswTypeInfo * typeInfo, HnswSupport * support);
+void		HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, Datum *q, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec);
 void		HnswSetElementTuple(char *base, HnswElementTuple etup, HnswElement element);
-void		HnswUpdateConnection(char *base, HnswNeighborArray * neighbors, HnswElement newElement, float distance, int lm, int *updateIdx, Relation index, HnswSupport * support);
-bool		HnswLoadNeighborTids(HnswElement element, ItemPointerData *indextids, Relation index, int m, int lm, int lc);
+void		HnswUpdateConnection(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswCandidate * hc, int lm, int lc, int *updateIdx, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation);
+void		HnswLoadNeighbors(HnswElement element, Relation index, int m);
 void		HnswInitLockTranche(void);
-const		HnswTypeInfo *HnswGetTypeInfo(Relation index);
 PGDLLEXPORT void HnswParallelBuildMain(dsm_segment *seg, shm_toc *toc);

 /* Index access methods */
--- a/src/hnswbuild.c
+++ b/src/hnswbuild.c
@@ -36,34 +36,22 @@
 */
 #include "postgres.h"

-#include <limits.h>
+#include <math.h>

-#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/parallel.h"
-#include "access/relscan.h"
 #include "access/table.h"
 #include "access/tableam.h"
-#include "access/tupdesc.h"
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xloginsert.h"
 #include "catalog/index.h"
-#include "catalog/pg_type_d.h"
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
-#include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
-#include "storage/condition_variable.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/datum.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
-#include "utils/rel.h"
-#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
-
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
-#include "varatt.h"
-#endif

 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 #include "utils/backend_progress.h"
@@ -71,6 +59,12 @@
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #endif

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
+#define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER ItemPointer tid
+#else
+#define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER HeapTuple hup
+#endif
+
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 #include "utils/backend_status.h"
 #include "utils/wait_event.h"
@@ -80,7 +74,9 @@
 #define PARALLEL_KEY_HNSW_AREA			UINT64CONST(0xA000000000000002)
 #define PARALLEL_KEY_QUERY_TEXT			UINT64CONST(0xA000000000000003)

-#define HNSW_MAX_GRAPH_MEMORY (SIZE_MAX / 2)
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
+#define GENERATIONCHUNK_RAWSIZE (SIZEOF_SIZE_T + SIZEOF_VOID_P * 2)
+#endif

 /*
 * Create the metapage
@@ -195,9 +191,7 @@ CreateGraphPages(HnswBuildState * buildstate)

 		/* Initial size check */
 		if (etupSize > HNSW_TUPLE_ALLOC_SIZE)
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
-					 errmsg("index tuple too large")));
+			elog(ERROR, "index tuple too large");

 		HnswSetElementTuple(base, etup, element);

@@ -379,18 +373,12 @@ AddElementInMemory(char *base, HnswGraph * graph, HnswElement element)
 * Update neighbors
 */
 static void
-UpdateNeighborsInMemory(char *base, HnswSupport * support, HnswElement e, int m)
+UpdateNeighborsInMemory(char *base, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement e, int m)
 {
 	for (int lc = e->level; lc >= 0; lc--)
 	{
 		int			lm = HnswGetLayerM(m, lc);
-		Size		neighborsSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_ARRAY_SIZE(lm);
-		HnswNeighborArray *neighbors = palloc(neighborsSize);
-
-		/* Copy neighbors to local memory */
-		LWLockAcquire(&e->lock, LW_SHARED);
-		memcpy(neighbors, HnswGetNeighbors(base, e, lc), neighborsSize);
-		LWLockRelease(&e->lock);
+		HnswNeighborArray *neighbors = HnswGetNeighbors(base, e, lc);

 		for (int i = 0; i < neighbors->length; i++)
 		{
@@ -400,8 +388,9 @@ UpdateNeighborsInMemory(char *base, HnswSupport * support, HnswElement e, int m)
 			/* Keep scan-build happy on Mac x86-64 */
 			Assert(neighborElement);

+			/* Use element for lock instead of hc since hc can be replaced */
 			LWLockAcquire(&neighborElement->lock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
-			HnswUpdateConnection(base, HnswGetNeighbors(base, neighborElement, lc), e, hc->distance, lm, NULL, NULL, support);
+			HnswUpdateConnection(base, e, hc, lm, lc, NULL, NULL, procinfo, collation);
 			LWLockRelease(&neighborElement->lock);
 		}
 	}
@@ -411,7 +400,7 @@ UpdateNeighborsInMemory(char *base, HnswSupport * support, HnswElement e, int m)
 * Update graph in memory
 */
 static void
-UpdateGraphInMemory(HnswSupport * support, HnswElement element, int m, HnswElement entryPoint, HnswBuildState * buildstate)
+UpdateGraphInMemory(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement element, int m, int efConstruction, HnswElement entryPoint, HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 {
 	HnswGraph  *graph = buildstate->graph;
 	char	   *base = buildstate->hnswarea;
@@ -424,7 +413,7 @@ UpdateGraphInMemory(HnswSupport * support, HnswElement element, int m, HnswEleme
 	AddElementInMemory(base, graph, element);

 	/* Update neighbors */
-	UpdateNeighborsInMemory(base, support, element, m);
+	UpdateNeighborsInMemory(base, procinfo, collation, element, m);

 	/* Update entry point if needed (already have lock) */
 	if (entryPoint == NULL || element->level > entryPoint->level)
@@ -437,8 +426,9 @@ UpdateGraphInMemory(HnswSupport * support, HnswElement element, int m, HnswEleme
 static void
 InsertTupleInMemory(HnswBuildState * buildstate, HnswElement element)
 {
+	FmgrInfo   *procinfo = buildstate->procinfo;
+	Oid			collation = buildstate->collation;
 	HnswGraph  *graph = buildstate->graph;
-	HnswSupport *support = &buildstate->support;
 	HnswElement entryPoint;
 	LWLock	   *entryLock = &graph->entryLock;
 	LWLock	   *entryWaitLock = &graph->entryWaitLock;
@@ -470,10 +460,10 @@ InsertTupleInMemory(HnswBuildState * buildstate, HnswElement element)
 	}

 	/* Find neighbors for element */
-	HnswFindElementNeighbors(base, element, entryPoint, NULL, support, m, efConstruction, false);
+	HnswFindElementNeighbors(base, element, entryPoint, NULL, procinfo, collation, m, efConstruction, false);

 	/* Update graph in memory */
-	UpdateGraphInMemory(support, element, m, entryPoint, buildstate);
+	UpdateGraphInMemory(procinfo, collation, element, m, efConstruction, entryPoint, buildstate);

 	/* Release entry lock */
 	LWLockRelease(entryLock);
@@ -488,24 +478,24 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid, Hn
 	HnswGraph  *graph = buildstate->graph;
 	HnswElement element;
 	HnswAllocator *allocator = &buildstate->allocator;
-	HnswSupport *support = &buildstate->support;
 	Size		valueSize;
 	Pointer		valuePtr;
 	LWLock	   *flushLock = &graph->flushLock;
 	char	   *base = buildstate->hnswarea;
-	Datum		value;
-	Size		memoryMargin;

-	/* Form index value */
-	if (!HnswFormIndexValue(&value, values, isnull, buildstate->typeInfo, support))
-		return false;
+	/* Detoast once for all calls */
+	Datum		value = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(values[0]));
+
+	/* Normalize if needed */
+	if (buildstate->normprocinfo != NULL)
+	{
+		if (!HnswNormValue(buildstate->normprocinfo, buildstate->collation, &value, buildstate->type))
+			return false;
+	}

 	/* Get datum size */
 	valueSize = VARSIZE_ANY(DatumGetPointer(value));

-	/* In a parallel build, add a margin so allocations never fail */
-	memoryMargin = base == NULL ? 0 : 1024 * 1024;
-
 	/* Ensure graph not flushed when inserting */
 	LWLockAcquire(flushLock, LW_SHARED);

@@ -514,7 +504,7 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid, Hn
 	{
 		LWLockRelease(flushLock);

-		return HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(index, support, value, heaptid, true);
+		return HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(index, value, values, isnull, heaptid, true);
 	}

 	/*
@@ -527,7 +517,7 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid, Hn
 	 * Check that we have enough memory available for the new element now that
 	 * we have the allocator lock, and flush pages if needed.
 	 */
-	if (graph->memoryUsed + memoryMargin >= graph->memoryTotal)
+	if (graph->memoryUsed >= graph->memoryTotal)
 	{
 		LWLockRelease(&graph->allocatorLock);

@@ -546,7 +536,7 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid, Hn

 		LWLockRelease(flushLock);

-		return HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(index, support, value, heaptid, true);
+		return HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(index, value, values, isnull, heaptid, true);
 	}

 	/* Ok, we can proceed to allocate the element */
@@ -562,7 +552,7 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid, Hn

 	/* Copy the datum */
 	memcpy(valuePtr, DatumGetPointer(value), valueSize);
-	HnswPtrStore(base, element->value, (char *) valuePtr);
+	HnswPtrStore(base, element->value, valuePtr);

 	/* Create a lock for the element */
 	LWLockInitialize(&element->lock, hnsw_lock_tranche_id);
@@ -580,13 +570,17 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid, Hn
 * Callback for table_index_build_scan
 */
 static void
-BuildCallback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values,
+BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
 			  bool *isnull, bool tupleIsAlive, void *state)
 {
 	HnswBuildState *buildstate = (HnswBuildState *) state;
 	HnswGraph  *graph = buildstate->graph;
 	MemoryContext oldCtx;

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
+	ItemPointer tid = &hup->t_self;
+#endif
+
 	/* Skip nulls */
 	if (isnull[0])
 		return;
@@ -612,7 +606,7 @@ BuildCallback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values,
 * Initialize the graph
 */
 static void
-InitGraph(HnswGraph * graph, char *base, Size memoryTotal)
+InitGraph(HnswGraph * graph, char *base, long memoryTotal)
 {
 	/* Initialize the lock tranche if needed */
 	HnswInitLockTranche();
@@ -620,7 +614,7 @@ InitGraph(HnswGraph * graph, char *base, Size memoryTotal)
 	HnswPtrStore(base, graph->head, (HnswElement) NULL);
 	HnswPtrStore(base, graph->entryPoint, (HnswElement) NULL);
 	graph->memoryUsed = 0;
-	graph->memoryTotal = Min(memoryTotal, HNSW_MAX_GRAPH_MEMORY);
+	graph->memoryTotal = memoryTotal;
 	graph->flushed = false;
 	graph->indtuples = 0;
 	SpinLockInit(&graph->lock);
@@ -649,7 +643,11 @@ HnswMemoryContextAlloc(Size size, void *state)
 	HnswBuildState *buildstate = (HnswBuildState *) state;
 	void	   *chunk = MemoryContextAlloc(buildstate->graphCtx, size);

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	buildstate->graphData.memoryUsed = MemoryContextMemAllocated(buildstate->graphCtx, false);
+#else
+	buildstate->graphData.memoryUsed += MAXALIGN(size);
+#endif

 	return chunk;
 }
@@ -661,17 +659,9 @@ static void *
 HnswSharedMemoryAlloc(Size size, void *state)
 {
 	HnswBuildState *buildstate = (HnswBuildState *) state;
-	Size		alignedSize = MAXALIGN(size);
-	void	   *chunk;
+	void	   *chunk = buildstate->hnswarea + buildstate->graph->memoryUsed;

-	if (alignedSize > 1024 * 1024)
-		elog(ERROR, "hnsw allocation too large");
-
-	if (buildstate->graph->memoryUsed + alignedSize > buildstate->graph->memoryTotal)
-		elog(ERROR, "hnsw allocator out of memory");
-
-	chunk = buildstate->hnswarea + buildstate->graph->memoryUsed;
-	buildstate->graph->memoryUsed += alignedSize;
+	buildstate->graph->memoryUsed += MAXALIGN(size);
 	return chunk;
 }

@@ -681,45 +671,40 @@ HnswSharedMemoryAlloc(Size size, void *state)
 static void
 InitBuildState(HnswBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, IndexInfo *indexInfo, ForkNumber forkNum)
 {
+	int			maxDimensions = HNSW_MAX_DIM;
+
 	buildstate->heap = heap;
 	buildstate->index = index;
 	buildstate->indexInfo = indexInfo;
 	buildstate->forkNum = forkNum;
-	buildstate->typeInfo = HnswGetTypeInfo(index);
+	buildstate->type = HnswGetType(index);

 	buildstate->m = HnswGetM(index);
 	buildstate->efConstruction = HnswGetEfConstruction(index);
 	buildstate->dimensions = TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypmod;

-	/* Disallow varbit since require fixed dimensions */
-	if (TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypid == VARBITOID)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
-				 errmsg("type not supported for hnsw index")));
+	if (buildstate->type == HNSW_TYPE_INTVEC)
+		maxDimensions *= 4;

 	/* Require column to have dimensions to be indexed */
 	if (buildstate->dimensions < 0)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
-				 errmsg("column does not have dimensions")));
+		elog(ERROR, "column does not have dimensions");

-	if (buildstate->dimensions > buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
-				 errmsg("column cannot have more than %d dimensions for hnsw index", buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions)));
+	if (buildstate->dimensions > maxDimensions)
+		elog(ERROR, "column cannot have more than %d dimensions for hnsw index", maxDimensions);

 	if (buildstate->efConstruction < 2 * buildstate->m)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
-				 errmsg("ef_construction must be greater than or equal to 2 * m")));
+		elog(ERROR, "ef_construction must be greater than or equal to 2 * m");

 	buildstate->reltuples = 0;
 	buildstate->indtuples = 0;

 	/* Get support functions */
-	HnswInitSupport(&buildstate->support, index);
+	buildstate->procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC);
+	buildstate->normprocinfo = HnswOptionalProcInfo(index, HNSW_NORM_PROC);
+	buildstate->collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];

-	InitGraph(&buildstate->graphData, NULL, maintenance_work_mem * (Size) 1024);
+	InitGraph(&buildstate->graphData, NULL, maintenance_work_mem * 1024L);
 	buildstate->graph = &buildstate->graphData;
 	buildstate->ml = HnswGetMl(buildstate->m);
 	buildstate->maxLevel = HnswGetMaxLevel(buildstate->m);
@@ -803,11 +788,7 @@ HnswParallelScanAndInsert(Relation heapRel, Relation indexRel, HnswShared * hnsw
 	buildstate.hnswarea = hnswarea;
 	InitAllocator(&buildstate.allocator, &HnswSharedMemoryAlloc, &buildstate);
 	scan = table_beginscan_parallel(heapRel,
-									ParallelTableScanFromHnswShared(hnswshared)
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
-									,SO_NONE
-#endif
-		);
+									ParallelTableScanFromHnswShared(hnswshared));
 	reltuples = table_index_build_scan(heapRel, indexRel, indexInfo,
 									   true, progress, BuildCallback,
 									   (void *) &buildstate, scan);
@@ -956,13 +937,11 @@ HnswBeginParallel(HnswBuildState * buildstate, bool isconcurrent, int request)
 	/* Leave space for other objects in shared memory */
 	/* Docker has a default limit of 64 MB for shm_size */
 	/* which happens to be the default value of maintenance_work_mem */
-	esthnswarea = maintenance_work_mem * (Size) 1024;
+	esthnswarea = maintenance_work_mem * 1024L;
 	estother = 3 * 1024 * 1024;
 	if (esthnswarea > estother)
 		esthnswarea -= estother;

-	esthnswarea = Min(esthnswarea, HNSW_MAX_GRAPH_MEMORY);
-
 	shm_toc_estimate_chunk(&pcxt->estimator, esthnswarea);
 	shm_toc_estimate_keys(&pcxt->estimator, 2);

@@ -1005,7 +984,8 @@ HnswBeginParallel(HnswBuildState * buildstate, bool isconcurrent, int request)
 								  snapshot);

 	hnswarea = (char *) shm_toc_allocate(pcxt->toc, esthnswarea);
-	InitGraph(&hnswshared->graphData, hnswarea, esthnswarea);
+	/* Report less than allocated so never fails */
+	InitGraph(&hnswshared->graphData, hnswarea, esthnswarea - 1024 * 1024);

 	/*
 	 * Avoid base address for relptr for Postgres < 14.5
@@ -1084,7 +1064,7 @@ ComputeParallelWorkers(Relation heap, Relation index)
 * Build graph
 */
 static void
-BuildGraph(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
+BuildGraph(HnswBuildState * buildstate, ForkNumber forkNum)
 {
 	int			parallel_workers = 0;

@@ -1132,10 +1112,10 @@ BuildIndex(Relation heap, Relation index, IndexInfo *indexInfo,

 	InitBuildState(buildstate, heap, index, indexInfo, forkNum);

-	BuildGraph(buildstate);
+	BuildGraph(buildstate, forkNum);

-	if (RelationNeedsWAL(index) || forkNum == INIT_FORKNUM)
-		log_newpage_range(index, forkNum, 0, RelationGetNumberOfBlocksInFork(index, forkNum), true);
+	if (RelationNeedsWAL(index))
+		log_newpage_range(index, forkNum, 0, RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(index), true);

 	FreeBuildState(buildstate);
 }
--- a/src/hnswinsert.c
+++ b/src/hnswinsert.c
@@ -1,19 +1,13 @@
 #include "postgres.h"

-#include "access/genam.h"
+#include <math.h>
+
 #include "access/generic_xlog.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
-#include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
-#include "storage/lwlock.h"
 #include "utils/datum.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
-#include "utils/rel.h"
-
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
-#include "varatt.h"
-#endif

 /*
 * Get the insert page
@@ -42,15 +36,14 @@ GetInsertPage(Relation index)
 * Check for a free offset
 */
 static bool
-HnswFreeOffset(Relation index, Buffer buf, Page page, HnswElement element, Size etupSize, Size ntupSize, Buffer *nbuf, Page *npage, OffsetNumber *freeOffno, OffsetNumber *freeNeighborOffno, BlockNumber *newInsertPage, uint8 *tupleVersion)
+HnswFreeOffset(Relation index, Buffer buf, Page page, HnswElement element, Size ntupSize, Buffer *nbuf, Page *npage, OffsetNumber *freeOffno, OffsetNumber *freeNeighborOffno, BlockNumber *newInsertPage)
 {
 	OffsetNumber offno;
 	OffsetNumber maxoffno = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);

 	for (offno = FirstOffsetNumber; offno <= maxoffno; offno = OffsetNumberNext(offno))
 	{
-		ItemId		eitemid = PageGetItemId(page, offno);
-		HnswElementTuple etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, eitemid);
+		HnswElementTuple etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offno));

 		/* Skip neighbor tuples */
 		if (!HnswIsElementTuple(etup))
@@ -61,9 +54,7 @@ HnswFreeOffset(Relation index, Buffer buf, Page page, HnswElement element, Size
 			BlockNumber elementPage = BufferGetBlockNumber(buf);
 			BlockNumber neighborPage = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&etup->neighbortid);
 			OffsetNumber neighborOffno = ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&etup->neighbortid);
-			ItemId		nitemid;
-			Size		pageFree;
-			Size		npageFree;
+			ItemId		itemid;

 			if (!BlockNumberIsValid(*newInsertPage))
 				*newInsertPage = elementPage;
@@ -82,29 +73,13 @@ HnswFreeOffset(Relation index, Buffer buf, Page page, HnswElement element, Size
 				*npage = BufferGetPage(*nbuf);
 			}

-			nitemid = PageGetItemId(*npage, neighborOffno);
+			itemid = PageGetItemId(*npage, neighborOffno);

-			/* Ensure aligned for space check */
-			Assert(etupSize == MAXALIGN(etupSize));
-			Assert(ntupSize == MAXALIGN(ntupSize));
-
-			/*
-			 * Calculate free space individually since tuples are overwritten
-			 * individually (in separate calls to PageIndexTupleOverwrite)
-			 */
-			pageFree = ItemIdGetLength(eitemid) + PageGetExactFreeSpace(page);
-			npageFree = ItemIdGetLength(nitemid);
-			if (neighborPage != elementPage)
-				npageFree += PageGetExactFreeSpace(*npage);
-			else if (pageFree >= etupSize)
-				npageFree += pageFree - etupSize;
-
-			/* Check for space */
-			if (pageFree >= etupSize && npageFree >= ntupSize)
+			/* Check for space on neighbor tuple page */
+			if (PageGetFreeSpace(*npage) + ItemIdGetLength(itemid) - sizeof(ItemIdData) >= ntupSize)
 			{
 				*freeOffno = offno;
 				*freeNeighborOffno = neighborOffno;
-				*tupleVersion = etup->version;
 				return true;
 			}
 			else if (*nbuf != buf)
@@ -160,7 +135,6 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 	OffsetNumber freeOffno = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 	OffsetNumber freeNeighborOffno = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 	BlockNumber newInsertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;
-	uint8		tupleVersion;
 	char	   *base = NULL;

 	/* Calculate sizes */
@@ -210,7 +184,7 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 		}

 		/* Next, try space from a deleted element */
-		if (HnswFreeOffset(index, buf, page, e, etupSize, ntupSize, &nbuf, &npage, &freeOffno, &freeNeighborOffno, &newInsertPage, &tupleVersion))
+		if (HnswFreeOffset(index, buf, page, e, ntupSize, &nbuf, &npage, &freeOffno, &freeNeighborOffno, &newInsertPage))
 		{
 			if (nbuf != buf)
 			{
@@ -220,10 +194,6 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 					npage = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, nbuf, 0);
 			}

-			/* Set tuple version */
-			etup->version = tupleVersion;
-			ntup->version = tupleVersion;
-
 			break;
 		}

@@ -346,107 +316,6 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 		*updatedInsertPage = newInsertPage;
 }

-/*
- * Load neighbors
- */
-static HnswNeighborArray *
-HnswLoadNeighbors(HnswElement element, Relation index, int m, int lm, int lc)
-{
-	char	   *base = NULL;
-	HnswNeighborArray *neighbors = HnswInitNeighborArray(lm, NULL);
-	ItemPointerData indextids[HNSW_MAX_M * 2];
-
-	if (!HnswLoadNeighborTids(element, indextids, index, m, lm, lc))
-		return neighbors;
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < lm; i++)
-	{
-		ItemPointer indextid = &indextids[i];
-		HnswElement e;
-		HnswCandidate *hc;
-
-		if (!ItemPointerIsValid(indextid))
-			break;
-
-		e = HnswInitElementFromBlock(ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(indextid), ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(indextid));
-		hc = &neighbors->items[neighbors->length++];
-		HnswPtrStore(base, hc->element, e);
-	}
-
-	return neighbors;
-}
-
-/*
- * Load elements for insert
- */
-static void
-LoadElementsForInsert(HnswNeighborArray * neighbors, HnswQuery * q, int *idx, Relation index, HnswSupport * support)
-{
-	char	   *base = NULL;
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < neighbors->length; i++)
-	{
-		HnswCandidate *hc = &neighbors->items[i];
-		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
-		double		distance;
-
-		HnswLoadElement(element, &distance, q, index, support, true, NULL);
-		hc->distance = distance;
-
-		/* Prune element if being deleted */
-		if (element->heaptidsLength == 0)
-		{
-			*idx = i;
-			break;
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-/*
- * Get update index
- */
-static int
-GetUpdateIndex(HnswElement element, HnswElement newElement, float distance, int m, int lm, int lc, Relation index, HnswSupport * support, MemoryContext updateCtx)
-{
-	char	   *base = NULL;
-	int			idx = -1;
-	HnswNeighborArray *neighbors;
-	MemoryContext oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(updateCtx);
-
-	/*
-	 * Get latest neighbors since they may have changed. Do not lock yet since
-	 * selecting neighbors can take time. Could use optimistic locking to
-	 * retry if another update occurs before getting exclusive lock.
-	 */
-	neighbors = HnswLoadNeighbors(element, index, m, lm, lc);
-
-	/*
-	 * Could improve performance for vacuuming by checking neighbors against
-	 * list of elements being deleted to find index. It's important to exclude
-	 * already deleted elements for this since they can be replaced at any
-	 * time.
-	 */
-
-	if (neighbors->length < lm)
-		idx = -2;
-	else
-	{
-		HnswQuery	q;
-
-		q.value = HnswGetValue(base, element);
-
-		LoadElementsForInsert(neighbors, &q, &idx, index, support);
-
-		if (idx == -1)
-			HnswUpdateConnection(base, neighbors, newElement, distance, lm, &idx, index, support);
-	}
-
-	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
-	MemoryContextReset(updateCtx);
-
-	return idx;
-}
-
 /*
 * Check if connection already exists
 */
@@ -467,94 +336,14 @@ ConnectionExists(HnswElement e, HnswNeighborTuple ntup, int startIdx, int lm)
 	return false;
 }

-/*
- * Update neighbor
- */
-static void
-UpdateNeighborOnDisk(HnswElement element, HnswElement newElement, int idx, int m, int lm, int lc, Relation index, bool checkExisting, bool building)
-{
-	Buffer		buf;
-	Page		page;
-	GenericXLogState *state;
-	HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
-	int			startIdx;
-	OffsetNumber offno = element->neighborOffno;
-
-	/* Register page */
-	buf = ReadBuffer(index, element->neighborPage);
-	LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE);
-	if (building)
-	{
-		state = NULL;
-		page = BufferGetPage(buf);
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		state = GenericXLogStart(index);
-		page = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, buf, 0);
-	}
-
-	/* Get tuple */
-	ntup = (HnswNeighborTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offno));
-
-	/* Calculate index for update */
-	startIdx = (element->level - lc) * m;
-
-	/* Check for existing connection */
-	if (checkExisting && ConnectionExists(newElement, ntup, startIdx, lm))
-		idx = -1;
-	else if (idx == -2)
-	{
-		/* Find free offset if still exists */
-		/* TODO Retry updating connections if not */
-		for (int j = 0; j < lm; j++)
-		{
-			if (!ItemPointerIsValid(&ntup->indextids[startIdx + j]))
-			{
-				idx = startIdx + j;
-				break;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	else
-		idx += startIdx;
-
-	/* Make robust to issues */
-	if (idx >= 0 && idx < ntup->count)
-	{
-		ItemPointer indextid = &ntup->indextids[idx];
-
-		/* Update neighbor on the buffer */
-		ItemPointerSet(indextid, newElement->blkno, newElement->offno);
-
-		/* Commit */
-		if (building)
-			MarkBufferDirty(buf);
-		else
-			GenericXLogFinish(state);
-	}
-	else if (!building)
-		GenericXLogAbort(state);
-
-	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
-}
-
 /*
 * Update neighbors
 */
 void
-HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, HnswSupport * support, HnswElement e, int m, bool checkExisting, bool building)
+HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement e, int m, bool checkExisting, bool building)
 {
 	char	   *base = NULL;

-	/* Use separate memory context to improve performance for larger vectors */
-	MemoryContext updateCtx = GenerationContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
-													  "Hnsw insert update context",
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 150000
-													  128 * 1024, 128 * 1024,
-#endif
-													  128 * 1024);
-
 	for (int lc = e->level; lc >= 0; lc--)
 	{
 		int			lm = HnswGetLayerM(m, lc);
@@ -563,20 +352,92 @@ HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, HnswSupport * support, HnswElement e,
 		for (int i = 0; i < neighbors->length; i++)
 		{
 			HnswCandidate *hc = &neighbors->items[i];
+			Buffer		buf;
+			Page		page;
+			GenericXLogState *state;
+			HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
+			int			idx = -1;
+			int			startIdx;
 			HnswElement neighborElement = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
-			int			idx;
+			OffsetNumber offno = neighborElement->neighborOffno;

-			idx = GetUpdateIndex(neighborElement, e, hc->distance, m, lm, lc, index, support, updateCtx);
+			/* Get latest neighbors since they may have changed */
+			/* Do not lock yet since selecting neighbors can take time */
+			HnswLoadNeighbors(neighborElement, index, m);
+
+			/*
+			 * Could improve performance for vacuuming by checking neighbors
+			 * against list of elements being deleted to find index. It's
+			 * important to exclude already deleted elements for this since
+			 * they can be replaced at any time.
+			 */
+
+			/* Select neighbors */
+			HnswUpdateConnection(NULL, e, hc, lm, lc, &idx, index, procinfo, collation);

 			/* New element was not selected as a neighbor */
 			if (idx == -1)
 				continue;

-			UpdateNeighborOnDisk(neighborElement, e, idx, m, lm, lc, index, checkExisting, building);
+			/* Register page */
+			buf = ReadBuffer(index, neighborElement->neighborPage);
+			LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE);
+			if (building)
+			{
+				state = NULL;
+				page = BufferGetPage(buf);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				state = GenericXLogStart(index);
+				page = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, buf, 0);
+			}
+
+			/* Get tuple */
+			ntup = (HnswNeighborTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offno));
+
+			/* Calculate index for update */
+			startIdx = (neighborElement->level - lc) * m;
+
+			/* Check for existing connection */
+			if (checkExisting && ConnectionExists(e, ntup, startIdx, lm))
+				idx = -1;
+			else if (idx == -2)
+			{
+				/* Find free offset if still exists */
+				/* TODO Retry updating connections if not */
+				for (int j = 0; j < lm; j++)
+				{
+					if (!ItemPointerIsValid(&ntup->indextids[startIdx + j]))
+					{
+						idx = startIdx + j;
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			else
+				idx += startIdx;
+
+			/* Make robust to issues */
+			if (idx >= 0 && idx < ntup->count)
+			{
+				ItemPointer indextid = &ntup->indextids[idx];
+
+				/* Update neighbor on the buffer */
+				ItemPointerSet(indextid, e->blkno, e->offno);
+
+				/* Commit */
+				if (building)
+					MarkBufferDirty(buf);
+				else
+					GenericXLogFinish(state);
+			}
+			else if (!building)
+				GenericXLogAbort(state);
+
+			UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 		}
 	}
-
-	MemoryContextDelete(updateCtx);
 }

 /*
@@ -666,7 +527,7 @@ FindDuplicateOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement element, bool building)
 * Update graph on disk
 */
 static void
-UpdateGraphOnDisk(Relation index, HnswSupport * support, HnswElement element, int m, HnswElement entryPoint, bool building)
+UpdateGraphOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement element, int m, int efConstruction, HnswElement entryPoint, bool building)
 {
 	BlockNumber newInsertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;

@@ -682,7 +543,7 @@ UpdateGraphOnDisk(Relation index, HnswSupport * support, HnswElement element, in
 		HnswUpdateMetaPage(index, 0, NULL, newInsertPage, MAIN_FORKNUM, building);

 	/* Update neighbors */
-	HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(index, support, element, m, false, building);
+	HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(index, procinfo, collation, element, m, false, building);

 	/* Update entry point if needed */
 	if (entryPoint == NULL || element->level > entryPoint->level)
@@ -693,12 +554,14 @@ UpdateGraphOnDisk(Relation index, HnswSupport * support, HnswElement element, in
 * Insert a tuple into the index
 */
 bool
-HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, HnswSupport * support, Datum value, ItemPointer heaptid, bool building)
+HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, Datum value, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, bool building)
 {
 	HnswElement entryPoint;
 	HnswElement element;
 	int			m;
 	int			efConstruction = HnswGetEfConstruction(index);
+	FmgrInfo   *procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC);
+	Oid			collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
 	LOCKMODE	lockmode = ShareLock;
 	char	   *base = NULL;

@@ -713,8 +576,8 @@ HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, HnswSupport * support, Datum value, ItemPo
 	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, &m, &entryPoint);

 	/* Create an element */
-	element = HnswInitElement(base, heaptid, m, HnswGetMl(m), HnswGetMaxLevel(m), NULL);
-	HnswPtrStore(base, element->value, (char *) DatumGetPointer(value));
+	element = HnswInitElement(base, heap_tid, m, HnswGetMl(m), HnswGetMaxLevel(m), NULL);
+	HnswPtrStore(base, element->value, DatumGetPointer(value));

 	/* Prevent concurrent inserts when likely updating entry point */
 	if (entryPoint == NULL || element->level > entryPoint->level)
@@ -731,10 +594,10 @@ HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, HnswSupport * support, Datum value, ItemPo
 	}

 	/* Find neighbors for element */
-	HnswFindElementNeighbors(base, element, entryPoint, index, support, m, efConstruction, false);
+	HnswFindElementNeighbors(base, element, entryPoint, index, procinfo, collation, m, efConstruction, false);

 	/* Update graph on disk */
-	UpdateGraphOnDisk(index, support, element, m, entryPoint, building);
+	UpdateGraphOnDisk(index, procinfo, collation, element, m, efConstruction, entryPoint, building);

 	/* Release lock */
 	UnlockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, lockmode);
@@ -746,19 +609,24 @@ HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, HnswSupport * support, Datum value, ItemPo
 * Insert a tuple into the index
 */
 static void
-HnswInsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid)
+HnswInsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid)
 {
 	Datum		value;
-	const		HnswTypeInfo *typeInfo = HnswGetTypeInfo(index);
-	HnswSupport support;
+	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
+	Oid			collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];

-	HnswInitSupport(&support, index);
+	/* Detoast once for all calls */
+	value = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(values[0]));

-	/* Form index value */
-	if (!HnswFormIndexValue(&value, values, isnull, typeInfo, &support))
-		return;
+	/* Normalize if needed */
+	normprocinfo = HnswOptionalProcInfo(index, HNSW_NORM_PROC);
+	if (normprocinfo != NULL)
+	{
+		if (!HnswNormValue(normprocinfo, collation, &value, HnswGetType(index)))
+			return;
+	}

-	HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(index, &support, value, heaptid, false);
+	HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(index, value, values, isnull, heap_tid, false);
 }

 /*
--- a/src/hnswscan.c
+++ b/src/hnswscan.c
@@ -1,89 +1,43 @@
 #include "postgres.h"

-#include <limits.h>
-
-#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/relscan.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
-#include "lib/pairingheap.h"
-#include "miscadmin.h"
-#include "nodes/pg_list.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
+#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
-#include "utils/float.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
-#include "utils/relcache.h"
-#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
-
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
-#include "varatt.h"
-#endif

 /*
 * Algorithm 5 from paper
 */
 static List *
-GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
+GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum q)
 {
 	HnswScanOpaque so = (HnswScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
 	Relation	index = scan->indexRelation;
-	HnswSupport *support = &so->support;
+	FmgrInfo   *procinfo = so->procinfo;
+	Oid			collation = so->collation;
 	List	   *ep;
 	List	   *w;
 	int			m;
 	HnswElement entryPoint;
 	char	   *base = NULL;
-	HnswQuery  *q = &so->q;

 	/* Get m and entry point */
 	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, &m, &entryPoint);

-	q->value = value;
-	so->m = m;
-
 	if (entryPoint == NULL)
 		return NIL;

-	ep = list_make1(HnswEntryCandidate(base, entryPoint, q, index, support, false));
+	ep = list_make1(HnswEntryCandidate(base, entryPoint, q, index, procinfo, collation, false));

 	for (int lc = entryPoint->level; lc >= 1; lc--)
 	{
-		w = HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, 1, lc, index, support, m, false, NULL, NULL, NULL, true, NULL);
+		w = HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, 1, lc, index, procinfo, collation, m, false, NULL);
 		ep = w;
 	}

-	return HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, hnsw_ef_search, 0, index, support, m, false, NULL, &so->v, hnsw_iterative_scan != HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF ? &so->discarded : NULL, true, &so->tuples);
-}
-
-/*
- * Resume scan at ground level with discarded candidates
- */
-static List *
-ResumeScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan)
-{
-	HnswScanOpaque so = (HnswScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
-	Relation	index = scan->indexRelation;
-	List	   *ep = NIL;
-	char	   *base = NULL;
-	int			batch_size = hnsw_ef_search;
-
-	if (pairingheap_is_empty(so->discarded))
-		return NIL;
-
-	/* Get next batch of candidates */
-	for (int i = 0; i < batch_size; i++)
-	{
-		HnswSearchCandidate *sc;
-
-		if (pairingheap_is_empty(so->discarded))
-			break;
-
-		sc = HnswGetSearchCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_remove_first(so->discarded));
-
-		ep = lappend(ep, sc);
-	}
-
-	return HnswSearchLayer(base, &so->q, ep, batch_size, 0, index, &so->support, so->m, false, NULL, &so->v, &so->discarded, false, &so->tuples);
+	return HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, hnsw_ef_search, 0, index, procinfo, collation, m, false, NULL);
 }

 /*
@@ -105,25 +59,14 @@ GetScanValue(IndexScanDesc scan)
 		Assert(!VARATT_IS_COMPRESSED(DatumGetPointer(value)));
 		Assert(!VARATT_IS_EXTENDED(DatumGetPointer(value)));

-		/* Normalize if needed */
-		if (so->support.normprocinfo != NULL)
-			value = HnswNormValue(so->typeInfo, so->support.collation, value);
+		/* Fine if normalization fails */
+		if (so->normprocinfo != NULL)
+			HnswNormValue(so->normprocinfo, so->collation, &value, HnswGetType(scan->indexRelation));
 	}

 	return value;
 }

-#if defined(HNSW_MEMORY)
-/*
- * Show memory usage
- */
-static void
-ShowMemoryUsage(HnswScanOpaque so)
-{
-	elog(INFO, "memory: %zu KB, tuples: " INT64_FORMAT, MemoryContextMemAllocated(so->tmpCtx, false) / 1024, so->tuples);
-}
-#endif
-
 /*
 * Prepare for an index scan
 */
@@ -132,28 +75,19 @@ hnswbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 {
 	IndexScanDesc scan;
 	HnswScanOpaque so;
-	double		maxMemory;

 	scan = RelationGetIndexScan(index, nkeys, norderbys);

 	so = (HnswScanOpaque) palloc(sizeof(HnswScanOpaqueData));
-	so->typeInfo = HnswGetTypeInfo(index);
-
-	/* Set support functions */
-	HnswInitSupport(&so->support, index);
-
-	/*
-	 * Use a lower max allocation size than default to allow scanning more
-	 * tuples for iterative search before exceeding work_mem
-	 */
+	so->first = true;
 	so->tmpCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
 									   "Hnsw scan temporary context",
-									   0, 8 * 1024, 256 * 1024);
+									   ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);

-	/* Calculate max memory */
-	/* Add 256 extra bytes to fill last block when close */
-	maxMemory = (double) work_mem * hnsw_scan_mem_multiplier * 1024.0 + 256;
-	so->maxMemory = Min(maxMemory, (double) (SIZE_MAX / 2));
+	/* Set support functions */
+	so->procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC);
+	so->normprocinfo = HnswOptionalProcInfo(index, HNSW_NORM_PROC);
+	so->collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];

 	scan->opaque = so;

@@ -169,11 +103,6 @@ hnswrescan(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanKey keys, int nkeys, ScanKey orderbys, int no
 	HnswScanOpaque so = (HnswScanOpaque) scan->opaque;

 	so->first = true;
-	/* v and discarded are allocated in tmpCtx */
-	so->v.tids = NULL;
-	so->discarded = NULL;
-	so->tuples = 0;
-	so->previousDistance = -get_float8_infinity();
 	MemoryContextReset(so->tmpCtx);

 	if (keys && scan->numberOfKeys > 0)
@@ -204,10 +133,6 @@ hnswgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)

 		/* Count index scan for stats */
 		pgstat_count_index_scan(scan->indexRelation);
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
-		if (scan->instrument)
-			scan->instrument->nsearches++;
-#endif

 		/* Safety check */
 		if (scan->orderByData == NULL)
@@ -233,91 +158,24 @@ hnswgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 		UnlockPage(scan->indexRelation, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ShareLock);

 		so->first = false;
-
-#if defined(HNSW_MEMORY)
-		ShowMemoryUsage(so);
-#endif
 	}

-	for (;;)
+	while (list_length(so->w) > 0)
 	{
 		char	   *base = NULL;
-		HnswSearchCandidate *sc;
-		HnswElement element;
+		HnswCandidate *hc = llast(so->w);
+		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
 		ItemPointer heaptid;

-		if (list_length(so->w) == 0)
-		{
-			if (hnsw_iterative_scan == HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF)
-				break;
-
-			/* Empty index */
-			if (so->discarded == NULL)
-				break;
-
-			/* Reached max number of tuples or memory limit */
-			if (so->tuples >= hnsw_max_scan_tuples || MemoryContextMemAllocated(so->tmpCtx, false) > so->maxMemory)
-			{
-				if (pairingheap_is_empty(so->discarded))
-					break;
-
-				/* Return remaining tuples */
-				so->w = lappend(so->w, HnswGetSearchCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_remove_first(so->discarded)));
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				/*
-				 * Locking ensures when neighbors are read, the elements they
-				 * reference will not be deleted (and replaced) during the
-				 * iteration.
-				 *
-				 * Elements loaded into memory on previous iterations may have
-				 * been deleted (and replaced), so when reading neighbors, the
-				 * element version must be checked.
-				 */
-				LockPage(scan->indexRelation, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ShareLock);
-
-				so->w = ResumeScanItems(scan);
-
-				UnlockPage(scan->indexRelation, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ShareLock);
-
-#if defined(HNSW_MEMORY)
-				ShowMemoryUsage(so);
-#endif
-			}
-
-			if (list_length(so->w) == 0)
-				break;
-		}
-
-		sc = llast(so->w);
-		element = HnswPtrAccess(base, sc->element);
-
 		/* Move to next element if no valid heap TIDs */
 		if (element->heaptidsLength == 0)
 		{
 			so->w = list_delete_last(so->w);
-
-			/* Mark memory as free for next iteration */
-			if (hnsw_iterative_scan != HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF)
-			{
-				pfree(element);
-				pfree(sc);
-			}
-
 			continue;
 		}

 		heaptid = &element->heaptids[--element->heaptidsLength];

-		if (hnsw_iterative_scan == HNSW_ITERATIVE_SCAN_STRICT)
-		{
-			if (sc->distance < so->previousDistance)
-				continue;
-
-			so->previousDistance = sc->distance;
-		}
-
 		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);

 		scan->xs_heaptid = *heaptid;
--- a/src/hnswutils.c
+++ b/src/hnswutils.c
--- a/src/hnswvacuum.c
+++ b/src/hnswvacuum.c
@@ -1,30 +1,21 @@
 #include "postgres.h"

-#include "access/genam.h"
+#include <math.h>
+
 #include "access/generic_xlog.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
-#include "nodes/pg_list.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
-#include "utils/rel.h"
-
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
-#include "varatt.h"
-#endif
-
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
-#define vacuum_delay_point() vacuum_delay_point(false)
-#endif

 /*
- * Check if deletion list contains an element
+ * Check if deleted list contains an index TID
 */
 static bool
-DeletingElement(tidhash_hash * deleting, ItemPointer indextid)
+DeletedContains(tidhash_hash * deleted, ItemPointer indextid)
 {
-	return tidhash_lookup(deleting, *indextid) != NULL;
+	return tidhash_lookup(deleted, *indextid) != NULL;
 }

 /*
@@ -37,20 +28,17 @@ RemoveHeapTids(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 {
 	BlockNumber blkno = HNSW_HEAD_BLKNO;
 	HnswElement highestPoint = &vacuumstate->highestPoint;
-	HnswElement fallbackPoint = &vacuumstate->fallbackPoint;
 	Relation	index = vacuumstate->index;
 	BufferAccessStrategy bas = vacuumstate->bas;
+	HnswElement entryPoint = HnswGetEntryPoint(vacuumstate->index);
 	IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats = vacuumstate->stats;

-	/* Store separately since HnswElement level is uint8 */
+	/* Store separately since highestPoint.level is uint8 */
 	int			highestLevel = -1;
-	int			fallbackLevel = -1;

-	/* Initialize highest point and fallback point */
+	/* Initialize highest point */
 	highestPoint->blkno = InvalidBlockNumber;
 	highestPoint->offno = InvalidOffsetNumber;
-	fallbackPoint->blkno = InvalidBlockNumber;
-	fallbackPoint->offno = InvalidOffsetNumber;

 	while (BlockNumberIsValid(blkno))
 	{
@@ -80,14 +68,6 @@ RemoveHeapTids(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			if (!HnswIsElementTuple(etup))
 				continue;

-			/*
-			 * Skip deleted tuples. It is important they are not added to the
-			 * deletion list to avoid false positives in NeedsUpdated and
-			 * ConfirmRepaired.
-			 */
-			if (etup->deleted)
-				continue;
-
 			if (ItemPointerIsValid(&etup->heaptids[0]))
 			{
 				for (int i = 0; i < HNSW_HEAPTIDS; i++)
@@ -121,40 +101,23 @@ RemoveHeapTids(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)

 			if (!ItemPointerIsValid(&etup->heaptids[0]))
 			{
-				ItemPointerData indextid;
+				ItemPointerData ip;
 				bool		found;

-				/* Add to deletion list */
-				ItemPointerSet(&indextid, blkno, offno);
+				/* Add to deleted list */
+				ItemPointerSet(&ip, blkno, offno);

-				tidhash_insert(vacuumstate->deleting, indextid, &found);
+				tidhash_insert(vacuumstate->deleted, ip, &found);
 				Assert(!found);
 			}
-			else if (etup->level > highestLevel)
+			else if (etup->level > highestLevel && !(entryPoint != NULL && blkno == entryPoint->blkno && offno == entryPoint->offno))
 			{
-				if (BlockNumberIsValid(highestPoint->blkno))
-				{
-					/* Current highest point becomes fallback */
-					fallbackPoint->blkno = highestPoint->blkno;
-					fallbackPoint->offno = highestPoint->offno;
-					fallbackPoint->level = highestPoint->level;
-					fallbackLevel = highestLevel;
-				}
-
-				/* Keep track of highest point */
+				/* Keep track of highest non-entry point */
 				highestPoint->blkno = blkno;
 				highestPoint->offno = offno;
 				highestPoint->level = etup->level;
 				highestLevel = etup->level;
 			}
-			else if (etup->level > fallbackLevel)
-			{
-				/* Keep track of second highest point */
-				fallbackPoint->blkno = blkno;
-				fallbackPoint->offno = offno;
-				fallbackPoint->level = etup->level;
-				fallbackLevel = etup->level;
-			}
 		}

 		blkno = HnswPageGetOpaque(page)->nextblkno;
@@ -166,10 +129,6 @@ RemoveHeapTids(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)

 		UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 	}
-
-#ifdef HNSW_MEMORY
-	elog(INFO, "memory: %zu KB", MemoryContextMemAllocated(CurrentMemoryContext, true) / 1024);
-#endif
 }

 /*
@@ -200,8 +159,8 @@ NeedsUpdated(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, HnswElement element)
 		if (!ItemPointerIsValid(indextid))
 			continue;

-		/* Check if in deletion list */
-		if (DeletingElement(vacuumstate->deleting, indextid))
+		/* Check if in deleted list */
+		if (DeletedContains(vacuumstate->deleted, indextid))
 		{
 			needsUpdated = true;
 			break;
@@ -210,8 +169,7 @@ NeedsUpdated(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, HnswElement element)

 	/* Also update if layer 0 is not full */
 	/* This could indicate too many candidates being deleted during insert */
-	/* There should always be more than zero indextids, but check for safety */
-	if (!needsUpdated && ntup->count > 0)
+	if (!needsUpdated)
 		needsUpdated = !ItemPointerIsValid(&ntup->indextids[ntup->count - 1]);

 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
@@ -226,12 +184,13 @@ static void
 RepairGraphElement(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint)
 {
 	Relation	index = vacuumstate->index;
-	HnswSupport *support = &vacuumstate->support;
 	Buffer		buf;
 	Page		page;
 	GenericXLogState *state;
 	int			m = vacuumstate->m;
 	int			efConstruction = vacuumstate->efConstruction;
+	FmgrInfo   *procinfo = vacuumstate->procinfo;
+	Oid			collation = vacuumstate->collation;
 	BufferAccessStrategy bas = vacuumstate->bas;
 	HnswNeighborTuple ntup = vacuumstate->ntup;
 	Size		ntupSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(element->level, m);
@@ -246,7 +205,7 @@ RepairGraphElement(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, HnswElement element, HnswEleme
 	element->heaptidsLength = 0;

 	/* Find neighbors for element, skipping itself */
-	HnswFindElementNeighbors(base, element, entryPoint, index, support, m, efConstruction, true);
+	HnswFindElementNeighbors(base, element, entryPoint, index, procinfo, collation, m, efConstruction, true);

 	/* Zero memory for each element */
 	MemSet(ntup, 0, HNSW_TUPLE_ALLOC_SIZE);
@@ -270,7 +229,7 @@ RepairGraphElement(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, HnswElement element, HnswEleme
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);

 	/* Update neighbors */
-	HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(index, support, element, m, true, false);
+	HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(index, procinfo, collation, element, m, true, false);
 }

 /*
@@ -280,7 +239,6 @@ static void
 RepairGraphEntryPoint(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 {
 	Relation	index = vacuumstate->index;
-	HnswSupport *support = &vacuumstate->support;
 	HnswElement highestPoint = &vacuumstate->highestPoint;
 	HnswElement entryPoint;
 	MemoryContext oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(vacuumstate->tmpCtx);
@@ -297,27 +255,12 @@ RepairGraphEntryPoint(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 		/* Get a shared lock */
 		LockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, ShareLock);

-		/* Get latest entry point */
-		entryPoint = HnswGetEntryPoint(index);
+		/* Load element */
+		HnswLoadElement(highestPoint, NULL, NULL, index, vacuumstate->procinfo, vacuumstate->collation, true);

-		/* Use fallback point if highest point is entry point */
-		if (entryPoint != NULL && entryPoint->blkno == highestPoint->blkno && entryPoint->offno == highestPoint->offno)
-		{
-			highestPoint = &vacuumstate->fallbackPoint;
-
-			if (!BlockNumberIsValid(highestPoint->blkno))
-				highestPoint = NULL;
-		}
-
-		if (highestPoint != NULL)
-		{
-			/* Load element */
-			HnswLoadElement(highestPoint, NULL, NULL, index, support, true, NULL);
-
-			/* Repair if needed */
-			if (NeedsUpdated(vacuumstate, highestPoint))
-				RepairGraphElement(vacuumstate, highestPoint, entryPoint);
-		}
+		/* Repair if needed */
+		if (NeedsUpdated(vacuumstate, highestPoint))
+			RepairGraphElement(vacuumstate, highestPoint, HnswGetEntryPoint(index));

 		/* Release lock */
 		UnlockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, ShareLock);
@@ -335,7 +278,7 @@ RepairGraphEntryPoint(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)

 		ItemPointerSet(&epData, entryPoint->blkno, entryPoint->offno);

-		if (DeletingElement(vacuumstate->deleting, &epData))
+		if (DeletedContains(vacuumstate->deleted, &epData))
 		{
 			/*
 			 * Replace the entry point with the highest point. If highest
@@ -351,7 +294,7 @@ RepairGraphEntryPoint(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			 * is outdated, this can remove connections at higher levels in
 			 * the graph until they are repaired, but this should be fine.
 			 */
-			HnswLoadElement(entryPoint, NULL, NULL, index, support, true, NULL);
+			HnswLoadElement(entryPoint, NULL, NULL, index, vacuumstate->procinfo, vacuumstate->collation, true);

 			if (NeedsUpdated(vacuumstate, entryPoint))
 			{
@@ -421,10 +364,6 @@ RepairGraph(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			if (!HnswIsElementTuple(etup))
 				continue;

-			/* Skip deleted tuples */
-			if (etup->deleted)
-				continue;
-
 			/* Skip updating neighbors if being deleted */
 			if (!ItemPointerIsValid(&etup->heaptids[0]))
 				continue;
@@ -488,103 +427,6 @@ RepairGraph(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 		/* Reset memory context */
 		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
 		MemoryContextReset(vacuumstate->tmpCtx);
-
-#ifdef HNSW_VACUUM_PROGRESS
-		if (!BlockNumberIsValid(blkno) || (blkno - HNSW_HEAD_BLKNO) % 1000 == 0)
-		{
-			BlockNumber totalBlocks = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(index);
-			BlockNumber currentBlocks = BlockNumberIsValid(blkno) ? blkno : totalBlocks;
-
-			elog(INFO, "hnsw vacuum progress: %.1f%%", 100.0 * currentBlocks / totalBlocks);
-		}
-#endif
-	}
-}
-
-/*
- * Confirm graph was repaired
- */
-static void
-ConfirmRepaired(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
-{
-	BlockNumber blkno = HNSW_HEAD_BLKNO;
-	Relation	index = vacuumstate->index;
-	BufferAccessStrategy bas = vacuumstate->bas;
-
-	while (BlockNumberIsValid(blkno))
-	{
-		Buffer		buf;
-		Page		page;
-		OffsetNumber offno;
-		OffsetNumber maxoffno;
-
-		vacuum_delay_point();
-
-		buf = ReadBufferExtended(index, MAIN_FORKNUM, blkno, RBM_NORMAL, bas);
-		LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
-		page = BufferGetPage(buf);
-		maxoffno = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
-
-		/* Iterate over nodes */
-		for (offno = FirstOffsetNumber; offno <= maxoffno; offno = OffsetNumberNext(offno))
-		{
-			HnswElementTuple etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offno));
-			HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
-			Buffer		nbuf;
-			Page		npage;
-			BlockNumber neighborPage;
-			OffsetNumber neighborOffno;
-
-			/* Skip neighbor tuples */
-			if (!HnswIsElementTuple(etup))
-				continue;
-
-			/* Skip deleted tuples */
-			if (etup->deleted)
-				continue;
-
-			/* Skip if being deleted */
-			if (!ItemPointerIsValid(&etup->heaptids[0]))
-				continue;
-
-			/* Get neighbor page */
-			neighborPage = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&etup->neighbortid);
-			neighborOffno = ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&etup->neighbortid);
-
-			if (neighborPage == blkno)
-			{
-				nbuf = buf;
-				npage = page;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				nbuf = ReadBufferExtended(index, MAIN_FORKNUM, neighborPage, RBM_NORMAL, bas);
-				LockBuffer(nbuf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
-				npage = BufferGetPage(nbuf);
-			}
-
-			ntup = (HnswNeighborTuple) PageGetItem(npage, PageGetItemId(npage, neighborOffno));
-
-			/* Check neighbors */
-			for (int i = 0; i < ntup->count; i++)
-			{
-				ItemPointer indextid = &ntup->indextids[i];
-
-				if (!ItemPointerIsValid(indextid))
-					continue;
-
-				/* Check if in deletion list */
-				if (DeletingElement(vacuumstate->deleting, indextid))
-					elog(ERROR, "hnsw graph not repaired");
-			}
-
-			if (nbuf != buf)
-				UnlockReleaseBuffer(nbuf);
-		}
-
-		blkno = HnswPageGetOpaque(page)->nextblkno;
-
-		UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 	}
 }

@@ -600,15 +442,10 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 	BufferAccessStrategy bas = vacuumstate->bas;

 	/*
-	 * Wait for inserts and index scans to complete. Inserts and scans before
-	 * this point may visit tuples about to be deleted. Inserts and scans
-	 * after this point will not, since the graph has been repaired.
+	 * Wait for index scans to complete. Scans before this point may contain
+	 * tuples about to be deleted. Scans after this point will not, since the
+	 * graph has been repaired.
 	 */
-	LockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, ExclusiveLock);
-	UnlockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, ExclusiveLock);
-
-	ConfirmRepaired(vacuumstate);
-
 	LockPage(index, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ExclusiveLock);
 	UnlockPage(index, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ExclusiveLock);

@@ -683,22 +520,13 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			ntup = (HnswNeighborTuple) PageGetItem(npage, PageGetItemId(npage, neighborOffno));

 			/* Overwrite element */
-			/* Use memset instead of MemSet to keep clang-tidy happy */
 			etup->deleted = 1;
-			memset(&etup->data, 0, VARSIZE_ANY(&etup->data));
+			MemSet(&etup->data, 0, VARSIZE_ANY(&etup->data));

 			/* Overwrite neighbors */
 			for (int i = 0; i < ntup->count; i++)
 				ItemPointerSetInvalid(&ntup->indextids[i]);

-			/* Increment version */
-			/* This is used to avoid incorrect reads for iterative scans */
-			/* Reserve some bits for future use */
-			etup->version++;
-			if (etup->version > 15)
-				etup->version = 1;
-			ntup->version = etup->version;
-
 			/*
 			 * We modified the tuples in place, no need to call
 			 * PageIndexTupleOverwrite
@@ -745,18 +573,18 @@ InitVacuumState(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkD
 	vacuumstate->callback_state = callback_state;
 	vacuumstate->efConstruction = HnswGetEfConstruction(index);
 	vacuumstate->bas = GetAccessStrategy(BAS_BULKREAD);
+	vacuumstate->procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC);
+	vacuumstate->collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
 	vacuumstate->ntup = palloc0(HNSW_TUPLE_ALLOC_SIZE);
 	vacuumstate->tmpCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
 												"Hnsw vacuum temporary context",
 												ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);

-	HnswInitSupport(&vacuumstate->support, index);
-
 	/* Get m from metapage */
 	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, &vacuumstate->m, NULL);

 	/* Create hash table */
-	vacuumstate->deleting = tidhash_create(CurrentMemoryContext, 256, NULL);
+	vacuumstate->deleted = tidhash_create(CurrentMemoryContext, 256, NULL);
 }

 /*
@@ -765,7 +593,7 @@ InitVacuumState(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkD
 static void
 FreeVacuumState(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 {
-	tidhash_destroy(vacuumstate->deleting);
+	tidhash_destroy(vacuumstate->deleted);
 	FreeAccessStrategy(vacuumstate->bas);
 	pfree(vacuumstate->ntup);
 	MemoryContextDelete(vacuumstate->tmpCtx);
@@ -783,13 +611,13 @@ hnswbulkdelete(IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats,
 	InitVacuumState(&vacuumstate, info, stats, callback, callback_state);

 	/* Pass 1: Remove heap TIDs */
-	HnswBench("RemoveHeapTids", RemoveHeapTids(&vacuumstate));
+	RemoveHeapTids(&vacuumstate);

 	/* Pass 2: Repair graph */
-	HnswBench("RepairGraph", RepairGraph(&vacuumstate));
+	RepairGraph(&vacuumstate);

-	/* Passes 3 and 4: Confirm repaired and mark as deleted */
-	HnswBench("MarkDeleted", MarkDeleted(&vacuumstate));
+	/* Pass 3: Mark as deleted */
+	MarkDeleted(&vacuumstate);

 	FreeVacuumState(&vacuumstate);

--- a/src/intvec.c
+++ b/src/intvec.c
@@ -0,0 +1,608 @@
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
+#include "intvec.h"
+#include "lib/stringinfo.h"
+#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
+#include "utils/array.h"
+#include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
+
+/*
+ * Ensure same dimensions
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckDims(IntVector * a, IntVector * b)
+{
+	if (a->dim != b->dim)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("different intvec dimensions %d and %d", a->dim, b->dim)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ensure expected dimensions
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckExpectedDim(int32 typmod, int dim)
+{
+	if (typmod != -1 && typmod != dim)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("expected %d dimensions, not %d", typmod, dim)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ensure valid dimensions
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckDim(int dim)
+{
+	if (dim < 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("intvec must have at least 1 dimension")));
+
+	if (dim > INTVEC_MAX_DIM)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("intvec cannot have more than %d dimensions", INTVEC_MAX_DIM)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ensure element in range
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckElement(long value)
+{
+	if (value < SCHAR_MIN || value > SCHAR_MAX)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+				 errmsg("value \"%ld\" is out of range for type intvec", value)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Allocate and initialize a new int vector
+ */
+IntVector *
+InitIntVector(int dim)
+{
+	IntVector  *result;
+	int			size;
+
+	size = INTVEC_SIZE(dim);
+	result = (IntVector *) palloc0(size);
+	SET_VARSIZE(result, size);
+	result->dim = dim;
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check for whitespace, since array_isspace() is static
+ */
+static inline bool
+intvec_isspace(char ch)
+{
+	if (ch == ' ' ||
+		ch == '\t' ||
+		ch == '\n' ||
+		ch == '\r' ||
+		ch == '\v' ||
+		ch == '\f')
+		return true;
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert textual representation to internal representation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_in);
+Datum
+intvec_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	char	   *lit = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
+	int8		x[INTVEC_MAX_DIM];
+	int			dim = 0;
+	char	   *pt;
+	char	   *stringEnd;
+	IntVector  *result;
+	char	   *litcopy = pstrdup(lit);
+	char	   *str = litcopy;
+
+	while (intvec_isspace(*str))
+		str++;
+
+	if (*str != '[')
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+				 errmsg("malformed intvec literal: \"%s\"", lit),
+				 errdetail("Vector contents must start with \"[\".")));
+
+	str++;
+	pt = strtok(str, ",");
+	stringEnd = pt;
+
+	while (pt != NULL && *stringEnd != ']')
+	{
+		long		l;
+
+		if (dim == INTVEC_MAX_DIM)
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+					 errmsg("intvec cannot have more than %d dimensions", INTVEC_MAX_DIM)));
+
+		while (intvec_isspace(*pt))
+			pt++;
+
+		/* Check for empty string like float4in */
+		if (*pt == '\0')
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type intvec: \"%s\"", lit)));
+
+		/* Use similar logic as int2vectorin */
+		errno = 0;
+		l = strtol(pt, &stringEnd, 10);
+
+		if (stringEnd == pt)
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type intvec: \"%s\"", lit)));
+
+		if (errno == ERANGE || l < SCHAR_MIN || l > SCHAR_MAX)
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+					 errmsg("value \"%s\" is out of range for type intvec", pt)));
+
+		x[dim++] = l;
+
+		while (intvec_isspace(*stringEnd))
+			stringEnd++;
+
+		if (*stringEnd != '\0' && *stringEnd != ']')
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type intvec: \"%s\"", lit)));
+
+		pt = strtok(NULL, ",");
+	}
+
+	if (stringEnd == NULL || *stringEnd != ']')
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+				 errmsg("malformed intvec literal: \"%s\"", lit),
+				 errdetail("Unexpected end of input.")));
+
+	stringEnd++;
+
+	/* Only whitespace is allowed after the closing brace */
+	while (intvec_isspace(*stringEnd))
+		stringEnd++;
+
+	if (*stringEnd != '\0')
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+				 errmsg("malformed intvec literal: \"%s\"", lit),
+				 errdetail("Junk after closing right brace.")));
+
+	/* Ensure no consecutive delimiters since strtok skips */
+	for (pt = lit + 1; *pt != '\0'; pt++)
+	{
+		if (pt[-1] == ',' && *pt == ',')
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("malformed intvec literal: \"%s\"", lit)));
+	}
+
+	if (dim < 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("intvec must have at least 1 dimension")));
+
+	pfree(litcopy);
+
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);
+
+	result = InitIntVector(dim);
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+		result->x[i] = x[i];
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert internal representation to textual representation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_out);
+Datum
+intvec_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	IntVector  *vector = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
+	int			dim = vector->dim;
+	char	   *buf;
+	char	   *ptr;
+
+	/*
+	 * Need:
+	 *
+	 * dim * 4 bytes for elements (-128 to 127)
+	 *
+	 * dim - 1 bytes for separator
+	 *
+	 * 3 bytes for [, ], and \0
+	 */
+	buf = (char *) palloc(5 * dim + 2);
+	ptr = buf;
+
+	*ptr = '[';
+	ptr++;
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+		{
+			*ptr = ',';
+			ptr++;
+		}
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
+		ptr += pg_ltoa(vector->x[i], ptr);
+#else
+		pg_ltoa(vector->x[i], ptr);
+		while (*ptr != '\0')
+			ptr++;
+#endif
+	}
+	*ptr = ']';
+	ptr++;
+	*ptr = '\0';
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(vector, 0);
+	PG_RETURN_CSTRING(buf);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert type modifier
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_typmod_in);
+Datum
+intvec_typmod_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *ta = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	int32	   *tl;
+	int			n;
+
+	tl = ArrayGetIntegerTypmods(ta, &n);
+
+	if (n != 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("invalid type modifier")));
+
+	if (*tl < 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("dimensions for type intvec must be at least 1")));
+
+	if (*tl > INTVEC_MAX_DIM)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("dimensions for type intvec cannot exceed %d", INTVEC_MAX_DIM)));
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(*tl);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert external binary representation to internal representation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_recv);
+Datum
+intvec_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	StringInfo	buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
+	IntVector  *result;
+	int16		dim;
+	int16		unused;
+
+	dim = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int16));
+	unused = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int16));
+
+	CheckDim(dim);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);
+
+	if (unused != 0)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("expected unused to be 0, not %d", unused)));
+
+	result = InitIntVector(dim);
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+		result->x[i] = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int8));
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert internal representation to the external binary representation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_send);
+Datum
+intvec_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	IntVector  *vec = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
+	StringInfoData buf;
+
+	pq_begintypsend(&buf);
+	pq_sendint(&buf, vec->dim, sizeof(int16));
+	pq_sendint(&buf, vec->unused, sizeof(int16));
+	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
+		pq_sendint8(&buf, vec->x[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(pq_endtypsend(&buf));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert int vector to int vector
+ * This is needed to check the type modifier
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec);
+Datum
+intvec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	IntVector  *vec = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, vec->dim);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(vec);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert array to intvec vector
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(array_to_intvec);
+Datum
+array_to_intvec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *array = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	Vector	   *result;
+	int16		typlen;
+	bool		typbyval;
+	char		typalign;
+	Datum	   *elemsp;
+	int			nelemsp;
+
+	if (ARR_NDIM(array) > 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("array must be 1-D")));
+
+	if (ARR_HASNULL(array) && array_contains_nulls(array))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NULL_VALUE_NOT_ALLOWED),
+				 errmsg("array must not contain nulls")));
+
+	get_typlenbyvalalign(ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), &typlen, &typbyval, &typalign);
+	deconstruct_array(array, ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), typlen, typbyval, typalign, &elemsp, NULL, &nelemsp);
+
+	CheckDim(nelemsp);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, nelemsp);
+
+	result = InitVector(nelemsp);
+
+	if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == INT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+		{
+			long		l = DatumGetInt32(elemsp[i]);
+
+			CheckElement(l);
+
+			result->x[i] = l;
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("unsupported array type")));
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Free allocation from deconstruct_array. Do not free individual elements
+	 * when pass-by-reference since they point to original array.
+	 */
+	pfree(elemsp);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the L2 distance between int vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_l2_distance);
+Datum
+intvec_l2_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	IntVector  *a = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
+	IntVector  *b = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(1);
+	int8	   *ax = a->x;
+	int8	   *bx = b->x;
+	int			distance = 0;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+	{
+		int			diff = ax[i] - bx[i];
+
+		distance += diff * diff;
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(sqrt((double) distance));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the L2 squared distance between int vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_l2_squared_distance);
+Datum
+intvec_l2_squared_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	IntVector  *a = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
+	IntVector  *b = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(1);
+	int8	   *ax = a->x;
+	int8	   *bx = b->x;
+	int			distance = 0;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+	{
+		int			diff = ax[i] - bx[i];
+
+		distance += diff * diff;
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the inner product of two int vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_inner_product);
+Datum
+intvec_inner_product(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	IntVector  *a = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
+	IntVector  *b = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(1);
+	int8	   *ax = a->x;
+	int8	   *bx = b->x;
+	int			distance = 0;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+		distance += ax[i] * bx[i];
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the negative inner product of two int vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_negative_inner_product);
+Datum
+intvec_negative_inner_product(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	IntVector  *a = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
+	IntVector  *b = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(1);
+	int8	   *ax = a->x;
+	int8	   *bx = b->x;
+	int			distance = 0;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+		distance += ax[i] * bx[i];
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) -distance);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the cosine distance between two int vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_cosine_distance);
+Datum
+intvec_cosine_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	IntVector  *a = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
+	IntVector  *b = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(1);
+	int8	   *ax = a->x;
+	int8	   *bx = b->x;
+	int			distance = 0;
+	int			norma = 0;
+	int			normb = 0;
+	double		similarity;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+	{
+		int8		axi = ax[i];
+		int8		bxi = bx[i];
+
+		distance += axi * bxi;
+		norma += axi * axi;
+		normb += bxi * bxi;
+	}
+
+	/* Use sqrt(a * b) over sqrt(a) * sqrt(b) */
+	similarity = (double) distance / sqrt((double) norma * (double) normb);
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+	/* /fp:fast may not propagate NaN */
+	if (isnan(similarity))
+		PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(NAN);
+#endif
+
+	/* Keep in range */
+	if (similarity > 1)
+		similarity = 1;
+	else if (similarity < -1)
+		similarity = -1;
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(1 - similarity);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the L1 distance between two int vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_l1_distance);
+Datum
+intvec_l1_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	IntVector  *a = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
+	IntVector  *b = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(1);
+	int8	   *ax = a->x;
+	int8	   *bx = b->x;
+	int			distance = 0;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+		distance += abs(ax[i] - bx[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the L2 norm of an int vector
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_l2_norm);
+Datum
+intvec_l2_norm(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	IntVector  *a = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
+	int8	   *ax = a->x;
+	int			norm = 0;
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+		norm += ax[i] * ax[i];
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(sqrt((double) norm));
+}
--- a/src/intvec.h
+++ b/src/intvec.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#ifndef INTVEC_H
+#define INTVEC_H
+
+#include "vector.h"
+
+#define INTVEC_MAX_DIM VECTOR_MAX_DIM
+
+#define INTVEC_SIZE(_dim)		(offsetof(IntVector, x) + sizeof(int8)*(_dim))
+#define DatumGetIntVector(x)	((IntVector *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(x))
+#define PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(x)	DatumGetIntVector(PG_GETARG_DATUM(x))
+#define PG_RETURN_INTVEC_P(x)	PG_RETURN_POINTER(x)
+
+typedef struct IntVector
+{
+	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
+	int16		dim;			/* number of dimensions */
+	int16		unused;
+	int8		x[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
+}			IntVector;
+
+IntVector  *InitIntVector(int dim);
+
+#endif
--- a/src/ivfbuild.c
+++ b/src/ivfbuild.c
@@ -2,37 +2,20 @@

 #include <float.h>

-#include "access/genam.h"
-#include "access/generic_xlog.h"
-#include "access/itup.h"
-#include "access/relscan.h"
 #include "access/table.h"
 #include "access/tableam.h"
-#include "access/tupdesc.h"
 #include "access/parallel.h"
 #include "access/xact.h"
-#include "access/xloginsert.h"
 #include "catalog/index.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator_d.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_type_d.h"
 #include "commands/progress.h"
-#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
-#include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
-#include "storage/condition_variable.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
-#include "utils/rel.h"
-#include "utils/sampling.h"
-#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
-#include "utils/tuplesort.h"
-
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
-#include "varatt.h"
-#endif

 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 #include "utils/backend_progress.h"
@@ -40,6 +23,12 @@
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #endif

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
+#define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER ItemPointer tid
+#else
+#define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER HeapTuple hup
+#endif
+
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 #include "utils/backend_status.h"
 #include "utils/wait_event.h"
@@ -63,24 +52,24 @@ AddSample(Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	Datum		value = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(values[0]));

 	/*
-	 * Check with KMEANS_NORM_PROC that the value can be normalized since
-	 * spherical distance function expects unit vectors
+	 * Normalize with KMEANS_NORM_PROC since spherical distance function
+	 * expects unit vectors
 	 */
 	if (buildstate->kmeansnormprocinfo != NULL)
 	{
-		if (!IvfflatCheckNorm(buildstate->kmeansnormprocinfo, buildstate->collation, value))
+		if (!IvfflatNormValue(buildstate->kmeansnormprocinfo, buildstate->collation, &value))
 			return;
 	}

 	if (samples->length < targsamples)
 	{
-		VectorArraySet(samples, samples->length, DatumGetPointer(value));
+		VectorArraySet(samples, samples->length, DatumGetVector(value));
 		samples->length++;
 	}
 	else
 	{
 		if (buildstate->rowstoskip < 0)
-			buildstate->rowstoskip = reservoir_get_next_S(&buildstate->rstate, buildstate->samplerows, targsamples);
+			buildstate->rowstoskip = reservoir_get_next_S(&buildstate->rstate, samples->length, targsamples);

 		if (buildstate->rowstoskip <= 0)
 		{
@@ -91,21 +80,18 @@ AddSample(Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 #endif

 			Assert(k >= 0 && k < targsamples);
-			VectorArraySet(samples, k, DatumGetPointer(value));
+			VectorArraySet(samples, k, DatumGetVector(value));
 		}

 		buildstate->rowstoskip -= 1;
 	}
-
-	/* Increment after reservoir_get_next_S */
-	buildstate->samplerows += 1;
 }

 /*
 * Callback for sampling
 */
 static void
-SampleCallback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values,
+SampleCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
 			   bool *isnull, bool tupleIsAlive, void *state)
 {
 	IvfflatBuildState *buildstate = (IvfflatBuildState *) state;
@@ -135,7 +121,6 @@ SampleRows(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	int			targsamples = buildstate->samples->maxlen;
 	BlockNumber totalblocks = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(buildstate->heap);

-	buildstate->samplerows = 0;
 	buildstate->rowstoskip = -1;

 	BlockSampler_Init(&buildstate->bs, totalblocks, targsamples, RandomInt());
@@ -145,21 +130,16 @@ SampleRows(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	{
 		BlockNumber targblock = BlockSampler_Next(&buildstate->bs);

-		/* Set anyvisible to false like table_index_build_scan */
 		table_index_build_range_scan(buildstate->heap, buildstate->index, buildstate->indexInfo,
-									 false, false, false, targblock, 1, SampleCallback, (void *) buildstate, NULL);
+									 false, true, false, targblock, 1, SampleCallback, (void *) buildstate, NULL);
 	}
-
-	/* Normalize if needed */
-	if (buildstate->kmeansnormprocinfo != NULL)
-		IvfflatNormVectors(buildstate->typeInfo, buildstate->collation, buildstate->samples, buildstate->tmpCtx);
 }

 /*
 * Add tuple to sort
 */
 static void
-AddTupleToSort(ItemPointer tid, Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
+AddTupleToSort(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 {
 	double		distance;
 	double		minDistance = DBL_MAX;
@@ -173,10 +153,8 @@ AddTupleToSort(ItemPointer tid, Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	/* Normalize if needed */
 	if (buildstate->normprocinfo != NULL)
 	{
-		if (!IvfflatCheckNorm(buildstate->normprocinfo, buildstate->collation, value))
+		if (!IvfflatNormValue(buildstate->normprocinfo, buildstate->collation, &value))
 			return;
-
-		value = IvfflatNormValue(buildstate->typeInfo, buildstate->collation, value);
 	}

 	/* Find the list that minimizes the distance */
@@ -222,12 +200,16 @@ AddTupleToSort(ItemPointer tid, Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 * Callback for table_index_build_scan
 */
 static void
-BuildCallback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values,
+BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
 			  bool *isnull, bool tupleIsAlive, void *state)
 {
 	IvfflatBuildState *buildstate = (IvfflatBuildState *) state;
 	MemoryContext oldCtx;

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
+	ItemPointer tid = &hup->t_self;
+#endif
+
 	/* Skip nulls */
 	if (isnull[0])
 		return;
@@ -236,7 +218,7 @@ BuildCallback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values,
 	oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(buildstate->tmpCtx);

 	/* Add tuple to sort */
-	AddTupleToSort(tid, values, buildstate);
+	AddTupleToSort(index, tid, values, buildstate);

 	/* Reset memory context */
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
@@ -249,11 +231,11 @@ BuildCallback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values,
 static inline void
 GetNextTuple(Tuplesortstate *sortstate, TupleDesc tupdesc, TupleTableSlot *slot, IndexTuple *itup, int *list)
 {
+	Datum		value;
+	bool		isnull;
+
 	if (tuplesort_gettupleslot(sortstate, true, false, slot, NULL))
 	{
-		Datum		value;
-		bool		isnull;
-
 		*list = DatumGetInt32(slot_getattr(slot, 1, &isnull));
 		value = slot_getattr(slot, 3, &isnull);

@@ -275,8 +257,8 @@ InsertTuples(Relation index, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, ForkNumber forkNum)
 	IndexTuple	itup = NULL;	/* silence compiler warning */
 	int64		inserted = 0;

-	TupleTableSlot *slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(buildstate->sortdesc, &TTSOpsMinimalTuple);
-	TupleDesc	tupdesc = buildstate->tupdesc;
+	TupleTableSlot *slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(buildstate->tupdesc, &TTSOpsMinimalTuple);
+	TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(index);

 	pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE, PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_LOAD);

@@ -339,28 +321,16 @@ InitBuildState(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, In
 	buildstate->heap = heap;
 	buildstate->index = index;
 	buildstate->indexInfo = indexInfo;
-	buildstate->typeInfo = IvfflatGetTypeInfo(index);
-	buildstate->tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(index);

 	buildstate->lists = IvfflatGetLists(index);
 	buildstate->dimensions = TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypmod;

-	/* Disallow varbit since require fixed dimensions */
-	if (TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypid == VARBITOID)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
-				 errmsg("type not supported for ivfflat index")));
-
 	/* Require column to have dimensions to be indexed */
 	if (buildstate->dimensions < 0)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
-				 errmsg("column does not have dimensions")));
+		elog(ERROR, "column does not have dimensions");

-	if (buildstate->dimensions > buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
-				 errmsg("column cannot have more than %d dimensions for ivfflat index", buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions)));
+	if (buildstate->dimensions > IVFFLAT_MAX_DIM)
+		elog(ERROR, "column cannot have more than %d dimensions for ivfflat index", IVFFLAT_MAX_DIM);

 	buildstate->reltuples = 0;
 	buildstate->indtuples = 0;
@@ -373,29 +343,17 @@ InitBuildState(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, In

 	/* Require more than one dimension for spherical k-means */
 	if (buildstate->kmeansnormprocinfo != NULL && buildstate->dimensions == 1)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
-				 errmsg("dimensions must be greater than one for this opclass")));
+		elog(ERROR, "dimensions must be greater than one for this opclass");

 	/* Create tuple description for sorting */
-	buildstate->sortdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(3);
-	TupleDescInitEntry(buildstate->sortdesc, (AttrNumber) 1, "list", INT4OID, -1, 0);
-	TupleDescInitEntry(buildstate->sortdesc, (AttrNumber) 2, "tid", TIDOID, -1, 0);
-	TupleDescInitEntry(buildstate->sortdesc, (AttrNumber) 3, "vector", TupleDescAttr(buildstate->tupdesc, 0)->atttypid, -1, 0);
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
-	TupleDescFinalize(buildstate->sortdesc);
-#endif
+	buildstate->tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(3);
+	TupleDescInitEntry(buildstate->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 1, "list", INT4OID, -1, 0);
+	TupleDescInitEntry(buildstate->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 2, "tid", TIDOID, -1, 0);
+	TupleDescInitEntry(buildstate->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 3, "vector", RelationGetDescr(index)->attrs[0].atttypid, -1, 0);

-	buildstate->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(buildstate->sortdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual);
+	buildstate->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(buildstate->tupdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual);

-	buildstate->memoryUsed = 0;
-	buildstate->itemsize = buildstate->typeInfo->itemSize(buildstate->dimensions);
-
-	buildstate->memoryUsed += VECTOR_ARRAY_SIZE(buildstate->lists, buildstate->itemsize);
-	IvfflatCheckMemoryUsage(buildstate->memoryUsed);
-	buildstate->centers = VectorArrayInit(buildstate->lists, buildstate->dimensions, buildstate->itemsize);
-
-	/* TODO Move allocation to page creation */
+	buildstate->centers = VectorArrayInit(buildstate->lists, buildstate->dimensions);
 	buildstate->listInfo = palloc(sizeof(ListInfo) * buildstate->lists);

 	buildstate->tmpCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
@@ -449,12 +407,11 @@ ComputeCenters(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 		numSamples = 1;

 	/* Sample rows */
-	buildstate->memoryUsed += VECTOR_ARRAY_SIZE(numSamples, buildstate->itemsize);
-	IvfflatCheckMemoryUsage(buildstate->memoryUsed);
-	buildstate->samples = VectorArrayInit(numSamples, buildstate->dimensions, buildstate->itemsize);
+	/* TODO Ensure within maintenance_work_mem */
+	buildstate->samples = VectorArrayInit(numSamples, buildstate->dimensions);
 	if (buildstate->heap != NULL)
 	{
-		IvfflatBench("sample rows", SampleRows(buildstate));
+		SampleRows(buildstate);

 		if (buildstate->samples->length < buildstate->lists)
 		{
@@ -466,7 +423,7 @@ ComputeCenters(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	}

 	/* Calculate centers */
-	IvfflatBench("k-means", IvfflatKmeans(buildstate->index, buildstate->samples, buildstate->centers, buildstate->typeInfo, buildstate->memoryUsed));
+	IvfflatBench("k-means", IvfflatKmeans(buildstate->index, buildstate->samples, buildstate->centers));

 	/* Free samples before we allocate more memory */
 	VectorArrayFree(buildstate->samples);
@@ -502,8 +459,8 @@ CreateMetaPage(Relation index, int dimensions, int lists, ForkNumber forkNum)
 * Create list pages
 */
 static void
-CreateListPages(Relation index, VectorArray centers, int lists,
-				ForkNumber forkNum, ListInfo * *listInfo)
+CreateListPages(Relation index, VectorArray centers, int dimensions,
+				int lists, ForkNumber forkNum, ListInfo * *listInfo)
 {
 	Buffer		buf;
 	Page		page;
@@ -511,7 +468,7 @@ CreateListPages(Relation index, VectorArray centers, int lists,
 	Size		listSize;
 	IvfflatList list;

-	listSize = MAXALIGN(IVFFLAT_LIST_SIZE(centers->itemsize));
+	listSize = MAXALIGN(IVFFLAT_LIST_SIZE(dimensions));
 	list = palloc0(listSize);

 	buf = IvfflatNewBuffer(index, forkNum);
@@ -521,13 +478,10 @@ CreateListPages(Relation index, VectorArray centers, int lists,
 	{
 		OffsetNumber offno;

-		/* Zero memory for each list */
-		MemSet(list, 0, listSize);
-
 		/* Load list */
 		list->startPage = InvalidBlockNumber;
 		list->insertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;
-		memcpy(&list->center, VectorArrayGet(centers, i), VARSIZE_ANY(VectorArrayGet(centers, i)));
+		memcpy(&list->center, VectorArrayGet(centers, i), VECTOR_SIZE(dimensions));

 		/* Ensure free space */
 		if (PageGetFreeSpace(page) < listSize)
@@ -593,20 +547,6 @@ PrintKmeansMetrics(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 }
 #endif

-/*
- * Initialize build sort state
- */
-static Tuplesortstate *
-InitBuildSortState(TupleDesc tupdesc, int memory, SortCoordinate coordinate)
-{
-	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
-	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Int4LessOperator};
-	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
-	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
-
-	return tuplesort_begin_heap(tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, memory, coordinate, false);
-}
-
 /*
 * Within leader, wait for end of heap scan
 */
@@ -646,7 +586,7 @@ ParallelHeapScan(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 * Perform a worker's portion of a parallel sort
 */
 static void
-IvfflatParallelScanAndSort(IvfflatSpool * ivfspool, IvfflatShared * ivfshared, Sharedsort *sharedsort, char *ivfcenters, int sortmem, bool progress)
+IvfflatParallelScanAndSort(IvfflatSpool * ivfspool, IvfflatShared * ivfshared, Sharedsort *sharedsort, Vector * ivfcenters, int sortmem, bool progress)
 {
 	SortCoordinate coordinate;
 	IvfflatBuildState buildstate;
@@ -654,6 +594,12 @@ IvfflatParallelScanAndSort(IvfflatSpool * ivfspool, IvfflatShared * ivfshared, S
 	double		reltuples;
 	IndexInfo  *indexInfo;

+	/* Sort options, which must match AssignTuples */
+	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
+	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Int4LessOperator};
+	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
+	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
+
 	/* Initialize local tuplesort coordination state */
 	coordinate = palloc0(sizeof(SortCoordinateData));
 	coordinate->isWorker = true;
@@ -664,16 +610,12 @@ IvfflatParallelScanAndSort(IvfflatSpool * ivfspool, IvfflatShared * ivfshared, S
 	indexInfo = BuildIndexInfo(ivfspool->index);
 	indexInfo->ii_Concurrent = ivfshared->isconcurrent;
 	InitBuildState(&buildstate, ivfspool->heap, ivfspool->index, indexInfo);
-	memcpy(buildstate.centers->items, ivfcenters, buildstate.centers->itemsize * buildstate.centers->maxlen);
+	memcpy(buildstate.centers->items, ivfcenters, VECTOR_SIZE(buildstate.centers->dim) * buildstate.centers->maxlen);
 	buildstate.centers->length = buildstate.centers->maxlen;
-	ivfspool->sortstate = InitBuildSortState(buildstate.sortdesc, sortmem, coordinate);
+	ivfspool->sortstate = tuplesort_begin_heap(buildstate.tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, sortmem, coordinate, false);
 	buildstate.sortstate = ivfspool->sortstate;
 	scan = table_beginscan_parallel(ivfspool->heap,
-									ParallelTableScanFromIvfflatShared(ivfshared)
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
-									,SO_NONE
-#endif
-		);
+									ParallelTableScanFromIvfflatShared(ivfshared));
 	reltuples = table_index_build_scan(ivfspool->heap, ivfspool->index, indexInfo,
 									   true, progress, BuildCallback,
 									   (void *) &buildstate, scan);
@@ -716,7 +658,7 @@ IvfflatParallelBuildMain(dsm_segment *seg, shm_toc *toc)
 	IvfflatSpool *ivfspool;
 	IvfflatShared *ivfshared;
 	Sharedsort *sharedsort;
-	char	   *ivfcenters;
+	Vector	   *ivfcenters;
 	Relation	heapRel;
 	Relation	indexRel;
 	LOCKMODE	heapLockmode;
@@ -830,7 +772,7 @@ IvfflatBeginParallel(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, bool isconcurrent, int requ
 	Size		estcenters;
 	IvfflatShared *ivfshared;
 	Sharedsort *sharedsort;
-	char	   *ivfcenters;
+	Vector	   *ivfcenters;
 	IvfflatLeader *ivfleader = (IvfflatLeader *) palloc0(sizeof(IvfflatLeader));
 	bool		leaderparticipates = true;
 	int			querylen;
@@ -857,7 +799,7 @@ IvfflatBeginParallel(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, bool isconcurrent, int requ
 	shm_toc_estimate_chunk(&pcxt->estimator, estivfshared);
 	estsort = tuplesort_estimate_shared(scantuplesortstates);
 	shm_toc_estimate_chunk(&pcxt->estimator, estsort);
-	estcenters = buildstate->centers->itemsize * buildstate->centers->maxlen;
+	estcenters = VECTOR_SIZE(buildstate->dimensions) * buildstate->lists;
 	shm_toc_estimate_chunk(&pcxt->estimator, estcenters);
 	shm_toc_estimate_keys(&pcxt->estimator, 3);

@@ -909,7 +851,7 @@ IvfflatBeginParallel(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, bool isconcurrent, int requ
 	tuplesort_initialize_shared(sharedsort, scantuplesortstates,
 								pcxt->seg);

-	ivfcenters = shm_toc_allocate(pcxt->toc, estcenters);
+	ivfcenters = (Vector *) shm_toc_allocate(pcxt->toc, estcenters);
 	memcpy(ivfcenters, buildstate->centers->items, estcenters);

 	shm_toc_insert(pcxt->toc, PARALLEL_KEY_IVFFLAT_SHARED, ivfshared);
@@ -967,6 +909,12 @@ AssignTuples(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	int			parallel_workers = 0;
 	SortCoordinate coordinate = NULL;

+	/* Sort options, which must match IvfflatParallelScanAndSort */
+	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
+	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Int4LessOperator};
+	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
+	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
+
 	pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE, PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_ASSIGN);

 	/* Calculate parallel workers */
@@ -987,7 +935,7 @@ AssignTuples(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	}

 	/* Begin serial/leader tuplesort */
-	buildstate->sortstate = InitBuildSortState(buildstate->sortdesc, maintenance_work_mem, coordinate);
+	buildstate->sortstate = tuplesort_begin_heap(buildstate->tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, maintenance_work_mem, coordinate, false);

 	/* Add tuples to sort */
 	if (buildstate->heap != NULL)
@@ -1040,13 +988,9 @@ BuildIndex(Relation heap, Relation index, IndexInfo *indexInfo,

 	/* Create pages */
 	CreateMetaPage(index, buildstate->dimensions, buildstate->lists, forkNum);
-	CreateListPages(index, buildstate->centers, buildstate->lists, forkNum, &buildstate->listInfo);
+	CreateListPages(index, buildstate->centers, buildstate->dimensions, buildstate->lists, forkNum, &buildstate->listInfo);
 	CreateEntryPages(buildstate, forkNum);

-	/* Write WAL for initialization fork since GenericXLog functions do not */
-	if (forkNum == INIT_FORKNUM)
-		log_newpage_range(index, forkNum, 0, RelationGetNumberOfBlocksInFork(index, forkNum), true);
-
 	FreeBuildState(buildstate);
 }

@@ -1059,10 +1003,6 @@ ivfflatbuild(Relation heap, Relation index, IndexInfo *indexInfo)
 	IndexBuildResult *result;
 	IvfflatBuildState buildstate;

-#ifdef IVFFLAT_BENCH
-	SeedRandom(42);
-#endif
-
 	BuildIndex(heap, index, indexInfo, &buildstate, MAIN_FORKNUM);

 	result = (IndexBuildResult *) palloc(sizeof(IndexBuildResult));
--- a/src/ivfflat.c
+++ b/src/ivfflat.c
@@ -3,35 +3,21 @@
 #include <float.h>

 #include "access/amapi.h"
-#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/reloptions.h"
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
-#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
-#include "nodes/pg_list.h"
-#include "utils/float.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
-#include "utils/relcache.h"
 #include "utils/selfuncs.h"
 #include "utils/spccache.h"
-#include "vector.h"

 #if PG_VERSION_NUM < 150000
 #define MarkGUCPrefixReserved(x) EmitWarningsOnPlaceholders(x)
 #endif

 int			ivfflat_probes;
-int			ivfflat_iterative_scan;
-int			ivfflat_max_probes;
 static relopt_kind ivfflat_relopt_kind;

-static const struct config_enum_entry ivfflat_iterative_scan_options[] = {
-	{"off", IVFFLAT_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF, false},
-	{"relaxed_order", IVFFLAT_ITERATIVE_SCAN_RELAXED, false},
-	{NULL, 0, false}
-};
-
 /*
 * Initialize index options and variables
 */
@@ -40,21 +26,16 @@ IvfflatInit(void)
 {
 	ivfflat_relopt_kind = add_reloption_kind();
 	add_int_reloption(ivfflat_relopt_kind, "lists", "Number of inverted lists",
-					  IVFFLAT_DEFAULT_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MIN_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MAX_LISTS, AccessExclusiveLock);
+					  IVFFLAT_DEFAULT_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MIN_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MAX_LISTS
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
+					  ,AccessExclusiveLock
+#endif
+		);

 	DefineCustomIntVariable("ivfflat.probes", "Sets the number of probes",
 							"Valid range is 1..lists.", &ivfflat_probes,
 							IVFFLAT_DEFAULT_PROBES, IVFFLAT_MIN_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MAX_LISTS, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);

-	DefineCustomEnumVariable("ivfflat.iterative_scan", "Sets the mode for iterative scans",
-							 NULL, &ivfflat_iterative_scan,
-							 IVFFLAT_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF, ivfflat_iterative_scan_options, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
-
-	/* If this is less than probes, probes is used */
-	DefineCustomIntVariable("ivfflat.max_probes", "Sets the max number of probes for iterative scans",
-							NULL, &ivfflat_max_probes,
-							IVFFLAT_MAX_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MIN_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MAX_LISTS, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
-
 	MarkGUCPrefixReserved("ivfflat");
 }

@@ -91,30 +72,22 @@ ivfflatcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 	GenericCosts costs;
 	int			lists;
 	double		ratio;
-	double		sequentialRatio = 0.5;
-	double		startupPages;
 	double		spc_seq_page_cost;
 	Relation	index;

 	/* Never use index without order */
-	if (path->indexorderbys == NIL)
+	if (path->indexorderbys == NULL)
 	{
-		*indexStartupCost = get_float8_infinity();
-		*indexTotalCost = get_float8_infinity();
+		*indexStartupCost = DBL_MAX;
+		*indexTotalCost = DBL_MAX;
 		*indexSelectivity = 0;
 		*indexCorrelation = 0;
 		*indexPages = 0;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
-		/* See "On disable_cost" thread on pgsql-hackers */
-		path->path.disabled_nodes = 2;
-#endif
 		return;
 	}

 	MemSet(&costs, 0, sizeof(costs));

-	genericcostestimate(root, path, loop_count, &costs);
-
 	index = index_open(path->indexinfo->indexoid, NoLock);
 	IvfflatGetMetaPageInfo(index, &lists, NULL);
 	index_close(index, NoLock);
@@ -124,26 +97,41 @@ ivfflatcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 	if (ratio > 1.0)
 		ratio = 1.0;

+	/*
+	 * This gives us the subset of tuples to visit. This value is passed into
+	 * the generic cost estimator to determine the number of pages to visit
+	 * during the index scan.
+	 */
+	costs.numIndexTuples = path->indexinfo->tuples * ratio;
+
+	genericcostestimate(root, path, loop_count, &costs);
+
 	get_tablespace_page_costs(path->indexinfo->reltablespace, NULL, &spc_seq_page_cost);

-	/* Change some page cost from random to sequential */
-	costs.indexTotalCost -= sequentialRatio * costs.numIndexPages * (costs.spc_random_page_cost - spc_seq_page_cost);
-
-	/* Startup cost is cost before returning the first row */
-	costs.indexStartupCost = costs.indexTotalCost * ratio;
-
 	/* Adjust cost if needed since TOAST not included in seq scan cost */
-	startupPages = costs.numIndexPages * ratio;
-	if (startupPages > path->indexinfo->rel->pages && ratio < 0.5)
+	if (costs.numIndexPages > path->indexinfo->rel->pages && ratio < 0.5)
 	{
-		/* Change rest of page cost from random to sequential */
-		costs.indexStartupCost -= (1 - sequentialRatio) * startupPages * (costs.spc_random_page_cost - spc_seq_page_cost);
+		/* Change all page cost from random to sequential */
+		costs.indexTotalCost -= costs.numIndexPages * (costs.spc_random_page_cost - spc_seq_page_cost);

 		/* Remove cost of extra pages */
-		costs.indexStartupCost -= (startupPages - path->indexinfo->rel->pages) * spc_seq_page_cost;
+		costs.indexTotalCost -= (costs.numIndexPages - path->indexinfo->rel->pages) * spc_seq_page_cost;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* Change some page cost from random to sequential */
+		costs.indexTotalCost -= 0.5 * costs.numIndexPages * (costs.spc_random_page_cost - spc_seq_page_cost);
 	}

-	*indexStartupCost = costs.indexStartupCost;
+	/*
+	 * If the list selectivity is lower than what is returned from the generic
+	 * cost estimator, use that.
+	 */
+	if (ratio < costs.indexSelectivity)
+		costs.indexSelectivity = ratio;
+
+	/* Use total cost since most work happens before first tuple is returned */
+	*indexStartupCost = costs.indexTotalCost;
 	*indexTotalCost = costs.indexTotalCost;
 	*indexSelectivity = costs.indexSelectivity;
 	*indexCorrelation = costs.indexCorrelation;
@@ -160,10 +148,23 @@ ivfflatoptions(Datum reloptions, bool validate)
 		{"lists", RELOPT_TYPE_INT, offsetof(IvfflatOptions, lists)},
 	};

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	return (bytea *) build_reloptions(reloptions, validate,
 									  ivfflat_relopt_kind,
 									  sizeof(IvfflatOptions),
 									  tab, lengthof(tab));
+#else
+	relopt_value *options;
+	int			numoptions;
+	IvfflatOptions *rdopts;
+
+	options = parseRelOptions(reloptions, validate, ivfflat_relopt_kind, &numoptions);
+	rdopts = allocateReloptStruct(sizeof(IvfflatOptions), options, numoptions);
+	fillRelOptions((void *) rdopts, sizeof(IvfflatOptions), options, numoptions,
+				   validate, tab, lengthof(tab));
+
+	return (bytea *) rdopts;
+#endif
 }

 /*
@@ -180,80 +181,19 @@ ivfflatvalidate(Oid opclassoid)
 *
 * See https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/index-api.html
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ivfflathandler);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ivfflathandler);
 Datum
 ivfflathandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
-	static const IndexAmRoutine amroutine = {
-		.type = T_IndexAmRoutine,
-		.amstrategies = 0,
-		.amsupport = 5,
-		.amoptsprocnum = 0,
-		.amcanorder = false,
-		.amcanorderbyop = true,
-		.amcanhash = false,
-		.amconsistentequality = false,
-		.amconsistentordering = false,
-		.amcanbackward = false,
-		.amcanunique = false,
-		.amcanmulticol = false,
-		.amoptionalkey = true,
-		.amsearcharray = false,
-		.amsearchnulls = false,
-		.amstorage = false,
-		.amclusterable = false,
-		.ampredlocks = false,
-		.amcanparallel = false,
-		.amcanbuildparallel = true,
-		.amcaninclude = false,
-		.amusemaintenanceworkmem = false,
-		.amsummarizing = false,
-		.amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL,
-		.amkeytype = InvalidOid,
-
-		.ambuild = ivfflatbuild,
-		.ambuildempty = ivfflatbuildempty,
-		.aminsert = ivfflatinsert,
-		.aminsertcleanup = NULL,
-		.ambulkdelete = ivfflatbulkdelete,
-		.amvacuumcleanup = ivfflatvacuumcleanup,
-		.amcanreturn = NULL,
-		.amcostestimate = ivfflatcostestimate,
-		.amgettreeheight = NULL,
-		.amoptions = ivfflatoptions,
-		.amproperty = NULL,
-		.ambuildphasename = ivfflatbuildphasename,
-		.amvalidate = ivfflatvalidate,
-		.amadjustmembers = NULL,
-		.ambeginscan = ivfflatbeginscan,
-		.amrescan = ivfflatrescan,
-		.amgettuple = ivfflatgettuple,
-		.amgetbitmap = NULL,
-		.amendscan = ivfflatendscan,
-		.ammarkpos = NULL,
-		.amrestrpos = NULL,
-		.amestimateparallelscan = NULL,
-		.aminitparallelscan = NULL,
-		.amparallelrescan = NULL,
-		.amtranslatestrategy = NULL,
-		.amtranslatecmptype = NULL,
-	};
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(&amroutine);
-#else
 	IndexAmRoutine *amroutine = makeNode(IndexAmRoutine);

 	amroutine->amstrategies = 0;
-	amroutine->amsupport = 5;
+	amroutine->amsupport = 4;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	amroutine->amoptsprocnum = 0;
+#endif
 	amroutine->amcanorder = false;
 	amroutine->amcanorderbyop = true;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
-	amroutine->amcanhash = false;
-	amroutine->amconsistentequality = false;
-	amroutine->amconsistentordering = false;
-#endif
 	amroutine->amcanbackward = false;	/* can change direction mid-scan */
 	amroutine->amcanunique = false;
 	amroutine->amcanmulticol = false;
@@ -264,31 +204,21 @@ ivfflathandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	amroutine->amclusterable = false;
 	amroutine->ampredlocks = false;
 	amroutine->amcanparallel = false;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
-	amroutine->amcanbuildparallel = true;
-#endif
 	amroutine->amcaninclude = false;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false; /* not used during VACUUM */
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
-	amroutine->amsummarizing = false;
-#endif
 	amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL;
+#endif
 	amroutine->amkeytype = InvalidOid;

 	/* Interface functions */
 	amroutine->ambuild = ivfflatbuild;
 	amroutine->ambuildempty = ivfflatbuildempty;
 	amroutine->aminsert = ivfflatinsert;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
-	amroutine->aminsertcleanup = NULL;
-#endif
 	amroutine->ambulkdelete = ivfflatbulkdelete;
 	amroutine->amvacuumcleanup = ivfflatvacuumcleanup;
 	amroutine->amcanreturn = NULL;	/* tuple not included in heapsort */
 	amroutine->amcostestimate = ivfflatcostestimate;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
-	amroutine->amgettreeheight = NULL;
-#endif
 	amroutine->amoptions = ivfflatoptions;
 	amroutine->amproperty = NULL;	/* TODO AMPROP_DISTANCE_ORDERABLE */
 	amroutine->ambuildphasename = ivfflatbuildphasename;
@@ -309,11 +239,5 @@ ivfflathandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	amroutine->aminitparallelscan = NULL;
 	amroutine->amparallelrescan = NULL;

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
-	amroutine->amtranslatestrategy = NULL;
-	amroutine->amtranslatecmptype = NULL;
-#endif
-
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(amroutine);
-#endif
 }
--- a/src/ivfflat.h
+++ b/src/ivfflat.h
@@ -9,15 +9,10 @@
 #include "lib/pairingheap.h"
 #include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "port.h"				/* for random() */
-#include "storage/condition_variable.h"
 #include "utils/sampling.h"
 #include "utils/tuplesort.h"
 #include "vector.h"

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
-#include "varatt.h"
-#endif
-
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 150000
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
 #endif
@@ -26,10 +21,6 @@
 #include "portability/instr_time.h"
 #endif

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
-typedef Pointer Item;
-#endif
-
 #define IVFFLAT_MAX_DIM 2000

 /* Support functions */
@@ -37,7 +28,6 @@ typedef Pointer Item;
 #define IVFFLAT_NORM_PROC 2
 #define IVFFLAT_KMEANS_DISTANCE_PROC 3
 #define IVFFLAT_KMEANS_NORM_PROC 4
-#define IVFFLAT_TYPE_INFO_PROC 5

 #define IVFFLAT_VERSION	1
 #define IVFFLAT_MAGIC_NUMBER 0x14FF1A7
@@ -59,7 +49,7 @@ typedef Pointer Item;
 #define PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_ASSIGN	3
 #define PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_LOAD		4

-#define IVFFLAT_LIST_SIZE(size)	(offsetof(IvfflatListData, center) + size)
+#define IVFFLAT_LIST_SIZE(_dim)	(offsetof(IvfflatListData, center) + VECTOR_SIZE(_dim))

 #define IvfflatPageGetOpaque(page)	((IvfflatPageOpaque) PageGetSpecialPointer(page))
 #define IvfflatPageGetMeta(page)	((IvfflatMetaPageData *) PageGetContents(page))
@@ -82,31 +72,20 @@ typedef Pointer Item;
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 150000
 #define RandomDouble() pg_prng_double(&pg_global_prng_state)
 #define RandomInt() pg_prng_uint32(&pg_global_prng_state)
-#define SeedRandom(seed) pg_prng_seed(&pg_global_prng_state, seed)
 #else
 #define RandomDouble() (((double) random()) / MAX_RANDOM_VALUE)
 #define RandomInt() random()
-#define SeedRandom(seed) srandom(seed)
 #endif

 /* Variables */
 extern int	ivfflat_probes;
-extern int	ivfflat_iterative_scan;
-extern int	ivfflat_max_probes;
-
-typedef enum IvfflatIterativeScanMode
-{
-	IVFFLAT_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF,
-	IVFFLAT_ITERATIVE_SCAN_RELAXED
-}			IvfflatIterativeScanMode;

 typedef struct VectorArrayData
 {
 	int			length;
 	int			maxlen;
 	int			dim;
-	Size		itemsize;
-	char	   *items;
+	Vector	   *items;
 }			VectorArrayData;

 typedef VectorArrayData * VectorArray;
@@ -165,26 +144,15 @@ typedef struct IvfflatLeader
 	IvfflatShared *ivfshared;
 	Sharedsort *sharedsort;
 	Snapshot	snapshot;
-	char	   *ivfcenters;
+	Vector	   *ivfcenters;
 }			IvfflatLeader;

-typedef struct IvfflatTypeInfo
-{
-	int			maxDimensions;
-	Datum		(*normalize) (PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
-	Size		(*itemSize) (int dimensions);
-	void		(*updateCenter) (Pointer v, int dimensions, float *x);
-	void		(*sumCenter) (Pointer v, float *x);
-}			IvfflatTypeInfo;
-
 typedef struct IvfflatBuildState
 {
 	/* Info */
 	Relation	heap;
 	Relation	index;
 	IndexInfo  *indexInfo;
-	const		IvfflatTypeInfo *typeInfo;
-	TupleDesc	tupdesc;

 	/* Settings */
 	int			dimensions;
@@ -204,7 +172,6 @@ typedef struct IvfflatBuildState
 	VectorArray samples;
 	VectorArray centers;
 	ListInfo   *listInfo;
-	Size		itemsize;

 #ifdef IVFFLAT_KMEANS_DEBUG
 	double		inertia;
@@ -215,16 +182,14 @@ typedef struct IvfflatBuildState
 	/* Sampling */
 	BlockSamplerData bs;
 	ReservoirStateData rstate;
-	double		samplerows;
-	double		rowstoskip;
+	int			rowstoskip;

 	/* Sorting */
 	Tuplesortstate *sortstate;
-	TupleDesc	sortdesc;
+	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
 	TupleTableSlot *slot;

 	/* Memory */
-	Size		memoryUsed;
 	MemoryContext tmpCtx;

 	/* Parallel builds */
@@ -268,69 +233,40 @@ typedef struct IvfflatScanList

 typedef struct IvfflatScanOpaqueData
 {
-	const		IvfflatTypeInfo *typeInfo;
 	int			probes;
-	int			maxProbes;
 	int			dimensions;
 	bool		first;
-	Datum		value;
-	MemoryContext tmpCtx;

 	/* Sorting */
 	Tuplesortstate *sortstate;
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
-	TupleTableSlot *vslot;
-	TupleTableSlot *mslot;
-	BufferAccessStrategy bas;
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;
+	bool		isnull;

 	/* Support functions */
 	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
 	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
 	Oid			collation;
-	Datum		(*distfunc) (FmgrInfo *flinfo, Oid collation, Datum arg1, Datum arg2);

 	/* Lists */
 	pairingheap *listQueue;
-	BlockNumber *listPages;
-	int			listIndex;
-	IvfflatScanList *lists;
+	IvfflatScanList lists[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];	/* must come last */
 }			IvfflatScanOpaqueData;

 typedef IvfflatScanOpaqueData * IvfflatScanOpaque;

-#define VECTOR_ARRAY_SIZE(_length, _size) (sizeof(VectorArrayData) + (_length) * MAXALIGN(_size))
-
-/* Use functions instead of macros to avoid double evaluation */
-
-static inline Pointer
-VectorArrayGet(VectorArray arr, int offset)
-{
-	if (offset >= arr->maxlen)
-		elog(ERROR, "safety check failed");
-
-	return ((char *) arr->items) + (offset * arr->itemsize);
-}
-
-static inline void
-VectorArraySet(VectorArray arr, int offset, Pointer val)
-{
-	Size		size = VARSIZE_ANY(val);
-
-	if (size > arr->itemsize)
-		elog(ERROR, "safety check failed");
-
-	memcpy(VectorArrayGet(arr, offset), val, size);
-}
+#define VECTOR_ARRAY_SIZE(_length, _dim) (sizeof(VectorArrayData) + (_length) * VECTOR_SIZE(_dim))
+#define VECTOR_ARRAY_OFFSET(_arr, _offset) ((char*) (_arr)->items + (_offset) * VECTOR_SIZE((_arr)->dim))
+#define VectorArrayGet(_arr, _offset) ((Vector *) VECTOR_ARRAY_OFFSET(_arr, _offset))
+#define VectorArraySet(_arr, _offset, _val) memcpy(VECTOR_ARRAY_OFFSET(_arr, _offset), _val, VECTOR_SIZE((_arr)->dim))

 /* Methods */
-VectorArray VectorArrayInit(int maxlen, int dimensions, Size itemsize);
+VectorArray VectorArrayInit(int maxlen, int dimensions);
 void		VectorArrayFree(VectorArray arr);
-void		IvfflatKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo, Size memoryUsed);
+void		PrintVectorArray(char *msg, VectorArray arr);
+void		IvfflatKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers);
 FmgrInfo   *IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(Relation index, uint16 procnum);
-Datum		IvfflatNormValue(const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo, Oid collation, Datum value);
-bool		IvfflatCheckNorm(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum value);
-void		IvfflatNormVectors(const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo, Oid collation, VectorArray arr, MemoryContext tmpCtx);
-void		IvfflatCheckMemoryUsage(Size totalSize);
+bool		IvfflatNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value);
 int			IvfflatGetLists(Relation index);
 void		IvfflatGetMetaPageInfo(Relation index, int *lists, int *dimensions);
 void		IvfflatUpdateList(Relation index, ListInfo listInfo, BlockNumber insertPage, BlockNumber originalInsertPage, BlockNumber startPage, ForkNumber forkNum);
@@ -340,7 +276,6 @@ Buffer		IvfflatNewBuffer(Relation index, ForkNumber forkNum);
 void		IvfflatInitPage(Buffer buf, Page page);
 void		IvfflatInitRegisterPage(Relation index, Buffer *buf, Page *page, GenericXLogState **state);
 void		IvfflatInit(void);
-const		IvfflatTypeInfo *IvfflatGetTypeInfo(Relation index);
 PGDLLEXPORT void IvfflatParallelBuildMain(dsm_segment *seg, shm_toc *toc);

 /* Index access methods */
--- a/src/ivfinsert.c
+++ b/src/ivfinsert.c
@@ -2,16 +2,11 @@

 #include <float.h>

-#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/generic_xlog.h"
-#include "access/itup.h"
-#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
-#include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
-#include "utils/rel.h"

 /*
 * Find the list that minimizes the distance function
@@ -70,9 +65,8 @@ FindInsertPage(Relation index, Datum *values, BlockNumber *insertPage, ListInfo
 * Insert a tuple into the index
 */
 static void
-InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid)
+InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, Relation heapRel)
 {
-	const		IvfflatTypeInfo *typeInfo = IvfflatGetTypeInfo(index);
 	IndexTuple	itup;
 	Datum		value;
 	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
@@ -91,19 +85,12 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid)
 	normprocinfo = IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(index, IVFFLAT_NORM_PROC);
 	if (normprocinfo != NULL)
 	{
-		Oid			collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
-
-		if (!IvfflatCheckNorm(normprocinfo, collation, value))
+		if (!IvfflatNormValue(normprocinfo, index->rd_indcollation[0], &value))
 			return;
-
-		value = IvfflatNormValue(typeInfo, collation, value);
 	}

-	/* Ensure index is valid */
-	IvfflatGetMetaPageInfo(index, NULL, NULL);
-
 	/* Find the insert page - sets the page and list info */
-	FindInsertPage(index, &value, &insertPage, &listInfo);
+	FindInsertPage(index, values, &insertPage, &listInfo);
 	Assert(BlockNumberIsValid(insertPage));
 	originalInsertPage = insertPage;

@@ -209,7 +196,7 @@ ivfflatinsert(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid,
 	oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(insertCtx);

 	/* Insert tuple */
-	InsertTuple(index, values, isnull, heap_tid);
+	InsertTuple(index, values, isnull, heap_tid, heap);

 	/* Delete memory context */
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
--- a/src/ivfkmeans.c
+++ b/src/ivfkmeans.c
@@ -1,18 +1,13 @@
 #include "postgres.h"

 #include <float.h>
-#include <limits.h>
 #include <math.h>

-#include "access/genam.h"
-#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
-#include "utils/memutils.h"
-#include "utils/relcache.h"

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
-#include "varatt.h"
+#ifdef IVFFLAT_MEMORY
+#include "utils/memutils.h"
 #endif

 /*
@@ -51,12 +46,12 @@ InitCenters(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, float *low

 		for (j = 0; j < numSamples; j++)
 		{
-			Datum		vec = PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(samples, j));
+			Vector	   *vec = VectorArrayGet(samples, j);
 			double		distance;

 			/* Only need to compute distance for new center */
 			/* TODO Use triangle inequality to reduce distance calculations */
-			distance = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, vec, PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, i))));
+			distance = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, PointerGetDatum(vec), PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, i))));

 			/* Set lower bound */
 			lowerBound[j * numCenters + i] = distance;
@@ -91,45 +86,73 @@ InitCenters(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, float *low
 }

 /*
- * Norm centers
+ * Apply norm to vector
 */
-static void
-NormCenters(const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo, Oid collation, VectorArray centers)
+static inline void
+ApplyNorm(FmgrInfo *normprocinfo, Oid collation, Vector * vec)
 {
-	MemoryContext normCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
-												  "Ivfflat norm temporary context",
-												  ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
+	double		norm = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall1Coll(normprocinfo, collation, PointerGetDatum(vec)));

-	IvfflatNormVectors(typeInfo, collation, centers, normCtx);
-	MemoryContextDelete(normCtx);
+	/* TODO Handle zero norm */
+	if (norm > 0)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
+			vec->x[i] /= norm;
+	}
 }

 /*
- * Quick approach if we have no data
+ * Compare vectors
+ */
+static int
+CompareVectors(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+	return vector_cmp_internal((Vector *) a, (Vector *) b);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Quick approach if we have little data
 */
 static void
-RandomCenters(Relation index, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo)
+QuickCenters(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)
 {
 	int			dimensions = centers->dim;
-	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo = IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(index, IVFFLAT_KMEANS_NORM_PROC);
 	Oid			collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
-	float	   *x = (float *) palloc(sizeof(float) * dimensions);
+	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo = IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(index, IVFFLAT_KMEANS_NORM_PROC);

-	/* Fill with random data */
+	/* Copy existing vectors while avoiding duplicates */
+	if (samples->length > 0)
+	{
+		qsort(samples->items, samples->length, VECTOR_SIZE(samples->dim), CompareVectors);
+		for (int i = 0; i < samples->length; i++)
+		{
+			Vector	   *vec = VectorArrayGet(samples, i);
+
+			if (i == 0 || CompareVectors(vec, VectorArrayGet(samples, i - 1)) != 0)
+			{
+				VectorArraySet(centers, centers->length, vec);
+				centers->length++;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Fill remaining with random data */
 	while (centers->length < centers->maxlen)
 	{
-		Pointer		center = VectorArrayGet(centers, centers->length);
+		Vector	   *vec = VectorArrayGet(centers, centers->length);

-		for (int i = 0; i < dimensions; i++)
-			x[i] = (float) RandomDouble();
+		SET_VARSIZE(vec, VECTOR_SIZE(dimensions));
+		vec->dim = dimensions;

-		typeInfo->updateCenter(center, dimensions, x);
+		for (int j = 0; j < dimensions; j++)
+			vec->x[j] = RandomDouble();
+
+		/* Normalize if needed (only needed for random centers) */
+		if (normprocinfo != NULL)
+			ApplyNorm(normprocinfo, collation, vec);

 		centers->length++;
 	}
-
-	if (normprocinfo != NULL)
-		NormCenters(typeInfo, collation, centers);
 }

 #ifdef IVFFLAT_MEMORY
@@ -137,104 +160,18 @@ RandomCenters(Relation index, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeI
 * Show memory usage
 */
 static void
-ShowMemoryUsage(MemoryContext context, Size estimatedSize)
+ShowMemoryUsage(Size estimatedSize)
 {
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	elog(INFO, "total memory: %zu MB",
-		 MemoryContextMemAllocated(context, true) / (1024 * 1024));
+		 MemoryContextMemAllocated(CurrentMemoryContext, true) / (1024 * 1024));
+#else
+	MemoryContextStats(CurrentMemoryContext);
+#endif
 	elog(INFO, "estimated memory: %zu MB", estimatedSize / (1024 * 1024));
 }
 #endif

-/*
- * Sum centers
- */
-static void
-SumCenters(VectorArray samples, float *agg, int *closestCenters, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo)
-{
-	for (int j = 0; j < samples->length; j++)
-	{
-		float	   *x = agg + ((int64) closestCenters[j] * samples->dim);
-
-		typeInfo->sumCenter(VectorArrayGet(samples, j), x);
-	}
-}
-
-/*
- * Update centers
- */
-static void
-UpdateCenters(float *agg, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo)
-{
-	for (int j = 0; j < centers->length; j++)
-	{
-		float	   *x = agg + ((int64) j * centers->dim);
-
-		typeInfo->updateCenter(VectorArrayGet(centers, j), centers->dim, x);
-	}
-}
-
-/*
- * Compute new centers
- */
-static void
-ComputeNewCenters(VectorArray samples, float *agg, VectorArray newCenters, int *centerCounts, int *closestCenters, FmgrInfo *normprocinfo, Oid collation, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo)
-{
-	int			dimensions = newCenters->dim;
-	int			numCenters = newCenters->length;
-	int			numSamples = samples->length;
-
-	/* Reset sum and count */
-	for (int j = 0; j < numCenters; j++)
-	{
-		float	   *x = agg + ((int64) j * dimensions);
-
-		for (int k = 0; k < dimensions; k++)
-			x[k] = 0.0;
-
-		centerCounts[j] = 0;
-	}
-
-	/* Increment sum of closest center */
-	SumCenters(samples, agg, closestCenters, typeInfo);
-
-	/* Increment count of closest center */
-	for (int j = 0; j < numSamples; j++)
-		centerCounts[closestCenters[j]] += 1;
-
-	/* Divide sum by count */
-	for (int j = 0; j < numCenters; j++)
-	{
-		float	   *x = agg + ((int64) j * dimensions);
-
-		if (centerCounts[j] > 0)
-		{
-			/* Double avoids overflow, but requires more memory */
-			/* TODO Update bounds */
-			for (int k = 0; k < dimensions; k++)
-			{
-				if (isinf(x[k]))
-					x[k] = x[k] > 0 ? FLT_MAX : -FLT_MAX;
-			}
-
-			for (int k = 0; k < dimensions; k++)
-				x[k] /= centerCounts[j];
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			/* TODO Handle empty centers properly */
-			for (int k = 0; k < dimensions; k++)
-				x[k] = RandomDouble();
-		}
-	}
-
-	/* Set new centers */
-	UpdateCenters(agg, newCenters, typeInfo);
-
-	/* Normalize if needed */
-	if (normprocinfo != NULL)
-		NormCenters(typeInfo, collation, newCenters);
-}
-
 /*
 * Use Elkan for performance. This requires distance function to satisfy triangle inequality.
 *
@@ -244,16 +181,19 @@ ComputeNewCenters(VectorArray samples, float *agg, VectorArray newCenters, int *
 * https://www.aaai.org/Papers/ICML/2003/ICML03-022.pdf
 */
 static void
-ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo, Size memoryUsed)
+ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)
 {
 	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
 	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
 	Oid			collation;
+	Vector	   *vec;
+	Vector	   *newCenter;
+	int64		j;
+	int64		k;
 	int			dimensions = centers->dim;
 	int			numCenters = centers->maxlen;
 	int			numSamples = samples->length;
 	VectorArray newCenters;
-	float	   *agg;
 	int		   *centerCounts;
 	int		   *closestCenters;
 	float	   *lowerBound;
@@ -263,8 +203,9 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff
 	float	   *newcdist;

 	/* Calculate allocation sizes */
-	Size		newCentersSize = VECTOR_ARRAY_SIZE(numCenters, centers->itemsize);
-	Size		aggSize = sizeof(float) * (int64) numCenters * dimensions;
+	Size		samplesSize = VECTOR_ARRAY_SIZE(samples->maxlen, samples->dim);
+	Size		centersSize = VECTOR_ARRAY_SIZE(centers->maxlen, centers->dim);
+	Size		newCentersSize = VECTOR_ARRAY_SIZE(numCenters, dimensions);
 	Size		centerCountsSize = sizeof(int) * numCenters;
 	Size		closestCentersSize = sizeof(int) * numSamples;
 	Size		lowerBoundSize = sizeof(float) * numSamples * numCenters;
@@ -274,13 +215,18 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff
 	Size		newcdistSize = sizeof(float) * numCenters;

 	/* Calculate total size */
-	Size		totalSize = memoryUsed + newCentersSize + aggSize + centerCountsSize + closestCentersSize + lowerBoundSize + upperBoundSize + sSize + halfcdistSize + newcdistSize;
+	Size		totalSize = samplesSize + centersSize + newCentersSize + centerCountsSize + closestCentersSize + lowerBoundSize + upperBoundSize + sSize + halfcdistSize + newcdistSize;

 	/* Check memory requirements */
-	IvfflatCheckMemoryUsage(totalSize);
+	/* Add one to error message to ceil */
+	if (totalSize > (Size) maintenance_work_mem * 1024L)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("memory required is %zu MB, maintenance_work_mem is %d MB",
+						totalSize / (1024 * 1024) + 1, maintenance_work_mem / 1024)));

 	/* Ensure indexing does not overflow */
-	if (numCenters > INT_MAX / numCenters)
+	if (numCenters * numCenters > INT_MAX)
 		elog(ERROR, "Indexing overflow detected. Please report a bug.");

 	/* Set support functions */
@@ -290,7 +236,6 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff

 	/* Allocate space */
 	/* Use float instead of double to save memory */
-	agg = palloc(aggSize);
 	centerCounts = palloc(centerCountsSize);
 	closestCenters = palloc(closestCentersSize);
 	lowerBound = palloc_extended(lowerBoundSize, MCXT_ALLOC_HUGE);
@@ -299,25 +244,29 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff
 	halfcdist = palloc_extended(halfcdistSize, MCXT_ALLOC_HUGE);
 	newcdist = palloc(newcdistSize);

-	/* Initialize new centers */
-	newCenters = VectorArrayInit(numCenters, dimensions, centers->itemsize);
-	newCenters->length = numCenters;
+	newCenters = VectorArrayInit(numCenters, dimensions);
+	for (j = 0; j < numCenters; j++)
+	{
+		vec = VectorArrayGet(newCenters, j);
+		SET_VARSIZE(vec, VECTOR_SIZE(dimensions));
+		vec->dim = dimensions;
+	}

 #ifdef IVFFLAT_MEMORY
-	ShowMemoryUsage(MemoryContextGetParent(CurrentMemoryContext), totalSize);
+	ShowMemoryUsage(totalSize);
 #endif

 	/* Pick initial centers */
 	InitCenters(index, samples, centers, lowerBound);

 	/* Assign each x to its closest initial center c(x) = argmin d(x,c) */
-	for (int64 j = 0; j < numSamples; j++)
+	for (j = 0; j < numSamples; j++)
 	{
 		float		minDistance = FLT_MAX;
 		int			closestCenter = 0;

 		/* Find closest center */
-		for (int64 k = 0; k < numCenters; k++)
+		for (k = 0; k < numCenters; k++)
 		{
 			/* TODO Use Lemma 1 in k-means++ initialization */
 			float		distance = lowerBound[j * numCenters + k];
@@ -343,13 +292,13 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff
 		CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();

 		/* Step 1: For all centers, compute distance */
-		for (int64 j = 0; j < numCenters; j++)
+		for (j = 0; j < numCenters; j++)
 		{
-			Datum		vec = PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, j));
+			vec = VectorArrayGet(centers, j);

-			for (int64 k = j + 1; k < numCenters; k++)
+			for (k = j + 1; k < numCenters; k++)
 			{
-				float		distance = 0.5 * DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, vec, PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, k))));
+				float		distance = 0.5 * DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, PointerGetDatum(vec), PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, k))));

 				halfcdist[j * numCenters + k] = distance;
 				halfcdist[k * numCenters + j] = distance;
@@ -357,11 +306,11 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff
 		}

 		/* For all centers c, compute s(c) */
-		for (int64 j = 0; j < numCenters; j++)
+		for (j = 0; j < numCenters; j++)
 		{
 			float		minDistance = FLT_MAX;

-			for (int64 k = 0; k < numCenters; k++)
+			for (k = 0; k < numCenters; k++)
 			{
 				float		distance;

@@ -378,7 +327,7 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff

 		rjreset = iteration != 0;

-		for (int64 j = 0; j < numSamples; j++)
+		for (j = 0; j < numSamples; j++)
 		{
 			bool		rj;

@@ -388,9 +337,8 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff

 			rj = rjreset;

-			for (int64 k = 0; k < numCenters; k++)
+			for (k = 0; k < numCenters; k++)
 			{
-				Datum		vec;
 				float		dxcx;

 				/* Step 3: For all remaining points x and centers c */
@@ -403,12 +351,12 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff
 				if (upperBound[j] <= halfcdist[closestCenters[j] * numCenters + k])
 					continue;

-				vec = PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(samples, j));
+				vec = VectorArrayGet(samples, j);

 				/* Step 3a */
 				if (rj)
 				{
-					dxcx = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, vec, PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, closestCenters[j]))));
+					dxcx = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, PointerGetDatum(vec), PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, closestCenters[j]))));

 					/* d(x,c(x)) computed, which is a form of d(x,c) */
 					lowerBound[j * numCenters + closestCenters[j]] = dxcx;
@@ -422,7 +370,7 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff
 				/* Step 3b */
 				if (dxcx > lowerBound[j * numCenters + k] || dxcx > halfcdist[closestCenters[j] * numCenters + k])
 				{
-					float		dxc = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, vec, PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, k))));
+					float		dxc = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, PointerGetDatum(vec), PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, k))));

 					/* d(x,c) calculated */
 					lowerBound[j * numCenters + k] = dxc;
@@ -441,15 +389,66 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff
 		}

 		/* Step 4: For each center c, let m(c) be mean of all points assigned */
-		ComputeNewCenters(samples, agg, newCenters, centerCounts, closestCenters, normprocinfo, collation, typeInfo);
+		for (j = 0; j < numCenters; j++)
+		{
+			vec = VectorArrayGet(newCenters, j);
+			for (k = 0; k < dimensions; k++)
+				vec->x[k] = 0.0;
+
+			centerCounts[j] = 0;
+		}
+
+		for (j = 0; j < numSamples; j++)
+		{
+			int			closestCenter;
+
+			vec = VectorArrayGet(samples, j);
+			closestCenter = closestCenters[j];
+
+			/* Increment sum and count of closest center */
+			newCenter = VectorArrayGet(newCenters, closestCenter);
+			for (k = 0; k < dimensions; k++)
+				newCenter->x[k] += vec->x[k];
+
+			centerCounts[closestCenter] += 1;
+		}
+
+		for (j = 0; j < numCenters; j++)
+		{
+			vec = VectorArrayGet(newCenters, j);
+
+			if (centerCounts[j] > 0)
+			{
+				/* Double avoids overflow, but requires more memory */
+				/* TODO Update bounds */
+				for (k = 0; k < dimensions; k++)
+				{
+					if (isinf(vec->x[k]))
+						vec->x[k] = vec->x[k] > 0 ? FLT_MAX : -FLT_MAX;
+				}
+
+				for (k = 0; k < dimensions; k++)
+					vec->x[k] /= centerCounts[j];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				/* TODO Handle empty centers properly */
+				for (k = 0; k < dimensions; k++)
+					vec->x[k] = RandomDouble();
+			}
+
+			/* Normalize if needed */
+			if (normprocinfo != NULL)
+				ApplyNorm(normprocinfo, collation, vec);
+		}

 		/* Step 5 */
-		for (int j = 0; j < numCenters; j++)
+		for (j = 0; j < numCenters; j++)
 			newcdist[j] = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, j)), PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(newCenters, j))));

-		for (int64 j = 0; j < numSamples; j++)
+		for (j = 0; j < numSamples; j++)
 		{
-			for (int64 k = 0; k < numCenters; k++)
+			for (k = 0; k < numCenters; k++)
 			{
 				float		distance = lowerBound[j * numCenters + k] - newcdist[k];

@@ -462,78 +461,77 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff

 		/* Step 6 */
 		/* We reset r(x) before Step 3 in the next iteration */
-		for (int j = 0; j < numSamples; j++)
+		for (j = 0; j < numSamples; j++)
 			upperBound[j] += newcdist[closestCenters[j]];

 		/* Step 7 */
-		for (int j = 0; j < numCenters; j++)
+		for (j = 0; j < numCenters; j++)
 			VectorArraySet(centers, j, VectorArrayGet(newCenters, j));

 		if (changes == 0 && iteration != 0)
 			break;
 	}
-}

-/*
- * Ensure no NaN or infinite values
- */
-static void
-CheckElements(VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo)
-{
-	float	   *scratch = palloc(sizeof(float) * centers->dim);
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < centers->length; i++)
-	{
-		for (int j = 0; j < centers->dim; j++)
-			scratch[j] = 0;
-
-		/* /fp:fast may not propagate NaN with MSVC, but that's alright */
-		typeInfo->sumCenter(VectorArrayGet(centers, i), scratch);
-
-		for (int j = 0; j < centers->dim; j++)
-		{
-			if (isnan(scratch[j]))
-				elog(ERROR, "NaN detected. Please report a bug.");
-
-			if (isinf(scratch[j]))
-				elog(ERROR, "Infinite value detected. Please report a bug.");
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-/*
- * Ensure no zero vectors for cosine distance
- */
-static void
-CheckNorms(VectorArray centers, Relation index)
-{
-	/* Check NORM_PROC instead of KMEANS_NORM_PROC */
-	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo = IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(index, IVFFLAT_NORM_PROC);
-	Oid			collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
-
-	if (normprocinfo == NULL)
-		return;
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < centers->length; i++)
-	{
-		double		norm = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall1Coll(normprocinfo, collation, PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, i))));
-
-		if (norm == 0)
-			elog(ERROR, "Zero norm detected. Please report a bug.");
-	}
+	VectorArrayFree(newCenters);
+	pfree(centerCounts);
+	pfree(closestCenters);
+	pfree(lowerBound);
+	pfree(upperBound);
+	pfree(s);
+	pfree(halfcdist);
+	pfree(newcdist);
 }

 /*
 * Detect issues with centers
 */
 static void
-CheckCenters(Relation index, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo)
+CheckCenters(Relation index, VectorArray centers)
 {
+	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
+
 	if (centers->length != centers->maxlen)
 		elog(ERROR, "Not enough centers. Please report a bug.");

-	CheckElements(centers, typeInfo);
-	CheckNorms(centers, index);
+	/* Ensure no NaN or infinite values */
+	for (int i = 0; i < centers->length; i++)
+	{
+		Vector	   *vec = VectorArrayGet(centers, i);
+
+		for (int j = 0; j < vec->dim; j++)
+		{
+			if (isnan(vec->x[j]))
+				elog(ERROR, "NaN detected. Please report a bug.");
+
+			if (isinf(vec->x[j]))
+				elog(ERROR, "Infinite value detected. Please report a bug.");
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Ensure no duplicate centers */
+	/* Fine to sort in-place */
+	qsort(centers->items, centers->length, VECTOR_SIZE(centers->dim), CompareVectors);
+	for (int i = 1; i < centers->length; i++)
+	{
+		if (CompareVectors(VectorArrayGet(centers, i), VectorArrayGet(centers, i - 1)) == 0)
+			elog(ERROR, "Duplicate centers detected. Please report a bug.");
+	}
+
+	/* Ensure no zero vectors for cosine distance */
+	/* Check NORM_PROC instead of KMEANS_NORM_PROC */
+	normprocinfo = IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(index, IVFFLAT_NORM_PROC);
+	if (normprocinfo != NULL)
+	{
+		Oid			collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
+
+		for (int i = 0; i < centers->length; i++)
+		{
+			double		norm = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall1Coll(normprocinfo, collation, PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, i))));
+
+			if (norm == 0)
+				elog(ERROR, "Zero norm detected. Please report a bug.");
+		}
+	}
 }

 /*
@@ -541,20 +539,12 @@ CheckCenters(Relation index, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeIn
 * We use spherical k-means for inner product and cosine
 */
 void
-IvfflatKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo, Size memoryUsed)
+IvfflatKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)
 {
-	MemoryContext kmeansCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
-													"Ivfflat kmeans temporary context",
-													ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
-	MemoryContext oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(kmeansCtx);
-
-	if (samples->length == 0)
-		RandomCenters(index, centers, typeInfo);
+	if (samples->length <= centers->maxlen)
+		QuickCenters(index, samples, centers);
 	else
-		ElkanKmeans(index, samples, centers, typeInfo, memoryUsed);
+		ElkanKmeans(index, samples, centers);

-	CheckCenters(index, centers, typeInfo);
-
-	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
-	MemoryContextDelete(kmeansCtx);
+	CheckCenters(index, centers);
 }
--- a/src/ivfscan.c
+++ b/src/ivfscan.c
@@ -2,29 +2,14 @@

 #include <float.h>

-#include "access/genam.h"
-#include "access/itup.h"
 #include "access/relscan.h"
-#include "access/tupdesc.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator_d.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_type_d.h"
-#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "lib/pairingheap.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
-#include "utils/memutils.h"
-#include "utils/rel.h"
-#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
-#include "utils/tuplesort.h"
-
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
-#include "varatt.h"
-#endif
-
-#define GetScanList(ptr) pairingheap_container(IvfflatScanList, ph_node, ptr)
-#define GetScanListConst(ptr) pairingheap_const_container(IvfflatScanList, ph_node, ptr)

 /*
 * Compare list distances
@@ -32,10 +17,10 @@
 static int
 CompareLists(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b, void *arg)
 {
-	if (GetScanListConst(a)->distance > GetScanListConst(b)->distance)
+	if (((const IvfflatScanList *) a)->distance > ((const IvfflatScanList *) b)->distance)
 		return 1;

-	if (GetScanListConst(a)->distance < GetScanListConst(b)->distance)
+	if (((const IvfflatScanList *) a)->distance < ((const IvfflatScanList *) b)->distance)
 		return -1;

 	return 0;
@@ -71,9 +56,9 @@ GetScanLists(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 			double		distance;

 			/* Use procinfo from the index instead of scan key for performance */
-			distance = DatumGetFloat8(so->distfunc(so->procinfo, so->collation, PointerGetDatum(&list->center), value));
+			distance = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(so->procinfo, so->collation, PointerGetDatum(&list->center), value));

-			if (listCount < so->maxProbes)
+			if (listCount < so->probes)
 			{
 				IvfflatScanList *scanlist;

@@ -86,15 +71,15 @@ GetScanLists(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 				pairingheap_add(so->listQueue, &scanlist->ph_node);

 				/* Calculate max distance */
-				if (listCount == so->maxProbes)
-					maxDistance = GetScanList(pairingheap_first(so->listQueue))->distance;
+				if (listCount == so->probes)
+					maxDistance = ((IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_first(so->listQueue))->distance;
 			}
 			else if (distance < maxDistance)
 			{
 				IvfflatScanList *scanlist;

 				/* Remove */
-				scanlist = GetScanList(pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue));
+				scanlist = (IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue);

 				/* Reuse */
 				scanlist->startPage = list->startPage;
@@ -102,7 +87,7 @@ GetScanLists(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 				pairingheap_add(so->listQueue, &scanlist->ph_node);

 				/* Update max distance */
-				maxDistance = GetScanList(pairingheap_first(so->listQueue))->distance;
+				maxDistance = ((IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_first(so->listQueue))->distance;
 			}
 		}

@@ -110,11 +95,6 @@ GetScanLists(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)

 		UnlockReleaseBuffer(cbuf);
 	}
-
-	for (int i = listCount - 1; i >= 0; i--)
-		so->listPages[i] = GetScanList(pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue))->startPage;
-
-	Assert(pairingheap_is_empty(so->listQueue));
 }

 /*
@@ -125,15 +105,20 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 {
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(scan->indexRelation);
-	TupleTableSlot *slot = so->vslot;
-	int			batchProbes = 0;
+	double		tuples = 0;
+	TupleTableSlot *slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual);

-	tuplesort_reset(so->sortstate);
+	/*
+	 * Reuse same set of shared buffers for scan
+	 *
+	 * See postgres/src/backend/storage/buffer/README for description
+	 */
+	BufferAccessStrategy bas = GetAccessStrategy(BAS_BULKREAD);

 	/* Search closest probes lists */
-	while (so->listIndex < so->maxProbes && (++batchProbes) <= so->probes)
+	while (!pairingheap_is_empty(so->listQueue))
 	{
-		BlockNumber searchPage = so->listPages[so->listIndex++];
+		BlockNumber searchPage = ((IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue))->startPage;

 		/* Search all entry pages for list */
 		while (BlockNumberIsValid(searchPage))
@@ -142,7 +127,7 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 			Page		page;
 			OffsetNumber maxoffno;

-			buf = ReadBufferExtended(scan->indexRelation, MAIN_FORKNUM, searchPage, RBM_NORMAL, so->bas);
+			buf = ReadBufferExtended(scan->indexRelation, MAIN_FORKNUM, searchPage, RBM_NORMAL, bas);
 			LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
 			page = BufferGetPage(buf);
 			maxoffno = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
@@ -164,13 +149,15 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 				 * performance
 				 */
 				ExecClearTuple(slot);
-				slot->tts_values[0] = so->distfunc(so->procinfo, so->collation, datum, value);
+				slot->tts_values[0] = FunctionCall2Coll(so->procinfo, so->collation, datum, value);
 				slot->tts_isnull[0] = false;
 				slot->tts_values[1] = PointerGetDatum(&itup->t_tid);
 				slot->tts_isnull[1] = false;
 				ExecStoreVirtualTuple(slot);

 				tuplesort_puttupleslot(so->sortstate, slot);
+
+				tuples++;
 			}

 			searchPage = IvfflatPageGetOpaque(page)->nextblkno;
@@ -179,71 +166,15 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 		}
 	}

+	FreeAccessStrategy(bas);
+
+	if (tuples < 100)
+		ereport(DEBUG1,
+				(errmsg("index scan found few tuples"),
+				 errdetail("Index may have been created with little data."),
+				 errhint("Recreate the index and possibly decrease lists.")));
+
 	tuplesort_performsort(so->sortstate);
-
-#if defined(IVFFLAT_MEMORY)
-	elog(INFO, "memory: %zu MB", MemoryContextMemAllocated(CurrentMemoryContext, true) / (1024 * 1024));
-#endif
-}
-
-/*
- * Zero distance
- */
-static Datum
-ZeroDistance(FmgrInfo *flinfo, Oid collation, Datum arg1, Datum arg2)
-{
-	return Float8GetDatum(0.0);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get scan value
- */
-static Datum
-GetScanValue(IndexScanDesc scan)
-{
-	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
-	Datum		value;
-
-	if (scan->orderByData->sk_flags & SK_ISNULL)
-	{
-		value = PointerGetDatum(NULL);
-		so->distfunc = ZeroDistance;
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		value = scan->orderByData->sk_argument;
-		so->distfunc = FunctionCall2Coll;
-
-		/* Value should not be compressed or toasted */
-		Assert(!VARATT_IS_COMPRESSED(DatumGetPointer(value)));
-		Assert(!VARATT_IS_EXTENDED(DatumGetPointer(value)));
-
-		/* Normalize if needed */
-		if (so->normprocinfo != NULL)
-		{
-			MemoryContext oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(so->tmpCtx);
-
-			value = IvfflatNormValue(so->typeInfo, so->collation, value);
-
-			MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
-		}
-	}
-
-	return value;
-}
-
-/*
- * Initialize scan sort state
- */
-static Tuplesortstate *
-InitScanSortState(TupleDesc tupdesc)
-{
-	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
-	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Float8LessOperator};
-	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
-	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
-
-	return tuplesort_begin_heap(tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, work_mem, NULL, false);
 }

 /*
@@ -256,31 +187,23 @@ ivfflatbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so;
 	int			lists;
 	int			dimensions;
+	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
+	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Float8LessOperator};
+	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
+	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
 	int			probes = ivfflat_probes;
-	int			maxProbes;
-	MemoryContext oldCtx;

 	scan = RelationGetIndexScan(index, nkeys, norderbys);

 	/* Get lists and dimensions from metapage */
 	IvfflatGetMetaPageInfo(index, &lists, &dimensions);

-	if (ivfflat_iterative_scan != IVFFLAT_ITERATIVE_SCAN_OFF)
-		maxProbes = Max(ivfflat_max_probes, probes);
-	else
-		maxProbes = probes;
-
 	if (probes > lists)
 		probes = lists;

-	if (maxProbes > lists)
-		maxProbes = lists;
-
-	so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) palloc(sizeof(IvfflatScanOpaqueData));
-	so->typeInfo = IvfflatGetTypeInfo(index);
+	so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) palloc(offsetof(IvfflatScanOpaqueData, lists) + probes * sizeof(IvfflatScanList));
 	so->first = true;
 	so->probes = probes;
-	so->maxProbes = maxProbes;
 	so->dimensions = dimensions;

 	/* Set support functions */
@@ -288,40 +211,17 @@ ivfflatbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 	so->normprocinfo = IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(index, IVFFLAT_NORM_PROC);
 	so->collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];

-	so->tmpCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
-									   "Ivfflat scan temporary context",
-									   ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
-
-	oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(so->tmpCtx);
-
 	/* Create tuple description for sorting */
 	so->tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(2);
 	TupleDescInitEntry(so->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 1, "distance", FLOAT8OID, -1, 0);
 	TupleDescInitEntry(so->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 2, "heaptid", TIDOID, -1, 0);
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 190000
-	TupleDescFinalize(so->tupdesc);
-#endif

 	/* Prep sort */
-	so->sortstate = InitScanSortState(so->tupdesc);
+	so->sortstate = tuplesort_begin_heap(so->tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, work_mem, NULL, false);

-	/* Need separate slots for puttuple and gettuple */
-	so->vslot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual);
-	so->mslot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsMinimalTuple);
-
-	/*
-	 * Reuse same set of shared buffers for scan
-	 *
-	 * See postgres/src/backend/storage/buffer/README for description
-	 */
-	so->bas = GetAccessStrategy(BAS_BULKREAD);
+	so->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsMinimalTuple);

 	so->listQueue = pairingheap_allocate(CompareLists, scan);
-	so->listPages = palloc(maxProbes * sizeof(BlockNumber));
-	so->listIndex = 0;
-	so->lists = palloc(maxProbes * sizeof(IvfflatScanList));
-
-	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);

 	scan->opaque = so;

@@ -336,9 +236,13 @@ ivfflatrescan(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanKey keys, int nkeys, ScanKey orderbys, int
 {
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
+	if (!so->first)
+		tuplesort_reset(so->sortstate);
+#endif
+
 	so->first = true;
 	pairingheap_reset(so->listQueue);
-	so->listIndex = 0;

 	if (keys && scan->numberOfKeys > 0)
 		memmove(scan->keyData, keys, scan->numberOfKeys * sizeof(ScanKeyData));
@@ -354,8 +258,6 @@ bool
 ivfflatgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 {
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
-	ItemPointer heaptid;
-	bool		isnull;

 	/*
 	 * Index can be used to scan backward, but Postgres doesn't support
@@ -369,10 +271,6 @@ ivfflatgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)

 		/* Count index scan for stats */
 		pgstat_count_index_scan(scan->indexRelation);
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
-		if (scan->instrument)
-			scan->instrument->nsearches++;
-#endif

 		/* Safety check */
 		if (scan->orderByData == NULL)
@@ -383,27 +281,41 @@ ivfflatgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 		if (!IsMVCCSnapshot(scan->xs_snapshot))
 			elog(ERROR, "non-MVCC snapshots are not supported with ivfflat");

-		value = GetScanValue(scan);
+		if (scan->orderByData->sk_flags & SK_ISNULL)
+			value = PointerGetDatum(InitVector(so->dimensions));
+		else
+		{
+			value = scan->orderByData->sk_argument;
+
+			/* Value should not be compressed or toasted */
+			Assert(!VARATT_IS_COMPRESSED(DatumGetPointer(value)));
+			Assert(!VARATT_IS_EXTENDED(DatumGetPointer(value)));
+
+			/* Fine if normalization fails */
+			if (so->normprocinfo != NULL)
+				IvfflatNormValue(so->normprocinfo, so->collation, &value);
+		}
+
 		IvfflatBench("GetScanLists", GetScanLists(scan, value));
 		IvfflatBench("GetScanItems", GetScanItems(scan, value));
 		so->first = false;
-		so->value = value;
+
+		/* Clean up if we allocated a new value */
+		if (value != scan->orderByData->sk_argument)
+			pfree(DatumGetPointer(value));
 	}

-	while (!tuplesort_gettupleslot(so->sortstate, true, false, so->mslot, NULL))
+	if (tuplesort_gettupleslot(so->sortstate, true, false, so->slot, NULL))
 	{
-		if (so->listIndex == so->maxProbes)
-			return false;
+		ItemPointer heaptid = (ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(slot_getattr(so->slot, 2, &so->isnull));

-		IvfflatBench("GetScanItems", GetScanItems(scan, so->value));
+		scan->xs_heaptid = *heaptid;
+		scan->xs_recheck = false;
+		scan->xs_recheckorderby = false;
+		return true;
 	}

-	heaptid = (ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(slot_getattr(so->mslot, 2, &isnull));
-
-	scan->xs_heaptid = *heaptid;
-	scan->xs_recheck = false;
-	scan->xs_recheckorderby = false;
-	return true;
+	return false;
 }

 /*
@@ -414,11 +326,9 @@ ivfflatendscan(IndexScanDesc scan)
 {
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;

-	/* Free any temporary files */
+	pairingheap_free(so->listQueue);
 	tuplesort_end(so->sortstate);

-	MemoryContextDelete(so->tmpCtx);
-
 	pfree(so);
 	scan->opaque = NULL;
 }
--- a/src/ivfutils.c
+++ b/src/ivfutils.c
@@ -1,38 +1,22 @@
 #include "postgres.h"

-#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/generic_xlog.h"
-#include "fmgr.h"
-#include "halfutils.h"
-#include "halfvec.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
-#include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
-#include "utils/memutils.h"
-#include "utils/relcache.h"
-#include "utils/varbit.h"
 #include "vector.h"

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
-#include "varatt.h"
-#endif
-
 /*
 * Allocate a vector array
 */
 VectorArray
-VectorArrayInit(int maxlen, int dimensions, Size itemsize)
+VectorArrayInit(int maxlen, int dimensions)
 {
 	VectorArray res = palloc(sizeof(VectorArrayData));

-	/* Ensure items are aligned to prevent UB */
-	itemsize = MAXALIGN(itemsize);
-
 	res->length = 0;
 	res->maxlen = maxlen;
 	res->dim = dimensions;
-	res->itemsize = itemsize;
-	res->items = palloc_extended(maxlen * itemsize, MCXT_ALLOC_ZERO | MCXT_ALLOC_HUGE);
+	res->items = palloc_extended(maxlen * VECTOR_SIZE(dimensions), MCXT_ALLOC_ZERO | MCXT_ALLOC_HUGE);
 	return res;
 }

@@ -46,6 +30,16 @@ VectorArrayFree(VectorArray arr)
 	pfree(arr);
 }

+/*
+ * Print vector array - useful for debugging
+ */
+void
+PrintVectorArray(char *msg, VectorArray arr)
+{
+	for (int i = 0; i < arr->length; i++)
+		PrintVector(msg, VectorArrayGet(arr, i));
+}
+
 /*
 * Get the number of lists in the index
 */
@@ -73,55 +67,32 @@ IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(Relation index, uint16 procnum)
 }

 /*
- * Normalize value
- */
-Datum
-IvfflatNormValue(const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo, Oid collation, Datum value)
-{
-	return DirectFunctionCall1Coll(typeInfo->normalize, collation, value);
-}
-
-/*
- * Check if non-zero norm
+ * Divide by the norm
+ *
+ * Returns false if value should not be indexed
+ *
+ * The caller needs to free the pointer stored in value
+ * if it's different than the original value
 */
 bool
-IvfflatCheckNorm(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum value)
+IvfflatNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value)
 {
-	return DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall1Coll(procinfo, collation, value)) > 0;
-}
+	double		norm = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall1Coll(procinfo, collation, *value));

-/*
- * Normalize vectors
- */
-void
-IvfflatNormVectors(const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeInfo, Oid collation, VectorArray arr, MemoryContext tmpCtx)
-{
-	MemoryContext oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(tmpCtx);
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < arr->length; i++)
+	if (norm > 0)
 	{
-		Datum		value = PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(arr, i));
-		Datum		newValue = IvfflatNormValue(typeInfo, collation, value);
+		Vector	   *v = DatumGetVector(*value);
+		Vector	   *result = InitVector(v->dim);

-		VectorArraySet(arr, i, DatumGetPointer(newValue));
-		MemoryContextReset(tmpCtx);
+		for (int i = 0; i < v->dim; i++)
+			result->x[i] = v->x[i] / norm;
+
+		*value = PointerGetDatum(result);
+
+		return true;
 	}

-	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
-}
-
-/*
- * Check memory usage
- */
-void
-IvfflatCheckMemoryUsage(Size totalSize)
-{
-	/* Add one to error message to ceil */
-	if (totalSize > maintenance_work_mem * (Size) 1024)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
-				 errmsg("memory required is %zu MB, maintenance_work_mem is %d MB",
-						totalSize / (1024 * 1024) + 1, maintenance_work_mem / 1024)));
+	return false;
 }

 /*
@@ -212,11 +183,7 @@ IvfflatGetMetaPageInfo(Relation index, int *lists, int *dimensions)
 	page = BufferGetPage(buf);
 	metap = IvfflatPageGetMeta(page);

-	if (unlikely(metap->magicNumber != IVFFLAT_MAGIC_NUMBER))
-		elog(ERROR, "ivfflat index is not valid");
-
-	if (lists != NULL)
-		*lists = metap->lists;
+	*lists = metap->lists;

 	if (dimensions != NULL)
 		*dimensions = metap->dimensions;
@@ -270,150 +237,3 @@ IvfflatUpdateList(Relation index, ListInfo listInfo,
 		UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 	}
 }
-
-PGDLLEXPORT Datum l2_normalize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
-PGDLLEXPORT Datum halfvec_l2_normalize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
-PGDLLEXPORT Datum sparsevec_l2_normalize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
-
-static Size
-VectorItemSize(int dimensions)
-{
-	return VECTOR_SIZE(dimensions);
-}
-
-static Size
-HalfvecItemSize(int dimensions)
-{
-	return HALFVEC_SIZE(dimensions);
-}
-
-static Size
-BitItemSize(int dimensions)
-{
-	return VARBITTOTALLEN(dimensions);
-}
-
-static void
-VectorUpdateCenter(Pointer v, int dimensions, float *x)
-{
-	Vector	   *vec = (Vector *) v;
-
-	SET_VARSIZE(vec, VECTOR_SIZE(dimensions));
-	vec->dim = dimensions;
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < dimensions; i++)
-		vec->x[i] = x[i];
-}
-
-static void
-HalfvecUpdateCenter(Pointer v, int dimensions, float *x)
-{
-	HalfVector *vec = (HalfVector *) v;
-
-	SET_VARSIZE(vec, HALFVEC_SIZE(dimensions));
-	vec->dim = dimensions;
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < dimensions; i++)
-		vec->x[i] = Float4ToHalfUnchecked(x[i]);
-}
-
-static void
-BitUpdateCenter(Pointer v, int dimensions, float *x)
-{
-	VarBit	   *vec = (VarBit *) v;
-	unsigned char *nx = VARBITS(vec);
-
-	SET_VARSIZE(vec, VARBITTOTALLEN(dimensions));
-	VARBITLEN(vec) = dimensions;
-
-	for (uint32 i = 0; i < VARBITBYTES(vec); i++)
-		nx[i] = 0;
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < dimensions; i++)
-		nx[i / 8] |= (x[i] > 0.5 ? 1 : 0) << (7 - (i % 8));
-}
-
-static void
-VectorSumCenter(Pointer v, float *x)
-{
-	Vector	   *vec = (Vector *) v;
-	int			dim = vec->dim;
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-		x[i] += vec->x[i];
-}
-
-static void
-HalfvecSumCenter(Pointer v, float *x)
-{
-	HalfVector *vec = (HalfVector *) v;
-	int			dim = vec->dim;
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized on aarch64 */
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-		x[i] += HalfToFloat4(vec->x[i]);
-}
-
-static void
-BitSumCenter(Pointer v, float *x)
-{
-	VarBit	   *vec = (VarBit *) v;
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < VARBITLEN(vec); i++)
-		x[i] += (float) (((VARBITS(vec)[i / 8]) >> (7 - (i % 8))) & 0x01);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get type info
- */
-const		IvfflatTypeInfo *
-IvfflatGetTypeInfo(Relation index)
-{
-	FmgrInfo   *procinfo = IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(index, IVFFLAT_TYPE_INFO_PROC);
-
-	if (procinfo == NULL)
-	{
-		static const IvfflatTypeInfo typeInfo = {
-			.maxDimensions = IVFFLAT_MAX_DIM,
-			.normalize = l2_normalize,
-			.itemSize = VectorItemSize,
-			.updateCenter = VectorUpdateCenter,
-			.sumCenter = VectorSumCenter
-		};
-
-		return (&typeInfo);
-	}
-	else
-		return (const IvfflatTypeInfo *) DatumGetPointer(FunctionCall0Coll(procinfo, InvalidOid));
-}
-
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ivfflat_halfvec_support);
-Datum
-ivfflat_halfvec_support(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	static const IvfflatTypeInfo typeInfo = {
-		.maxDimensions = IVFFLAT_MAX_DIM * 2,
-		.normalize = halfvec_l2_normalize,
-		.itemSize = HalfvecItemSize,
-		.updateCenter = HalfvecUpdateCenter,
-		.sumCenter = HalfvecSumCenter
-	};
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(&typeInfo);
-}
-
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ivfflat_bit_support);
-Datum
-ivfflat_bit_support(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	static const IvfflatTypeInfo typeInfo = {
-		.maxDimensions = IVFFLAT_MAX_DIM * 32,
-		.normalize = NULL,
-		.itemSize = BitItemSize,
-		.updateCenter = BitUpdateCenter,
-		.sumCenter = BitSumCenter
-	};
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(&typeInfo);
-}
--- a/src/ivfvacuum.c
+++ b/src/ivfvacuum.c
@@ -1,16 +1,9 @@
 #include "postgres.h"

-#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/generic_xlog.h"
-#include "access/itup.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
-#include "utils/relcache.h"
-
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
-#define vacuum_delay_point() vacuum_delay_point(false)
-#endif

 /*
 * Bulk delete tuples from the index
@@ -33,7 +26,7 @@ ivfflatbulkdelete(IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats,
 		Page		cpage;
 		OffsetNumber coffno;
 		OffsetNumber cmaxoffno;
-		BlockNumber listPages[MaxOffsetNumber];
+		BlockNumber startPages[MaxOffsetNumber];
 		ListInfo	listInfo;

 		cbuf = ReadBuffer(index, blkno);
@@ -47,7 +40,7 @@ ivfflatbulkdelete(IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats,
 		{
 			IvfflatList list = (IvfflatList) PageGetItem(cpage, PageGetItemId(cpage, coffno));

-			listPages[coffno - FirstOffsetNumber] = list->startPage;
+			startPages[coffno - FirstOffsetNumber] = list->startPage;
 		}

 		listInfo.blkno = blkno;
@@ -57,7 +50,7 @@ ivfflatbulkdelete(IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats,

 		for (coffno = FirstOffsetNumber; coffno <= cmaxoffno; coffno = OffsetNumberNext(coffno))
 		{
-			BlockNumber searchPage = listPages[coffno - FirstOffsetNumber];
+			BlockNumber searchPage = startPages[coffno - FirstOffsetNumber];
 			BlockNumber insertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;

 			/* Iterate over entry pages */
--- a/src/sparsevec.c
+++ b/src/sparsevec.c
--- a/src/sparsevec.h
+++ b/src/sparsevec.h
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef SPARSEVEC_H
-#define SPARSEVEC_H
-
-#define SPARSEVEC_MAX_DIM 1000000000
-#define SPARSEVEC_MAX_NNZ 16000
-
-#define DatumGetSparseVector(x)		((SparseVector *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(x))
-#define PG_GETARG_SPARSEVEC_P(x)	DatumGetSparseVector(PG_GETARG_DATUM(x))
-#define PG_RETURN_SPARSEVEC_P(x)	PG_RETURN_POINTER(x)
-
-/*
- * Indices use 0-based numbering for the on-disk (and binary) format (consistent with C)
- * and are always sorted. Values come after indices.
- */
-typedef struct SparseVector
-{
-	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
-	int32		dim;			/* number of dimensions */
-	int32		nnz;			/* number of non-zero elements */
-	int32		unused;			/* reserved for future use, always zero */
-	int32		indices[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
-}			SparseVector;
-
-/* Use functions instead of macros to avoid double evaluation */
-
-static inline Size
-SPARSEVEC_SIZE(int nnz)
-{
-	return offsetof(SparseVector, indices) + (nnz * sizeof(int32)) + (nnz * sizeof(float));
-}
-
-static inline float *
-SPARSEVEC_VALUES(SparseVector * x)
-{
-	return (float *) (((char *) x) + offsetof(SparseVector, indices) + (x->nnz * sizeof(int32)));
-}
-
-SparseVector *InitSparseVector(int dim, int nnz);
-
-#endif
--- a/src/vector.c
+++ b/src/vector.c
@@ -2,48 +2,34 @@

 #include <math.h>

-#include "bitutils.h"
-#include "bitvec.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "common/shortest_dec.h"
 #include "fmgr.h"
-#include "halfutils.h"
-#include "halfvec.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "lib/stringinfo.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
 #include "port.h"				/* for strtof() */
-#include "sparsevec.h"
 #include "utils/array.h"
+#include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/float.h"
-#include "utils/fmgrprotos.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
-#include "utils/varbit.h"
+#include "utils/numeric.h"
 #include "vector.h"

 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
 #include "varatt.h"
 #endif

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
-#include "parser/scansup.h"
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
+#define TYPALIGN_DOUBLE 'd'
+#define TYPALIGN_INT 'i'
 #endif

 #define STATE_DIMS(x) (ARR_DIMS(x)[0] - 1)
 #define CreateStateDatums(dim) palloc(sizeof(Datum) * (dim + 1))

-#if defined(USE_TARGET_CLONES) && !defined(__FMA__)
-#define VECTOR_TARGET_CLONES __attribute__((target_clones("default", "fma")))
-#else
-#define VECTOR_TARGET_CLONES
-#endif
-
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 180000
-PG_MODULE_MAGIC_EXT(.name = "vector", .version = "0.8.4");
-#else
 PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
-#endif

 /*
 * Initialize index options and variables
@@ -52,8 +38,6 @@ PGDLLEXPORT void _PG_init(void);
 void
 _PG_init(void)
 {
-	BitvecInit();
-	HalfvecInit();
 	HnswInit();
 	IvfflatInit();
 }
@@ -133,9 +117,9 @@ InitVector(int dim)
 	return result;
 }

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
-#define vector_isspace(ch) scanner_isspace(ch)
-#else
+/*
+ * Check for whitespace, since array_isspace() is static
+ */
 static inline bool
 vector_isspace(char ch)
 {
@@ -148,7 +132,6 @@ vector_isspace(char ch)
 		return true;
 	return false;
 }
-#endif

 /*
 * Check state array
@@ -164,10 +147,28 @@ CheckStateArray(ArrayType *statearray, const char *caller)
 	return (float8 *) ARR_DATA_PTR(statearray);
 }

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120003
+static pg_noinline void
+float_overflow_error(void)
+{
+	ereport(ERROR,
+			(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+			 errmsg("value out of range: overflow")));
+}
+
+static pg_noinline void
+float_underflow_error(void)
+{
+	ereport(ERROR,
+			(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+			 errmsg("value out of range: underflow")));
+}
+#endif
+
 /*
 * Convert textual representation to internal representation
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_in);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_in);
 Datum
 vector_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -175,33 +176,27 @@ vector_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
 	float		x[VECTOR_MAX_DIM];
 	int			dim = 0;
-	char	   *pt = lit;
+	char	   *pt;
+	char	   *stringEnd;
 	Vector	   *result;
+	char	   *litcopy = pstrdup(lit);
+	char	   *str = litcopy;

-	while (vector_isspace(*pt))
-		pt++;
+	while (vector_isspace(*str))
+		str++;

-	if (*pt != '[')
+	if (*str != '[')
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-				 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type vector: \"%s\"", lit),
+				 errmsg("malformed vector literal: \"%s\"", lit),
 				 errdetail("Vector contents must start with \"[\".")));

-	pt++;
+	str++;
+	pt = strtok(str, ",");
+	stringEnd = pt;

-	while (vector_isspace(*pt))
-		pt++;
-
-	if (*pt == ']')
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("vector must have at least 1 dimension")));
-
-	for (;;)
+	while (pt != NULL && *stringEnd != ']')
 	{
-		float		val;
-		char	   *stringEnd;
-
 		if (dim == VECTOR_MAX_DIM)
 			ereport(ERROR,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
@@ -216,55 +211,61 @@ vector_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
 					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type vector: \"%s\"", lit)));

-		errno = 0;
-
 		/* Use strtof like float4in to avoid a double-rounding problem */
-		/* Postgres sets LC_NUMERIC to C on startup */
-		val = strtof(pt, &stringEnd);
+		x[dim] = strtof(pt, &stringEnd);
+		CheckElement(x[dim]);
+		dim++;

 		if (stringEnd == pt)
 			ereport(ERROR,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
 					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type vector: \"%s\"", lit)));

-		/* Check for range error like float4in */
-		if (errno == ERANGE && isinf(val))
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-					 errmsg("\"%s\" is out of range for type vector", pnstrdup(pt, stringEnd - pt))));
+		while (vector_isspace(*stringEnd))
+			stringEnd++;

-		CheckElement(val);
-		x[dim++] = val;
-
-		pt = stringEnd;
-
-		while (vector_isspace(*pt))
-			pt++;
-
-		if (*pt == ',')
-			pt++;
-		else if (*pt == ']')
-		{
-			pt++;
-			break;
-		}
-		else
+		if (*stringEnd != '\0' && *stringEnd != ']')
 			ereport(ERROR,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
 					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type vector: \"%s\"", lit)));
+
+		pt = strtok(NULL, ",");
 	}

-	/* Only whitespace is allowed after the closing brace */
-	while (vector_isspace(*pt))
-		pt++;
-
-	if (*pt != '\0')
+	if (stringEnd == NULL || *stringEnd != ']')
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-				 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type vector: \"%s\"", lit),
+				 errmsg("malformed vector literal: \"%s\"", lit),
+				 errdetail("Unexpected end of input.")));
+
+	stringEnd++;
+
+	/* Only whitespace is allowed after the closing brace */
+	while (vector_isspace(*stringEnd))
+		stringEnd++;
+
+	if (*stringEnd != '\0')
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+				 errmsg("malformed vector literal: \"%s\"", lit),
 				 errdetail("Junk after closing right brace.")));

-	CheckDim(dim);
+	/* Ensure no consecutive delimiters since strtok skips */
+	for (pt = lit + 1; *pt != '\0'; pt++)
+	{
+		if (pt[-1] == ',' && *pt == ',')
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("malformed vector literal: \"%s\"", lit)));
+	}
+
+	if (dim < 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("vector must have at least 1 dimension")));
+
+	pfree(litcopy);
+
 	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);

 	result = InitVector(dim);
@@ -274,13 +275,10 @@ vector_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
 }

-#define AppendChar(ptr, c) (*(ptr)++ = (c))
-#define AppendFloat(ptr, f) ((ptr) += float_to_shortest_decimal_bufn((f), (ptr)))
-
 /*
 * Convert internal representation to textual representation
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_out);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_out);
 Datum
 vector_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -288,6 +286,7 @@ vector_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	int			dim = vector->dim;
 	char	   *buf;
 	char	   *ptr;
+	int			n;

 	/*
 	 * Need:
@@ -302,17 +301,21 @@ vector_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	buf = (char *) palloc(FLOAT_SHORTEST_DECIMAL_LEN * dim + 2);
 	ptr = buf;

-	AppendChar(ptr, '[');
-
+	*ptr = '[';
+	ptr++;
 	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
 	{
 		if (i > 0)
-			AppendChar(ptr, ',');
+		{
+			*ptr = ',';
+			ptr++;
+		}

-		AppendFloat(ptr, vector->x[i]);
+		n = float_to_shortest_decimal_bufn(vector->x[i], ptr);
+		ptr += n;
 	}
-
-	AppendChar(ptr, ']');
+	*ptr = ']';
+	ptr++;
 	*ptr = '\0';

 	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(vector, 0);
@@ -334,7 +337,7 @@ PrintVector(char *msg, Vector * vector)
 /*
 * Convert type modifier
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_typmod_in);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_typmod_in);
 Datum
 vector_typmod_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -365,7 +368,7 @@ vector_typmod_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 /*
 * Convert external binary representation to internal representation
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_recv);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_recv);
 Datum
 vector_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -399,7 +402,7 @@ vector_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 /*
 * Convert internal representation to the external binary representation
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_send);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_send);
 Datum
 vector_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -419,7 +422,7 @@ vector_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 * Convert vector to vector
 * This is needed to check the type modifier
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector);
 Datum
 vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -434,7 +437,7 @@ vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 /*
 * Convert array to vector
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(array_to_vector);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(array_to_vector);
 Datum
 array_to_vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -508,7 +511,7 @@ array_to_vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 /*
 * Convert vector to float4[]
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_to_float4);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_to_float4);
 Datum
 vector_to_float4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -529,150 +532,131 @@ vector_to_float4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
 }

-/*
- * Convert half vector to vector
- */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_to_vector);
-Datum
-halfvec_to_vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	HalfVector *vec = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
-	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
-	Vector	   *result;
-
-	CheckDim(vec->dim);
-	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, vec->dim);
-
-	result = InitVector(vec->dim);
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
-		result->x[i] = HalfToFloat4(vec->x[i]);
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
-}
-
-VECTOR_TARGET_CLONES static float
-VectorL2SquaredDistance(int dim, float *ax, float *bx)
-{
-	float		distance = 0.0;
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-	{
-		float		diff = ax[i] - bx[i];
-
-		distance += diff * diff;
-	}
-
-	return distance;
-}
-
 /*
 * Get the L2 distance between vectors
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(l2_distance);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(l2_distance);
 Datum
 l2_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
 	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
 	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);
+	float	   *ax = a->x;
+	float	   *bx = b->x;
+	float		distance = 0.0;
+	float		diff;

 	CheckDims(a, b);

-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(sqrt((double) VectorL2SquaredDistance(a->dim, a->x, b->x)));
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+	{
+		diff = ax[i] - bx[i];
+		distance += diff * diff;
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(sqrt((double) distance));
 }

 /*
 * Get the L2 squared distance between vectors
 * This saves a sqrt calculation
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_l2_squared_distance);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_l2_squared_distance);
 Datum
 vector_l2_squared_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
 	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
 	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);
+	float	   *ax = a->x;
+	float	   *bx = b->x;
+	float		distance = 0.0;
+	float		diff;

 	CheckDims(a, b);

-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) VectorL2SquaredDistance(a->dim, a->x, b->x));
-}
-
-VECTOR_TARGET_CLONES static float
-VectorInnerProduct(int dim, float *ax, float *bx)
-{
-	float		distance = 0.0;
-
 	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-		distance += ax[i] * bx[i];
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+	{
+		diff = ax[i] - bx[i];
+		distance += diff * diff;
+	}

-	return distance;
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance);
 }

 /*
 * Get the inner product of two vectors
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(inner_product);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(inner_product);
 Datum
 inner_product(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
 	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
 	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);
+	float	   *ax = a->x;
+	float	   *bx = b->x;
+	float		distance = 0.0;

 	CheckDims(a, b);

-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) VectorInnerProduct(a->dim, a->x, b->x));
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+		distance += ax[i] * bx[i];
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance);
 }

 /*
 * Get the negative inner product of two vectors
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_negative_inner_product);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_negative_inner_product);
 Datum
 vector_negative_inner_product(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
 	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
 	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);
+	float	   *ax = a->x;
+	float	   *bx = b->x;
+	float		distance = 0.0;

 	CheckDims(a, b);

-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) -VectorInnerProduct(a->dim, a->x, b->x));
-}
-
-VECTOR_TARGET_CLONES static double
-VectorCosineSimilarity(int dim, float *ax, float *bx)
-{
-	float		similarity = 0.0;
-	float		norma = 0.0;
-	float		normb = 0.0;
-
 	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-	{
-		similarity += ax[i] * bx[i];
-		norma += ax[i] * ax[i];
-		normb += bx[i] * bx[i];
-	}
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+		distance += ax[i] * bx[i];

-	/* Use sqrt(a * b) over sqrt(a) * sqrt(b) */
-	return (double) similarity / sqrt((double) norma * (double) normb);
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance * -1);
 }

 /*
 * Get the cosine distance between two vectors
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(cosine_distance);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(cosine_distance);
 Datum
 cosine_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
 	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
 	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);
+	float	   *ax = a->x;
+	float	   *bx = b->x;
+	float		distance = 0.0;
+	float		norma = 0.0;
+	float		normb = 0.0;
 	double		similarity;

 	CheckDims(a, b);

-	similarity = VectorCosineSimilarity(a->dim, a->x, b->x);
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+	{
+		distance += ax[i] * bx[i];
+		norma += ax[i] * ax[i];
+		normb += bx[i] * bx[i];
+	}
+
+	/* Use sqrt(a * b) over sqrt(a) * sqrt(b) */
+	similarity = (double) distance / sqrt((double) norma * (double) normb);

 #ifdef _MSC_VER
 	/* /fp:fast may not propagate NaN */
@@ -694,17 +678,24 @@ cosine_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 * Currently uses angular distance since needs to satisfy triangle inequality
 * Assumes inputs are unit vectors (skips norm)
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_spherical_distance);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_spherical_distance);
 Datum
 vector_spherical_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
 	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
 	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);
+	float	   *ax = a->x;
+	float	   *bx = b->x;
+	float		dp = 0.0;
 	double		distance;

 	CheckDims(a, b);

-	distance = (double) VectorInnerProduct(a->dim, a->x, b->x);
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+		dp += ax[i] * bx[i];
+
+	distance = (double) dp;

 	/* Prevent NaN with acos with loss of precision */
 	if (distance > 1)
@@ -715,38 +706,32 @@ vector_spherical_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(acos(distance) / M_PI);
 }

-/* Does not require FMA, but keep logic simple */
-VECTOR_TARGET_CLONES static float
-VectorL1Distance(int dim, float *ax, float *bx)
-{
-	float		distance = 0.0;
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-		distance += fabsf(ax[i] - bx[i]);
-
-	return distance;
-}
-
 /*
 * Get the L1 distance between two vectors
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(l1_distance);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(l1_distance);
 Datum
 l1_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
 	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
 	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);
+	float	   *ax = a->x;
+	float	   *bx = b->x;
+	float		distance = 0.0;

 	CheckDims(a, b);

-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) VectorL1Distance(a->dim, a->x, b->x));
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+		distance += fabsf(ax[i] - bx[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance);
 }

 /*
 * Get the dimensions of a vector
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_dims);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_dims);
 Datum
 vector_dims(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -758,7 +743,7 @@ vector_dims(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 /*
 * Get the L2 norm of a vector
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_norm);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_norm);
 Datum
 vector_norm(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -773,49 +758,10 @@ vector_norm(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(sqrt(norm));
 }

-/*
- * Normalize a vector with the L2 norm
- */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(l2_normalize);
-Datum
-l2_normalize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
-	float	   *ax = a->x;
-	double		norm = 0;
-	Vector	   *result;
-	float	   *rx;
-
-	result = InitVector(a->dim);
-	rx = result->x;
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-		norm += (double) ax[i] * (double) ax[i];
-
-	norm = sqrt(norm);
-
-	/* Return zero vector for zero norm */
-	if (norm > 0)
-	{
-		for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-			rx[i] = ax[i] / norm;
-
-		/* Check for overflow */
-		for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-		{
-			if (isinf(rx[i]))
-				float_overflow_error();
-		}
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
-}
-
 /*
 * Add vectors
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_add);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_add);
 Datum
 vector_add(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -848,7 +794,7 @@ vector_add(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 /*
 * Subtract vectors
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_sub);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_sub);
 Datum
 vector_sub(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -881,7 +827,7 @@ vector_sub(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 /*
 * Multiply vectors
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_mul);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_mul);
 Datum
 vector_mul(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -914,110 +860,6 @@ vector_mul(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
 }

-/*
- * Concatenate vectors
- */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_concat);
-Datum
-vector_concat(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
-	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);
-	Vector	   *result;
-	int			dim = a->dim + b->dim;
-
-	CheckDim(dim);
-	result = InitVector(dim);
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0, imax = a->dim; i < imax; i++)
-		result->x[i] = a->x[i];
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0, imax = b->dim, start = a->dim; i < imax; i++)
-		result->x[i + start] = b->x[i];
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
-}
-
-/*
- * Quantize a vector
- */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(binary_quantize);
-Datum
-binary_quantize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
-	float	   *ax = a->x;
-	VarBit	   *result = InitBitVector(a->dim);
-	unsigned char *rx = VARBITS(result);
-	int			i = 0;
-	int			count = (a->dim / 8) * 8;
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (; i < count; i += 8)
-	{
-		unsigned char result_byte = 0;
-
-		for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++)
-			result_byte |= (ax[i + j] > 0) << (7 - j);
-
-		rx[i / 8] = result_byte;
-	}
-
-	for (; i < a->dim; i++)
-		rx[i / 8] |= (ax[i] > 0) << (7 - (i % 8));
-
-	PG_RETURN_VARBIT_P(result);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get a subvector
- */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(subvector);
-Datum
-subvector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
-	int32		start = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
-	int32		count = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
-	int32		end;
-	float	   *ax = a->x;
-	Vector	   *result;
-	int			dim;
-
-	if (count < 1)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("vector must have at least 1 dimension")));
-
-	/*
-	 * Check if (start + count > a->dim), avoiding integer overflow. a->dim
-	 * and count are both positive, so a->dim - count won't overflow.
-	 */
-	if (start > a->dim - count)
-		end = a->dim + 1;
-	else
-		end = start + count;
-
-	/* Indexing starts at 1, like substring */
-	if (start < 1)
-		start = 1;
-	else if (start > a->dim)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("vector must have at least 1 dimension")));
-
-	dim = end - start;
-	CheckDim(dim);
-	result = InitVector(dim);
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-		result->x[i] = ax[start - 1 + i];
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
-}
-
 /*
 * Internal helper to compare vectors
 */
@@ -1048,85 +890,103 @@ vector_cmp_internal(Vector * a, Vector * b)
 /*
 * Less than
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_lt);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_lt);
 Datum
 vector_lt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
 	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
 	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);

+	/* TODO Remove in 0.7.0 */
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
 	PG_RETURN_BOOL(vector_cmp_internal(a, b) < 0);
 }

 /*
 * Less than or equal
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_le);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_le);
 Datum
 vector_le(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
 	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
 	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);

+	/* TODO Remove in 0.7.0 */
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
 	PG_RETURN_BOOL(vector_cmp_internal(a, b) <= 0);
 }

 /*
 * Equal
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_eq);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_eq);
 Datum
 vector_eq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
 	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
 	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);

+	/* TODO Remove in 0.7.0 */
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
 	PG_RETURN_BOOL(vector_cmp_internal(a, b) == 0);
 }

 /*
 * Not equal
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_ne);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_ne);
 Datum
 vector_ne(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
 	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
 	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);

+	/* TODO Remove in 0.7.0 */
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
 	PG_RETURN_BOOL(vector_cmp_internal(a, b) != 0);
 }

 /*
 * Greater than or equal
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_ge);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_ge);
 Datum
 vector_ge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
 	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
 	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);

+	/* TODO Remove in 0.7.0 */
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
 	PG_RETURN_BOOL(vector_cmp_internal(a, b) >= 0);
 }

 /*
 * Greater than
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_gt);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_gt);
 Datum
 vector_gt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
 	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
 	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);

+	/* TODO Remove in 0.7.0 */
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
 	PG_RETURN_BOOL(vector_cmp_internal(a, b) > 0);
 }

 /*
 * Compare vectors
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_cmp);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_cmp);
 Datum
 vector_cmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -1139,7 +999,7 @@ vector_cmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 /*
 * Accumulate vectors
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_accum);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_accum);
 Datum
 vector_accum(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -1198,13 +1058,12 @@ vector_accum(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 }

 /*
- * Combine vectors or half vectors (also used for halfvec_combine)
+ * Combine vectors
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_combine);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_combine);
 Datum
 vector_combine(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	/* Must also update parameters of halfvec_combine if modifying */
 	ArrayType  *statearray1 = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
 	ArrayType  *statearray2 = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(1);
 	float8	   *statevalues1;
@@ -1271,7 +1130,7 @@ vector_combine(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 /*
 * Average vectors
 */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_avg);
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_avg);
 Datum
 vector_avg(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
@@ -1301,26 +1160,3 @@ vector_avg(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)

 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
 }
-
-/*
- * Convert sparse vector to dense vector
- */
-FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(sparsevec_to_vector);
-Datum
-sparsevec_to_vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	SparseVector *svec = PG_GETARG_SPARSEVEC_P(0);
-	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
-	Vector	   *result;
-	int			dim = svec->dim;
-	float	   *values = SPARSEVEC_VALUES(svec);
-
-	CheckDim(dim);
-	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);
-
-	result = InitVector(dim);
-	for (int i = 0; i < svec->nnz; i++)
-		result->x[svec->indices[i]] = values[i];
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
-}
--- a/src/vector.h
+++ b/src/vector.h
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ typedef struct Vector
 {
 	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
 	int16		dim;			/* number of dimensions */
-	int16		unused;			/* reserved for future use, always zero */
+	int16		unused;
 	float		x[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
 }			Vector;

@@ -20,11 +20,4 @@ Vector	   *InitVector(int dim);
 void		PrintVector(char *msg, Vector * vector);
 int			vector_cmp_internal(Vector * a, Vector * b);

-/* TODO Move to better place */
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
-#define FUNCTION_PREFIX
-#else
-#define FUNCTION_PREFIX PGDLLEXPORT
-#endif
-
 #endif
--- a/test/expected/bit.out
+++ b/test/expected/bit.out
@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-SELECT hamming_distance('111', '111');
- hamming_distance 
------------------
-                0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT hamming_distance('111', '110');
- hamming_distance 
------------------
-                1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT hamming_distance('111', '100');
- hamming_distance 
------------------
-                2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT hamming_distance('111', '000');
- hamming_distance 
------------------
-                3
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT hamming_distance('10101010101010101010', '01010101010101010101');
- hamming_distance 
------------------
-               20
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT hamming_distance('101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101', '101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101');
- hamming_distance 
------------------
-                0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT hamming_distance('101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101', '010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010');
- hamming_distance 
------------------
-              513
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT hamming_distance('110000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011', '100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001');
- hamming_distance 
------------------
-                2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT hamming_distance('', '');
- hamming_distance 
------------------
-                0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT hamming_distance('111', '00');
-ERROR:  different bit lengths 3 and 2
-SELECT hamming_distance('111', '000'::varbit(4));
- hamming_distance 
------------------
-                3
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT hamming_distance('111', '0000'::varbit(4));
-ERROR:  different bit lengths 3 and 4
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1111', '1111');
- jaccard_distance 
------------------
-                0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1111', '1110');
- jaccard_distance 
------------------
-             0.25
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1111', '1100');
- jaccard_distance 
------------------
-              0.5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1111', '1000');
- jaccard_distance 
------------------
-             0.75
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1111', '0000');
- jaccard_distance 
------------------
-                1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1100', '1000');
- jaccard_distance 
------------------
-              0.5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT jaccard_distance('10101010101010101010', '01010101010101010101');
- jaccard_distance 
------------------
-                1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT jaccard_distance('101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101', '101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101');
- jaccard_distance 
------------------
-                0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT jaccard_distance('101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101', '010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010');
- jaccard_distance 
------------------
-                1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT jaccard_distance('110000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011', '100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001');
- jaccard_distance 
------------------
-              0.5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT jaccard_distance('', '');
- jaccard_distance 
------------------
-                1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1111', '000');
-ERROR:  different bit lengths 4 and 3
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1111', '0000'::varbit(5));
- jaccard_distance 
------------------
-                1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1111', '00000'::varbit(5));
-ERROR:  different bit lengths 4 and 5
--- a/test/expected/btree.out
+++ b/test/expected/btree.out
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 SET enable_seqscan = off;
-- vector
 CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
 INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
 CREATE INDEX ON t (val);
@@ -9,53 +8,10 @@ SELECT * FROM t WHERE val = '[1,2,3]';
 [1,2,3]
 (1 row)

-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val LIMIT 1;
   val   
 ---------
 [0,0,0]
- [1,1,1]
- [1,2,3]
- 
-(4 rows)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- halfvec
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t (val);
-SELECT * FROM t WHERE val = '[1,2,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,3]
 (1 row)

-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val;
-   val   
---------
- [0,0,0]
- [1,1,1]
- [1,2,3]
- 
-(4 rows)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- sparsevec
-CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{}/3'), ('{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'), ('{1:1,2:1,3:1}/3'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t (val);
-SELECT * FROM t WHERE val = '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3';
-       val       
-----------------
- {1:1,2:2,3:3}/3
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val;
-       val       
-----------------
- {}/3
- {1:1,2:1,3:1}/3
- {1:1,2:2,3:3}/3
- 
-(4 rows)
-
 DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/cast.out
+++ b/test/expected/cast.out
@@ -28,26 +28,6 @@ SELECT ARRAY[1,2,3]::numeric[]::vector;
 [1,2,3]
 (1 row)

-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::real[];
- float4  
---------
- {1,2,3}
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::vector;
- vector  
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::vector(3);
- vector  
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::vector(2);
-ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
 SELECT '{NULL}'::real[]::vector;
 ERROR:  array must not contain nulls
 SELECT '{NaN}'::real[]::vector;
@@ -60,210 +40,12 @@ SELECT '{}'::real[]::vector;
 ERROR:  vector must have at least 1 dimension
 SELECT '{{1}}'::real[]::vector;
 ERROR:  array must be 1-D
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::double precision[]::vector;
- vector  
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::real[];
+ float4  
 ---------
- [1,2,3]
+ {1,2,3}
 (1 row)

-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::double precision[]::vector(3);
- vector  
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::double precision[]::vector(2);
-ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
-SELECT '{4e38,-4e38}'::double precision[]::vector;
-ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in vector
-SELECT '{1e-46,-1e-46}'::double precision[]::vector;
- vector 
--------
- [0,-0]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::halfvec;
- halfvec 
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::halfvec(3);
- halfvec 
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::halfvec(2);
-ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
-SELECT '[65520]'::vector::halfvec;
-ERROR:  "65520" is out of range for type halfvec
-SELECT '[1e-8]'::vector::halfvec;
- halfvec 
---------
- [0]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec::vector;
- vector  
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec::vector(3);
- vector  
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec::vector(2);
-ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::halfvec;
- halfvec 
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::halfvec(3);
- halfvec 
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::halfvec(2);
-ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
-SELECT '{65520,-65520}'::real[]::halfvec;
-ERROR:  "65520" is out of range for type halfvec
-SELECT '{1e-8,-1e-8}'::real[]::halfvec;
- halfvec 
---------
- [0,-0]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::vector::sparsevec;
-    sparsevec    
-----------------
- {2:1.5,4:3.5}/5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::vector::sparsevec(5);
-    sparsevec    
-----------------
- {2:1.5,4:3.5}/5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::vector::sparsevec(4);
-ERROR:  expected 4 dimensions, not 5
-SELECT '{2:1.5,4:3.5}/5'::sparsevec::vector;
-     vector      
-----------------
- [0,1.5,0,3.5,0]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{2:1.5,4:3.5}/5'::sparsevec::vector(5);
-     vector      
-----------------
- [0,1.5,0,3.5,0]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{2:1.5,4:3.5}/5'::sparsevec::vector(4);
-ERROR:  expected 4 dimensions, not 5
-SELECT '{}/16001'::sparsevec::vector;
-ERROR:  vector cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
-SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::halfvec::sparsevec;
-    sparsevec    
-----------------
- {2:1.5,4:3.5}/5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::halfvec::sparsevec(5);
-    sparsevec    
-----------------
- {2:1.5,4:3.5}/5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::halfvec::sparsevec(4);
-ERROR:  expected 4 dimensions, not 5
-SELECT '{2:1.5,4:3.5}/5'::sparsevec::halfvec;
-     halfvec     
-----------------
- [0,1.5,0,3.5,0]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{2:1.5,4:3.5}/5'::sparsevec::halfvec(5);
-     halfvec     
-----------------
- [0,1.5,0,3.5,0]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{2:1.5,4:3.5}/5'::sparsevec::halfvec(4);
-ERROR:  expected 4 dimensions, not 5
-SELECT '{}/16001'::sparsevec::halfvec;
-ERROR:  halfvec cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
-SELECT '{1:65520}/1'::sparsevec::halfvec;
-ERROR:  "65520" is out of range for type halfvec
-SELECT '{1:1e-8}/1'::sparsevec::halfvec;
- halfvec 
---------
- [0]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::sparsevec;
-      array      
-----------------
- {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT ARRAY[1.0,0.0,2.0,0.0,3.0,0.0]::sparsevec;
-      array      
-----------------
- {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::float4[]::sparsevec;
-      array      
-----------------
- {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::float8[]::sparsevec;
-      array      
-----------------
- {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::numeric[]::sparsevec;
-      array      
-----------------
- {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec;
-    sparsevec    
-----------------
- {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec(6);
-    sparsevec    
-----------------
- {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec(5);
-ERROR:  expected 5 dimensions, not 6
-SELECT '{NULL}'::real[]::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  array must not contain nulls
-SELECT '{NaN}'::real[]::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  NaN not allowed in sparsevec
-SELECT '{Infinity}'::real[]::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in sparsevec
-SELECT '{-Infinity}'::real[]::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in sparsevec
-SELECT '{}'::real[]::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  sparsevec must have at least 1 dimension
-SELECT '{{1}}'::real[]::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  array must be 1-D
 SELECT array_agg(n)::vector FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 ERROR:  vector cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
 SELECT array_to_vector(array_agg(n), 16001, false) FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
--- a/test/expected/copy.out
+++ b/test/expected/copy.out
@@ -1,50 +1,15 @@
-- vector
-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE TABLE t2 (val vector(3));
-\copy t TO 'results/vector.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
-\copy t2 FROM 'results/vector.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3), val2 intvec(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val, val2) VALUES ('[0,0,0]', '[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]', '[1,1,1]'), (NULL, NULL);
+CREATE TABLE t2 (val vector(3), val2 intvec(3));
+\copy t TO 'results/data.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
+\copy t2 FROM 'results/data.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
 SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY val;
-   val   
---------
- [0,0,0]
- [1,1,1]
- [1,2,3]
- 
-(4 rows)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-DROP TABLE t2;
-- halfvec
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE TABLE t2 (val halfvec(3));
-\copy t TO 'results/halfvec.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
-\copy t2 FROM 'results/halfvec.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
-SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY val;
-   val   
---------
- [0,0,0]
- [1,1,1]
- [1,2,3]
- 
-(4 rows)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-DROP TABLE t2;
-- sparsevec
-CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{}/3'), ('{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'), ('{1:1,2:1,3:1}/3'), (NULL);
-CREATE TABLE t2 (val sparsevec(3));
-\copy t TO 'results/sparsevec.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
-\copy t2 FROM 'results/sparsevec.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
-SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY val;
-       val       
-----------------
- {}/3
- {1:1,2:1,3:1}/3
- {1:1,2:2,3:3}/3
- 
+   val   |  val2   
+---------+---------
+ [0,0,0] | [0,0,0]
+ [1,1,1] | [1,1,1]
+ [1,2,3] | [1,2,3]
+         | 
 (4 rows)

 DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/functions.out
+++ b/test/expected/functions.out
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector + '[4,5,6]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ [5,7,9]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[3e38]'::vector + '[3e38]';
+ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector - '[4,5,6]';
+  ?column?  
+------------
+ [-3,-3,-3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[-3e38]'::vector - '[3e38]';
+ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector * '[4,5,6]';
+ ?column?  
+-----------
+ [4,10,18]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1e37]'::vector * '[1e37]';
+ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
+SELECT '[1e-37]'::vector * '[1e-37]';
+ERROR:  value out of range: underflow
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector = '[1,2,3]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector = '[1,2]';
+ERROR:  different vector dimensions 3 and 2
+SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
+ vector_cmp 
+------------
+          0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[0,0,0]');
+ vector_cmp 
+------------
+          1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT vector_cmp('[0,0,0]', '[1,2,3]');
+ vector_cmp 
+------------
+         -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2]', '[1,2,3]');
+ vector_cmp 
+------------
+         -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2]');
+ vector_cmp 
+------------
+          1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2]', '[2,3,4]');
+ vector_cmp 
+------------
+         -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT vector_cmp('[2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
+ vector_cmp 
+------------
+          1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT vector_dims('[1,2,3]');
+ vector_dims 
+-------------
+           3
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT round(vector_norm('[1,1]')::numeric, 5);
+  round  
+---------
+ 1.41421
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT vector_norm('[3,4]');
+ vector_norm 
+-------------
+           5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT vector_norm('[0,1]');
+ vector_norm 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT vector_norm('[3e37,4e37]')::real;
+ vector_norm 
+-------------
+       5e+37
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[3,4]');
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+           5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[0,1]');
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT l2_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[-3e38]');
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+    Infinity
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3,4]');
+ inner_product 
+---------------
+            11
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT inner_product('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');
+ inner_product 
+---------------
+      Infinity
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[2,4]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[0,0]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+             NaN
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1,1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::vector, '[0,2]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1,-1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1.1,1.1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+             NaN
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[3,4]');
+ l1_distance 
+-------------
+           7
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[0,1]');
+ l1_distance 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT l1_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[-3e38]');
+ l1_distance 
+-------------
+    Infinity
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::vector, '[3,5,7]']) v;
+    avg    
+-----------
+ [2,3.5,5]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::vector, '[3,5,7]', NULL]) v;
+    avg    
+-----------
+ [2,3.5,5]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY[]::vector[]) v;
+ avg 
+-----
+ 
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2]'::vector, '[3]']) v;
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 1
+SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]']) v;
+   avg   
+---------
+ [3e+38]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT vector_avg(array_agg(n)) FROM generate_series(1, 16002) n;
+ERROR:  vector cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
+SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::vector, '[3,5,7]']) v;
+   sum    
+----------
+ [4,7,10]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::vector, '[3,5,7]', NULL]) v;
+   sum    
+----------
+ [4,7,10]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY[]::vector[]) v;
+ sum 
+-----
+ 
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2]'::vector, '[3]']) v;
+ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]']) v;
+ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
--- a/test/expected/halfvec.out
+++ b/test/expected/halfvec.out
@@ -1,642 +0,0 @@
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec;
- halfvec 
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[-1,-2,-3]'::halfvec;
-  halfvec   
------------
- [-1,-2,-3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1.,2.,3.]'::halfvec;
- halfvec 
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT ' [ 1,  2 ,    3  ] '::halfvec;
- halfvec 
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1.23456]'::halfvec;
-  halfvec   
------------
- [1.234375]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[hello,1]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[hello,1]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[hello,1]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[NaN,1]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  NaN not allowed in halfvec
-LINE 1: SELECT '[NaN,1]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in halfvec
-LINE 1: SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in halfvec
-LINE 1: SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[65519,-65519]'::halfvec;
-    halfvec     
----------------
- [65504,-65504]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[65520,-65520]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  "65520" is out of range for type halfvec
-LINE 1: SELECT '[65520,-65520]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1e-8,-1e-8]'::halfvec;
- halfvec 
---------
- [0,-0]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[4e38,1]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  "4e38" is out of range for type halfvec
-LINE 1: SELECT '[4e38,1]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1e-46,1]'::halfvec;
- halfvec 
---------
- [0,1]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[1,2,3"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[1,2,3]9"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::halfvec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Junk after closing right brace.
-SELECT '1,2,3'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "1,2,3"
-LINE 1: SELECT '1,2,3'::halfvec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
-SELECT ''::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: ""
-LINE 1: SELECT ''::halfvec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
-SELECT '['::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "["
-LINE 1: SELECT '['::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[ '::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[ "
-LINE 1: SELECT '[ '::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[,'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[,"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[,'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  halfvec must have at least 1 dimension
-LINE 1: SELECT '[]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[ ]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  halfvec must have at least 1 dimension
-LINE 1: SELECT '[ ]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[,]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[,]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[,]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1,]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[1,]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1a]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[1a]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1a]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1,,3]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[1,,3]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,,3]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1, ,3]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[1, ,3]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1, ,3]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(3);
- halfvec 
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(2);
-ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(3, 2);
-ERROR:  invalid type modifier
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(3, 2);
-                          ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec('a');
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "a"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec('a');
-                          ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(0);
-ERROR:  dimensions for type halfvec must be at least 1
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(0);
-                          ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(16001);
-ERROR:  dimensions for type halfvec cannot exceed 16000
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(16001);
-                          ^
-SELECT unnest('{"[1,2,3]", "[4,5,6]"}'::halfvec[]);
- unnest  
---------
- [1,2,3]
- [4,5,6]
-(2 rows)
-
-SELECT '{"[1,2,3]"}'::halfvec(2)[];
-ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec + '[4,5,6]';
- ?column? 
----------
- [5,7,9]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[65519]'::halfvec + '[65519]';
-ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
-SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec + '[3]';
-ERROR:  different halfvec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec - '[4,5,6]';
-  ?column?  
------------
- [-3,-3,-3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[-65519]'::halfvec - '[65519]';
-ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
-SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec - '[3]';
-ERROR:  different halfvec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec * '[4,5,6]';
- ?column?  
-----------
- [4,10,18]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[65519]'::halfvec * '[65519]';
-ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
-SELECT '[1e-7]'::halfvec * '[1e-7]';
-ERROR:  value out of range: underflow
-SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec * '[3]';
-ERROR:  different halfvec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec || '[4,5]';
-  ?column?   
-------------
- [1,2,3,4,5]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT array_fill(0, ARRAY[16000])::halfvec || '[1]';
-ERROR:  halfvec cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec < '[1,2,3]';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec < '[1,2]';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec <= '[1,2,3]';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec <= '[1,2]';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec = '[1,2,3]';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec = '[1,2]';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec != '[1,2,3]';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec != '[1,2]';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec >= '[1,2,3]';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec >= '[1,2]';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec > '[1,2,3]';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec > '[1,2]';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT halfvec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
- halfvec_cmp 
-------------
-           0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT halfvec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[0,0,0]');
- halfvec_cmp 
-------------
-           1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT halfvec_cmp('[0,0,0]', '[1,2,3]');
- halfvec_cmp 
-------------
-          -1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT halfvec_cmp('[1,2]', '[1,2,3]');
- halfvec_cmp 
-------------
-          -1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT halfvec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2]');
- halfvec_cmp 
-------------
-           1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT halfvec_cmp('[1,2]', '[2,3,4]');
- halfvec_cmp 
-------------
-          -1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT halfvec_cmp('[2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
- halfvec_cmp 
-------------
-           1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_dims('[1,2,3]'::halfvec);
- vector_dims 
-------------
-           3
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT round(l2_norm('[1,1]'::halfvec)::numeric, 5);
-  round  
---------
- 1.41421
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_norm('[3,4]'::halfvec);
- l2_norm 
---------
-       5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_norm('[0,1]'::halfvec);
- l2_norm 
---------
-       1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_norm('[0,0]'::halfvec);
- l2_norm 
---------
-       0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_norm('[2]'::halfvec);
- l2_norm 
---------
-       2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
- l2_distance 
-------------
-           5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[0,1]');
- l2_distance 
-------------
-           1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
-ERROR:  different halfvec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT l2_distance('[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]'::halfvec, '[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,4,5]');
- l2_distance 
-------------
-           5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[0,0]'::halfvec <-> '[3,4]';
- ?column? 
----------
-        5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
- inner_product 
---------------
-            11
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
-ERROR:  different halfvec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT inner_product('[65504]'::halfvec, '[65504]');
- inner_product 
---------------
-    4290774016
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]'::halfvec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
- inner_product 
---------------
-            45
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec <#> '[3,4]';
- ?column? 
----------
-      -11
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[2,4]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[0,0]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-             NaN
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[1,1]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::halfvec, '[0,2]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[-1,-1]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
-ERROR:  different halfvec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[1.1,1.1]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::halfvec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::halfvec, '[-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6,-7,-8,-9]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec <=> '[2,4]';
- ?column? 
----------
-        0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
- l1_distance 
-------------
-           7
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[0,1]');
- l1_distance 
-------------
-           1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
-ERROR:  different halfvec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT l1_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::halfvec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
- l1_distance 
-------------
-           0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::halfvec, '[0,3,2,5,4,7,6,9,8]');
- l1_distance 
-------------
-           9
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[0,0]'::halfvec <+> '[3,4]';
- ?column? 
----------
-        7
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('[3,4]'::halfvec);
-      l2_normalize      
------------------------
- [0.60009766,0.7998047]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('[3,0]'::halfvec);
- l2_normalize 
--------------
- [1,0]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('[0,0.1]'::halfvec);
- l2_normalize 
--------------
- [0,1]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('[0,0]'::halfvec);
- l2_normalize 
--------------
- [0,0]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('[65504]'::halfvec);
- l2_normalize 
--------------
- [1]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT binary_quantize('[1,0,-1]'::halfvec);
- binary_quantize 
-----------------
- 100
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT binary_quantize('[0,0.1,-0.2,-0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,-0.7,0.8,-0.9,1]'::halfvec);
- binary_quantize 
-----------------
- 01001110101
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT binary_quantize('[1,2,3,-4,5,6,-7,8,1,-2,-3,4,5,-6,7,8,-1,2,3]'::halfvec);
-   binary_quantize   
---------------------
- 1110110110011011011
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 1, 3);
- subvector 
-----------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 3, 2);
- subvector 
-----------
- [3,4]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, -1, 3);
- subvector 
-----------
- [1]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 3, 9);
- subvector 
-----------
- [3,4,5]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 1, 0);
-ERROR:  halfvec must have at least 1 dimension
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 3, -1);
-ERROR:  halfvec must have at least 1 dimension
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, -1, 2);
-ERROR:  halfvec must have at least 1 dimension
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 2147483647, 10);
-ERROR:  halfvec must have at least 1 dimension
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 3, 2147483647);
- subvector 
-----------
- [3,4,5]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, -2147483644, 2147483647);
- subvector 
-----------
- [1,2]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::halfvec, '[3,5,7]']) v;
-    avg    
-----------
- [2,3.5,5]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::halfvec, '[3,5,7]', NULL]) v;
-    avg    
-----------
- [2,3.5,5]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY[]::halfvec[]) v;
- avg 
-----
- 
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]']) v;
-ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 1
-SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[65504]'::halfvec, '[65504]']) v;
-   avg   
---------
- [65504]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT halfvec_avg(array_agg(n)) FROM generate_series(1, 16002) n;
-ERROR:  halfvec cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
-SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::halfvec, '[3,5,7]']) v;
-   sum    
----------
- [4,7,10]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::halfvec, '[3,5,7]', NULL]) v;
-   sum    
----------
- [4,7,10]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY[]::halfvec[]) v;
- sum 
-----
- 
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]']) v;
-ERROR:  different halfvec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[65504]'::halfvec, '[65504]']) v;
-ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
--- a/test/expected/hnsw_bit.out
+++ b/test/expected/hnsw_bit.out
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-SET enable_seqscan = off;
-- hamming
-CREATE TABLE t (val bit(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'000'), (B'100'), (B'111'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_hamming_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'110');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <~> B'111';
- val 
-----
- 111
- 110
- 100
- 000
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <~> (SELECT NULL::bit)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- jaccard
-CREATE TABLE t (val bit(4));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'0000'), (B'1100'), (B'1111'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_jaccard_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'1110');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <%> B'1111';
- val  
------
- 1111
- 1110
- 1100
- 0000
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <%> (SELECT NULL::bit)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- varbit
-CREATE TABLE t (val varbit(3));
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_hamming_ops);
-ERROR:  type not supported for hnsw index
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw ((val::bit(3)) bit_hamming_ops);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw ((val::bit(64001)) bit_hamming_ops);
-ERROR:  column cannot have more than 64000 dimensions for hnsw index
-DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/hnsw_cosine.out
+++ b/test/expected/hnsw_cosine.out
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_cosine_ops);
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[3,3,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,1,1]
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,2,4]
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[0,0,0]') t2;
+ count 
+-------
+     3
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
+ count 
+-------
+     3
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/hnsw_halfvec.out
+++ b/test/expected/hnsw_halfvec.out
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-SET enable_seqscan = off;
-- L2
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_l2_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,3]
- [1,2,4]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
- count 
-------
-     5
-(1 row)
-
-TRUNCATE t;
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
- val 
-----
-(0 rows)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- inner product
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_ip_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,4]
- [1,2,3]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- cosine
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_cosine_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,1,1]
- [1,2,3]
- [1,2,4]
-(3 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[0,0,0]') t2;
- count 
-------
-     3
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     3
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- L1
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_l1_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,3]
- [1,2,4]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/hnsw_intvec_cosine.out
+++ b/test/expected/hnsw_intvec_cosine.out
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+CREATE TABLE t (val intvec(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val intvec_cosine_ops);
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[3,3,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,1,1]
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,2,4]
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[0,0,0]') t2;
+ count 
+-------
+     3
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::intvec)) t2;
+ count 
+-------
+     3
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/hnsw_intvec_ip.out
+++ b/test/expected/hnsw_intvec_ip.out
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+CREATE TABLE t (val intvec(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val intvec_ip_ops);
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '[3,3,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,2,4]
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,1,1]
+ [0,0,0]
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::intvec)) t2;
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/hnsw_intvec_l2.out
+++ b/test/expected/hnsw_intvec_l2.out
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+CREATE TABLE t (val intvec(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val intvec_l2_ops);
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,2,4]
+ [1,1,1]
+ [0,0,0]
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::intvec)) t2;
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
+ count 
+-------
+     5
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE t;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+ val 
+-----
+(0 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/hnsw_ip.out
+++ b/test/expected/hnsw_ip.out
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_ip_ops);
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '[3,3,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,2,4]
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,1,1]
+ [0,0,0]
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/hnsw_l2.out
+++ b/test/expected/hnsw_l2.out
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,2,4]
+ [1,1,1]
+ [0,0,0]
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
+ count 
+-------
+     5
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE t;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+ val 
+-----
+(0 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/hnsw_options.out
+++ b/test/expected/hnsw_options.out
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 1);
+ERROR:  value 1 out of bounds for option "m"
+DETAIL:  Valid values are between "2" and "100".
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 101);
+ERROR:  value 101 out of bounds for option "m"
+DETAIL:  Valid values are between "2" and "100".
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (ef_construction = 3);
+ERROR:  value 3 out of bounds for option "ef_construction"
+DETAIL:  Valid values are between "4" and "1000".
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (ef_construction = 1001);
+ERROR:  value 1001 out of bounds for option "ef_construction"
+DETAIL:  Valid values are between "4" and "1000".
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 16, ef_construction = 31);
+ERROR:  ef_construction must be greater than or equal to 2 * m
+SHOW hnsw.ef_search;
+ hnsw.ef_search 
+----------------
+ 40
+(1 row)
+
+SET hnsw.ef_search = 0;
+ERROR:  0 is outside the valid range for parameter "hnsw.ef_search" (1 .. 1000)
+SET hnsw.ef_search = 1001;
+ERROR:  1001 is outside the valid range for parameter "hnsw.ef_search" (1 .. 1000)
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/hnsw_sparsevec.out
+++ b/test/expected/hnsw_sparsevec.out
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-SET enable_seqscan = off;
-- L2
-CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{}/3'), ('{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'), ('{1:1,2:1,3:1}/3'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val sparsevec_l2_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{1:1,2:2,3:4}/3');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '{1:3,2:3,3:3}/3';
-       val       
-----------------
- {1:1,2:2,3:3}/3
- {1:1,2:2,3:4}/3
- {1:1,2:1,3:1}/3
- {}/3
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::sparsevec)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
- count 
-------
-     5
-(1 row)
-
-TRUNCATE t;
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '{1:3,2:3,3:3}/3';
- val 
-----
-(0 rows)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- inner product
-CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{}/3'), ('{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'), ('{1:1,2:1,3:1}/3'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val sparsevec_ip_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{1:1,2:2,3:4}/3');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '{1:3,2:3,3:3}/3';
-       val       
-----------------
- {1:1,2:2,3:4}/3
- {1:1,2:2,3:3}/3
- {1:1,2:1,3:1}/3
- {}/3
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::sparsevec)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- cosine
-CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{}/3'), ('{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'), ('{1:1,2:1,3:1}/3'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val sparsevec_cosine_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{1:1,2:2,3:4}/3');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '{1:3,2:3,3:3}/3';
-       val       
-----------------
- {1:1,2:1,3:1}/3
- {1:1,2:2,3:3}/3
- {1:1,2:2,3:4}/3
-(3 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '{}/3') t2;
- count 
-------
-     3
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::sparsevec)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     3
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- L1
-CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{}/3'), ('{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'), ('{1:1,2:1,3:1}/3'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val sparsevec_l1_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{1:1,2:2,3:4}/3');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> '{1:3,2:3,3:3}/3';
-       val       
-----------------
- {1:1,2:2,3:3}/3
- {1:1,2:2,3:4}/3
- {1:1,2:1,3:1}/3
- {}/3
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> (SELECT NULL::sparsevec)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- non-zero elements
-CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(1001));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (array_fill(1, ARRAY[1001])::vector::sparsevec);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val sparsevec_l2_ops);
-ERROR:  sparsevec cannot have more than 1000 non-zero elements for hnsw index
-TRUNCATE t;
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val sparsevec_l2_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (array_fill(1, ARRAY[1001])::vector::sparsevec);
-ERROR:  sparsevec cannot have more than 1000 non-zero elements for hnsw index
-DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/hnsw_unlogged.out
+++ b/test/expected/hnsw_unlogged.out
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+CREATE UNLOGGED TABLE t (val vector(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,1,1]
+ [0,0,0]
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/hnsw_vector.out
+++ b/test/expected/hnsw_vector.out
@@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
-SET enable_seqscan = off;
-- L2
-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,3]
- [1,2,4]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
- count 
-------
-     5
-(1 row)
-
-TRUNCATE t;
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
- val 
-----
-(0 rows)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- inner product
-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_ip_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,4]
- [1,2,3]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- cosine
-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_cosine_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,1,1]
- [1,2,3]
- [1,2,4]
-(3 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[0,0,0]') t2;
- count 
-------
-     3
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     3
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- L1
-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l1_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,3]
- [1,2,4]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- iterative
-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
-SET hnsw.iterative_scan = strict_order;
-SET hnsw.ef_search = 1;
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,3]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(3 rows)
-
-SET hnsw.iterative_scan = relaxed_order;
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,3]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(3 rows)
-
-TRUNCATE t;
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
- val 
-----
-(0 rows)
-
-RESET hnsw.iterative_scan;
-RESET hnsw.ef_search;
-DROP TABLE t;
-- unlogged
-CREATE UNLOGGED TABLE t (val vector(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,3]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(3 rows)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- options
-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 1);
-ERROR:  value 1 out of bounds for option "m"
-DETAIL:  Valid values are between "2" and "100".
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 101);
-ERROR:  value 101 out of bounds for option "m"
-DETAIL:  Valid values are between "2" and "100".
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (ef_construction = 3);
-ERROR:  value 3 out of bounds for option "ef_construction"
-DETAIL:  Valid values are between "4" and "1000".
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (ef_construction = 1001);
-ERROR:  value 1001 out of bounds for option "ef_construction"
-DETAIL:  Valid values are between "4" and "1000".
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 16, ef_construction = 31);
-ERROR:  ef_construction must be greater than or equal to 2 * m
-SHOW hnsw.ef_search;
- hnsw.ef_search 
----------------
- 40
-(1 row)
-
-SET hnsw.ef_search = 0;
-ERROR:  0 is outside the valid range for parameter "hnsw.ef_search" (1 .. 1000)
-SET hnsw.ef_search = 1001;
-ERROR:  1001 is outside the valid range for parameter "hnsw.ef_search" (1 .. 1000)
-SHOW hnsw.iterative_scan;
- hnsw.iterative_scan 
---------------------
- off
-(1 row)
-
-SET hnsw.iterative_scan = on;
-ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "hnsw.iterative_scan": "on"
-HINT:  Available values: off, relaxed_order, strict_order.
-SHOW hnsw.max_scan_tuples;
- hnsw.max_scan_tuples 
----------------------
- 20000
-(1 row)
-
-SET hnsw.max_scan_tuples = 0;
-ERROR:  0 is outside the valid range for parameter "hnsw.max_scan_tuples" (1 .. 2147483647)
-SHOW hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier;
- hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier 
--------------------------
- 1
-(1 row)
-
-SET hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier = 0;
-ERROR:  0 is outside the valid range for parameter "hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier" (1 .. 1000)
-SET hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier = 1001;
-ERROR:  1001 is outside the valid range for parameter "hnsw.scan_mem_multiplier" (1 .. 1000)
-DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/input.out
+++ b/test/expected/input.out
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector;
+ vector  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[-1,-2,-3]'::vector;
+   vector   
+------------
+ [-1,-2,-3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1.,2.,3.]'::vector;
+ vector  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ' [ 1,  2 ,    3  ] '::vector;
+ vector  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1.23456]'::vector;
+  vector   
+-----------
+ [1.23456]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[hello,1]'::vector;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: "[hello,1]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[hello,1]'::vector;
+               ^
+SELECT '[NaN,1]'::vector;
+ERROR:  NaN not allowed in vector
+LINE 1: SELECT '[NaN,1]'::vector;
+               ^
+SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::vector;
+ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in vector
+LINE 1: SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::vector;
+               ^
+SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::vector;
+ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in vector
+LINE 1: SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::vector;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1.5e38,-1.5e38]'::vector;
+       vector       
+--------------------
+ [1.5e+38,-1.5e+38]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1.5e+38,-1.5e+38]'::vector;
+       vector       
+--------------------
+ [1.5e+38,-1.5e+38]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1.5e-38,-1.5e-38]'::vector;
+       vector       
+--------------------
+ [1.5e-38,-1.5e-38]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[4e38,1]'::vector;
+ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in vector
+LINE 1: SELECT '[4e38,1]'::vector;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3'::vector;
+ERROR:  malformed vector literal: "[1,2,3"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3'::vector;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
+SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::vector;
+ERROR:  malformed vector literal: "[1,2,3]9"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::vector;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Junk after closing right brace.
+SELECT '1,2,3'::vector;
+ERROR:  malformed vector literal: "1,2,3"
+LINE 1: SELECT '1,2,3'::vector;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
+SELECT ''::vector;
+ERROR:  malformed vector literal: ""
+LINE 1: SELECT ''::vector;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
+SELECT '['::vector;
+ERROR:  malformed vector literal: "["
+LINE 1: SELECT '['::vector;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
+SELECT '[,'::vector;
+ERROR:  malformed vector literal: "[,"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[,'::vector;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
+SELECT '[]'::vector;
+ERROR:  vector must have at least 1 dimension
+LINE 1: SELECT '[]'::vector;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,]'::vector;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: "[1,]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,]'::vector;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1a]'::vector;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: "[1a]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1a]'::vector;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,,3]'::vector;
+ERROR:  malformed vector literal: "[1,,3]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,,3]'::vector;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1, ,3]'::vector;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: "[1, ,3]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1, ,3]'::vector;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector(3);
+ vector  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector(2);
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector(3, 2);
+ERROR:  invalid type modifier
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector(3, 2);
+                          ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector('a');
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "a"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector('a');
+                          ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector(0);
+ERROR:  dimensions for type vector must be at least 1
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector(0);
+                          ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector(16001);
+ERROR:  dimensions for type vector cannot exceed 16000
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector(16001);
+                          ^
+SELECT unnest('{"[1,2,3]", "[4,5,6]"}'::vector[]);
+ unnest  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+ [4,5,6]
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT '{"[1,2,3]"}'::vector(2)[];
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
--- a/test/expected/intvec_functions.out
+++ b/test/expected/intvec_functions.out
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::intvec, '[3,4]');
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+           5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::intvec, '[0,1]');
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::intvec, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different intvec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT '[0,0]'::intvec <-> '[3,4]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::intvec, '[3,4]');
+ inner_product 
+---------------
+            11
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::intvec, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different intvec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT inner_product('[127]'::intvec, '[127]');
+ inner_product 
+---------------
+         16129
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2]'::intvec <#> '[3,4]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+      -11
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::intvec, '[2,4]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::intvec, '[0,0]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+             NaN
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::intvec, '[1,1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::intvec, '[0,2]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::intvec, '[-1,-1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::intvec, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different intvec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT '[1,2]'::intvec <=> '[2,4]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::intvec, '[3,4]');
+ l1_distance 
+-------------
+           7
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::intvec, '[0,1]');
+ l1_distance 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::intvec, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different intvec dimensions 2 and 1
--- a/test/expected/intvec_input.out
+++ b/test/expected/intvec_input.out
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec;
+ intvec  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[-1,-2,-3]'::intvec;
+   intvec   
+------------
+ [-1,-2,-3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ' [ 1,  2 ,    3  ] '::intvec;
+ intvec  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1.23456]'::intvec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type intvec: "[1.23456]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1.23456]'::intvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[hello,1]'::intvec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type intvec: "[hello,1]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[hello,1]'::intvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[127,-128]'::intvec;
+   intvec   
+------------
+ [127,-128]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[128,-129]'::intvec;
+ERROR:  value "128" is out of range for type intvec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[128,-129]'::intvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3'::intvec;
+ERROR:  malformed intvec literal: "[1,2,3"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3'::intvec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
+SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::intvec;
+ERROR:  malformed intvec literal: "[1,2,3]9"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::intvec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Junk after closing right brace.
+SELECT '1,2,3'::intvec;
+ERROR:  malformed intvec literal: "1,2,3"
+LINE 1: SELECT '1,2,3'::intvec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
+SELECT ''::intvec;
+ERROR:  malformed intvec literal: ""
+LINE 1: SELECT ''::intvec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
+SELECT '['::intvec;
+ERROR:  malformed intvec literal: "["
+LINE 1: SELECT '['::intvec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
+SELECT '[,'::intvec;
+ERROR:  malformed intvec literal: "[,"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[,'::intvec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
+SELECT '[]'::intvec;
+ERROR:  intvec must have at least 1 dimension
+LINE 1: SELECT '[]'::intvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,]'::intvec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type intvec: "[1,]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,]'::intvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1a]'::intvec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type intvec: "[1a]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1a]'::intvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,,3]'::intvec;
+ERROR:  malformed intvec literal: "[1,,3]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,,3]'::intvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1, ,3]'::intvec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type intvec: "[1, ,3]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1, ,3]'::intvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(3);
+ intvec  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(2);
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(3, 2);
+ERROR:  invalid type modifier
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(3, 2);
+                          ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec('a');
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "a"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec('a');
+                          ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(0);
+ERROR:  dimensions for type intvec must be at least 1
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(0);
+                          ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(16001);
+ERROR:  dimensions for type intvec cannot exceed 16000
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(16001);
+                          ^
+SELECT unnest('{"[1,2,3]", "[4,5,6]"}'::intvec[]);
+ unnest  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+ [4,5,6]
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT '{"[1,2,3]"}'::intvec(2)[];
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
--- a/test/expected/ivfflat_bit.out
+++ b/test/expected/ivfflat_bit.out
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-SET enable_seqscan = off;
-- hamming
-CREATE TABLE t (val bit(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'000'), (B'100'), (B'111'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'110');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <~> B'111';
- val 
-----
- 111
- 110
- 100
- 000
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <~> (SELECT NULL::bit)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- varbit
-CREATE TABLE t (val varbit(3));
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val bit_hamming_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
-ERROR:  type not supported for ivfflat index
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat ((val::bit(3)) bit_hamming_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
-NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
-DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
-HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat ((val::bit(64001)) bit_hamming_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
-ERROR:  column cannot have more than 64000 dimensions for ivfflat index
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat ((val::bit(2)) bit_hamming_ops) WITH (lists = 5);
-NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
-DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
-HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
-DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/ivfflat_cosine.out
+++ b/test/expected/ivfflat_cosine.out
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_cosine_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[3,3,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,1,1]
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,2,4]
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[0,0,0]') t2;
+ count 
+-------
+     3
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
+ count 
+-------
+     3
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/ivfflat_halfvec.out
+++ b/test/expected/ivfflat_halfvec.out
@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-SET enable_seqscan = off;
-- L2
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,3]
- [1,2,4]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
- count 
-------
-     5
-(1 row)
-
-TRUNCATE t;
-NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
-DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
-HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
- val 
-----
-(0 rows)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- inner product
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_ip_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,4]
- [1,2,3]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- cosine
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val halfvec_cosine_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,1,1]
- [1,2,3]
- [1,2,4]
-(3 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[0,0,0]') t2;
- count 
-------
-     3
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     3
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/ivfflat_ip.out
+++ b/test/expected/ivfflat_ip.out
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_ip_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '[3,3,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,2,4]
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,1,1]
+ [0,0,0]
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/ivfflat_l2.out
+++ b/test/expected/ivfflat_l2.out
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,2,4]
+ [1,1,1]
+ [0,0,0]
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::vector);
+   val   
+---------
+ [0,0,0]
+ [1,1,1]
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,2,4]
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
+ count 
+-------
+     5
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE t;
+NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
+DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
+HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+ val 
+-----
+(0 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/ivfflat_options.out
+++ b/test/expected/ivfflat_options.out
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 0);
+ERROR:  value 0 out of bounds for option "lists"
+DETAIL:  Valid values are between "1" and "32768".
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 32769);
+ERROR:  value 32769 out of bounds for option "lists"
+DETAIL:  Valid values are between "1" and "32768".
+SHOW ivfflat.probes;
+ ivfflat.probes 
+----------------
+ 1
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/ivfflat_unlogged.out
+++ b/test/expected/ivfflat_unlogged.out
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+CREATE UNLOGGED TABLE t (val vector(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,1,1]
+ [0,0,0]
+(3 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/ivfflat_vector.out
+++ b/test/expected/ivfflat_vector.out
@@ -1,175 +0,0 @@
-SET enable_seqscan = off;
-- L2
-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,3]
- [1,2,4]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
- count 
-------
-     5
-(1 row)
-
-TRUNCATE t;
-NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
-DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
-HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
- val 
-----
-(0 rows)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- inner product
-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_ip_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,4]
- [1,2,3]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- cosine
-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_cosine_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,1,1]
- [1,2,3]
- [1,2,4]
-(3 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[0,0,0]') t2;
- count 
-------
-     3
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
- count 
-------
-     3
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- iterative
-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 3);
-SET ivfflat.iterative_scan = relaxed_order;
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,3]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(3 rows)
-
-SET ivfflat.max_probes = 1;
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SET ivfflat.max_probes = 2;
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,3]
- [1,1,1]
-(2 rows)
-
-TRUNCATE t;
-NOTICE:  ivfflat index created with little data
-DETAIL:  This will cause low recall.
-HINT:  Drop the index until the table has more data.
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
- val 
-----
-(0 rows)
-
-RESET ivfflat.iterative_scan;
-RESET ivfflat.max_probes;
-DROP TABLE t;
-- unlogged
-CREATE UNLOGGED TABLE t (val vector(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 1);
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
---------
- [1,2,3]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(3 rows)
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-- options
-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 0);
-ERROR:  value 0 out of bounds for option "lists"
-DETAIL:  Valid values are between "1" and "32768".
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING ivfflat (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 32769);
-ERROR:  value 32769 out of bounds for option "lists"
-DETAIL:  Valid values are between "1" and "32768".
-SHOW ivfflat.probes;
- ivfflat.probes 
----------------
- 1
-(1 row)
-
-SET ivfflat.probes = 0;
-ERROR:  0 is outside the valid range for parameter "ivfflat.probes" (1 .. 32768)
-SET ivfflat.probes = 32769;
-ERROR:  32769 is outside the valid range for parameter "ivfflat.probes" (1 .. 32768)
-SHOW ivfflat.iterative_scan;
- ivfflat.iterative_scan 
------------------------
- off
-(1 row)
-
-SET ivfflat.iterative_scan = on;
-ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "ivfflat.iterative_scan": "on"
-HINT:  Available values: off, relaxed_order.
-SHOW ivfflat.max_probes;
- ivfflat.max_probes 
--------------------
- 32768
-(1 row)
-
-SET ivfflat.max_probes = 0;
-ERROR:  0 is outside the valid range for parameter "ivfflat.max_probes" (1 .. 32768)
-SET ivfflat.max_probes = 32769;
-ERROR:  32769 is outside the valid range for parameter "ivfflat.max_probes" (1 .. 32768)
-DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/expected/sparsevec.out
+++ b/test/expected/sparsevec.out
@@ -1,653 +0,0 @@
-SELECT '{1:1.5,3:3.5}/5'::sparsevec;
-    sparsevec    
-----------------
- {1:1.5,3:3.5}/5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:-2,3:-4}/5'::sparsevec;
-   sparsevec   
---------------
- {1:-2,3:-4}/5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:2.,3:4.}/5'::sparsevec;
-  sparsevec  
-------------
- {1:2,3:4}/5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT ' { 1 : 1.5 ,  3  :  3.5  } / 5 '::sparsevec;
-    sparsevec    
-----------------
- {1:1.5,3:3.5}/5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1.23456}/1'::sparsevec;
-   sparsevec   
---------------
- {1:1.23456}/1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:hello,2:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: "{1:hello,2:1}/2"
-LINE 1: SELECT '{1:hello,2:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{1:NaN,2:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  NaN not allowed in sparsevec
-LINE 1: SELECT '{1:NaN,2:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{1:Infinity,2:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in sparsevec
-LINE 1: SELECT '{1:Infinity,2:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{1:-Infinity,2:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in sparsevec
-LINE 1: SELECT '{1:-Infinity,2:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{1:1.5e38,2:-1.5e38}/2'::sparsevec;
-        sparsevec         
--------------------------
- {1:1.5e+38,2:-1.5e+38}/2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1.5e+38,2:-1.5e+38}/2'::sparsevec;
-        sparsevec         
--------------------------
- {1:1.5e+38,2:-1.5e+38}/2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1.5e-38,2:-1.5e-38}/2'::sparsevec;
-        sparsevec         
--------------------------
- {1:1.5e-38,2:-1.5e-38}/2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:4e38,2:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  "4e38" is out of range for type sparsevec
-LINE 1: SELECT '{1:4e38,2:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{1:-4e38,2:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  "-4e38" is out of range for type sparsevec
-LINE 1: SELECT '{1:-4e38,2:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{1:1e-46,2:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  "1e-46" is out of range for type sparsevec
-LINE 1: SELECT '{1:1e-46,2:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{1:-1e-46,2:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  "-1e-46" is out of range for type sparsevec
-LINE 1: SELECT '{1:-1e-46,2:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT ''::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: ""
-LINE 1: SELECT ''::sparsevec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "{".
-SELECT '{'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: "{"
-LINE 1: SELECT '{'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{ '::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: "{ "
-LINE 1: SELECT '{ '::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{:'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: "{:"
-LINE 1: SELECT '{:'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{,'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: "{,"
-LINE 1: SELECT '{,'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{}'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: "{}"
-LINE 1: SELECT '{}'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
-SELECT '{}/'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: "{}/"
-LINE 1: SELECT '{}/'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{}/1'::sparsevec;
- sparsevec 
-----------
- {}/1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{}/1a'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: "{}/1a"
-LINE 1: SELECT '{}/1a'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Junk after closing.
-SELECT '{ }/1'::sparsevec;
- sparsevec 
-----------
- {}/1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{:}/1'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: "{:}/1"
-LINE 1: SELECT '{:}/1'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{,}/1'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: "{,}/1"
-LINE 1: SELECT '{,}/1'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{1,}/1'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: "{1,}/1"
-LINE 1: SELECT '{1,}/1'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{:1}/1'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: "{:1}/1"
-LINE 1: SELECT '{:1}/1'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{1:}/1'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: "{1:}/1"
-LINE 1: SELECT '{1:}/1'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{1a:1}/1'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: "{1a:1}/1"
-LINE 1: SELECT '{1a:1}/1'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{1:1a}/1'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: "{1:1a}/1"
-LINE 1: SELECT '{1:1a}/1'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{1:1,}/1'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type sparsevec: "{1:1,}/1"
-LINE 1: SELECT '{1:1,}/1'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{1:0,2:1,3:0}/3'::sparsevec;
- sparsevec 
-----------
- {2:1}/3
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{2:1,1:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-  sparsevec  
-------------
- {1:1,2:1}/2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1,1:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  sparsevec indices must not contain duplicates
-LINE 1: SELECT '{1:1,1:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{1:1,2:1,1:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  sparsevec indices must not contain duplicates
-LINE 1: SELECT '{1:1,2:1,1:1}/2'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{}/5'::sparsevec;
- sparsevec 
-----------
- {}/5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{}/-1'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  sparsevec must have at least 1 dimension
-LINE 1: SELECT '{}/-1'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{}/1000000001'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  sparsevec cannot have more than 1000000000 dimensions
-LINE 1: SELECT '{}/1000000001'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{}/2147483648'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  sparsevec cannot have more than 1000000000 dimensions
-LINE 1: SELECT '{}/2147483648'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{}/-2147483649'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  sparsevec must have at least 1 dimension
-LINE 1: SELECT '{}/-2147483649'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{}/9223372036854775808'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  sparsevec cannot have more than 1000000000 dimensions
-LINE 1: SELECT '{}/9223372036854775808'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{}/-9223372036854775809'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  sparsevec must have at least 1 dimension
-LINE 1: SELECT '{}/-9223372036854775809'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{2147483647:1}/1'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  sparsevec index out of bounds
-LINE 1: SELECT '{2147483647:1}/1'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{2147483648:1}/1'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  sparsevec index out of bounds
-LINE 1: SELECT '{2147483648:1}/1'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{-2147483648:1}/1'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  sparsevec index out of bounds
-LINE 1: SELECT '{-2147483648:1}/1'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{-2147483649:1}/1'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  sparsevec index out of bounds
-LINE 1: SELECT '{-2147483649:1}/1'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{0:1}/1'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  sparsevec index out of bounds
-LINE 1: SELECT '{0:1}/1'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{2:1}/1'::sparsevec;
-ERROR:  sparsevec index out of bounds
-LINE 1: SELECT '{2:1}/1'::sparsevec;
-               ^
-SELECT '{}/3'::sparsevec(3);
- sparsevec 
-----------
- {}/3
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{}/3'::sparsevec(2);
-ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
-SELECT '{}/3'::sparsevec(3, 2);
-ERROR:  invalid type modifier
-LINE 1: SELECT '{}/3'::sparsevec(3, 2);
-                       ^
-SELECT '{}/3'::sparsevec('a');
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "a"
-LINE 1: SELECT '{}/3'::sparsevec('a');
-                       ^
-SELECT '{}/3'::sparsevec(0);
-ERROR:  dimensions for type sparsevec must be at least 1
-LINE 1: SELECT '{}/3'::sparsevec(0);
-                       ^
-SELECT '{}/3'::sparsevec(1000000001);
-ERROR:  dimensions for type sparsevec cannot exceed 1000000000
-LINE 1: SELECT '{}/3'::sparsevec(1000000001);
-                       ^
-SELECT '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'::sparsevec < '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'::sparsevec < '{1:1,2:2}/2';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'::sparsevec <= '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'::sparsevec <= '{1:1,2:2}/2';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'::sparsevec = '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'::sparsevec = '{1:1,2:2}/2';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'::sparsevec != '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'::sparsevec != '{1:1,2:2}/2';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'::sparsevec >= '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'::sparsevec >= '{1:1,2:2}/2';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'::sparsevec > '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'::sparsevec > '{1:1,2:2}/2';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT sparsevec_cmp('{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3', '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3');
- sparsevec_cmp 
---------------
-             0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT sparsevec_cmp('{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3', '{}/3');
- sparsevec_cmp 
---------------
-             1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT sparsevec_cmp('{}/3', '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3');
- sparsevec_cmp 
---------------
-            -1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT sparsevec_cmp('{1:1,2:2}/2', '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3');
- sparsevec_cmp 
---------------
-            -1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT sparsevec_cmp('{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3', '{1:1,2:2}/2');
- sparsevec_cmp 
---------------
-             1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT sparsevec_cmp('{1:1,2:2}/2', '{1:2,2:3,3:4}/3');
- sparsevec_cmp 
---------------
-            -1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT sparsevec_cmp('{1:2,2:3}/2', '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3');
- sparsevec_cmp 
---------------
-             1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT round(l2_norm('{1:1,2:1}/2'::sparsevec)::numeric, 5);
-  round  
---------
- 1.41421
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_norm('{1:3,2:4}/2'::sparsevec);
- l2_norm 
---------
-       5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_norm('{2:1}/2'::sparsevec);
- l2_norm 
---------
-       1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_norm('{1:3e37,2:4e37}/2'::sparsevec)::real;
- l2_norm 
---------
-   5e+37
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_norm('{}/2'::sparsevec);
- l2_norm 
---------
-       0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_norm('{1:2}/1'::sparsevec);
- l2_norm 
---------
-       2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_distance('{}/2'::sparsevec, '{1:3,2:4}/2');
- l2_distance 
-------------
-           5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_distance('{1:3}/2'::sparsevec, '{2:4}/2');
- l2_distance 
-------------
-           5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_distance('{2:4}/2'::sparsevec, '{1:3}/2');
- l2_distance 
-------------
-           5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_distance('{1:3,2:4}/2'::sparsevec, '{}/2');
- l2_distance 
-------------
-           5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_distance('{}/2'::sparsevec, '{2:1}/2');
- l2_distance 
-------------
-           1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{}/2'::sparsevec <-> '{1:3,2:4}/2';
- ?column? 
----------
-        5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('{1:1,2:2}/2'::sparsevec, '{1:2,2:4}/2');
- inner_product 
---------------
-            10
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('{1:1,2:2}/2'::sparsevec, '{1:3}/1');
-ERROR:  different sparsevec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT inner_product('{1:1,3:3}/4'::sparsevec, '{2:2,4:4}/4');
- inner_product 
---------------
-             0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('{2:2,4:4}/4'::sparsevec, '{1:1,3:3}/4');
- inner_product 
---------------
-             0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('{1:1,3:3,5:5}/5'::sparsevec, '{2:4,3:6,4:8}/5');
- inner_product 
---------------
-            18
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('{1:1}/2'::sparsevec, '{}/2');
- inner_product 
---------------
-             0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('{}/2'::sparsevec, '{1:1}/2');
- inner_product 
---------------
-             0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('{1:3e38}/1'::sparsevec, '{1:3e38}/1');
- inner_product 
---------------
-      Infinity
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('{1:1,3:3,5:5}/5'::sparsevec, '{2:4,3:6,4:8}/5');
- inner_product 
---------------
-            18
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1,2:2}/2'::sparsevec <#> '{1:3,2:4}/2';
- ?column? 
----------
-      -11
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('{1:1,2:2}/2'::sparsevec, '{1:2,2:4}/2');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('{1:1,2:2}/2'::sparsevec, '{}/2');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-             NaN
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('{1:1,2:1}/2'::sparsevec, '{1:1,2:1}/2');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('{1:1}/2'::sparsevec, '{2:2}/2');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('{1:1,2:1}/2'::sparsevec, '{1:-1,2:-1}/2');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('{1:2}/2'::sparsevec, '{2:2}/2');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('{2:2}/2'::sparsevec, '{1:2}/2');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('{1:1,2:2}/2'::sparsevec, '{1:3}/1');
-ERROR:  different sparsevec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT cosine_distance('{1:1,2:1}/2'::sparsevec, '{1:1.1,2:1.1}/2');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('{1:1,2:1}/2'::sparsevec, '{1:-1.1,2:-1.1}/2');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('{1:3e38}/1'::sparsevec, '{1:3e38}/1');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-             NaN
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('{}/1'::sparsevec, '{}/1');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-             NaN
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{1:1,2:2}/2'::sparsevec <=> '{1:2,2:4}/2';
- ?column? 
----------
-        0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('{}/2'::sparsevec, '{1:3,2:4}/2');
- l1_distance 
-------------
-           7
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('{}/2'::sparsevec, '{2:1}/2');
- l1_distance 
-------------
-           1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('{1:1,2:2}/2'::sparsevec, '{1:3}/1');
-ERROR:  different sparsevec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT l1_distance('{1:3e38}/1'::sparsevec, '{1:-3e38}/1');
- l1_distance 
-------------
-    Infinity
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('{1:1,3:3,5:5,7:7}/8'::sparsevec, '{2:2,4:4,6:6,8:8}/8');
- l1_distance 
-------------
-          36
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('{1:1,3:3,5:5,7:7,9:9}/9'::sparsevec, '{2:2,4:4,6:6,8:8}/9');
- l1_distance 
-------------
-          45
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '{}/2'::sparsevec <+> '{1:3,2:4}/2';
- ?column? 
----------
-        7
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('{1:3,2:4}/2'::sparsevec);
-  l2_normalize   
-----------------
- {1:0.6,2:0.8}/2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('{1:3}/2'::sparsevec);
- l2_normalize 
--------------
- {1:1}/2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('{2:0.1}/2'::sparsevec);
- l2_normalize 
--------------
- {2:1}/2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('{}/2'::sparsevec);
- l2_normalize 
--------------
- {}/2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('{1:3e38}/1'::sparsevec);
- l2_normalize 
--------------
- {1:1}/1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('{1:3e38,2:1e-37}/2'::sparsevec);
- l2_normalize 
--------------
- {1:1}/2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('{2:3e37,4:3e-37,6:4e37,8:4e-37}/9'::sparsevec);
-  l2_normalize   
-----------------
- {2:0.6,6:0.8}/9
-(1 row)
-
--- a/test/expected/vector_type.out
+++ b/test/expected/vector_type.out
@@ -1,678 +0,0 @@
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector;
- vector  
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[-1,-2,-3]'::vector;
-   vector   
------------
- [-1,-2,-3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1.,2.,3.]'::vector;
- vector  
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT ' [ 1,  2 ,    3  ] '::vector;
- vector  
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1.23456]'::vector;
-  vector   
-----------
- [1.23456]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[hello,1]'::vector;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: "[hello,1]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[hello,1]'::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[NaN,1]'::vector;
-ERROR:  NaN not allowed in vector
-LINE 1: SELECT '[NaN,1]'::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::vector;
-ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in vector
-LINE 1: SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::vector;
-ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in vector
-LINE 1: SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1.5e38,-1.5e38]'::vector;
-       vector       
--------------------
- [1.5e+38,-1.5e+38]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1.5e+38,-1.5e+38]'::vector;
-       vector       
--------------------
- [1.5e+38,-1.5e+38]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1.5e-38,-1.5e-38]'::vector;
-       vector       
--------------------
- [1.5e-38,-1.5e-38]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[4e38,1]'::vector;
-ERROR:  "4e38" is out of range for type vector
-LINE 1: SELECT '[4e38,1]'::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[-4e38,1]'::vector;
-ERROR:  "-4e38" is out of range for type vector
-LINE 1: SELECT '[-4e38,1]'::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1e-46,1]'::vector;
- vector 
--------
- [0,1]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[-1e-46,1]'::vector;
- vector 
--------
- [-0,1]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3'::vector;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: "[1,2,3"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3'::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::vector;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: "[1,2,3]9"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::vector;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Junk after closing right brace.
-SELECT '1,2,3'::vector;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: "1,2,3"
-LINE 1: SELECT '1,2,3'::vector;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
-SELECT ''::vector;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: ""
-LINE 1: SELECT ''::vector;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
-SELECT '['::vector;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: "["
-LINE 1: SELECT '['::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[ '::vector;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: "[ "
-LINE 1: SELECT '[ '::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[,'::vector;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: "[,"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[,'::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[]'::vector;
-ERROR:  vector must have at least 1 dimension
-LINE 1: SELECT '[]'::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[ ]'::vector;
-ERROR:  vector must have at least 1 dimension
-LINE 1: SELECT '[ ]'::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[,]'::vector;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: "[,]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[,]'::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1,]'::vector;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: "[1,]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,]'::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1a]'::vector;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: "[1a]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1a]'::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1,,3]'::vector;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: "[1,,3]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,,3]'::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1, ,3]'::vector;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type vector: "[1, ,3]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1, ,3]'::vector;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector(3);
- vector  
---------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector(2);
-ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector(3, 2);
-ERROR:  invalid type modifier
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector(3, 2);
-                          ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector('a');
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "a"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector('a');
-                          ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector(0);
-ERROR:  dimensions for type vector must be at least 1
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector(0);
-                          ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector(16001);
-ERROR:  dimensions for type vector cannot exceed 16000
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector(16001);
-                          ^
-SELECT unnest('{"[1,2,3]", "[4,5,6]"}'::vector[]);
- unnest  
---------
- [1,2,3]
- [4,5,6]
-(2 rows)
-
-SELECT '{"[1,2,3]"}'::vector(2)[];
-ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector + '[4,5,6]';
- ?column? 
----------
- [5,7,9]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[3e38]'::vector + '[3e38]';
-ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
-SELECT '[1,2]'::vector + '[3]';
-ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector - '[4,5,6]';
-  ?column?  
------------
- [-3,-3,-3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[-3e38]'::vector - '[3e38]';
-ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
-SELECT '[1,2]'::vector - '[3]';
-ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector * '[4,5,6]';
- ?column?  
-----------
- [4,10,18]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1e37]'::vector * '[1e37]';
-ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
-SELECT '[1e-37]'::vector * '[1e-37]';
-ERROR:  value out of range: underflow
-SELECT '[1,2]'::vector * '[3]';
-ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector || '[4,5]';
-  ?column?   
-------------
- [1,2,3,4,5]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT array_fill(0, ARRAY[16000])::vector || '[1]';
-ERROR:  vector cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector < '[1,2,3]';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector < '[1,2]';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector <= '[1,2,3]';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector <= '[1,2]';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector = '[1,2,3]';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector = '[1,2]';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector != '[1,2,3]';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector != '[1,2]';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector >= '[1,2,3]';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector >= '[1,2]';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector > '[1,2,3]';
- ?column? 
----------
- f
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector > '[1,2]';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
- vector_cmp 
------------
-          0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[0,0,0]');
- vector_cmp 
------------
-          1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_cmp('[0,0,0]', '[1,2,3]');
- vector_cmp 
------------
-         -1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2]', '[1,2,3]');
- vector_cmp 
------------
-         -1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2]');
- vector_cmp 
------------
-          1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2]', '[2,3,4]');
- vector_cmp 
------------
-         -1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_cmp('[2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
- vector_cmp 
------------
-          1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_dims('[1,2,3]'::vector);
- vector_dims 
-------------
-           3
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT round(vector_norm('[1,1]')::numeric, 5);
-  round  
---------
- 1.41421
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_norm('[3,4]');
- vector_norm 
-------------
-           5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_norm('[0,1]');
- vector_norm 
-------------
-           1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_norm('[3e37,4e37]')::real;
- vector_norm 
-------------
-       5e+37
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_norm('[0,0]');
- vector_norm 
-------------
-           0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_norm('[2]');
- vector_norm 
-------------
-           2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[3,4]');
- l2_distance 
-------------
-           5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[0,1]');
- l2_distance 
-------------
-           1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
-ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT l2_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[-3e38]');
- l2_distance 
-------------
-    Infinity
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_distance('[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]'::vector, '[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,4,5]');
- l2_distance 
-------------
-           5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[0,0]'::vector <-> '[3,4]';
- ?column? 
----------
-        5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3,4]');
- inner_product 
---------------
-            11
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
-ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT inner_product('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');
- inner_product 
---------------
-      Infinity
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]'::vector, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
- inner_product 
---------------
-            45
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2]'::vector <#> '[3,4]';
- ?column? 
----------
-      -11
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[2,4]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[0,0]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-             NaN
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1,1]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::vector, '[0,2]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1,-1]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
-ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1.1,1.1]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-             NaN
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::vector, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::vector, '[-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6,-7,-8,-9]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2]'::vector <=> '[2,4]';
- ?column? 
----------
-        0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[3,4]');
- l1_distance 
-------------
-           7
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[0,1]');
- l1_distance 
-------------
-           1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
-ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT l1_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[-3e38]');
- l1_distance 
-------------
-    Infinity
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::vector, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
- l1_distance 
-------------
-           0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::vector, '[0,3,2,5,4,7,6,9,8]');
- l1_distance 
-------------
-           9
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[0,0]'::vector <+> '[3,4]';
- ?column? 
----------
-        7
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('[3,4]'::vector);
- l2_normalize 
--------------
- [0.6,0.8]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('[3,0]'::vector);
- l2_normalize 
--------------
- [1,0]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('[0,0.1]'::vector);
- l2_normalize 
--------------
- [0,1]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('[0,0]'::vector);
- l2_normalize 
--------------
- [0,0]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('[3e38]'::vector);
- l2_normalize 
--------------
- [1]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT binary_quantize('[1,0,-1]'::vector);
- binary_quantize 
-----------------
- 100
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT binary_quantize('[0,0.1,-0.2,-0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,-0.7,0.8,-0.9,1]'::vector);
- binary_quantize 
-----------------
- 01001110101
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT binary_quantize('[1,2,3,-4,5,6,-7,8,1,-2,-3,4,5,-6,7,8,-1,2,3]'::vector);
-   binary_quantize   
---------------------
- 1110110110011011011
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::vector, 1, 3);
- subvector 
-----------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::vector, 3, 2);
- subvector 
-----------
- [3,4]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::vector, -1, 3);
- subvector 
-----------
- [1]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::vector, 3, 9);
- subvector 
-----------
- [3,4,5]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::vector, 1, 0);
-ERROR:  vector must have at least 1 dimension
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::vector, 3, -1);
-ERROR:  vector must have at least 1 dimension
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::vector, -1, 2);
-ERROR:  vector must have at least 1 dimension
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::vector, 2147483647, 10);
-ERROR:  vector must have at least 1 dimension
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::vector, 3, 2147483647);
- subvector 
-----------
- [3,4,5]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::vector, -2147483644, 2147483647);
- subvector 
-----------
- [1,2]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::vector, '[3,5,7]']) v;
-    avg    
-----------
- [2,3.5,5]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::vector, '[3,5,7]', NULL]) v;
-    avg    
-----------
- [2,3.5,5]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY[]::vector[]) v;
- avg 
-----
- 
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2]'::vector, '[3]']) v;
-ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 1
-SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]']) v;
-   avg   
---------
- [3e+38]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_avg(array_agg(n)) FROM generate_series(1, 16002) n;
-ERROR:  vector cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
-SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::vector, '[3,5,7]']) v;
-   sum    
----------
- [4,7,10]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::vector, '[3,5,7]', NULL]) v;
-   sum    
----------
- [4,7,10]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY[]::vector[]) v;
- sum 
-----
- 
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2]'::vector, '[3]']) v;
-ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]']) v;
-ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
--- a/test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Cluster.pm
+++ b/test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Cluster.pm
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-package PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
-
-use PostgresNode;
-
-sub new
-{
-	my ($class, $name) = @_;
-	return get_new_node($name);
-}
-
-1;
--- a/test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Utils.pm
+++ b/test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Utils.pm
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-package PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
-
-use TestLib;
-
-1;
--- a/test/perl/PostgresNode.pm
+++ b/test/perl/PostgresNode.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+
+sub get_new_node
+{
+	return PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new(@_);
+}
+
+1;
--- a/test/perl/TestLib.pm
+++ b/test/perl/TestLib.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
+
+1;
--- a/test/sql/bit.sql
+++ b/test/sql/bit.sql
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-SELECT hamming_distance('111', '111');
-SELECT hamming_distance('111', '110');
-SELECT hamming_distance('111', '100');
-SELECT hamming_distance('111', '000');
-SELECT hamming_distance('10101010101010101010', '01010101010101010101');
-SELECT hamming_distance('101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101', '101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101');
-SELECT hamming_distance('101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101', '010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010');
-SELECT hamming_distance('110000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011', '100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001');
-SELECT hamming_distance('', '');
-SELECT hamming_distance('111', '00');
-SELECT hamming_distance('111', '000'::varbit(4));
-SELECT hamming_distance('111', '0000'::varbit(4));
-
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1111', '1111');
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1111', '1110');
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1111', '1100');
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1111', '1000');
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1111', '0000');
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1100', '1000');
-SELECT jaccard_distance('10101010101010101010', '01010101010101010101');
-SELECT jaccard_distance('101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101', '101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101');
-SELECT jaccard_distance('101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101', '010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010');
-SELECT jaccard_distance('110000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011', '100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001');
-SELECT jaccard_distance('', '');
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1111', '000');
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1111', '0000'::varbit(5));
-SELECT jaccard_distance('1111', '00000'::varbit(5));
--- a/test/sql/btree.sql
+++ b/test/sql/btree.sql
@@ -1,34 +1,10 @@
 SET enable_seqscan = off;

-- vector
-
 CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
 INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
 CREATE INDEX ON t (val);

 SELECT * FROM t WHERE val = '[1,2,3]';
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val;
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-
-- halfvec
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t (val);
-
-SELECT * FROM t WHERE val = '[1,2,3]';
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val;
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-
-- sparsevec
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{}/3'), ('{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'), ('{1:1,2:1,3:1}/3'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t (val);
-
-SELECT * FROM t WHERE val = '{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3';
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val LIMIT 1;

 DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/sql/cast.sql
+++ b/test/sql/cast.sql
@@ -3,77 +3,13 @@ SELECT ARRAY[1.0,2.0,3.0]::vector;
 SELECT ARRAY[1,2,3]::float4[]::vector;
 SELECT ARRAY[1,2,3]::float8[]::vector;
 SELECT ARRAY[1,2,3]::numeric[]::vector;
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::real[];
-
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::vector;
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::vector(3);
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::vector(2);
 SELECT '{NULL}'::real[]::vector;
 SELECT '{NaN}'::real[]::vector;
 SELECT '{Infinity}'::real[]::vector;
 SELECT '{-Infinity}'::real[]::vector;
 SELECT '{}'::real[]::vector;
 SELECT '{{1}}'::real[]::vector;
-
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::double precision[]::vector;
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::double precision[]::vector(3);
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::double precision[]::vector(2);
-SELECT '{4e38,-4e38}'::double precision[]::vector;
-SELECT '{1e-46,-1e-46}'::double precision[]::vector;
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::halfvec(3);
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::halfvec(2);
-SELECT '[65520]'::vector::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1e-8]'::vector::halfvec;
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec::vector;
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec::vector(3);
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec::vector(2);
-
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::halfvec;
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::halfvec(3);
-SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::halfvec(2);
-SELECT '{65520,-65520}'::real[]::halfvec;
-SELECT '{1e-8,-1e-8}'::real[]::halfvec;
-
-SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::vector::sparsevec;
-SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::vector::sparsevec(5);
-SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::vector::sparsevec(4);
-
-SELECT '{2:1.5,4:3.5}/5'::sparsevec::vector;
-SELECT '{2:1.5,4:3.5}/5'::sparsevec::vector(5);
-SELECT '{2:1.5,4:3.5}/5'::sparsevec::vector(4);
-SELECT '{}/16001'::sparsevec::vector;
-
-SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::halfvec::sparsevec;
-SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::halfvec::sparsevec(5);
-SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::halfvec::sparsevec(4);
-
-SELECT '{2:1.5,4:3.5}/5'::sparsevec::halfvec;
-SELECT '{2:1.5,4:3.5}/5'::sparsevec::halfvec(5);
-SELECT '{2:1.5,4:3.5}/5'::sparsevec::halfvec(4);
-SELECT '{}/16001'::sparsevec::halfvec;
-SELECT '{1:65520}/1'::sparsevec::halfvec;
-SELECT '{1:1e-8}/1'::sparsevec::halfvec;
-
-SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::sparsevec;
-SELECT ARRAY[1.0,0.0,2.0,0.0,3.0,0.0]::sparsevec;
-SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::float4[]::sparsevec;
-SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::float8[]::sparsevec;
-SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::numeric[]::sparsevec;
-
-SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec;
-SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec(6);
-SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec(5);
-SELECT '{NULL}'::real[]::sparsevec;
-SELECT '{NaN}'::real[]::sparsevec;
-SELECT '{Infinity}'::real[]::sparsevec;
-SELECT '{-Infinity}'::real[]::sparsevec;
-SELECT '{}'::real[]::sparsevec;
-SELECT '{{1}}'::real[]::sparsevec;
-
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::real[];
 SELECT array_agg(n)::vector FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 SELECT array_to_vector(array_agg(n), 16001, false) FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;

--- a/test/sql/copy.sql
+++ b/test/sql/copy.sql
@@ -1,42 +1,10 @@
-- vector
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3), val2 intvec(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val, val2) VALUES ('[0,0,0]', '[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]', '[1,1,1]'), (NULL, NULL);

-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE TABLE t2 (val vector(3), val2 intvec(3));

-CREATE TABLE t2 (val vector(3));
-
-\copy t TO 'results/vector.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
-\copy t2 FROM 'results/vector.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
-
-SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY val;
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-DROP TABLE t2;
-
-- halfvec
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-
-CREATE TABLE t2 (val halfvec(3));
-
-\copy t TO 'results/halfvec.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
-\copy t2 FROM 'results/halfvec.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
-
-SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY val;
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-DROP TABLE t2;
-
-- sparsevec
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{}/3'), ('{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'), ('{1:1,2:1,3:1}/3'), (NULL);
-
-CREATE TABLE t2 (val sparsevec(3));
-
-\copy t TO 'results/sparsevec.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
-\copy t2 FROM 'results/sparsevec.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
+\copy t TO 'results/data.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
+\copy t2 FROM 'results/data.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)

 SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY val;

--- a/test/sql/functions.sql
+++ b/test/sql/functions.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector + '[4,5,6]';
+SELECT '[3e38]'::vector + '[3e38]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector - '[4,5,6]';
+SELECT '[-3e38]'::vector - '[3e38]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector * '[4,5,6]';
+SELECT '[1e37]'::vector * '[1e37]';
+SELECT '[1e-37]'::vector * '[1e-37]';
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector = '[1,2,3]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector = '[1,2]';
+
+SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
+SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[0,0,0]');
+SELECT vector_cmp('[0,0,0]', '[1,2,3]');
+SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2]', '[1,2,3]');
+SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2]');
+SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2]', '[2,3,4]');
+SELECT vector_cmp('[2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
+
+SELECT vector_dims('[1,2,3]');
+
+SELECT round(vector_norm('[1,1]')::numeric, 5);
+SELECT vector_norm('[3,4]');
+SELECT vector_norm('[0,1]');
+SELECT vector_norm('[3e37,4e37]')::real;
+
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[3,4]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[0,1]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[-3e38]');
+
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3,4]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT inner_product('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[2,4]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[0,0]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1,1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::vector, '[0,2]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1,-1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1.1,1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[3,4]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[0,1]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[-3e38]');
+
+SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::vector, '[3,5,7]']) v;
+SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::vector, '[3,5,7]', NULL]) v;
+SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY[]::vector[]) v;
+SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2]'::vector, '[3]']) v;
+SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]']) v;
+SELECT vector_avg(array_agg(n)) FROM generate_series(1, 16002) n;
+
+SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::vector, '[3,5,7]']) v;
+SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::vector, '[3,5,7]', NULL]) v;
+SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY[]::vector[]) v;
+SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2]'::vector, '[3]']) v;
+SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]']) v;
--- a/test/sql/halfvec.sql
+++ b/test/sql/halfvec.sql
@@ -1,148 +0,0 @@
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[-1,-2,-3]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1.,2.,3.]'::halfvec;
-SELECT ' [ 1,  2 ,    3  ] '::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1.23456]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[hello,1]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[NaN,1]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[65519,-65519]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[65520,-65520]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1e-8,-1e-8]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[4e38,1]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1e-46,1]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1,2,3'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::halfvec;
-SELECT '1,2,3'::halfvec;
-SELECT ''::halfvec;
-SELECT '['::halfvec;
-SELECT '[ '::halfvec;
-SELECT '[,'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[ ]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[,]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1,]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1a]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1,,3]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1, ,3]'::halfvec;
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(3);
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(2);
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(3, 2);
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec('a');
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(0);
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(16001);
-
-SELECT unnest('{"[1,2,3]", "[4,5,6]"}'::halfvec[]);
-SELECT '{"[1,2,3]"}'::halfvec(2)[];
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec + '[4,5,6]';
-SELECT '[65519]'::halfvec + '[65519]';
-SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec + '[3]';
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec - '[4,5,6]';
-SELECT '[-65519]'::halfvec - '[65519]';
-SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec - '[3]';
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec * '[4,5,6]';
-SELECT '[65519]'::halfvec * '[65519]';
-SELECT '[1e-7]'::halfvec * '[1e-7]';
-SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec * '[3]';
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec || '[4,5]';
-SELECT array_fill(0, ARRAY[16000])::halfvec || '[1]';
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec < '[1,2,3]';
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec < '[1,2]';
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec <= '[1,2,3]';
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec <= '[1,2]';
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec = '[1,2,3]';
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec = '[1,2]';
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec != '[1,2,3]';
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec != '[1,2]';
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec >= '[1,2,3]';
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec >= '[1,2]';
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec > '[1,2,3]';
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec > '[1,2]';
-
-SELECT halfvec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
-SELECT halfvec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[0,0,0]');
-SELECT halfvec_cmp('[0,0,0]', '[1,2,3]');
-SELECT halfvec_cmp('[1,2]', '[1,2,3]');
-SELECT halfvec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2]');
-SELECT halfvec_cmp('[1,2]', '[2,3,4]');
-SELECT halfvec_cmp('[2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
-
-SELECT vector_dims('[1,2,3]'::halfvec);
-
-SELECT round(l2_norm('[1,1]'::halfvec)::numeric, 5);
-SELECT l2_norm('[3,4]'::halfvec);
-SELECT l2_norm('[0,1]'::halfvec);
-SELECT l2_norm('[0,0]'::halfvec);
-SELECT l2_norm('[2]'::halfvec);
-
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[0,1]');
-SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
-SELECT l2_distance('[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]'::halfvec, '[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,4,5]');
-SELECT '[0,0]'::halfvec <-> '[3,4]';
-
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
-SELECT inner_product('[65504]'::halfvec, '[65504]');
-SELECT inner_product('[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]'::halfvec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
-SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec <#> '[3,4]';
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[2,4]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[0,0]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[1,1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::halfvec, '[0,2]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[-1,-1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[1.1,1.1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::halfvec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::halfvec, '[-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6,-7,-8,-9]');
-SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec <=> '[2,4]';
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[0,1]');
-SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
-SELECT l1_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::halfvec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
-SELECT l1_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::halfvec, '[0,3,2,5,4,7,6,9,8]');
-SELECT '[0,0]'::halfvec <+> '[3,4]';
-
-SELECT l2_normalize('[3,4]'::halfvec);
-SELECT l2_normalize('[3,0]'::halfvec);
-SELECT l2_normalize('[0,0.1]'::halfvec);
-SELECT l2_normalize('[0,0]'::halfvec);
-SELECT l2_normalize('[65504]'::halfvec);
-
-SELECT binary_quantize('[1,0,-1]'::halfvec);
-SELECT binary_quantize('[0,0.1,-0.2,-0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,-0.7,0.8,-0.9,1]'::halfvec);
-SELECT binary_quantize('[1,2,3,-4,5,6,-7,8,1,-2,-3,4,5,-6,7,8,-1,2,3]'::halfvec);
-
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 1, 3);
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 3, 2);
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, -1, 3);
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 3, 9);
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 1, 0);
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 3, -1);
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, -1, 2);
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 2147483647, 10);
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, 3, 2147483647);
-SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::halfvec, -2147483644, 2147483647);
-
-SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::halfvec, '[3,5,7]']) v;
-SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::halfvec, '[3,5,7]', NULL]) v;
-SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY[]::halfvec[]) v;
-SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]']) v;
-SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[65504]'::halfvec, '[65504]']) v;
-SELECT halfvec_avg(array_agg(n)) FROM generate_series(1, 16002) n;
-
-SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::halfvec, '[3,5,7]']) v;
-SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::halfvec, '[3,5,7]', NULL]) v;
-SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY[]::halfvec[]) v;
-SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]']) v;
-SELECT sum(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[65504]'::halfvec, '[65504]']) v;
--- a/test/sql/hnsw_bit.sql
+++ b/test/sql/hnsw_bit.sql
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-SET enable_seqscan = off;
-
-- hamming
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val bit(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'000'), (B'100'), (B'111'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_hamming_ops);
-
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'110');
-
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <~> B'111';
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <~> (SELECT NULL::bit)) t2;
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-
-- jaccard
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val bit(4));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'0000'), (B'1100'), (B'1111'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_jaccard_ops);
-
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'1110');
-
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <%> B'1111';
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <%> (SELECT NULL::bit)) t2;
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-
-- varbit
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val varbit(3));
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_hamming_ops);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw ((val::bit(3)) bit_hamming_ops);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw ((val::bit(64001)) bit_hamming_ops);
-DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/sql/hnsw_cosine.sql
+++ b/test/sql/hnsw_cosine.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_cosine_ops);
+
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
+
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[3,3,3]';
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[0,0,0]') t2;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/sql/hnsw_halfvec.sql
+++ b/test/sql/hnsw_halfvec.sql
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-SET enable_seqscan = off;
-
-- L2
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_l2_ops);
-
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
-
-TRUNCATE t;
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-
-- inner product
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_ip_ops);
-
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '[3,3,3]';
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-
-- cosine
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_cosine_ops);
-
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[3,3,3]';
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[0,0,0]') t2;
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-
-- L1
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_l1_ops);
-
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> '[3,3,3]';
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
-
-DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/sql/hnsw_intvec_cosine.sql
+++ b/test/sql/hnsw_intvec_cosine.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val intvec(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val intvec_cosine_ops);
+
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
+
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[3,3,3]';
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[0,0,0]') t2;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::intvec)) t2;
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/sql/hnsw_intvec_ip.sql
+++ b/test/sql/hnsw_intvec_ip.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val intvec(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val intvec_ip_ops);
+
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
+
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '[3,3,3]';
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::intvec)) t2;
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/sql/hnsw_intvec_l2.sql
+++ b/test/sql/hnsw_intvec_l2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val intvec(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val intvec_l2_ops);
+
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
+
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::intvec)) t2;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
+
+TRUNCATE t;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/sql/hnsw_ip.sql
+++ b/test/sql/hnsw_ip.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_ip_ops);
+
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
+
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '[3,3,3]';
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/sql/hnsw_l2.sql
+++ b/test/sql/hnsw_l2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
+
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
+
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
+
+TRUNCATE t;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/sql/hnsw_options.sql
+++ b/test/sql/hnsw_options.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 1);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 101);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (ef_construction = 3);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (ef_construction = 1001);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 16, ef_construction = 31);
+
+SHOW hnsw.ef_search;
+
+SET hnsw.ef_search = 0;
+SET hnsw.ef_search = 1001;
+
+DROP TABLE t;
--- a/test/sql/hnsw_sparsevec.sql
+++ b/test/sql/hnsw_sparsevec.sql
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-SET enable_seqscan = off;
-
-- L2
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{}/3'), ('{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'), ('{1:1,2:1,3:1}/3'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val sparsevec_l2_ops);
-
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{1:1,2:2,3:4}/3');
-
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '{1:3,2:3,3:3}/3';
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::sparsevec)) t2;
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
-
-TRUNCATE t;
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '{1:3,2:3,3:3}/3';
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-
-- inner product
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{}/3'), ('{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'), ('{1:1,2:1,3:1}/3'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val sparsevec_ip_ops);
-
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{1:1,2:2,3:4}/3');
-
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '{1:3,2:3,3:3}/3';
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::sparsevec)) t2;
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-
-- cosine
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{}/3'), ('{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'), ('{1:1,2:1,3:1}/3'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val sparsevec_cosine_ops);
-
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{1:1,2:2,3:4}/3');
-
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '{1:3,2:3,3:3}/3';
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '{}/3') t2;
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::sparsevec)) t2;
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-
-- L1
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{}/3'), ('{1:1,2:2,3:3}/3'), ('{1:1,2:1,3:1}/3'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val sparsevec_l1_ops);
-
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('{1:1,2:2,3:4}/3');
-
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> '{1:3,2:3,3:3}/3';
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <+> (SELECT NULL::sparsevec)) t2;
-
-DROP TABLE t;
-
-- non-zero elements
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(1001));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (array_fill(1, ARRAY[1001])::vector::sparsevec);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val sparsevec_l2_ops);
-TRUNCATE t;
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val sparsevec_l2_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (array_fill(1, ARRAY[1001])::vector::sparsevec);
-DROP TABLE t;
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Andrew Kane	22a4ed0302	Removed extra file [skip ci]	2024-03-30 02:27:20 -07:00
Andrew Kane	cbcbebe52e	Exclude zero vectors for cosine distance to be consistent with other types [skip ci]	2024-03-29 22:54:23 -07:00
Andrew Kane	5da3bdf98e	Fixed CI	2024-03-29 17:35:47 -07:00
Andrew Kane	0d82124bca	Added intvec type	2024-03-29 17:19:07 -07:00