Updated readme [skip ci]

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ## 0.7.0 (unreleased)
 
-- Added `intvec` type
+- Added `halfvec` type
 
 ## 0.6.2 (2024-03-18)
 

Makefile

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ EXTVERSION = 0.6.2
 
 MODULE_big = vector
 DATA = $(wildcard sql/*--*.sql)
-OBJS = src/hnsw.o src/hnswbuild.o src/hnswinsert.o src/hnswscan.o src/hnswutils.o src/hnswvacuum.o src/intvec.o src/ivfbuild.o src/ivfflat.o src/ivfinsert.o src/ivfkmeans.o src/ivfscan.o src/ivfutils.o src/ivfvacuum.o src/vector.o
+OBJS = src/halfvec.o src/hnsw.o src/hnswbuild.o src/hnswinsert.o src/hnswscan.o src/hnswutils.o src/hnswvacuum.o src/ivfbuild.o src/ivfflat.o src/ivfinsert.o src/ivfkmeans.o src/ivfscan.o src/ivfutils.o src/ivfvacuum.o src/vector.o
-HEADERS = src/intvec.h src/vector.h
+HEADERS = src/halfvec.h src/vector.h
 
 TESTS = $(wildcard test/sql/*.sql)
 REGRESS = $(patsubst test/sql/%.sql,%,$(TESTS))

Makefile.win

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 EXTENSION = vector
 EXTVERSION = 0.6.2
 
-OBJS = src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\intvec.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\vector.obj
+OBJS = src\halfvec.obj src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\vector.obj
-HEADERS = src\intvec.h src\vector.h
+HEADERS = src\halfvec.h src\vector.h
 
 REGRESS = btree cast copy functions input ivfflat_cosine ivfflat_ip ivfflat_l2 ivfflat_options ivfflat_unlogged
 REGRESS_OPTS = --inputdir=test --load-extension=$(EXTENSION)

README.md

@@ -400,6 +400,29 @@ Use [partitioning](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-partitioning.html
 CREATE TABLE items (embedding vector(3), category_id int) PARTITION BY LIST(category_id);
 ```
 
+## Types
+
+- `vector`
+- `halfvec`
+
+## Half-Precision
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding halfvec(3));
+INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES ('[1,2,3]'), ('[4,5,6]');
+CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw ((embedding::halfvec(3)) halfvec_l2_ops);
+```
+
+```sql
+SELECT id FROM items ORDER BY embedding::halfvec(3) <-> '[1,2,3]' LIMIT 5;
+```
+
+```sql
+SELECT id FROM (
+    SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding::halfvec(3) <-> '[1,2,3]' LIMIT 20
+) ORDER BY embedding <-> '[1,2,3]' LIMIT 5;
+```
+
 ## Hybrid Search
 
 Use together with Postgres [full-text search](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch-intro.html) for hybrid search.
@@ -415,19 +438,7 @@ You can use [Reciprocal Rank Fusion](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python
 
 ### Tuning
 
-Use a tool like [PgTune](https://pgtune.leopard.in.ua/) to set initial values for Postgres server parameters. For instance, `shared_buffers` should typically be 25% of the server’s memory. You can find the config file with:
+Use a tool like [PgTune](https://pgtune.leopard.in.ua/) to set initial values for Postgres server parameters.
-
-```sql
-SHOW config_file;
-```
-
-And check individual settings with:
-
-```sql
-SHOW shared_buffers;
-```
-
-Be sure to restart Postgres for changes to take effect.
 
 ### Loading
 
@@ -701,7 +712,7 @@ Also, note that `NULL` vectors are not indexed (as well as zero vectors for cosi
 
 ### Vector Type
 
-Each vector takes `4 * dimensions + 8` bytes of storage. Each element is a single-precision floating-point number (like the `real` type in Postgres), and all elements must be finite (no `NaN`, `Infinity` or `-Infinity`). Vectors can have up to 16,000 dimensions.
+Each vector takes `4 * dimensions + 8` bytes of storage. Each element is a single precision floating-point number (like the `real` type in Postgres), and all elements must be finite (no `NaN`, `Infinity` or `-Infinity`). Vectors can have up to 16,000 dimensions.
 
 ### Vector Operators
 
@@ -725,18 +736,18 @@ l1_distance(vector, vector) → double precision | taxicab distance | 0.5.0
 vector_dims(vector) → integer | number of dimensions |
 vector_norm(vector) → double precision | Euclidean norm |
 
-### Vector Aggregate Functions
+### Aggregate Functions
 
 Function | Description | Added
 --- | --- | ---
 avg(vector) → vector | average |
 sum(vector) → vector | sum | 0.5.0
 
-### Intvec Type
+### Halfvec Type
 
-Each int vector takes `dimensions + 8` bytes of storage. Each element is a single byte signed integer. Int vectors can have up to 16,000 dimensions.
+Each half vector takes `2 * dimensions + 8` bytes of storage. Each element is a half-precision floating-point number, and all elements must be finite (no `NaN`, `Infinity` or `-Infinity`). Half vectors can have up to 16,000 dimensions.
 
-### Intvec Operators
+### Halfvec Operators
 
 Operator | Description | Added
 --- | --- | ---
@@ -744,14 +755,14 @@ Operator | Description | Added
 <#> | negative inner product | 0.7.0
 <=> | cosine distance | 0.7.0
 
-### Intvec Functions
+### Halfvec Functions
 
 Function | Description | Added
 --- | --- | ---
-cosine_distance(intvec, intvec) → double precision | cosine distance | 0.7.0
+cosine_distance(halfvec, halfvec) → double precision | cosine distance | 0.7.0
-inner_product(intvec, intvec) → double precision | inner product | 0.7.0
+inner_product(halfvec, halfvec) → double precision | inner product | 0.7.0
-l2_distance(intvec, intvec) → double precision | Euclidean distance | 0.7.0
+l2_distance(halfvec, halfvec) → double precision | Euclidean distance | 0.7.0
-l1_distance(intvec, intvec) → double precision | taxicab distance | 0.7.0
+l1_distance(halfvec, halfvec) → double precision | taxicab distance | 0.7.0
 
 ## Installation Notes - Linux and Mac
 

sql/vector--0.6.2--0.7.0.sql

@@ -1,92 +1,128 @@
 -- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
 \echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.7.0'" to load this file. \quit
 
-CREATE TYPE intvec;
+CREATE TYPE halfvec;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION intvec_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS intvec
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS halfvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION intvec_out(intvec) RETURNS cstring
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_out(halfvec) RETURNS cstring
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION intvec_typmod_in(cstring[]) RETURNS integer
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_typmod_in(cstring[]) RETURNS integer
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION intvec_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS intvec
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS halfvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION intvec_send(intvec) RETURNS bytea
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_send(halfvec) RETURNS bytea
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE TYPE intvec (
+CREATE TYPE halfvec (
-	INPUT     = intvec_in,
+	INPUT     = halfvec_in,
-	OUTPUT    = intvec_out,
+	OUTPUT    = halfvec_out,
-	TYPMOD_IN = intvec_typmod_in,
+	TYPMOD_IN = halfvec_typmod_in,
-	RECEIVE   = intvec_recv,
+	RECEIVE   = halfvec_recv,
-	SEND      = intvec_send,
+	SEND      = halfvec_send,
 	STORAGE   = external
 );
 
-CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION l1_distance(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+CREATE FUNCTION l1_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_l1_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_l1_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION l2_norm(intvec) RETURNS float8
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_norm(halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_l2_norm' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION intvec_l2_squared_distance(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION intvec_negative_inner_product(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_l2_squared_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION intvec(intvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS intvec
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_intvec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS intvec
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE CAST (intvec AS intvec)
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	WITH FUNCTION intvec(intvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE CAST (integer[] AS intvec)
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(real[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_intvec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(double precision[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_float4(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS real[]
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE CAST (halfvec AS halfvec)
+	WITH FUNCTION halfvec(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE CAST (halfvec AS real[])
+	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_float4(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE CAST (integer[] AS halfvec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (real[] AS halfvec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(real[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS halfvec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(double precision[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS halfvec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
 
 CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
-	LEFTARG = intvec, RIGHTARG = intvec, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
+	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
 	COMMUTATOR = '<->'
 );
 
 CREATE OPERATOR <#> (
-	LEFTARG = intvec, RIGHTARG = intvec, PROCEDURE = intvec_negative_inner_product,
+	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_negative_inner_product,
 	COMMUTATOR = '<#>'
 );
 
 CREATE OPERATOR <=> (
-	LEFTARG = intvec, RIGHTARG = intvec, PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
+	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
 	COMMUTATOR = '<=>'
 );
 
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS intvec_l2_ops
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_l2_ops
-	FOR TYPE intvec USING hnsw AS
+	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <-> (intvec, intvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	OPERATOR 1 <-> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 intvec_l2_squared_distance(intvec, intvec);
+	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_l2_squared_distance(halfvec, halfvec);
 
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS intvec_ip_ops
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_ip_ops
-	FOR TYPE intvec USING hnsw AS
+	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <#> (intvec, intvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	OPERATOR 1 <#> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 intvec_negative_inner_product(intvec, intvec);
+	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec);
 
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS intvec_cosine_ops
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_cosine_ops
-	FOR TYPE intvec USING hnsw AS
+	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <=> (intvec, intvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	OPERATOR 1 <=> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 cosine_distance(intvec, intvec),
+	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 2 l2_norm(intvec);
+	FUNCTION 2 halfvec_norm(halfvec);
+
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_vector(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS vector
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION vector_to_halfvec(vector, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE CAST (halfvec AS vector)
+	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_vector(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (vector AS halfvec)
+	WITH FUNCTION vector_to_halfvec(vector, integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;

sql/vector.sql

@@ -288,106 +288,144 @@ CREATE OPERATOR CLASS vector_cosine_ops
 	FUNCTION 1 vector_negative_inner_product(vector, vector),
 	FUNCTION 2 vector_norm(vector);
 
--- intvec type
+-- halfvec type
 
-CREATE TYPE intvec;
+CREATE TYPE halfvec;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION intvec_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS intvec
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS halfvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION intvec_out(intvec) RETURNS cstring
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_out(halfvec) RETURNS cstring
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION intvec_typmod_in(cstring[]) RETURNS integer
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_typmod_in(cstring[]) RETURNS integer
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION intvec_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS intvec
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS halfvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION intvec_send(intvec) RETURNS bytea
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_send(halfvec) RETURNS bytea
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE TYPE intvec (
+CREATE TYPE halfvec (
-	INPUT     = intvec_in,
+	INPUT     = halfvec_in,
-	OUTPUT    = intvec_out,
+	OUTPUT    = halfvec_out,
-	TYPMOD_IN = intvec_typmod_in,
+	TYPMOD_IN = halfvec_typmod_in,
-	RECEIVE   = intvec_recv,
+	RECEIVE   = halfvec_recv,
-	SEND      = intvec_send,
+	SEND      = halfvec_send,
 	STORAGE   = external
 );
 
--- intvec functions
+-- halfvec functions
 
-CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION l1_distance(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+CREATE FUNCTION l1_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_l1_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_l1_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION l2_norm(intvec) RETURNS float8
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_norm(halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'intvec_l2_norm' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
--- intvec private functions
-
-CREATE FUNCTION intvec_l2_squared_distance(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION intvec_negative_inner_product(intvec, intvec) RETURNS float8
+-- halfvec private functions
+
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_l2_squared_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
--- intvec cast functions
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-
-CREATE FUNCTION intvec(intvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS intvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_intvec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS intvec
+-- halfvec cast functions
+
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
--- intvec casts
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE CAST (intvec AS intvec)
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(real[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	WITH FUNCTION intvec(intvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE CAST (integer[] AS intvec)
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(double precision[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_intvec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
--- intvec operators
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_float4(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS real[]
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- halfvec casts
+
+CREATE CAST (halfvec AS halfvec)
+	WITH FUNCTION halfvec(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE CAST (halfvec AS real[])
+	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_float4(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE CAST (integer[] AS halfvec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (real[] AS halfvec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(real[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS halfvec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(double precision[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS halfvec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+-- halfvec operators
 
 CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
-	LEFTARG = intvec, RIGHTARG = intvec, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
+	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
 	COMMUTATOR = '<->'
 );
 
 CREATE OPERATOR <#> (
-	LEFTARG = intvec, RIGHTARG = intvec, PROCEDURE = intvec_negative_inner_product,
+	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_negative_inner_product,
 	COMMUTATOR = '<#>'
 );
 
 CREATE OPERATOR <=> (
-	LEFTARG = intvec, RIGHTARG = intvec, PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
+	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
 	COMMUTATOR = '<=>'
 );
 
--- intvec opclasses
+-- halfvec opclasses
 
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS intvec_l2_ops
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_l2_ops
-	FOR TYPE intvec USING hnsw AS
+	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <-> (intvec, intvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	OPERATOR 1 <-> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 intvec_l2_squared_distance(intvec, intvec);
+	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_l2_squared_distance(halfvec, halfvec);
 
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS intvec_ip_ops
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_ip_ops
-	FOR TYPE intvec USING hnsw AS
+	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <#> (intvec, intvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	OPERATOR 1 <#> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 intvec_negative_inner_product(intvec, intvec);
+	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec);
 
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS intvec_cosine_ops
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_cosine_ops
-	FOR TYPE intvec USING hnsw AS
+	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <=> (intvec, intvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	OPERATOR 1 <=> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 cosine_distance(intvec, intvec),
+	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 2 l2_norm(intvec);
+	FUNCTION 2 halfvec_norm(halfvec);
+
+-- extension casts
+
+CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_vector(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS vector
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION vector_to_halfvec(vector, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE CAST (halfvec AS vector)
+	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_vector(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE CAST (vector AS halfvec)
+	WITH FUNCTION vector_to_halfvec(vector, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;

src/halfvec.c

@@ -0,0 +1,969 @@
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
+#include "common/shortest_dec.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
+#include "halfvec.h"
+#include "lib/stringinfo.h"
+#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
+#include "port.h"				/* for strtof() */
+#include "utils/array.h"
+#include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/float.h"
+#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
+#include "utils/numeric.h"
+#include "vector.h"
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
+#define TYPALIGN_DOUBLE 'd'
+#define TYPALIGN_INT 'i'
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Check if half is NaN
+ */
+static inline bool
+HalfIsNan(half num)
+{
+#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
+	return isnan(num);
+#else
+	return (num & 0x7C00) == 0x7C00 && (num & 0x7FFF) != 0x7C00;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check if half is infinite
+ */
+static inline bool
+HalfIsInf(half num)
+{
+#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
+	return isinf(num);
+#else
+	return (num & 0x7FFF) == 0x7C00;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check if half is zero
+ */
+static inline bool
+HalfIsZero(half num)
+{
+#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
+	return num == 0;
+#else
+	return (num & 0x7FFF) == 0x0000;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get a half from a message buffer
+ */
+static half
+pq_getmsghalf(StringInfo msg)
+{
+	union
+	{
+		half		h;
+		uint16		i;
+	}			swap;
+
+	swap.i = pq_getmsgint(msg, 2);
+	return swap.h;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Append a half to a StringInfo buffer
+ */
+static void
+pq_sendhalf(StringInfo buf, half h)
+{
+	union
+	{
+		half		h;
+		uint16		i;
+	}			swap;
+
+	swap.h = h;
+	pq_sendint16(buf, swap.i);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert a half to a float4
+ */
+float
+HalfToFloat4(half num)
+{
+#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
+	return (float) num;
+#else
+	/* TODO Improve performance */
+
+	/* Assumes same endianness for floats and integers */
+	union
+	{
+		float		f;
+		uint32		i;
+	}			swapfloat;
+
+	union
+	{
+		half		h;
+		uint16		i;
+	}			swaphalf;
+
+	uint16		bin;
+	uint32		exponent;
+	uint32		mantissa;
+	uint32		result;
+
+	swaphalf.h = num;
+	bin = swaphalf.i;
+	exponent = (bin & 0x7C00) >> 10;
+	mantissa = bin & 0x03FF;
+
+	/* Sign */
+	result = (bin & 0x8000) << 16;
+
+	if (exponent == 31)
+	{
+		if (mantissa == 0)
+		{
+			/* Infinite */
+			result |= 0x7F800000;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* NaN */
+			result |= 0x7FC00000;
+			result |= mantissa << 13;
+		}
+	}
+	else if (exponent == 0)
+	{
+		/* Subnormal */
+		if (mantissa != 0)
+		{
+			exponent = -14;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+			{
+				mantissa <<= 1;
+				exponent -= 1;
+
+				if ((mantissa >> 10) % 2 == 1)
+				{
+					mantissa &= 0x03ff;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			result |= (exponent + 127) << 23;
+			result |= mantissa << 13;
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* Normal */
+		result |= (exponent - 15 + 127) << 23;
+		result |= mantissa << 13;
+	}
+
+	swapfloat.i = result;
+	return swapfloat.f;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert a float4 to a half
+ */
+half
+Float4ToHalfUnchecked(float num)
+{
+#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
+	return (_Float16) num;
+#else
+	/* TODO Improve performance */
+
+	/* Assumes same endianness for floats and integers */
+	union
+	{
+		float		f;
+		uint32		i;
+	}			swapfloat;
+
+	union
+	{
+		half		h;
+		uint16		i;
+	}			swaphalf;
+
+	uint32		bin;
+	int			exponent;
+	int			mantissa;
+	uint16		result;
+
+	swapfloat.f = num;
+	bin = swapfloat.i;
+	exponent = (bin & 0x7F800000) >> 23;
+	mantissa = bin & 0x007FFFFF;
+
+	/* Sign */
+	result = (bin & 0x80000000) >> 16;
+
+	if (isinf(num))
+	{
+		/* Infinite */
+		result |= 0x7C00;
+	}
+	else if (isnan(num))
+	{
+		/* NaN */
+		result |= 0x7E00;
+		result |= mantissa >> 13;
+	}
+	else if (exponent > 98)
+	{
+		int			m;
+		int			gr;
+		int			s;
+
+		exponent -= 127;
+		s = mantissa & 0x00000FFF;
+
+		/* Subnormal */
+		if (exponent < -14)
+		{
+			int			diff = -exponent - 14;
+
+			mantissa >>= diff;
+			mantissa += 1 << (23 - diff);
+			s |= mantissa & 0x00000FFF;
+		}
+
+		m = mantissa >> 13;
+
+		/* Round */
+		gr = (mantissa >> 12) % 4;
+		if (gr == 3 || (gr == 1 && s != 0))
+			m += 1;
+
+		if (m == 1024)
+		{
+			m = 0;
+			exponent += 1;
+		}
+
+		if (exponent > 15)
+		{
+			/* Infinite */
+			result |= 0x7C00;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (exponent >= -14)
+				result |= (exponent + 15) << 10;
+
+			result |= m;
+		}
+	}
+
+	swaphalf.i = result;
+	return swaphalf.h;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert a float4 to a half
+ */
+half
+Float4ToHalf(float num)
+{
+	half		result = Float4ToHalfUnchecked(num);
+
+	if (unlikely(HalfIsInf(result)) && !isinf(num))
+		float_overflow_error();
+	if (unlikely(HalfIsZero(result)) && num != 0.0)
+		float_underflow_error();
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ensure same dimensions
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckDims(HalfVector * a, HalfVector * b)
+{
+	if (a->dim != b->dim)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("different halfvec dimensions %d and %d", a->dim, b->dim)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ensure expected dimensions
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckExpectedDim(int32 typmod, int dim)
+{
+	if (typmod != -1 && typmod != dim)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("expected %d dimensions, not %d", typmod, dim)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ensure valid dimensions
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckDim(int dim)
+{
+	if (dim < 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("halfvec must have at least 1 dimension")));
+
+	if (dim > HALFVEC_MAX_DIM)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("halfvec cannot have more than %d dimensions", HALFVEC_MAX_DIM)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ensure finite element
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckElement(half value)
+{
+	if (HalfIsNan(value))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("NaN not allowed in halfvec")));
+
+	if (HalfIsInf(value))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("infinite value not allowed in halfvec")));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Allocate and initialize a new half vector
+ */
+HalfVector *
+InitHalfVector(int dim)
+{
+	HalfVector *result;
+	int			size;
+
+	size = HALFVEC_SIZE(dim);
+	result = (HalfVector *) palloc0(size);
+	SET_VARSIZE(result, size);
+	result->dim = dim;
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check for whitespace, since array_isspace() is static
+ */
+static inline bool
+halfvec_isspace(char ch)
+{
+	if (ch == ' ' ||
+		ch == '\t' ||
+		ch == '\n' ||
+		ch == '\r' ||
+		ch == '\v' ||
+		ch == '\f')
+		return true;
+	return false;
+}
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120003
+static pg_noinline void
+float_overflow_error(void)
+{
+	ereport(ERROR,
+			(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+			 errmsg("value out of range: overflow")));
+}
+
+static pg_noinline void
+float_underflow_error(void)
+{
+	ereport(ERROR,
+			(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+			 errmsg("value out of range: underflow")));
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Convert textual representation to internal representation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_in);
+Datum
+halfvec_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	char	   *lit = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
+	half		x[HALFVEC_MAX_DIM];
+	int			dim = 0;
+	char	   *pt;
+	char	   *stringEnd;
+	HalfVector *result;
+	char	   *litcopy = pstrdup(lit);
+	char	   *str = litcopy;
+
+	while (halfvec_isspace(*str))
+		str++;
+
+	if (*str != '[')
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+				 errmsg("malformed halfvec literal: \"%s\"", lit),
+				 errdetail("Vector contents must start with \"[\".")));
+
+	str++;
+	pt = strtok(str, ",");
+	stringEnd = pt;
+
+	while (pt != NULL && *stringEnd != ']')
+	{
+		if (dim == HALFVEC_MAX_DIM)
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+					 errmsg("halfvec cannot have more than %d dimensions", HALFVEC_MAX_DIM)));
+
+		while (halfvec_isspace(*pt))
+			pt++;
+
+		/* Check for empty string like float4in */
+		if (*pt == '\0')
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type halfvec: \"%s\"", lit)));
+
+		/* Use strtof like float4in to avoid a double-rounding problem */
+		x[dim] = Float4ToHalf(strtof(pt, &stringEnd));
+		CheckElement(x[dim]);
+		dim++;
+
+		if (stringEnd == pt)
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type halfvec: \"%s\"", lit)));
+
+		while (halfvec_isspace(*stringEnd))
+			stringEnd++;
+
+		if (*stringEnd != '\0' && *stringEnd != ']')
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type halfvec: \"%s\"", lit)));
+
+		pt = strtok(NULL, ",");
+	}
+
+	if (stringEnd == NULL || *stringEnd != ']')
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+				 errmsg("malformed halfvec literal: \"%s\"", lit),
+				 errdetail("Unexpected end of input.")));
+
+	stringEnd++;
+
+	/* Only whitespace is allowed after the closing brace */
+	while (halfvec_isspace(*stringEnd))
+		stringEnd++;
+
+	if (*stringEnd != '\0')
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+				 errmsg("malformed halfvec literal: \"%s\"", lit),
+				 errdetail("Junk after closing right brace.")));
+
+	/* Ensure no consecutive delimiters since strtok skips */
+	for (pt = lit + 1; *pt != '\0'; pt++)
+	{
+		if (pt[-1] == ',' && *pt == ',')
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("malformed halfvec literal: \"%s\"", lit)));
+	}
+
+	if (dim < 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("halfvec must have at least 1 dimension")));
+
+	pfree(litcopy);
+
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);
+
+	result = InitHalfVector(dim);
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+		result->x[i] = x[i];
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+#define AppendChar(ptr, c) (*(ptr)++ = (c))
+#define AppendFloat(ptr, f) ((ptr) += float_to_shortest_decimal_bufn((f), (ptr)))
+
+/*
+ * Convert internal representation to textual representation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_out);
+Datum
+halfvec_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	HalfVector *vector = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
+	int			dim = vector->dim;
+	char	   *buf;
+	char	   *ptr;
+
+	/*
+	 * Need:
+	 *
+	 * dim * (FLOAT_SHORTEST_DECIMAL_LEN - 1) bytes for
+	 * float_to_shortest_decimal_bufn
+	 *
+	 * dim - 1 bytes for separator
+	 *
+	 * 3 bytes for [, ], and \0
+	 */
+	buf = (char *) palloc(FLOAT_SHORTEST_DECIMAL_LEN * dim + 2);
+	ptr = buf;
+
+	AppendChar(ptr, '[');
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			AppendChar(ptr, ',');
+
+		AppendFloat(ptr, HalfToFloat4(vector->x[i]));
+	}
+
+	AppendChar(ptr, ']');
+	*ptr = '\0';
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(vector, 0);
+	PG_RETURN_CSTRING(buf);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert type modifier
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_typmod_in);
+Datum
+halfvec_typmod_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *ta = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	int32	   *tl;
+	int			n;
+
+	tl = ArrayGetIntegerTypmods(ta, &n);
+
+	if (n != 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("invalid type modifier")));
+
+	if (*tl < 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("dimensions for type halfvec must be at least 1")));
+
+	if (*tl > HALFVEC_MAX_DIM)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("dimensions for type halfvec cannot exceed %d", HALFVEC_MAX_DIM)));
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(*tl);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert external binary representation to internal representation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_recv);
+Datum
+halfvec_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	StringInfo	buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
+	HalfVector *result;
+	int16		dim;
+	int16		unused;
+
+	dim = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int16));
+	unused = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int16));
+
+	CheckDim(dim);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);
+
+	if (unused != 0)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("expected unused to be 0, not %d", unused)));
+
+	result = InitHalfVector(dim);
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+	{
+		result->x[i] = pq_getmsghalf(buf);
+		CheckElement(result->x[i]);
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert internal representation to the external binary representation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_send);
+Datum
+halfvec_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	HalfVector *vec = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
+	StringInfoData buf;
+
+	pq_begintypsend(&buf);
+	pq_sendint(&buf, vec->dim, sizeof(int16));
+	pq_sendint(&buf, vec->unused, sizeof(int16));
+	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
+		pq_sendhalf(&buf, vec->x[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(pq_endtypsend(&buf));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert half vector to half vector
+ * This is needed to check the type modifier
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec);
+Datum
+halfvec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	HalfVector *vec = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, vec->dim);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(vec);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert array to half vector
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(array_to_halfvec);
+Datum
+array_to_halfvec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *array = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	HalfVector *result;
+	int16		typlen;
+	bool		typbyval;
+	char		typalign;
+	Datum	   *elemsp;
+	int			nelemsp;
+
+	if (ARR_NDIM(array) > 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("array must be 1-D")));
+
+	if (ARR_HASNULL(array) && array_contains_nulls(array))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NULL_VALUE_NOT_ALLOWED),
+				 errmsg("array must not contain nulls")));
+
+	get_typlenbyvalalign(ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), &typlen, &typbyval, &typalign);
+	deconstruct_array(array, ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), typlen, typbyval, typalign, &elemsp, NULL, &nelemsp);
+
+	CheckDim(nelemsp);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, nelemsp);
+
+	result = InitHalfVector(nelemsp);
+
+	if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == INT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			result->x[i] = Float4ToHalf(DatumGetInt32(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT8OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			result->x[i] = Float4ToHalf(DatumGetFloat8(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			result->x[i] = Float4ToHalf(DatumGetFloat4(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == NUMERICOID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			result->x[i] = Float4ToHalf(DatumGetFloat4(DirectFunctionCall1(numeric_float4, elemsp[i])));
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("unsupported array type")));
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Free allocation from deconstruct_array. Do not free individual elements
+	 * when pass-by-reference since they point to original array.
+	 */
+	pfree(elemsp);
+
+	/* Check elements */
+	for (int i = 0; i < result->dim; i++)
+		CheckElement(result->x[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert half vector to float4[]
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_to_float4);
+Datum
+halfvec_to_float4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	HalfVector *vec = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
+	Datum	   *datums;
+	ArrayType  *result;
+
+	datums = (Datum *) palloc(sizeof(Datum) * vec->dim);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
+		datums[i] = Float4GetDatum(HalfToFloat4(vec->x[i]));
+
+	/* Use TYPALIGN_INT for float4 */
+	result = construct_array(datums, vec->dim, FLOAT4OID, sizeof(float4), true, TYPALIGN_INT);
+
+	pfree(datums);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert vector to half vec
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_to_halfvec);
+Datum
+vector_to_halfvec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Vector	   *vec = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	HalfVector *result;
+
+	CheckDim(vec->dim);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, vec->dim);
+
+	result = InitHalfVector(vec->dim);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
+	{
+		result->x[i] = Float4ToHalfUnchecked(vec->x[i]);
+		/* TODO Better error for overflow */
+		CheckElement(result->x[i]);
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the L2 distance between half vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_l2_distance);
+Datum
+halfvec_l2_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	HalfVector *a = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
+	HalfVector *b = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(1);
+	half	   *ax = a->x;
+	half	   *bx = b->x;
+	float		distance = 0.0;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+	{
+		float		diff = HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) - HalfToFloat4(bx[i]);
+
+		distance += diff * diff;
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(sqrt((double) distance));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the L2 squared distance between half vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_l2_squared_distance);
+Datum
+halfvec_l2_squared_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	HalfVector *a = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
+	HalfVector *b = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(1);
+	half	   *ax = a->x;
+	half	   *bx = b->x;
+	float		distance = 0.0;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+	{
+		float		diff = HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) - HalfToFloat4(bx[i]);
+
+		distance += diff * diff;
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the inner product of two half vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_inner_product);
+Datum
+halfvec_inner_product(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	HalfVector *a = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
+	HalfVector *b = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(1);
+	half	   *ax = a->x;
+	half	   *bx = b->x;
+	float		distance = 0.0;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+		distance += HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) * HalfToFloat4(bx[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the negative inner product of two half vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_negative_inner_product);
+Datum
+halfvec_negative_inner_product(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	HalfVector *a = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
+	HalfVector *b = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(1);
+	half	   *ax = a->x;
+	half	   *bx = b->x;
+	float		distance = 0.0;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+		distance += HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) * HalfToFloat4(bx[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance * -1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the cosine distance between two half vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_cosine_distance);
+Datum
+halfvec_cosine_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	HalfVector *a = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
+	HalfVector *b = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(1);
+	half	   *ax = a->x;
+	half	   *bx = b->x;
+	float		distance = 0.0;
+	float		norma = 0.0;
+	float		normb = 0.0;
+	double		similarity;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+	{
+		float		axi = HalfToFloat4(ax[i]);
+		float		bxi = HalfToFloat4(bx[i]);
+
+		distance += axi * bxi;
+		norma += axi * axi;
+		normb += bxi * bxi;
+	}
+
+	/* Use sqrt(a * b) over sqrt(a) * sqrt(b) */
+	similarity = (double) distance / sqrt((double) norma * (double) normb);
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+	/* /fp:fast may not propagate NaN */
+	if (isnan(similarity))
+		PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(NAN);
+#endif
+
+	/* Keep in range */
+	if (similarity > 1)
+		similarity = 1;
+	else if (similarity < -1)
+		similarity = -1;
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(1 - similarity);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the L1 distance between two half vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_l1_distance);
+Datum
+halfvec_l1_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	HalfVector *a = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
+	HalfVector *b = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(1);
+	half	   *ax = a->x;
+	half	   *bx = b->x;
+	float		distance = 0.0;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+		distance += fabsf(HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) - HalfToFloat4(bx[i]));
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the L2 norm of a half vector
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_norm);
+Datum
+halfvec_norm(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	HalfVector *a = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
+	half	   *ax = a->x;
+	double		norm = 0.0;
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+	{
+		double		axi = (double) HalfToFloat4(ax[i]);
+
+		norm += axi * axi;
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(sqrt(norm));
+}

src/halfvec.h

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#ifndef HALFVEC_H
+#define HALFVEC_H
+
+#define __STDC_WANT_IEC_60559_TYPES_EXT__
+
+#include <float.h>
+
+#ifdef __FLT16_MAX__
+#define FLT16_SUPPORT
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
+#define half _Float16
+#define HALF_MAX FLT16_MAX
+#else
+/* TODO #pragma message("")? */
+#define half uint16
+#define HALF_MAX 65504
+#endif
+
+#define HALFVEC_MAX_DIM 16000
+
+#define HALFVEC_SIZE(_dim)		(offsetof(HalfVector, x) + sizeof(half)*(_dim))
+#define DatumGetHalfVector(x)	((HalfVector *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(x))
+#define PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(x)	DatumGetHalfVector(PG_GETARG_DATUM(x))
+#define PG_RETURN_HALFVEC_P(x)	PG_RETURN_POINTER(x)
+
+typedef struct HalfVector
+{
+	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
+	int16		dim;			/* number of dimensions */
+	int16		unused;
+	half		x[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
+}			HalfVector;
+
+HalfVector *InitHalfVector(int dim);
+float		HalfToFloat4(half num);
+half		Float4ToHalf(float num);
+half		Float4ToHalfUnchecked(float num);
+
+#endif

src/hnsw.h

@@ -55,11 +55,9 @@
 #define HNSW_UPDATE_ENTRY_GREATER 1
 #define HNSW_UPDATE_ENTRY_ALWAYS 2
 
-typedef enum HnswType
+/* Data types */
-{
+#define HNSW_TYPE_VECTOR 1
-	HNSW_TYPE_VECTOR,
+#define HNSW_TYPE_HALFVEC 2
-	HNSW_TYPE_INTVEC
-}			HnswType;
 
 /* Build phases */
 /* PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE_INITIALIZE is 1 */
@@ -248,7 +246,7 @@ typedef struct HnswBuildState
 	Relation	index;
 	IndexInfo  *indexInfo;
 	ForkNumber	forkNum;
-	HnswType	type;
+	int			type;
 
 	/* Settings */
 	int			dimensions;
@@ -373,8 +371,8 @@ typedef struct HnswVacuumState
 int			HnswGetM(Relation index);
 int			HnswGetEfConstruction(Relation index);
 FmgrInfo   *HnswOptionalProcInfo(Relation index, uint16 procnum);
-HnswType	HnswGetType(Relation index);
+int			HnswGetType(Relation index);
-bool		HnswNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value, HnswType type);
+bool		HnswNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value, int type);
 Buffer		HnswNewBuffer(Relation index, ForkNumber forkNum);
 void		HnswInitPage(Buffer buf, Page page);
 void		HnswInit(void);

src/hnswbuild.c

@@ -683,8 +683,8 @@ InitBuildState(HnswBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, Index
 	buildstate->efConstruction = HnswGetEfConstruction(index);
 	buildstate->dimensions = TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypmod;
 
-	if (buildstate->type == HNSW_TYPE_INTVEC)
+	if (buildstate->type == HNSW_TYPE_HALFVEC)
-		maxDimensions *= 4;
+		maxDimensions *= 2;
 
 	/* Require column to have dimensions to be indexed */
 	if (buildstate->dimensions < 0)

src/hnswscan.c

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "postgres.h"
 
 #include "access/relscan.h"
+#include "halfvec.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
@@ -40,6 +41,29 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum q)
 	return HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, hnsw_ef_search, 0, index, procinfo, collation, m, false, NULL);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Get dimensions from metapage
+ */
+static int
+GetDimensions(Relation index)
+{
+	Buffer		buf;
+	Page		page;
+	HnswMetaPage metap;
+	int			dimensions;
+
+	buf = ReadBuffer(index, HNSW_METAPAGE_BLKNO);
+	LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
+	page = BufferGetPage(buf);
+	metap = HnswPageGetMeta(page);
+
+	dimensions = metap->dimensions;
+
+	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
+
+	return dimensions;
+}
+
 /*
  * Get scan value
  */
@@ -50,7 +74,14 @@ GetScanValue(IndexScanDesc scan)
 	Datum		value;
 
 	if (scan->orderByData->sk_flags & SK_ISNULL)
-		value = PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	{
+		int			dimensions = GetDimensions(scan->indexRelation);
+
+		if (HnswGetType(scan->indexRelation) == HNSW_TYPE_HALFVEC)
+			value = PointerGetDatum(InitHalfVector(dimensions));
+		else
+			value = PointerGetDatum(InitVector(dimensions));
+	}
 	else
 	{
 		value = scan->orderByData->sk_argument;

src/hnswutils.c

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #include "postgres.h"
 
-#include <float.h>
 #include <math.h>
 
 #include "access/generic_xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_type.h"
+#include "halfvec.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "lib/pairingheap.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
@@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ HnswOptionalProcInfo(Relation index, uint16 procnum)
 }
 
 /*
- * Get vector type
+ * Get type
  */
-HnswType
+int
 HnswGetType(Relation index)
 {
 	Oid			typeOid = TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypid;
@@ -168,8 +168,8 @@ HnswGetType(Relation index)
 		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u", typeOid);
 
 	type = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(tuple);
-	if (strcmp(NameStr(type->typname), "intvec") == 0)
+	if (strcmp(NameStr(type->typname), "halfvec") == 0)
-		result = HNSW_TYPE_INTVEC;
+		result = HNSW_TYPE_HALFVEC;
 	else
 		result = HNSW_TYPE_VECTOR;
 
@@ -187,14 +187,26 @@ HnswGetType(Relation index)
  * if it's different than the original value
  */
 bool
-HnswNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value, HnswType type)
+HnswNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value, int type)
 {
 	double		norm = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall1Coll(procinfo, collation, *value));
 
 	if (norm > 0)
 	{
-		/* TODO Remove vector-specific code */
+		if (type == HNSW_TYPE_HALFVEC)
-		if (type == HNSW_TYPE_VECTOR)
+		{
+			HalfVector *v = DatumGetHalfVector(*value);
+			HalfVector *result = InitHalfVector(v->dim);
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < v->dim; i++)
+			{
+				/* TODO Fix */
+				result->x[i] = Float4ToHalfUnchecked(HalfToFloat4(v->x[i]) / norm);
+			}
+
+			*value = PointerGetDatum(result);
+		}
+		else if (type == HNSW_TYPE_VECTOR)
 		{
 			Vector	   *v = DatumGetVector(*value);
 			Vector	   *result = InitVector(v->dim);
@@ -204,10 +216,6 @@ HnswNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value, HnswType type)
 
 			*value = PointerGetDatum(result);
 		}
-		else if (type == HNSW_TYPE_INTVEC)
-		{
-			/* Do nothing */
-		}
 		else
 			elog(ERROR, "Unsupported type");
 
@@ -612,19 +620,7 @@ HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, Datum *q, Relation index,
 
 	/* Calculate distance */
 	if (distance != NULL)
-	{
+		*distance = (float) DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, *q, PointerGetDatum(&etup->data)));
-		if (DatumGetPointer(*q) == NULL)
-			*distance = 0;
-		else
-		{
-			*distance = (float) DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, *q, PointerGetDatum(&etup->data)));
-
-			/* Needed for intvec cosine distance */
-			/* TODO Improve */
-			if (isnan(*distance))
-				*distance = FLT_MAX;
-		}
-	}
 
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 }

src/intvec.c

@@ -1,608 +0,0 @@
-#include "postgres.h"
-
-#include <limits.h>
-#include <math.h>
-
-#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
-#include "fmgr.h"
-#include "intvec.h"
-#include "lib/stringinfo.h"
-#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
-#include "utils/array.h"
-#include "utils/builtins.h"
-#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
-
-/*
- * Ensure same dimensions
- */
-static inline void
-CheckDims(IntVector * a, IntVector * b)
-{
-	if (a->dim != b->dim)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("different intvec dimensions %d and %d", a->dim, b->dim)));
-}
-
-/*
- * Ensure expected dimensions
- */
-static inline void
-CheckExpectedDim(int32 typmod, int dim)
-{
-	if (typmod != -1 && typmod != dim)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("expected %d dimensions, not %d", typmod, dim)));
-}
-
-/*
- * Ensure valid dimensions
- */
-static inline void
-CheckDim(int dim)
-{
-	if (dim < 1)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("intvec must have at least 1 dimension")));
-
-	if (dim > INTVEC_MAX_DIM)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
-				 errmsg("intvec cannot have more than %d dimensions", INTVEC_MAX_DIM)));
-}
-
-/*
- * Ensure element in range
- */
-static inline void
-CheckElement(long value)
-{
-	if (value < SCHAR_MIN || value > SCHAR_MAX)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-				 errmsg("value \"%ld\" is out of range for type intvec", value)));
-}
-
-/*
- * Allocate and initialize a new int vector
- */
-IntVector *
-InitIntVector(int dim)
-{
-	IntVector  *result;
-	int			size;
-
-	size = INTVEC_SIZE(dim);
-	result = (IntVector *) palloc0(size);
-	SET_VARSIZE(result, size);
-	result->dim = dim;
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-/*
- * Check for whitespace, since array_isspace() is static
- */
-static inline bool
-intvec_isspace(char ch)
-{
-	if (ch == ' ' ||
-		ch == '\t' ||
-		ch == '\n' ||
-		ch == '\r' ||
-		ch == '\v' ||
-		ch == '\f')
-		return true;
-	return false;
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert textual representation to internal representation
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_in);
-Datum
-intvec_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	char	   *lit = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
-	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
-	int8		x[INTVEC_MAX_DIM];
-	int			dim = 0;
-	char	   *pt;
-	char	   *stringEnd;
-	IntVector  *result;
-	char	   *litcopy = pstrdup(lit);
-	char	   *str = litcopy;
-
-	while (intvec_isspace(*str))
-		str++;
-
-	if (*str != '[')
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-				 errmsg("malformed intvec literal: \"%s\"", lit),
-				 errdetail("Vector contents must start with \"[\".")));
-
-	str++;
-	pt = strtok(str, ",");
-	stringEnd = pt;
-
-	while (pt != NULL && *stringEnd != ']')
-	{
-		long		l;
-
-		if (dim == INTVEC_MAX_DIM)
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
-					 errmsg("intvec cannot have more than %d dimensions", INTVEC_MAX_DIM)));
-
-		while (intvec_isspace(*pt))
-			pt++;
-
-		/* Check for empty string like float4in */
-		if (*pt == '\0')
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type intvec: \"%s\"", lit)));
-
-		/* Use similar logic as int2vectorin */
-		errno = 0;
-		l = strtol(pt, &stringEnd, 10);
-
-		if (stringEnd == pt)
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type intvec: \"%s\"", lit)));
-
-		if (errno == ERANGE || l < SCHAR_MIN || l > SCHAR_MAX)
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-					 errmsg("value \"%s\" is out of range for type intvec", pt)));
-
-		x[dim++] = l;
-
-		while (intvec_isspace(*stringEnd))
-			stringEnd++;
-
-		if (*stringEnd != '\0' && *stringEnd != ']')
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type intvec: \"%s\"", lit)));
-
-		pt = strtok(NULL, ",");
-	}
-
-	if (stringEnd == NULL || *stringEnd != ']')
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-				 errmsg("malformed intvec literal: \"%s\"", lit),
-				 errdetail("Unexpected end of input.")));
-
-	stringEnd++;
-
-	/* Only whitespace is allowed after the closing brace */
-	while (intvec_isspace(*stringEnd))
-		stringEnd++;
-
-	if (*stringEnd != '\0')
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-				 errmsg("malformed intvec literal: \"%s\"", lit),
-				 errdetail("Junk after closing right brace.")));
-
-	/* Ensure no consecutive delimiters since strtok skips */
-	for (pt = lit + 1; *pt != '\0'; pt++)
-	{
-		if (pt[-1] == ',' && *pt == ',')
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-					 errmsg("malformed intvec literal: \"%s\"", lit)));
-	}
-
-	if (dim < 1)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("intvec must have at least 1 dimension")));
-
-	pfree(litcopy);
-
-	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);
-
-	result = InitIntVector(dim);
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-		result->x[i] = x[i];
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert internal representation to textual representation
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_out);
-Datum
-intvec_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	IntVector  *vector = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
-	int			dim = vector->dim;
-	char	   *buf;
-	char	   *ptr;
-
-	/*
-	 * Need:
-	 *
-	 * dim * 4 bytes for elements (-128 to 127)
-	 *
-	 * dim - 1 bytes for separator
-	 *
-	 * 3 bytes for [, ], and \0
-	 */
-	buf = (char *) palloc(5 * dim + 2);
-	ptr = buf;
-
-	*ptr = '[';
-	ptr++;
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-	{
-		if (i > 0)
-		{
-			*ptr = ',';
-			ptr++;
-		}
-
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
-		ptr += pg_ltoa(vector->x[i], ptr);
-#else
-		pg_ltoa(vector->x[i], ptr);
-		while (*ptr != '\0')
-			ptr++;
-#endif
-	}
-	*ptr = ']';
-	ptr++;
-	*ptr = '\0';
-
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(vector, 0);
-	PG_RETURN_CSTRING(buf);
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert type modifier
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_typmod_in);
-Datum
-intvec_typmod_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	ArrayType  *ta = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
-	int32	   *tl;
-	int			n;
-
-	tl = ArrayGetIntegerTypmods(ta, &n);
-
-	if (n != 1)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
-				 errmsg("invalid type modifier")));
-
-	if (*tl < 1)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
-				 errmsg("dimensions for type intvec must be at least 1")));
-
-	if (*tl > INTVEC_MAX_DIM)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
-				 errmsg("dimensions for type intvec cannot exceed %d", INTVEC_MAX_DIM)));
-
-	PG_RETURN_INT32(*tl);
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert external binary representation to internal representation
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_recv);
-Datum
-intvec_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	StringInfo	buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
-	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
-	IntVector  *result;
-	int16		dim;
-	int16		unused;
-
-	dim = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int16));
-	unused = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int16));
-
-	CheckDim(dim);
-	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);
-
-	if (unused != 0)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("expected unused to be 0, not %d", unused)));
-
-	result = InitIntVector(dim);
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-		result->x[i] = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int8));
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert internal representation to the external binary representation
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_send);
-Datum
-intvec_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	IntVector  *vec = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
-	StringInfoData buf;
-
-	pq_begintypsend(&buf);
-	pq_sendint(&buf, vec->dim, sizeof(int16));
-	pq_sendint(&buf, vec->unused, sizeof(int16));
-	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
-		pq_sendint8(&buf, vec->x[i]);
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(pq_endtypsend(&buf));
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert int vector to int vector
- * This is needed to check the type modifier
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec);
-Datum
-intvec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	IntVector  *vec = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
-	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
-
-	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, vec->dim);
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(vec);
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert array to intvec vector
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(array_to_intvec);
-Datum
-array_to_intvec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	ArrayType  *array = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
-	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
-	Vector	   *result;
-	int16		typlen;
-	bool		typbyval;
-	char		typalign;
-	Datum	   *elemsp;
-	int			nelemsp;
-
-	if (ARR_NDIM(array) > 1)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("array must be 1-D")));
-
-	if (ARR_HASNULL(array) && array_contains_nulls(array))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_NULL_VALUE_NOT_ALLOWED),
-				 errmsg("array must not contain nulls")));
-
-	get_typlenbyvalalign(ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), &typlen, &typbyval, &typalign);
-	deconstruct_array(array, ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), typlen, typbyval, typalign, &elemsp, NULL, &nelemsp);
-
-	CheckDim(nelemsp);
-	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, nelemsp);
-
-	result = InitVector(nelemsp);
-
-	if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == INT4OID)
-	{
-		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
-		{
-			long		l = DatumGetInt32(elemsp[i]);
-
-			CheckElement(l);
-
-			result->x[i] = l;
-		}
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("unsupported array type")));
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * Free allocation from deconstruct_array. Do not free individual elements
-	 * when pass-by-reference since they point to original array.
-	 */
-	pfree(elemsp);
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the L2 distance between int vectors
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_l2_distance);
-Datum
-intvec_l2_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	IntVector  *a = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
-	IntVector  *b = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(1);
-	int8	   *ax = a->x;
-	int8	   *bx = b->x;
-	int			distance = 0;
-
-	CheckDims(a, b);
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-	{
-		int			diff = ax[i] - bx[i];
-
-		distance += diff * diff;
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(sqrt((double) distance));
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the L2 squared distance between int vectors
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_l2_squared_distance);
-Datum
-intvec_l2_squared_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	IntVector  *a = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
-	IntVector  *b = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(1);
-	int8	   *ax = a->x;
-	int8	   *bx = b->x;
-	int			distance = 0;
-
-	CheckDims(a, b);
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-	{
-		int			diff = ax[i] - bx[i];
-
-		distance += diff * diff;
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the inner product of two int vectors
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_inner_product);
-Datum
-intvec_inner_product(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	IntVector  *a = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
-	IntVector  *b = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(1);
-	int8	   *ax = a->x;
-	int8	   *bx = b->x;
-	int			distance = 0;
-
-	CheckDims(a, b);
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-		distance += ax[i] * bx[i];
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the negative inner product of two int vectors
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_negative_inner_product);
-Datum
-intvec_negative_inner_product(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	IntVector  *a = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
-	IntVector  *b = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(1);
-	int8	   *ax = a->x;
-	int8	   *bx = b->x;
-	int			distance = 0;
-
-	CheckDims(a, b);
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-		distance += ax[i] * bx[i];
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) -distance);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the cosine distance between two int vectors
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_cosine_distance);
-Datum
-intvec_cosine_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	IntVector  *a = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
-	IntVector  *b = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(1);
-	int8	   *ax = a->x;
-	int8	   *bx = b->x;
-	int			distance = 0;
-	int			norma = 0;
-	int			normb = 0;
-	double		similarity;
-
-	CheckDims(a, b);
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-	{
-		int8		axi = ax[i];
-		int8		bxi = bx[i];
-
-		distance += axi * bxi;
-		norma += axi * axi;
-		normb += bxi * bxi;
-	}
-
-	/* Use sqrt(a * b) over sqrt(a) * sqrt(b) */
-	similarity = (double) distance / sqrt((double) norma * (double) normb);
-
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-	/* /fp:fast may not propagate NaN */
-	if (isnan(similarity))
-		PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(NAN);
-#endif
-
-	/* Keep in range */
-	if (similarity > 1)
-		similarity = 1;
-	else if (similarity < -1)
-		similarity = -1;
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(1 - similarity);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the L1 distance between two int vectors
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_l1_distance);
-Datum
-intvec_l1_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	IntVector  *a = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
-	IntVector  *b = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(1);
-	int8	   *ax = a->x;
-	int8	   *bx = b->x;
-	int			distance = 0;
-
-	CheckDims(a, b);
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-		distance += abs(ax[i] - bx[i]);
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the L2 norm of an int vector
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(intvec_l2_norm);
-Datum
-intvec_l2_norm(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	IntVector  *a = PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(0);
-	int8	   *ax = a->x;
-	int			norm = 0;
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-		norm += ax[i] * ax[i];
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(sqrt((double) norm));
-}

src/intvec.h

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef INTVEC_H
-#define INTVEC_H
-
-#include "vector.h"
-
-#define INTVEC_MAX_DIM VECTOR_MAX_DIM
-
-#define INTVEC_SIZE(_dim)		(offsetof(IntVector, x) + sizeof(int8)*(_dim))
-#define DatumGetIntVector(x)	((IntVector *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(x))
-#define PG_GETARG_INTVEC_P(x)	DatumGetIntVector(PG_GETARG_DATUM(x))
-#define PG_RETURN_INTVEC_P(x)	PG_RETURN_POINTER(x)
-
-typedef struct IntVector
-{
-	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
-	int16		dim;			/* number of dimensions */
-	int16		unused;
-	int8		x[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
-}			IntVector;
-
-IntVector  *InitIntVector(int dim);
-
-#endif

src/ivfbuild.c

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ AddSample(Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	 */
 	if (buildstate->kmeansnormprocinfo != NULL)
 	{
-		if (!IvfflatNormValue(buildstate->kmeansnormprocinfo, buildstate->collation, &value))
+		if (!IvfflatNormValue(buildstate->kmeansnormprocinfo, buildstate->collation, &value, buildstate->normvec))
 			return;
 	}
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ SampleCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
 	oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(buildstate->tmpCtx);
 
 	/* Add sample */
-	AddSample(values, buildstate);
+	AddSample(values, state);
 
 	/* Reset memory context */
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ AddTupleToSort(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState
 	/* Normalize if needed */
 	if (buildstate->normprocinfo != NULL)
 	{
-		if (!IvfflatNormValue(buildstate->normprocinfo, buildstate->collation, &value))
+		if (!IvfflatNormValue(buildstate->normprocinfo, buildstate->collation, &value, buildstate->normvec))
 			return;
 	}
 
@@ -356,6 +356,9 @@ InitBuildState(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, In
 	buildstate->centers = VectorArrayInit(buildstate->lists, buildstate->dimensions);
 	buildstate->listInfo = palloc(sizeof(ListInfo) * buildstate->lists);
 
+	/* Reuse for each tuple */
+	buildstate->normvec = InitVector(buildstate->dimensions);
+
 	buildstate->tmpCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
 											   "Ivfflat build temporary context",
 											   ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
@@ -377,6 +380,7 @@ FreeBuildState(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 {
 	VectorArrayFree(buildstate->centers);
 	pfree(buildstate->listInfo);
+	pfree(buildstate->normvec);
 
 #ifdef IVFFLAT_KMEANS_DEBUG
 	pfree(buildstate->listSums);

src/ivfflat.h

@@ -172,6 +172,7 @@ typedef struct IvfflatBuildState
 	VectorArray samples;
 	VectorArray centers;
 	ListInfo   *listInfo;
+	Vector	   *normvec;
 
 #ifdef IVFFLAT_KMEANS_DEBUG
 	double		inertia;
@@ -266,7 +267,7 @@ void		VectorArrayFree(VectorArray arr);
 void		PrintVectorArray(char *msg, VectorArray arr);
 void		IvfflatKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers);
 FmgrInfo   *IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(Relation index, uint16 procnum);
-bool		IvfflatNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value);
+bool		IvfflatNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value, Vector * result);
 int			IvfflatGetLists(Relation index);
 void		IvfflatGetMetaPageInfo(Relation index, int *lists, int *dimensions);
 void		IvfflatUpdateList(Relation index, ListInfo listInfo, BlockNumber insertPage, BlockNumber originalInsertPage, BlockNumber startPage, ForkNumber forkNum);

src/ivfinsert.c

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, R
 	normprocinfo = IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(index, IVFFLAT_NORM_PROC);
 	if (normprocinfo != NULL)
 	{
-		if (!IvfflatNormValue(normprocinfo, index->rd_indcollation[0], &value))
+		if (!IvfflatNormValue(normprocinfo, index->rd_indcollation[0], &value, NULL))
 			return;
 	}
 

src/ivfscan.c

@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ ivfflatgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 
 			/* Fine if normalization fails */
 			if (so->normprocinfo != NULL)
-				IvfflatNormValue(so->normprocinfo, so->collation, &value);
+				IvfflatNormValue(so->normprocinfo, so->collation, &value, NULL);
 		}
 
 		IvfflatBench("GetScanLists", GetScanLists(scan, value));

src/ivfutils.c

@@ -75,14 +75,16 @@ IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(Relation index, uint16 procnum)
  * if it's different than the original value
  */
 bool
-IvfflatNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value)
+IvfflatNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value, Vector * result)
 {
 	double		norm = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall1Coll(procinfo, collation, *value));
 
 	if (norm > 0)
 	{
 		Vector	   *v = DatumGetVector(*value);
-		Vector	   *result = InitVector(v->dim);
+
+		if (result == NULL)
+			result = InitVector(v->dim);
 
 		for (int i = 0; i < v->dim; i++)
 			result->x[i] = v->x[i] / norm;

src/vector.c

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "common/shortest_dec.h"
 #include "fmgr.h"
+#include "halfvec.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "lib/stringinfo.h"
@@ -532,6 +533,28 @@ vector_to_float4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Convert half vector to vector
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_to_vector);
+Datum
+halfvec_to_vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	HalfVector *vec = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	Vector	   *result;
+
+	CheckDim(vec->dim);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, vec->dim);
+
+	result = InitVector(vec->dim);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
+		result->x[i] = HalfToFloat4(vec->x[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
 /*
  * Get the L2 distance between vectors
  */

test/expected/cast.out

@@ -46,6 +46,30 @@ SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::real[];
  {1,2,3}
 (1 row)
 
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::halfvec;
+ halfvec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec::vector;
+ vector  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::halfvec(2);
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec::vector(2);
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
+SELECT '[65520]'::vector::halfvec;
+ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in halfvec
+SELECT '[1e-8]'::vector::halfvec;
+ halfvec 
+---------
+ [0]
+(1 row)
+
 SELECT array_agg(n)::vector FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 ERROR:  vector cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
 SELECT array_to_vector(array_agg(n), 16001, false) FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;

test/expected/copy.out

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3), val2 intvec(3));
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3), val2 halfvec(3));
 INSERT INTO t (val, val2) VALUES ('[0,0,0]', '[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]', '[1,1,1]'), (NULL, NULL);
-CREATE TABLE t2 (val vector(3), val2 intvec(3));
+CREATE TABLE t2 (val vector(3), val2 halfvec(3));
 \copy t TO 'results/data.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
 \copy t2 FROM 'results/data.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
 SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY val;

test/expected/halfvec_functions.out

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+           5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[0,1]');
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different halfvec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT '[0,0]'::halfvec <-> '[3,4]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
+ inner_product 
+---------------
+            11
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different halfvec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT inner_product('[65504]'::halfvec, '[65504]');
+ inner_product 
+---------------
+    4290774016
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec <#> '[3,4]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+      -11
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[2,4]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[0,0]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+             NaN
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[1,1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::halfvec, '[0,2]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[-1,-1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different halfvec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[1.1,1.1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec <=> '[2,4]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
+ l1_distance 
+-------------
+           7
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[0,1]');
+ l1_distance 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different halfvec dimensions 2 and 1

test/expected/halfvec_input.out

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec;
+ halfvec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[-1,-2,-3]'::halfvec;
+  halfvec   
+------------
+ [-1,-2,-3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1.,2.,3.]'::halfvec;
+ halfvec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ' [ 1,  2 ,    3  ] '::halfvec;
+ halfvec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1.23456]'::halfvec;
+  halfvec   
+------------
+ [1.234375]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[hello,1]'::halfvec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[hello,1]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[hello,1]'::halfvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[NaN,1]'::halfvec;
+ERROR:  NaN not allowed in halfvec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[NaN,1]'::halfvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
+ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in halfvec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
+ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in halfvec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[65519,-65519]'::halfvec;
+    halfvec     
+----------------
+ [65504,-65504]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[65520,-65520]'::halfvec;
+ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
+LINE 1: SELECT '[65520,-65520]'::halfvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1e-8,-1e-8]'::halfvec;
+ERROR:  value out of range: underflow
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1e-8,-1e-8]'::halfvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[4e38,1]'::halfvec;
+ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in halfvec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[4e38,1]'::halfvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3'::halfvec;
+ERROR:  malformed halfvec literal: "[1,2,3"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3'::halfvec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
+SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::halfvec;
+ERROR:  malformed halfvec literal: "[1,2,3]9"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::halfvec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Junk after closing right brace.
+SELECT '1,2,3'::halfvec;
+ERROR:  malformed halfvec literal: "1,2,3"
+LINE 1: SELECT '1,2,3'::halfvec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
+SELECT ''::halfvec;
+ERROR:  malformed halfvec literal: ""
+LINE 1: SELECT ''::halfvec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
+SELECT '['::halfvec;
+ERROR:  malformed halfvec literal: "["
+LINE 1: SELECT '['::halfvec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
+SELECT '[,'::halfvec;
+ERROR:  malformed halfvec literal: "[,"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[,'::halfvec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
+SELECT '[]'::halfvec;
+ERROR:  halfvec must have at least 1 dimension
+LINE 1: SELECT '[]'::halfvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,]'::halfvec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[1,]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,]'::halfvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1a]'::halfvec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[1a]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1a]'::halfvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,,3]'::halfvec;
+ERROR:  malformed halfvec literal: "[1,,3]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,,3]'::halfvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1, ,3]'::halfvec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[1, ,3]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1, ,3]'::halfvec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(3);
+ halfvec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(2);
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(3, 2);
+ERROR:  invalid type modifier
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(3, 2);
+                          ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec('a');
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "a"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec('a');
+                          ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(0);
+ERROR:  dimensions for type halfvec must be at least 1
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(0);
+                          ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(16001);
+ERROR:  dimensions for type halfvec cannot exceed 16000
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(16001);
+                          ^
+SELECT unnest('{"[1,2,3]", "[4,5,6]"}'::halfvec[]);
+ unnest  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+ [4,5,6]
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT '{"[1,2,3]"}'::halfvec(2)[];
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3

test/expected/hnsw_halfvec_cosine.out

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 SET enable_seqscan = off;
-CREATE TABLE t (val intvec(3));
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
 INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val intvec_cosine_ops);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_cosine_ops);
 INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
 SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[3,3,3]';
    val   
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[0,0,0]') t2;
      3
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::intvec)) t2;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
  count 
 -------
      3

test/expected/hnsw_halfvec_ip.out

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 SET enable_seqscan = off;
-CREATE TABLE t (val intvec(3));
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
 INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val intvec_ip_ops);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_ip_ops);
 INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
 SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '[3,3,3]';
    val   
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '[3,3,3]';
  [0,0,0]
 (4 rows)
 
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::intvec)) t2;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
  count 
 -------
      4

test/expected/hnsw_halfvec_l2.out

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 SET enable_seqscan = off;
-CREATE TABLE t (val intvec(3));
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
 INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val intvec_l2_ops);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_l2_ops);
 INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
 SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
    val   
@@ -12,11 +12,14 @@ SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
  [0,0,0]
 (4 rows)
 
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::intvec)) t2;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::halfvec);
- count 
+   val   
--------
+---------
-     4
+ [0,0,0]
-(1 row)
+ [1,1,1]
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,2,4]
+(4 rows)
 
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
  count 

test/expected/hnsw_l2.out

@@ -12,11 +12,14 @@ SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
  [0,0,0]
 (4 rows)
 
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::vector);
- count 
+   val   
--------
+---------
-     4
+ [0,0,0]
-(1 row)
+ [1,1,1]
+ [1,2,3]
+ [1,2,4]
+(4 rows)
 
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
  count 

test/expected/intvec_functions.out

@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::intvec, '[3,4]');
- l2_distance 
--------------
-           5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::intvec, '[0,1]');
- l2_distance 
--------------
-           1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::intvec, '[3]');
-ERROR:  different intvec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT '[0,0]'::intvec <-> '[3,4]';
- ?column? 
-----------
-        5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::intvec, '[3,4]');
- inner_product 
----------------
-            11
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::intvec, '[3]');
-ERROR:  different intvec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT inner_product('[127]'::intvec, '[127]');
- inner_product 
----------------
-         16129
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2]'::intvec <#> '[3,4]';
- ?column? 
-----------
-      -11
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::intvec, '[2,4]');
- cosine_distance 
------------------
-               0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::intvec, '[0,0]');
- cosine_distance 
------------------
-             NaN
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::intvec, '[1,1]');
- cosine_distance 
------------------
-               0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::intvec, '[0,2]');
- cosine_distance 
------------------
-               1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::intvec, '[-1,-1]');
- cosine_distance 
------------------
-               2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::intvec, '[3]');
-ERROR:  different intvec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT '[1,2]'::intvec <=> '[2,4]';
- ?column? 
-----------
-        0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::intvec, '[3,4]');
- l1_distance 
--------------
-           7
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::intvec, '[0,1]');
- l1_distance 
--------------
-           1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::intvec, '[3]');
-ERROR:  different intvec dimensions 2 and 1

test/expected/intvec_input.out

@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec;
- intvec  
----------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[-1,-2,-3]'::intvec;
-   intvec   
-------------
- [-1,-2,-3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT ' [ 1,  2 ,    3  ] '::intvec;
- intvec  
----------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1.23456]'::intvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type intvec: "[1.23456]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1.23456]'::intvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[hello,1]'::intvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type intvec: "[hello,1]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[hello,1]'::intvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[127,-128]'::intvec;
-   intvec   
-------------
- [127,-128]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[128,-129]'::intvec;
-ERROR:  value "128" is out of range for type intvec
-LINE 1: SELECT '[128,-129]'::intvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3'::intvec;
-ERROR:  malformed intvec literal: "[1,2,3"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3'::intvec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
-SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::intvec;
-ERROR:  malformed intvec literal: "[1,2,3]9"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::intvec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Junk after closing right brace.
-SELECT '1,2,3'::intvec;
-ERROR:  malformed intvec literal: "1,2,3"
-LINE 1: SELECT '1,2,3'::intvec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
-SELECT ''::intvec;
-ERROR:  malformed intvec literal: ""
-LINE 1: SELECT ''::intvec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
-SELECT '['::intvec;
-ERROR:  malformed intvec literal: "["
-LINE 1: SELECT '['::intvec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
-SELECT '[,'::intvec;
-ERROR:  malformed intvec literal: "[,"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[,'::intvec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
-SELECT '[]'::intvec;
-ERROR:  intvec must have at least 1 dimension
-LINE 1: SELECT '[]'::intvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1,]'::intvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type intvec: "[1,]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,]'::intvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1a]'::intvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type intvec: "[1a]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1a]'::intvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1,,3]'::intvec;
-ERROR:  malformed intvec literal: "[1,,3]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,,3]'::intvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1, ,3]'::intvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type intvec: "[1, ,3]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1, ,3]'::intvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(3);
- intvec  
----------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(2);
-ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(3, 2);
-ERROR:  invalid type modifier
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(3, 2);
-                          ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec('a');
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "a"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec('a');
-                          ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(0);
-ERROR:  dimensions for type intvec must be at least 1
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(0);
-                          ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(16001);
-ERROR:  dimensions for type intvec cannot exceed 16000
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(16001);
-                          ^
-SELECT unnest('{"[1,2,3]", "[4,5,6]"}'::intvec[]);
- unnest  
----------
- [1,2,3]
- [4,5,6]
-(2 rows)
-
-SELECT '{"[1,2,3]"}'::intvec(2)[];
-ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3

test/sql/cast.sql

@@ -10,6 +10,12 @@ SELECT '{-Infinity}'::real[]::vector;
 SELECT '{}'::real[]::vector;
 SELECT '{{1}}'::real[]::vector;
 SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::real[];
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::halfvec;
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec::vector;
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::halfvec(2);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec::vector(2);
+SELECT '[65520]'::vector::halfvec;
+SELECT '[1e-8]'::vector::halfvec;
 SELECT array_agg(n)::vector FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 SELECT array_to_vector(array_agg(n), 16001, false) FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 

test/sql/copy.sql

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3), val2 intvec(3));
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3), val2 halfvec(3));
 INSERT INTO t (val, val2) VALUES ('[0,0,0]', '[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]', '[1,1,1]'), (NULL, NULL);
 
-CREATE TABLE t2 (val vector(3), val2 intvec(3));
+CREATE TABLE t2 (val vector(3), val2 halfvec(3));
 
 \copy t TO 'results/data.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
 \copy t2 FROM 'results/data.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)

test/sql/halfvec_functions.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[0,1]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
+SELECT '[0,0]'::halfvec <-> '[3,4]';
+
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
+SELECT inner_product('[65504]'::halfvec, '[65504]');
+SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec <#> '[3,4]';
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[2,4]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[0,0]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[1,1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::halfvec, '[0,2]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[-1,-1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[1.1,1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
+SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec <=> '[2,4]';
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[0,1]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');

test/sql/halfvec_input.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[-1,-2,-3]'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[1.,2.,3.]'::halfvec;
+SELECT ' [ 1,  2 ,    3  ] '::halfvec;
+SELECT '[1.23456]'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[hello,1]'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[NaN,1]'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[65519,-65519]'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[65520,-65520]'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[1e-8,-1e-8]'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[4e38,1]'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[1,2,3'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::halfvec;
+SELECT '1,2,3'::halfvec;
+SELECT ''::halfvec;
+SELECT '['::halfvec;
+SELECT '[,'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[]'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[1,]'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[1a]'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[1,,3]'::halfvec;
+SELECT '[1, ,3]'::halfvec;
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(3);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(2);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(3, 2);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec('a');
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(0);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(16001);
+
+SELECT unnest('{"[1,2,3]", "[4,5,6]"}'::halfvec[]);
+SELECT '{"[1,2,3]"}'::halfvec(2)[];

test/sql/hnsw_halfvec_cosine.sql

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 SET enable_seqscan = off;
 
-CREATE TABLE t (val intvec(3));
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
 INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val intvec_cosine_ops);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_cosine_ops);
 
 INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
 
 SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[3,3,3]';
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[0,0,0]') t2;
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::intvec)) t2;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
 
 DROP TABLE t;

test/sql/hnsw_halfvec_ip.sql

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 SET enable_seqscan = off;
 
-CREATE TABLE t (val intvec(3));
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
 INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val intvec_ip_ops);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_ip_ops);
 
 INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
 
 SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '[3,3,3]';
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::intvec)) t2;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
 
 DROP TABLE t;

test/sql/hnsw_halfvec_l2.sql

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 SET enable_seqscan = off;
 
-CREATE TABLE t (val intvec(3));
+CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
 INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val intvec_l2_ops);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_l2_ops);
 
 INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
 
 SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::intvec)) t2;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::halfvec);
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
 
 TRUNCATE t;

test/sql/hnsw_l2.sql

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val vector_l2_ops);
 INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
 
 SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::vector)) t2;
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::vector);
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
 
 TRUNCATE t;

test/sql/intvec_functions.sql

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::intvec, '[3,4]');
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::intvec, '[0,1]');
-SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::intvec, '[3]');
-SELECT '[0,0]'::intvec <-> '[3,4]';
-
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::intvec, '[3,4]');
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::intvec, '[3]');
-SELECT inner_product('[127]'::intvec, '[127]');
-SELECT '[1,2]'::intvec <#> '[3,4]';
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::intvec, '[2,4]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::intvec, '[0,0]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::intvec, '[1,1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::intvec, '[0,2]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::intvec, '[-1,-1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::intvec, '[3]');
-SELECT '[1,2]'::intvec <=> '[2,4]';
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::intvec, '[3,4]');
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::intvec, '[0,1]');
-SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::intvec, '[3]');

test/sql/intvec_input.sql

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec;
-SELECT '[-1,-2,-3]'::intvec;
-SELECT ' [ 1,  2 ,    3  ] '::intvec;
-SELECT '[1.23456]'::intvec;
-SELECT '[hello,1]'::intvec;
-SELECT '[127,-128]'::intvec;
-SELECT '[128,-129]'::intvec;
-SELECT '[1,2,3'::intvec;
-SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::intvec;
-SELECT '1,2,3'::intvec;
-SELECT ''::intvec;
-SELECT '['::intvec;
-SELECT '[,'::intvec;
-SELECT '[]'::intvec;
-SELECT '[1,]'::intvec;
-SELECT '[1a]'::intvec;
-SELECT '[1,,3]'::intvec;
-SELECT '[1, ,3]'::intvec;
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(3);
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(2);
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(3, 2);
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec('a');
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(0);
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::intvec(16001);
-
-SELECT unnest('{"[1,2,3]", "[4,5,6]"}'::intvec[]);
-SELECT '{"[1,2,3]"}'::intvec(2)[];

test/t/016_hnsw_vacuum_recall.pl

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ foreach (@queries)
 	push(@expected, $res);
 }
 
-test_recall(0.19, $limit, "before vacuum");
+test_recall(0.20, $limit, "before vacuum");
 test_recall(0.95, 100, "before vacuum");
 
 # TODO Test concurrent inserts with vacuum

test/t/020_hnsw_halfvec_build_recall.pl

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ my $node;
 my @queries = ();
 my @expected;
 my $limit = 20;
-my $dim = 20;
+my $dim = 10;
-my $array_sql = join(",", ('(random() * 255)::int - 128') x $dim);
+my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
 
 sub test_recall
 {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ $node->start;
 
 # Create table
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i int4, v intvec($dim));");
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i int4, v halfvec($dim));");
 $node->safe_psql("postgres",
 	"INSERT INTO tst SELECT i, ARRAY[$array_sql] FROM generate_series(1, 10000) i;"
 );
@@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ for (1 .. 20)
 	my @r = ();
 	for (1 .. $dim)
 	{
-		push(@r, int(rand(256)) - 128);
+		push(@r, rand());
 	}
 	push(@queries, "[" . join(",", @r) . "]");
 }
 
 # Check each index type
 my @operators = ("<->", "<#>", "<=>");
-my @opclasses = ("intvec_l2_ops", "intvec_ip_ops", "intvec_cosine_ops");
+my @opclasses = ("halfvec_l2_ops", "halfvec_ip_ops", "halfvec_cosine_ops");
 
 for my $i (0 .. $#operators)
 {
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ for my $i (0 .. $#operators)
 	));
 
 	# Test approximate results
-	my $min = 0.99;
+	my $min = $operator eq "<#>" ? 0.95 : 0.99;
 	test_recall($min, $operator);
 
 	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DROP INDEX idx;");