Added TAP test [skip ci]

Makefile

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ EXTVERSION = 0.7.4
 MODULE_big = vector
 DATA = $(wildcard sql/*--*--*.sql)
 DATA_built = sql/$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
-OBJS = src/bitutils.o src/bitvec.o src/halfutils.o src/halfvec.o src/hnsw.o src/hnswbuild.o src/hnswinsert.o src/hnswscan.o src/hnswutils.o src/hnswvacuum.o src/ivfbuild.o src/ivfflat.o src/ivfinsert.o src/ivfkmeans.o src/ivfscan.o src/ivfutils.o src/ivfvacuum.o src/sparsevec.o src/vector.o
-HEADERS = src/halfvec.h src/sparsevec.h src/vector.h
+OBJS = src/bitutils.o src/bitvec.o src/halfutils.o src/halfvec.o src/hnsw.o src/hnswbuild.o src/hnswinsert.o src/hnswscan.o src/hnswutils.o src/hnswvacuum.o src/ivfbuild.o src/ivfflat.o src/ivfinsert.o src/ivfkmeans.o src/ivfscan.o src/ivfutils.o src/minivec.o src/ivfvacuum.o src/sparsevec.o src/vector.o
+HEADERS = src/halfvec.h src/minivec.h src/sparsevec.h src/vector.h
 
 TESTS = $(wildcard test/sql/*.sql)
 REGRESS = $(patsubst test/sql/%.sql,%,$(TESTS))

Makefile.win

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ EXTENSION = vector
 EXTVERSION = 0.7.4
 
 DATA_built = sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
-OBJS = src\bitutils.obj src\bitvec.obj src\halfutils.obj src\halfvec.obj src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\sparsevec.obj src\vector.obj
-HEADERS = src\halfvec.h src\sparsevec.h src\vector.h
+OBJS = src\bitutils.obj src\bitvec.obj src\halfutils.obj src\halfvec.obj src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\minivec.obj src\sparsevec.obj src\vector.obj
+HEADERS = src\halfvec.h src\minivec.h src\sparsevec.h src\vector.h
 
-REGRESS = bit btree cast copy halfvec hnsw_bit hnsw_halfvec hnsw_sparsevec hnsw_vector ivfflat_bit ivfflat_halfvec ivfflat_vector sparsevec vector_type
+REGRESS = bit btree cast copy halfvec hnsw_bit hnsw_halfvec hnsw_sparsevec hnsw_vector ivfflat_bit ivfflat_halfvec ivfflat_vector minivec sparsevec vector_type
 REGRESS_OPTS = --inputdir=test --load-extension=$(EXTENSION)
 
 # For /arch flags

README.md

@@ -934,6 +934,37 @@ Function | Description | Added
 avg(halfvec) → halfvec | average | 0.7.0
 sum(halfvec) → halfvec | sum | 0.7.0
 
+### Minivec Type
+
+Each mini vector takes `dimensions + 8` bytes of storage. Each element is a E4M3 8-bit floating-point number, and all elements must be finite (no `NaN`). Mini vectors can have up to 16,000 dimensions.
+
+### Minivec Operators
+
+Operator | Description | Added
+--- | --- | ---
+\+ | element-wise addition | 0.8.0
+\- | element-wise subtraction | 0.8.0
+\* | element-wise multiplication | 0.8.0
+\|\| | concatenate | 0.8.0
+<-> | Euclidean distance | 0.8.0
+<#> | negative inner product | 0.8.0
+<=> | cosine distance | 0.8.0
+<+> | taxicab distance | 0.8.0
+
+### Minivec Functions
+
+Function | Description | Added
+--- | --- | ---
+binary_quantize(minivec) → bit | binary quantize | 0.8.0
+cosine_distance(minivec, minivec) → double precision | cosine distance | 0.8.0
+inner_product(minivec, minivec) → double precision | inner product | 0.8.0
+l1_distance(minivec, minivec) → double precision | taxicab distance | 0.8.0
+l2_distance(minivec, minivec) → double precision | Euclidean distance | 0.8.0
+l2_norm(minivec) → double precision | Euclidean norm | 0.8.0
+l2_normalize(minivec) → minivec | Normalize with Euclidean norm | 0.8.0
+subvector(minivec, integer, integer) → minivec | subvector | 0.8.0
+vector_dims(minivec) → integer | number of dimensions | 0.8.0
+
 ### Bit Type
 
 Each bit vector takes `dimensions / 8 + 8` bytes of storage. See the [Postgres docs](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype-bit.html) for more info.

sql/vector--0.7.4--0.8.0.sql

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 -- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
 \echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.8.0'" to load this file. \quit
 
+-- TODO minivec functions
+
 CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 

sql/vector.sql

@@ -272,6 +272,9 @@ CREATE FUNCTION ivfflat_bit_support(internal) RETURNS internal
 CREATE FUNCTION hnsw_halfvec_support(internal) RETURNS internal
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
 
+CREATE FUNCTION hnsw_minivec_support(internal) RETURNS internal
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
+
 CREATE FUNCTION hnsw_bit_support(internal) RETURNS internal
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
 
@@ -647,6 +650,268 @@ CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_l1_ops
 	FUNCTION 1 l1_distance(halfvec, halfvec),
 	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_halfvec_support(internal);
 
+-- minivec type
+
+CREATE TYPE minivec;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_out(minivec) RETURNS cstring
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_typmod_in(cstring[]) RETURNS integer
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_send(minivec) RETURNS bytea
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE TYPE minivec (
+	INPUT     = minivec_in,
+	OUTPUT    = minivec_out,
+	TYPMOD_IN = minivec_typmod_in,
+	RECEIVE   = minivec_recv,
+	SEND      = minivec_send,
+	STORAGE   = external
+);
+
+-- minivec functions
+
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(minivec, minivec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(minivec, minivec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(minivec, minivec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION l1_distance(minivec, minivec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_l1_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION vector_dims(minivec) RETURNS integer
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_vector_dims' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_norm(minivec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_l2_norm' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_normalize(minivec) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_l2_normalize' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION binary_quantize(minivec) RETURNS bit
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_binary_quantize' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION subvector(minivec, int, int) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_subvector' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- minivec private functions
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_add(minivec, minivec) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_sub(minivec, minivec) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_mul(minivec, minivec) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_concat(minivec, minivec) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_lt(minivec, minivec) RETURNS bool
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_le(minivec, minivec) RETURNS bool
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_eq(minivec, minivec) RETURNS bool
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_ne(minivec, minivec) RETURNS bool
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_ge(minivec, minivec) RETURNS bool
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_gt(minivec, minivec) RETURNS bool
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_cmp(minivec, minivec) RETURNS int4
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_l2_squared_distance(minivec, minivec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_negative_inner_product(minivec, minivec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- minivec cast functions
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec(minivec, integer, boolean) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_to_vector(minivec, integer, boolean) RETURNS vector
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION vector_to_minivec(vector, integer, boolean) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_minivec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_minivec(real[], integer, boolean) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_minivec(double precision[], integer, boolean) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_minivec(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_to_float4(minivec, integer, boolean) RETURNS real[]
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- minivec casts
+
+CREATE CAST (minivec AS minivec)
+	WITH FUNCTION minivec(minivec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE CAST (minivec AS vector)
+	WITH FUNCTION minivec_to_vector(minivec, integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (vector AS minivec)
+	WITH FUNCTION vector_to_minivec(vector, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE CAST (minivec AS real[])
+	WITH FUNCTION minivec_to_float4(minivec, integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (integer[] AS minivec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_minivec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (real[] AS minivec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_minivec(real[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS minivec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_minivec(double precision[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS minivec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_minivec(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+-- minivec operators
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<->'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <#> (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_negative_inner_product,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<#>'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <=> (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<=>'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <+> (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = l1_distance,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<+>'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR + (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_add,
+	COMMUTATOR = +
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR - (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_sub
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR * (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_mul,
+	COMMUTATOR = *
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR || (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_concat
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR < (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_lt,
+	COMMUTATOR = > , NEGATOR = >= ,
+	RESTRICT = scalarltsel, JOIN = scalarltjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <= (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_le,
+	COMMUTATOR = >= , NEGATOR = > ,
+	RESTRICT = scalarlesel, JOIN = scalarlejoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR = (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_eq,
+	COMMUTATOR = = , NEGATOR = <> ,
+	RESTRICT = eqsel, JOIN = eqjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <> (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_ne,
+	COMMUTATOR = <> , NEGATOR = = ,
+	RESTRICT = eqsel, JOIN = eqjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR >= (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_ge,
+	COMMUTATOR = <= , NEGATOR = < ,
+	RESTRICT = scalargesel, JOIN = scalargejoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR > (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_gt,
+	COMMUTATOR = < , NEGATOR = <= ,
+	RESTRICT = scalargtsel, JOIN = scalargtjoinsel
+);
+
+-- minivec op classes
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS minivec_ops
+	DEFAULT FOR TYPE minivec USING btree AS
+	OPERATOR 1 < ,
+	OPERATOR 2 <= ,
+	OPERATOR 3 = ,
+	OPERATOR 4 >= ,
+	OPERATOR 5 > ,
+	FUNCTION 1 minivec_cmp(minivec, minivec);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS minivec_l2_ops
+	FOR TYPE minivec USING hnsw AS
+	OPERATOR 1 <-> (minivec, minivec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	FUNCTION 1 minivec_l2_squared_distance(minivec, minivec),
+	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_minivec_support(internal);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS minivec_ip_ops
+	FOR TYPE minivec USING hnsw AS
+	OPERATOR 1 <#> (minivec, minivec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	FUNCTION 1 minivec_negative_inner_product(minivec, minivec),
+	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_minivec_support(internal);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS minivec_cosine_ops
+	FOR TYPE minivec USING hnsw AS
+	OPERATOR 1 <=> (minivec, minivec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	FUNCTION 1 minivec_negative_inner_product(minivec, minivec),
+	FUNCTION 2 l2_norm(minivec),
+	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_minivec_support(internal);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS minivec_l1_ops
+	FOR TYPE minivec USING hnsw AS
+	OPERATOR 1 <+> (minivec, minivec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	FUNCTION 1 l1_distance(minivec, minivec),
+	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_minivec_support(internal);
+
 -- bit functions
 
 CREATE FUNCTION hamming_distance(bit, bit) RETURNS float8

src/halfvec.c

@@ -159,24 +159,6 @@ CheckStateArray(ArrayType *statearray, const char *caller)
 	return (float8 *) ARR_DATA_PTR(statearray);
 }
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120003
-static pg_noinline void
-float_overflow_error(void)
-{
-	ereport(ERROR,
-			(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-			 errmsg("value out of range: overflow")));
-}
-
-static pg_noinline void
-float_underflow_error(void)
-{
-	ereport(ERROR,
-			(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-			 errmsg("value out of range: underflow")));
-}
-#endif
-
 /*
  * Convert textual representation to internal representation
  */

src/hnsw.h

@@ -129,7 +129,6 @@ struct HnswElementData
 	uint8		heaptidsLength;
 	uint8		level;
 	uint8		deleted;
-	uint8		version;
 	uint32		hash;
 	HnswNeighborsPtr neighbors;
 	BlockNumber blkno;
@@ -156,12 +155,13 @@ struct HnswNeighborArray
 	HnswCandidate items[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
 };
 
-typedef struct HnswPairingHeapNode
+typedef struct HnswSearchCandidate
 {
-	HnswCandidate *inner;
 	pairingheap_node c_node;
 	pairingheap_node w_node;
-}			HnswPairingHeapNode;
+	HnswElementPtr element;
+	float		distance;
+}			HnswSearchCandidate;
 
 /* HNSW index options */
 typedef struct HnswOptions
@@ -306,10 +306,10 @@ typedef struct HnswElementTupleData
 	uint8		type;
 	uint8		level;
 	uint8		deleted;
-	uint8		version;
+	uint8		unused;
 	ItemPointerData heaptids[HNSW_HEAPTIDS];
 	ItemPointerData neighbortid;
-	uint16		unused;
+	uint16		unused2;
 	Vector		data;
 }			HnswElementTupleData;
 
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ typedef HnswElementTupleData * HnswElementTuple;
 typedef struct HnswNeighborTupleData
 {
 	uint8		type;
-	uint8		version;
+	uint8		unused;
 	uint16		count;
 	ItemPointerData indextids[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
 }			HnswNeighborTupleData;
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ void	   *HnswAlloc(HnswAllocator * allocator, Size size);
 HnswElement HnswInitElement(char *base, ItemPointer tid, int m, double ml, int maxLevel, HnswAllocator * alloc);
 HnswElement HnswInitElementFromBlock(BlockNumber blkno, OffsetNumber offno);
 void		HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, int efConstruction, bool existing);
-HnswCandidate *HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement em, Datum q, Relation rel, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec);
+HnswSearchCandidate *HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement em, Datum q, Relation rel, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec);
 void		HnswUpdateMetaPage(Relation index, int updateEntry, HnswElement entryPoint, BlockNumber insertPage, ForkNumber forkNum, bool building);
 void		HnswSetNeighborTuple(char *base, HnswNeighborTuple ntup, HnswElement e, int m);
 void		HnswAddHeapTid(HnswElement element, ItemPointer heaptid);

src/hnswinsert.c

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ GetInsertPage(Relation index)
  * Check for a free offset
  */
 static bool
-HnswFreeOffset(Relation index, Buffer buf, Page page, HnswElement element, Size etupSize, Size ntupSize, Buffer *nbuf, Page *npage, OffsetNumber *freeOffno, OffsetNumber *freeNeighborOffno, BlockNumber *newInsertPage, uint8 *tupleVersion)
+HnswFreeOffset(Relation index, Buffer buf, Page page, HnswElement element, Size etupSize, Size ntupSize, Buffer *nbuf, Page *npage, OffsetNumber *freeOffno, OffsetNumber *freeNeighborOffno, BlockNumber *newInsertPage)
 {
 	OffsetNumber offno;
 	OffsetNumber maxoffno = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
@@ -98,7 +98,6 @@ HnswFreeOffset(Relation index, Buffer buf, Page page, HnswElement element, Size
 			{
 				*freeOffno = offno;
 				*freeNeighborOffno = neighborOffno;
-				*tupleVersion = etup->version;
 				return true;
 			}
 			else if (*nbuf != buf)
@@ -154,7 +153,6 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 	OffsetNumber freeOffno = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 	OffsetNumber freeNeighborOffno = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 	BlockNumber newInsertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;
-	uint8		tupleVersion;
 	char	   *base = NULL;
 
 	/* Calculate sizes */
@@ -204,7 +202,7 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 		}
 
 		/* Next, try space from a deleted element */
-		if (HnswFreeOffset(index, buf, page, e, etupSize, ntupSize, &nbuf, &npage, &freeOffno, &freeNeighborOffno, &newInsertPage, &tupleVersion))
+		if (HnswFreeOffset(index, buf, page, e, etupSize, ntupSize, &nbuf, &npage, &freeOffno, &freeNeighborOffno, &newInsertPage))
 		{
 			if (nbuf != buf)
 			{
@@ -214,10 +212,6 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 					npage = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, nbuf, 0);
 			}
 
-			/* Set tuple version */
-			etup->version = tupleVersion;
-			ntup->version = tupleVersion;
-
 			break;
 		}
 

src/hnswscan.c

@@ -161,14 +161,14 @@ hnswgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 		so->first = false;
 
 #if defined(HNSW_MEMORY)
-		elog(INFO, "memory: %zu MB", MemoryContextMemAllocated(so->tmpCtx, false) / (1024 * 1024));
+		elog(INFO, "memory: %zu KB", MemoryContextMemAllocated(so->tmpCtx, false) / 1024);
 #endif
 	}
 
 	while (list_length(so->w) > 0)
 	{
 		char	   *base = NULL;
-		HnswCandidate *hc = llast(so->w);
+		HnswSearchCandidate *hc = llast(so->w);
 		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
 		ItemPointer heaptid;
 

src/hnswutils.c

@@ -253,8 +253,6 @@ HnswInitElement(char *base, ItemPointer heaptid, int m, double ml, int maxLevel,
 
 	element->level = level;
 	element->deleted = 0;
-	/* Start at one to make it easier to find issues */
-	element->version = 1;
 
 	HnswInitNeighbors(base, element, m, allocator);
 
@@ -407,7 +405,6 @@ HnswSetElementTuple(char *base, HnswElementTuple etup, HnswElement element)
 	etup->type = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_TYPE;
 	etup->level = element->level;
 	etup->deleted = 0;
-	etup->version = element->version;
 	for (int i = 0; i < HNSW_HEAPTIDS; i++)
 	{
 		if (i < element->heaptidsLength)
@@ -450,7 +447,6 @@ HnswSetNeighborTuple(char *base, HnswNeighborTuple ntup, HnswElement e, int m)
 	}
 
 	ntup->count = idx;
-	ntup->version = e->version;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -524,7 +520,6 @@ HnswLoadElementFromTuple(HnswElement element, HnswElementTuple etup, bool loadHe
 {
 	element->level = etup->level;
 	element->deleted = etup->deleted;
-	element->version = etup->version;
 	element->neighborPage = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&etup->neighbortid);
 	element->neighborOffno = ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&etup->neighbortid);
 	element->heaptidsLength = 0;
@@ -613,10 +608,10 @@ GetElementDistance(char *base, HnswElement element, Datum q, FmgrInfo *procinfo,
 /*
  * Create a candidate for the entry point
  */
-HnswCandidate *
+HnswSearchCandidate *
 HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement entryPoint, Datum q, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec)
 {
-	HnswCandidate *hc = palloc(sizeof(HnswCandidate));
+	HnswSearchCandidate *hc = palloc(sizeof(HnswSearchCandidate));
 
 	HnswPtrStore(base, hc->element, entryPoint);
 	if (index == NULL)
@@ -626,8 +621,8 @@ HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement entryPoint, Datum q, Relation index,
 	return hc;
 }
 
-#define HnswGetPairingHeapCandidate(membername, ptr) (pairingheap_container(HnswPairingHeapNode, membername, ptr)->inner)
-#define HnswGetPairingHeapCandidateConst(membername, ptr) (pairingheap_const_container(HnswPairingHeapNode, membername, ptr)->inner)
+#define HnswGetSearchCandidate(membername, ptr) pairingheap_container(HnswSearchCandidate, membername, ptr)
+#define HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(membername, ptr) pairingheap_const_container(HnswSearchCandidate, membername, ptr)
 
 /*
  * Compare candidate distances
@@ -635,10 +630,10 @@ HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement entryPoint, Datum q, Relation index,
 static int
 CompareNearestCandidates(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b, void *arg)
 {
-	if (HnswGetPairingHeapCandidateConst(c_node, a)->distance < HnswGetPairingHeapCandidateConst(c_node, b)->distance)
+	if (HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(c_node, a)->distance < HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(c_node, b)->distance)
 		return 1;
 
-	if (HnswGetPairingHeapCandidateConst(c_node, a)->distance > HnswGetPairingHeapCandidateConst(c_node, b)->distance)
+	if (HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(c_node, a)->distance > HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(c_node, b)->distance)
 		return -1;
 
 	return 0;
@@ -650,27 +645,15 @@ CompareNearestCandidates(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b, v
 static int
 CompareFurthestCandidates(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b, void *arg)
 {
-	if (HnswGetPairingHeapCandidateConst(w_node, a)->distance < HnswGetPairingHeapCandidateConst(w_node, b)->distance)
+	if (HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(w_node, a)->distance < HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(w_node, b)->distance)
 		return -1;
 
-	if (HnswGetPairingHeapCandidateConst(w_node, a)->distance > HnswGetPairingHeapCandidateConst(w_node, b)->distance)
+	if (HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(w_node, a)->distance > HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(w_node, b)->distance)
 		return 1;
 
 	return 0;
 }
 
-/*
- * Create a pairing heap node for a candidate
- */
-static HnswPairingHeapNode *
-CreatePairingHeapNode(HnswCandidate * c)
-{
-	HnswPairingHeapNode *node = palloc(sizeof(HnswPairingHeapNode));
-
-	node->inner = c;
-	return node;
-}
-
 /*
  * Init visited
  */
@@ -771,30 +754,20 @@ HnswLoadUnvisitedFromDisk(HnswElement element, HnswUnvisited * unvisited, int *u
 	int			start;
 	ItemPointerData indextids[HNSW_MAX_M * 2];
 
-	*unvisitedLength = 0;
-
 	buf = ReadBuffer(index, element->neighborPage);
 	LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
 	page = BufferGetPage(buf);
 
 	ntup = (HnswNeighborTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, element->neighborOffno));
-
-	/*
-	 * Ensure the neighbor tuple has not been deleted or replaced between
-	 * index scan iterations
-	 */
-	if (ntup->version != element->version)
-	{
-		UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
-		return;
-	}
+	start = (element->level - lc) * m;
 
 	/* Copy to minimize lock time */
-	start = (element->level - lc) * m;
 	memcpy(&indextids, ntup->indextids + start, lm * sizeof(ItemPointerData));
 
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 
+	*unvisitedLength = 0;
+
 	for (int i = 0; i < lm; i++)
 	{
 		ItemPointer indextid = &indextids[i];
@@ -840,15 +813,13 @@ HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, F
 	/* Add entry points to v, C, and W */
 	foreach(lc2, ep)
 	{
-		HnswCandidate *hc = (HnswCandidate *) lfirst(lc2);
+		HnswSearchCandidate *hc = (HnswSearchCandidate *) lfirst(lc2);
 		bool		found;
-		HnswPairingHeapNode *node;
 
 		AddToVisited(base, &v, hc->element, index, &found);
 
-		node = CreatePairingHeapNode(hc);
-		pairingheap_add(C, &node->c_node);
-		pairingheap_add(W, &node->w_node);
+		pairingheap_add(C, &hc->c_node);
+		pairingheap_add(W, &hc->w_node);
 
 		/*
 		 * Do not count elements being deleted towards ef when vacuuming. It
@@ -861,8 +832,8 @@ HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, F
 
 	while (!pairingheap_is_empty(C))
 	{
-		HnswCandidate *c = HnswGetPairingHeapCandidate(c_node, pairingheap_remove_first(C));
-		HnswCandidate *f = HnswGetPairingHeapCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_first(W));
+		HnswSearchCandidate *c = HnswGetSearchCandidate(c_node, pairingheap_remove_first(C));
+		HnswSearchCandidate *f = HnswGetSearchCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_first(W));
 		HnswElement cElement;
 
 		if (c->distance > f->distance)
@@ -878,20 +849,16 @@ HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, F
 		for (int i = 0; i < unvisitedLength; i++)
 		{
 			HnswElement eElement;
-			HnswCandidate *e;
-			HnswPairingHeapNode *node;
+			HnswSearchCandidate *e;
 			float		eDistance;
 			bool		alwaysAdd = wlen < ef;
 
-			f = HnswGetPairingHeapCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_first(W));
+			f = HnswGetSearchCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_first(W));
 
 			if (index == NULL)
 			{
 				eElement = unvisited[i].element;
 				eDistance = GetElementDistance(base, eElement, q, procinfo, collation);
-
-				if (!(eDistance < f->distance || alwaysAdd))
-					continue;
 			}
 			else
 			{
@@ -907,6 +874,9 @@ HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, F
 					continue;
 			}
 
+			if (!(eDistance < f->distance || alwaysAdd))
+				continue;
+
 			Assert(!eElement->deleted);
 
 			/* Make robust to issues */
@@ -914,13 +884,11 @@ HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, F
 				continue;
 
 			/* Create a new candidate */
-			e = palloc(sizeof(HnswCandidate));
+			e = palloc(sizeof(HnswSearchCandidate));
 			HnswPtrStore(base, e->element, eElement);
 			e->distance = eDistance;
-
-			node = CreatePairingHeapNode(e);
-			pairingheap_add(C, &node->c_node);
-			pairingheap_add(W, &node->w_node);
+			pairingheap_add(C, &e->c_node);
+			pairingheap_add(W, &e->w_node);
 
 			/*
 			 * Do not count elements being deleted towards ef when vacuuming.
@@ -941,7 +909,7 @@ HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, F
 	/* Add each element of W to w */
 	while (!pairingheap_is_empty(W))
 	{
-		HnswCandidate *hc = HnswGetPairingHeapCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_remove_first(W));
+		HnswSearchCandidate *hc = HnswGetSearchCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_remove_first(W));
 
 		w = lappend(w, hc);
 	}
@@ -1322,16 +1290,27 @@ HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint
 	{
 		int			lm = HnswGetLayerM(m, lc);
 		List	   *neighbors;
-		List	   *lw;
+		List	   *lw = NIL;
+		ListCell   *lc2;
 
 		w = HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, efConstruction, lc, index, procinfo, collation, m, true, skipElement);
 
+		/* Convert search candidates to candidates */
+		foreach(lc2, w)
+		{
+			HnswSearchCandidate *sc = lfirst(lc2);
+			HnswCandidate *hc = palloc(sizeof(HnswCandidate));
+
+			hc->element = sc->element;
+			hc->distance = sc->distance;
+
+			lw = lappend(lw, hc);
+		}
+
 		/* Elements being deleted or skipped can help with search */
 		/* but should be removed before selecting neighbors */
 		if (index != NULL)
-			lw = RemoveElements(base, w, skipElement);
-		else
-			lw = w;
+			lw = RemoveElements(base, lw, skipElement);
 
 		/*
 		 * Candidates are sorted, but not deterministically. Could set
@@ -1348,6 +1327,7 @@ HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint
 
 PGDLLEXPORT Datum l2_normalize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
 PGDLLEXPORT Datum halfvec_l2_normalize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+PGDLLEXPORT Datum minivec_l2_normalize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
 PGDLLEXPORT Datum sparsevec_l2_normalize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
 
 static void
@@ -1396,6 +1376,19 @@ hnsw_halfvec_support(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(&typeInfo);
 };
 
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(hnsw_minivec_support);
+Datum
+hnsw_minivec_support(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	static const HnswTypeInfo typeInfo = {
+		.maxDimensions = HNSW_MAX_DIM * 4,
+		.normalize = minivec_l2_normalize,
+		.checkValue = NULL
+	};
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(&typeInfo);
+};
+
 FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(hnsw_bit_support);
 Datum
 hnsw_bit_support(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)

src/hnswvacuum.c

@@ -527,11 +527,6 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			for (int i = 0; i < ntup->count; i++)
 				ItemPointerSetInvalid(&ntup->indextids[i]);
 
-			/* Increment version */
-			/* This is used to avoid incorrect reads for iterative scans */
-			etup->version++;
-			ntup->version = etup->version;
-
 			/*
 			 * We modified the tuples in place, no need to call
 			 * PageIndexTupleOverwrite

src/ivfflat.h

@@ -253,8 +253,9 @@ typedef struct IvfflatScanOpaqueData
 	/* Sorting */
 	Tuplesortstate *sortstate;
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
-	TupleTableSlot *slot;
-	bool		isnull;
+	TupleTableSlot *vslot;
+	TupleTableSlot *mslot;
+	BufferAccessStrategy bas;
 
 	/* Support functions */
 	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;

src/ivfscan.c

@@ -15,16 +15,19 @@
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #endif
 
+#define GetScanList(ptr) pairingheap_container(IvfflatScanList, ph_node, ptr)
+#define GetScanListConst(ptr) pairingheap_const_container(IvfflatScanList, ph_node, ptr)
+
 /*
  * Compare list distances
  */
 static int
 CompareLists(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b, void *arg)
 {
-	if (((const IvfflatScanList *) a)->distance > ((const IvfflatScanList *) b)->distance)
+	if (GetScanListConst(a)->distance > GetScanListConst(b)->distance)
 		return 1;
 
-	if (((const IvfflatScanList *) a)->distance < ((const IvfflatScanList *) b)->distance)
+	if (GetScanListConst(a)->distance < GetScanListConst(b)->distance)
 		return -1;
 
 	return 0;
@@ -76,14 +79,14 @@ GetScanLists(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 
 				/* Calculate max distance */
 				if (listCount == so->probes)
-					maxDistance = ((IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_first(so->listQueue))->distance;
+					maxDistance = GetScanList(pairingheap_first(so->listQueue))->distance;
 			}
 			else if (distance < maxDistance)
 			{
 				IvfflatScanList *scanlist;
 
 				/* Remove */
-				scanlist = (IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue);
+				scanlist = GetScanList(pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue));
 
 				/* Reuse */
 				scanlist->startPage = list->startPage;
@@ -91,7 +94,7 @@ GetScanLists(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 				pairingheap_add(so->listQueue, &scanlist->ph_node);
 
 				/* Update max distance */
-				maxDistance = ((IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_first(so->listQueue))->distance;
+				maxDistance = GetScanList(pairingheap_first(so->listQueue))->distance;
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -110,19 +113,12 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(scan->indexRelation);
 	double		tuples = 0;
-	TupleTableSlot *slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual);
-
-	/*
-	 * Reuse same set of shared buffers for scan
-	 *
-	 * See postgres/src/backend/storage/buffer/README for description
-	 */
-	BufferAccessStrategy bas = GetAccessStrategy(BAS_BULKREAD);
+	TupleTableSlot *slot = so->vslot;
 
 	/* Search closest probes lists */
 	while (!pairingheap_is_empty(so->listQueue))
 	{
-		BlockNumber searchPage = ((IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue))->startPage;
+		BlockNumber searchPage = GetScanList(pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue))->startPage;
 
 		/* Search all entry pages for list */
 		while (BlockNumberIsValid(searchPage))
@@ -131,7 +127,7 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 			Page		page;
 			OffsetNumber maxoffno;
 
-			buf = ReadBufferExtended(scan->indexRelation, MAIN_FORKNUM, searchPage, RBM_NORMAL, bas);
+			buf = ReadBufferExtended(scan->indexRelation, MAIN_FORKNUM, searchPage, RBM_NORMAL, so->bas);
 			LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
 			page = BufferGetPage(buf);
 			maxoffno = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
@@ -170,8 +166,6 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 		}
 	}
 
-	FreeAccessStrategy(bas);
-
 	if (tuples < 100)
 		ereport(DEBUG1,
 				(errmsg("index scan found few tuples"),
@@ -274,7 +268,16 @@ ivfflatbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 	/* Prep sort */
 	so->sortstate = InitScanSortState(so->tupdesc);
 
-	so->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsMinimalTuple);
+	/* Need separate slots for puttuple and gettuple */
+	so->vslot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual);
+	so->mslot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsMinimalTuple);
+
+	/*
+	 * Reuse same set of shared buffers for scan
+	 *
+	 * See postgres/src/backend/storage/buffer/README for description
+	 */
+	so->bas = GetAccessStrategy(BAS_BULKREAD);
 
 	so->listQueue = pairingheap_allocate(CompareLists, scan);
 
@@ -348,9 +351,10 @@ ivfflatgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 			pfree(DatumGetPointer(value));
 	}
 
-	if (tuplesort_gettupleslot(so->sortstate, true, false, so->slot, NULL))
+	if (tuplesort_gettupleslot(so->sortstate, true, false, so->mslot, NULL))
 	{
-		ItemPointer heaptid = (ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(slot_getattr(so->slot, 2, &so->isnull));
+		bool		isnull;
+		ItemPointer heaptid = (ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(slot_getattr(so->mslot, 2, &isnull));
 
 		scan->xs_heaptid = *heaptid;
 		scan->xs_recheck = false;
@@ -371,6 +375,10 @@ ivfflatendscan(IndexScanDesc scan)
 
 	pairingheap_free(so->listQueue);
 	tuplesort_end(so->sortstate);
+	FreeAccessStrategy(so->bas);
+	FreeTupleDesc(so->tupdesc);
+
+	/* TODO Free vslot and mslot without freeing TupleDesc */
 
 	pfree(so);
 	scan->opaque = NULL;

src/minivec.h

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+#ifndef MINIVEC_H
+#define MINIVEC_H
+
+#include <float.h>
+
+#define MINIVEC_MAX_DIM 16000
+
+#define fp8 uint8
+
+#define MINIVEC_SIZE(_dim)		(offsetof(MiniVector, x) + sizeof(fp8)*(_dim))
+#define DatumGetMiniVector(x)		((MiniVector *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(x))
+#define PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(x)	DatumGetMiniVector(PG_GETARG_DATUM(x))
+#define PG_RETURN_MINIVEC_P(x)	PG_RETURN_POINTER(x)
+
+typedef struct MiniVector
+{
+	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
+	int16		dim;			/* number of dimensions */
+	int16		unused;			/* reserved for future use, always zero */
+	fp8			x[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
+}			MiniVector;
+
+MiniVector *InitMiniVector(int dim);
+
+/*
+ * Check if fp8 is NaN
+ */
+static inline bool
+Fp8IsNan(fp8 num)
+{
+	return (num & 0x7F) == 0x7F;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check if fp8 is zero
+ */
+static inline bool
+Fp8IsZero(fp8 num)
+{
+	return num == 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert a fp8 to a float4
+ */
+static inline float
+Fp8ToFloat4(fp8 num)
+{
+	float		lookup[128] = {0, 0.00195312, 0.00390625, 0.00585938, 0.0078125, 0.00976562, 0.0117188, 0.0136719, 0.015625, 0.0175781, 0.0195312, 0.0214844, 0.0234375, 0.0253906, 0.0273438, 0.0292969, 0.03125, 0.0351562, 0.0390625, 0.0429688, 0.046875, 0.0507812, 0.0546875, 0.0585938, 0.0625, 0.0703125, 0.078125, 0.0859375, 0.09375, 0.101562, 0.109375, 0.117188, 0.125, 0.140625, 0.15625, 0.171875, 0.1875, 0.203125, 0.21875, 0.234375, 0.25, 0.28125, 0.3125, 0.34375, 0.375, 0.40625, 0.4375, 0.46875, 0.5, 0.5625, 0.625, 0.6875, 0.75, 0.8125, 0.875, 0.9375, 1, 1.125, 1.25, 1.375, 1.5, 1.625, 1.75, 1.875, 2, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 104, 112, 120, 128, 144, 160, 176, 192, 208, 224, 240, 256, 288, 320, 352, 384, 416, 448, NAN};
+	float		v = lookup[num & 0x7F];
+
+	return (num & 0x80) == 0x80 ? -v : v;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert a float4 to a fp8
+ */
+static inline fp8
+Float4ToFp8Unchecked(float num)
+{
+	union
+	{
+		float		f;
+		uint32		i;
+	}			swapfloat;
+
+	uint32		bin;
+	int			exponent;
+	int			mantissa;
+	uint8		result;
+
+	swapfloat.f = num;
+	bin = swapfloat.i;
+	exponent = (bin & 0x7F800000) >> 23;
+	mantissa = bin & 0x007FFFFF;
+
+	/* Sign */
+	result = (bin & 0x80000000) >> 24;
+
+	if (isinf(num) || isnan(num))
+	{
+		/* NaN */
+		result |= 0x7F;
+	}
+	else if (exponent > 116)
+	{
+		int			m;
+		int			gr;
+		int			s;
+
+		exponent -= 127;
+		s = mantissa & 0x000FFFFF;
+
+		/* Subnormal */
+		if (exponent < -6)
+		{
+			int			diff = -exponent - 6;
+
+			mantissa >>= diff;
+			mantissa += 1 << (23 - diff);
+			s |= mantissa & 0x000FFFFF;
+		}
+
+		m = mantissa >> 20;
+
+		/* Round */
+		gr = (mantissa >> 19) % 4;
+		if (gr == 3 || (gr == 1 && s != 0))
+			m += 1;
+
+		if (m == 8)
+		{
+			m = 0;
+			exponent += 1;
+		}
+
+		if (exponent > 8)
+		{
+			/* Infinite, which is NaN */
+			result |= 0x7F;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (exponent >= -7)
+				result |= (exponent + 7) << 3;
+
+			result |= m;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert a float4 to a fp8
+ */
+static inline fp8
+Float4ToFp8(float num)
+{
+	fp8			result = Float4ToFp8Unchecked(num);
+
+	if (unlikely(Fp8IsNan(result)) && !isnan(num))
+	{
+		char	   *buf = palloc(FLOAT_SHORTEST_DECIMAL_LEN);
+
+		float_to_shortest_decimal_buf(num, buf);
+
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+				 errmsg("\"%s\" is out of range for type minivec", buf)));
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+#endif

src/vector.c

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "lib/stringinfo.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
+#include "minivec.h"
 #include "port.h"				/* for strtof() */
 #include "sparsevec.h"
 #include "utils/array.h"
@@ -155,24 +156,6 @@ CheckStateArray(ArrayType *statearray, const char *caller)
 	return (float8 *) ARR_DATA_PTR(statearray);
 }
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120003
-static pg_noinline void
-float_overflow_error(void)
-{
-	ereport(ERROR,
-			(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-			 errmsg("value out of range: overflow")));
-}
-
-static pg_noinline void
-float_underflow_error(void)
-{
-	ereport(ERROR,
-			(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-			 errmsg("value out of range: underflow")));
-}
-#endif
-
 /*
  * Convert textual representation to internal representation
  */
@@ -560,6 +543,28 @@ halfvec_to_vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Convert fp8 vector to vector
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_to_vector);
+Datum
+minivec_to_vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *vec = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	Vector	   *result;
+
+	CheckDim(vec->dim);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, vec->dim);
+
+	result = InitVector(vec->dim);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
+		result->x[i] = Fp8ToFloat4(vec->x[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
 VECTOR_TARGET_CLONES static float
 VectorL2SquaredDistance(int dim, float *ax, float *bx)
 {

test/expected/btree.out

@@ -38,6 +38,26 @@ SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val;
  
 (4 rows)
 
+DROP TABLE t;
+-- minivec
+CREATE TABLE t (val minivec(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t (val);
+SELECT * FROM t WHERE val = '[1,2,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val;
+   val   
+---------
+ [0,0,0]
+ [1,1,1]
+ [1,2,3]
+ 
+(4 rows)
+
 DROP TABLE t;
 -- sparsevec
 CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));

test/expected/cast.out

@@ -140,6 +140,64 @@ SELECT '{1e-8,-1e-8}'::real[]::halfvec;
  [0,-0]
 (1 row)
 
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::minivec(3);
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::minivec(2);
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
+SELECT '[465]'::vector::minivec;
+ERROR:  "465" is out of range for type minivec
+SELECT '[1e-8]'::vector::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [0]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec::vector;
+ vector  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec::vector(3);
+ vector  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec::vector(2);
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
+SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::minivec(3);
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::minivec(2);
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
+SELECT '{465,-465}'::real[]::minivec;
+ERROR:  "465" is out of range for type minivec
+SELECT '{1e-8,-1e-8}'::real[]::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [0,-0]
+(1 row)
+
 SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::vector::sparsevec;
     sparsevec    
 -----------------

test/expected/copy.out

@@ -30,6 +30,23 @@ SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY val;
  
 (4 rows)
 
+DROP TABLE t;
+DROP TABLE t2;
+-- minivec
+CREATE TABLE t (val minivec(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE TABLE t2 (val minivec(3));
+\copy t TO 'results/minivec.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
+\copy t2 FROM 'results/minivec.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
+SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY val;
+   val   
+---------
+ [0,0,0]
+ [1,1,1]
+ [1,2,3]
+ 
+(4 rows)
+
 DROP TABLE t;
 DROP TABLE t2;
 -- sparsevec

test/expected/minivec.out

@@ -0,0 +1,588 @@
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[-1,-2,-3]'::minivec;
+  minivec   
+------------
+ [-1,-2,-3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1.,2.,3.]'::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ' [ 1,  2 ,    3  ] '::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1.23456]'::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1.25]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[hello,1]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[hello,1]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[hello,1]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[NaN,1]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  NaN not allowed in minivec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[NaN,1]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  "Infinity" is out of range for type minivec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  "-Infinity" is out of range for type minivec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[65519,-65519]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  "65519" is out of range for type minivec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[65519,-65519]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[65520,-65520]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  "65520" is out of range for type minivec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[65520,-65520]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1e-8,-1e-8]'::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [0,-0]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[4e38,1]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  "4e38" is out of range for type minivec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[4e38,1]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1e-46,1]'::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [0,1]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[1,2,3"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[1,2,3]9"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::minivec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Junk after closing right brace.
+SELECT '1,2,3'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "1,2,3"
+LINE 1: SELECT '1,2,3'::minivec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
+SELECT ''::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: ""
+LINE 1: SELECT ''::minivec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
+SELECT '['::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "["
+LINE 1: SELECT '['::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[ '::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[ "
+LINE 1: SELECT '[ '::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[,'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[,"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[,'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  minivec must have at least 1 dimension
+LINE 1: SELECT '[]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[ ]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  minivec must have at least 1 dimension
+LINE 1: SELECT '[ ]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[,]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[,]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[,]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[1,]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1a]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[1a]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1a]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,,3]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[1,,3]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,,3]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1, ,3]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[1, ,3]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1, ,3]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(3);
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(2);
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(3, 2);
+ERROR:  invalid type modifier
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(3, 2);
+                          ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec('a');
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "a"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec('a');
+                          ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(0);
+ERROR:  dimensions for type minivec must be at least 1
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(0);
+                          ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(16001);
+ERROR:  dimensions for type minivec cannot exceed 16000
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(16001);
+                          ^
+SELECT unnest('{"[1,2,3]", "[4,5,6]"}'::minivec[]);
+ unnest  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+ [4,5,6]
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT '{"[1,2,3]"}'::minivec(2)[];
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec + '[4,5,6]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ [5,7,9]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[448]'::minivec + '[448]';
+ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec + '[3]';
+ERROR:  different minivec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec - '[4,5,6]';
+  ?column?  
+------------
+ [-3,-3,-3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[-448]'::minivec - '[448]';
+ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec - '[3]';
+ERROR:  different minivec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec * '[4,5,6]';
+ ?column?  
+-----------
+ [4,10,18]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[448]'::minivec * '[448]';
+ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
+SELECT '[1e-7]'::minivec * '[1e-7]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ [0]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec * '[3]';
+ERROR:  different minivec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec || '[4,5]';
+  ?column?   
+-------------
+ [1,2,3,4,5]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT array_fill(0, ARRAY[16000])::minivec || '[1]';
+ERROR:  minivec cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec < '[1,2,3]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec < '[1,2]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec <= '[1,2,3]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec <= '[1,2]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec = '[1,2,3]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec = '[1,2]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec != '[1,2,3]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec != '[1,2]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec >= '[1,2,3]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec >= '[1,2]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec > '[1,2,3]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec > '[1,2]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
+ minivec_cmp 
+-------------
+           0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[0,0,0]');
+ minivec_cmp 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[0,0,0]', '[1,2,3]');
+ minivec_cmp 
+-------------
+          -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2]', '[1,2,3]');
+ minivec_cmp 
+-------------
+          -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2]');
+ minivec_cmp 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2]', '[2,3,4]');
+ minivec_cmp 
+-------------
+          -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
+ minivec_cmp 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT vector_dims('[1,2,3]'::minivec);
+ vector_dims 
+-------------
+           3
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT round(l2_norm('[1,1]'::minivec)::numeric, 5);
+  round  
+---------
+ 1.41421
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_norm('[3,4]'::minivec);
+ l2_norm 
+---------
+       5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_norm('[0,1]'::minivec);
+ l2_norm 
+---------
+       1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_norm('[0,0]'::minivec);
+ l2_norm 
+---------
+       0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_norm('[2]'::minivec);
+ l2_norm 
+---------
+       2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::minivec, '[3,4]');
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+           5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::minivec, '[0,1]');
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different minivec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]'::minivec, '[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,4,5]');
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+           5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[0,0]'::minivec <-> '[3,4]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3,4]');
+ inner_product 
+---------------
+            11
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different minivec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT inner_product('[448]'::minivec, '[448]');
+ inner_product 
+---------------
+        200704
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT inner_product('[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]'::minivec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
+ inner_product 
+---------------
+            45
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec <#> '[3,4]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+      -11
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[2,4]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[0,0]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+             NaN
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::minivec, '[1,1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::minivec, '[0,2]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::minivec, '[-1,-1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different minivec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::minivec, '[1.1,1.1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::minivec, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::minivec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::minivec, '[-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6,-7,-8,-9]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec <=> '[2,4]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::minivec, '[3,4]');
+ l1_distance 
+-------------
+           7
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::minivec, '[0,1]');
+ l1_distance 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different minivec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::minivec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
+ l1_distance 
+-------------
+           0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::minivec, '[0,3,2,5,4,7,6,9,8]');
+ l1_distance 
+-------------
+           9
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[0,0]'::minivec <+> '[3,4]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        7
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_normalize('[3,4]'::minivec);
+  l2_normalize  
+----------------
+ [0.625,0.8125]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_normalize('[3,0]'::minivec);
+ l2_normalize 
+--------------
+ [1,0]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_normalize('[0,0.1]'::minivec);
+ l2_normalize 
+--------------
+ [0,1]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_normalize('[0,0]'::minivec);
+ l2_normalize 
+--------------
+ [0,0]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_normalize('[448]'::minivec);
+ l2_normalize 
+--------------
+ [1]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT binary_quantize('[1,0,-1]'::minivec);
+ binary_quantize 
+-----------------
+ 100
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT binary_quantize('[0,0.1,-0.2,-0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,-0.7,0.8,-0.9,1]'::minivec);
+ binary_quantize 
+-----------------
+ 01001110101
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 1, 3);
+ subvector 
+-----------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 3, 2);
+ subvector 
+-----------
+ [3,4]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, -1, 3);
+ subvector 
+-----------
+ [1]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 3, 9);
+ subvector 
+-----------
+ [3,4,5]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 1, 0);
+ERROR:  minivec must have at least 1 dimension
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 3, -1);
+ERROR:  minivec must have at least 1 dimension
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, -1, 2);
+ERROR:  minivec must have at least 1 dimension
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 2147483647, 10);
+ERROR:  minivec must have at least 1 dimension
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 3, 2147483647);
+ subvector 
+-----------
+ [3,4,5]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, -2147483644, 2147483647);
+ subvector 
+-----------
+ [1,2]
+(1 row)
+

test/sql/btree.sql

@@ -22,6 +22,17 @@ SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val;
 
 DROP TABLE t;
 
+-- minivec
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val minivec(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t (val);
+
+SELECT * FROM t WHERE val = '[1,2,3]';
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val;
+
+DROP TABLE t;
+
 -- sparsevec
 
 CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));

test/sql/cast.sql

@@ -38,6 +38,22 @@ SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::halfvec(2);
 SELECT '{65520,-65520}'::real[]::halfvec;
 SELECT '{1e-8,-1e-8}'::real[]::halfvec;
 
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::minivec;
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::minivec(3);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::minivec(2);
+SELECT '[465]'::vector::minivec;
+SELECT '[1e-8]'::vector::minivec;
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec::vector;
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec::vector(3);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec::vector(2);
+
+SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::minivec;
+SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::minivec(3);
+SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::minivec(2);
+SELECT '{465,-465}'::real[]::minivec;
+SELECT '{1e-8,-1e-8}'::real[]::minivec;
+
 SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::vector::sparsevec;
 SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::vector::sparsevec(5);
 SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::vector::sparsevec(4);

test/sql/copy.sql

@@ -28,6 +28,21 @@ SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY val;
 DROP TABLE t;
 DROP TABLE t2;
 
+-- minivec
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val minivec(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+
+CREATE TABLE t2 (val minivec(3));
+
+\copy t TO 'results/minivec.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
+\copy t2 FROM 'results/minivec.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
+
+SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY val;
+
+DROP TABLE t;
+DROP TABLE t2;
+
 -- sparsevec
 
 CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));

test/sql/minivec.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[-1,-2,-3]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1.,2.,3.]'::minivec;
+SELECT ' [ 1,  2 ,    3  ] '::minivec;
+SELECT '[1.23456]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[hello,1]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[NaN,1]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[65519,-65519]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[65520,-65520]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1e-8,-1e-8]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[4e38,1]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1e-46,1]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1,2,3'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::minivec;
+SELECT '1,2,3'::minivec;
+SELECT ''::minivec;
+SELECT '['::minivec;
+SELECT '[ '::minivec;
+SELECT '[,'::minivec;
+SELECT '[]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[ ]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[,]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1,]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1a]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1,,3]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1, ,3]'::minivec;
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(3);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(2);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(3, 2);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec('a');
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(0);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(16001);
+
+SELECT unnest('{"[1,2,3]", "[4,5,6]"}'::minivec[]);
+SELECT '{"[1,2,3]"}'::minivec(2)[];
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec + '[4,5,6]';
+SELECT '[448]'::minivec + '[448]';
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec + '[3]';
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec - '[4,5,6]';
+SELECT '[-448]'::minivec - '[448]';
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec - '[3]';
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec * '[4,5,6]';
+SELECT '[448]'::minivec * '[448]';
+SELECT '[1e-7]'::minivec * '[1e-7]';
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec * '[3]';
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec || '[4,5]';
+SELECT array_fill(0, ARRAY[16000])::minivec || '[1]';
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec < '[1,2,3]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec < '[1,2]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec <= '[1,2,3]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec <= '[1,2]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec = '[1,2,3]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec = '[1,2]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec != '[1,2,3]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec != '[1,2]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec >= '[1,2,3]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec >= '[1,2]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec > '[1,2,3]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec > '[1,2]';
+
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[0,0,0]');
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[0,0,0]', '[1,2,3]');
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2]', '[1,2,3]');
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2]');
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2]', '[2,3,4]');
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
+
+SELECT vector_dims('[1,2,3]'::minivec);
+
+SELECT round(l2_norm('[1,1]'::minivec)::numeric, 5);
+SELECT l2_norm('[3,4]'::minivec);
+SELECT l2_norm('[0,1]'::minivec);
+SELECT l2_norm('[0,0]'::minivec);
+SELECT l2_norm('[2]'::minivec);
+
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::minivec, '[3,4]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::minivec, '[0,1]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]'::minivec, '[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,4,5]');
+SELECT '[0,0]'::minivec <-> '[3,4]';
+
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3,4]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3]');
+SELECT inner_product('[448]'::minivec, '[448]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]'::minivec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec <#> '[3,4]';
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[2,4]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[0,0]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::minivec, '[1,1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::minivec, '[0,2]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::minivec, '[-1,-1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::minivec, '[1.1,1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::minivec, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::minivec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::minivec, '[-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6,-7,-8,-9]');
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec <=> '[2,4]';
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::minivec, '[3,4]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::minivec, '[0,1]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::minivec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::minivec, '[0,3,2,5,4,7,6,9,8]');
+SELECT '[0,0]'::minivec <+> '[3,4]';
+
+SELECT l2_normalize('[3,4]'::minivec);
+SELECT l2_normalize('[3,0]'::minivec);
+SELECT l2_normalize('[0,0.1]'::minivec);
+SELECT l2_normalize('[0,0]'::minivec);
+SELECT l2_normalize('[448]'::minivec);
+
+SELECT binary_quantize('[1,0,-1]'::minivec);
+SELECT binary_quantize('[0,0.1,-0.2,-0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,-0.7,0.8,-0.9,1]'::minivec);
+
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 1, 3);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 3, 2);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, -1, 3);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 3, 9);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 1, 0);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 3, -1);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, -1, 2);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 2147483647, 10);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 3, 2147483647);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, -2147483644, 2147483647);

test/t/039_hnsw_minivec_build_recall.pl

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+use strict;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
+use Test::More;
+
+my $node;
+my @queries = ();
+my @expected;
+my $limit = 20;
+my $dim = 10;
+my $array_sql = join(",", ('2 * random() * random()') x $dim);
+
+sub test_recall
+{
+	my ($min, $operator) = @_;
+	my $correct = 0;
+	my $total = 0;
+
+	my $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+		SET enable_seqscan = off;
+		EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v $operator '$queries[0]' LIMIT $limit;
+	));
+	like($explain, qr/Index Scan/);
+
+	for my $i (0 .. $#queries)
+	{
+		my $actual = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+			SET enable_seqscan = off;
+			SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v $operator '$queries[$i]' LIMIT $limit;
+		));
+		my @actual_ids = split("\n", $actual);
+		my %actual_set = map { $_ => 1 } @actual_ids;
+
+		my @expected_ids = split("\n", $expected[$i]);
+
+		foreach (@expected_ids)
+		{
+			if (exists($actual_set{$_}))
+			{
+				$correct++;
+			}
+			$total++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	cmp_ok($correct / $total, ">=", $min, $operator);
+}
+
+# Initialize node
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
+$node->init;
+$node->start;
+
+# Create table
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i int4, v minivec($dim));");
+$node->safe_psql("postgres",
+	"INSERT INTO tst SELECT i, ARRAY[$array_sql] FROM generate_series(1, 10000) i;"
+);
+
+# Generate queries
+for (1 .. 20)
+{
+	my @r = ();
+	for (1 .. $dim)
+	{
+		push(@r, rand());
+	}
+	push(@queries, "[" . join(",", @r) . "]");
+}
+
+# Check each index type
+my @operators = ("<->", "<#>", "<=>", "<+>");
+my @opclasses = ("minivec_l2_ops", "minivec_ip_ops", "minivec_cosine_ops", "minivec_l1_ops");
+
+for my $i (0 .. $#operators)
+{
+	my $operator = $operators[$i];
+	my $opclass = $opclasses[$i];
+
+	# Get exact results
+	@expected = ();
+	foreach (@queries)
+	{
+		my $res = $node->safe_psql("postgres", "SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v $operator '$_' LIMIT $limit;");
+		push(@expected, $res);
+	}
+
+	# Build index serially
+	$node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+		SET max_parallel_maintenance_workers = 0;
+		CREATE INDEX idx ON tst USING hnsw (v $opclass);
+	));
+
+	# Test approximate results
+	my $min = 0.98;
+	if ($operator eq '<=>')
+	{
+		$min = 0.65;
+	}
+	test_recall($min, $operator);
+
+	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DROP INDEX idx;");
+
+	# Build index in parallel in memory
+	my ($ret, $stdout, $stderr) = $node->psql("postgres", qq(
+		SET client_min_messages = DEBUG;
+		SET min_parallel_table_scan_size = 1;
+		CREATE INDEX idx ON tst USING hnsw (v $opclass);
+	));
+	is($ret, 0, $stderr);
+	like($stderr, qr/using \d+ parallel workers/);
+
+	# Test approximate results
+	test_recall($min, $operator);
+
+	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DROP INDEX idx;");
+
+	# Build index in parallel on disk
+	# Set parallel_workers on table to use workers with low maintenance_work_mem
+	($ret, $stdout, $stderr) = $node->psql("postgres", qq(
+		ALTER TABLE tst SET (parallel_workers = 2);
+		SET client_min_messages = DEBUG;
+		SET maintenance_work_mem = '4MB';
+		CREATE INDEX idx ON tst USING hnsw (v $opclass);
+		ALTER TABLE tst RESET (parallel_workers);
+	));
+	is($ret, 0, $stderr);
+	like($stderr, qr/using \d+ parallel workers/);
+	like($stderr, qr/hnsw graph no longer fits into maintenance_work_mem/);
+
+	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DROP INDEX idx;");
+}
+
+done_testing();