Added PrintGraph function for HNSW [skip ci]

2026-07-22 12:07:34 +08:00 · 2023-08-26 13:08:27 -07:00
35 changed files with 557 additions and 1315 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ jobs:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        include:
-          - postgres: 17
-            os: ubuntu-22.04
          - postgres: 16
            os: ubuntu-22.04
          - postgres: 15
@@ -23,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
          - postgres: 11
            os: ubuntu-20.04
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - uses: ankane/setup-postgres@v1
        with:
          postgres-version: ${{ matrix.postgres }}
@@ -45,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: macos-latest
    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'windows') }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - uses: ankane/setup-postgres@v1
        with:
          postgres-version: 14
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: windows-latest
    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'mac') }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - uses: ankane/setup-postgres@v1
        with:
          postgres-version: 14
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,22 +1,13 @@
-## 0.6.0 (unreleased)
-
- Added support for inline filtering with HNSW
-
-## 0.5.1 (2023-10-10)
-
- Improved performance of HNSW index builds
- Added check for MVCC-compliant snapshot for index scans
-
-## 0.5.0 (2023-08-28)
+## 0.5.0 (unreleased)

 - Added HNSW index type
- Added support for parallel index builds for IVFFlat
+- Added support for parallel index builds
 - Added `l1_distance` function
 - Added element-wise multiplication for vectors
 - Added `sum` aggregate
 - Improved performance of distance functions
 - Fixed out of range results for cosine distance
- Fixed results for NULL and NaN distances for IVFFlat
+- Fixed results for NULL and NaN distances

 ## 0.4.4 (2023-06-12)

--- a/META.json
+++ b/META.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 	"name": "vector",
 	"abstract": "Open-source vector similarity search for Postgres",
 	"description": "Supports L2 distance, inner product, and cosine distance",
-	"version": "0.5.1",
+	"version": "0.4.4",
 	"maintainer": [
 		"Andrew Kane <andrew@ankane.org>"
 	],
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 		"vector": {
 			"file": "sql/vector.sql",
 			"docfile": "README.md",
-			"version": "0.5.1",
+			"version": "0.4.4",
 			"abstract": "Open-source vector similarity search for Postgres"
 		}
 	},
--- a/4
+++ b/4
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 EXTENSION = vector
-EXTVERSION = 0.5.1
+EXTVERSION = 0.4.4

 MODULE_big = vector
 DATA = $(wildcard sql/*--*.sql)
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ HEADERS = src/vector.h

 TESTS = $(wildcard test/sql/*.sql)
 REGRESS = $(patsubst test/sql/%.sql,%,$(TESTS))
-REGRESS_OPTS = --inputdir=test --load-extension=$(EXTENSION)
+REGRESS_OPTS = --inputdir=test --load-extension=vector

 OPTFLAGS = -march=native

--- a/Makefile.win
+++ b/Makefile.win
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 EXTENSION = vector
-EXTVERSION = 0.5.1
+EXTVERSION = 0.4.4

 OBJS = src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\vector.obj
 HEADERS = src\vector.h

 REGRESS = btree cast copy functions input ivfflat_cosine ivfflat_ip ivfflat_l2 ivfflat_options ivfflat_unlogged
-REGRESS_OPTS = --inputdir=test --load-extension=$(EXTENSION)
+REGRESS_OPTS = --inputdir=test --load-extension=vector

 # For /arch flags
 # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/reference/arch-minimum-cpu-architecture
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ install:
 	copy $(EXTENSION).control "$(SHAREDIR)\extension"
 	copy sql\$(EXTENSION)--*.sql "$(SHAREDIR)\extension"
 	mkdir "$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\extension\$(EXTENSION)"
-	for %f in ($(HEADERS)) do copy %f "$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\extension\$(EXTENSION)"
+	copy $(HEADERS) "$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\extension\$(EXTENSION)"

 installcheck:
 	"$(BINDIR)\pg_regress" --bindir="$(BINDIR)" $(REGRESS_OPTS) $(REGRESS)
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Compile and install the extension (supports Postgres 11+)

 ```sh
 cd /tmp
-git clone --branch v0.5.1 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.4.4 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
 make
 make install # may need sudo
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ make install # may need sudo

 See the [installation notes](#installation-notes) if you run into issues

-You can also install it with [Docker](#docker), [Homebrew](#homebrew), [PGXN](#pgxn), [APT](#apt), [Yum](#yum), or [conda-forge](#conda-forge), and it comes preinstalled with [Postgres.app](#postgresapp) and many [hosted providers](#hosted-postgres). There are also instructions for [GitHub Actions](https://github.com/pgvector/setup-pgvector).
+You can also install it with [Docker](#docker), [Homebrew](#homebrew), [PGXN](#pgxn), [APT](#apt), [Yum](#yum), or [conda-forge](#conda-forge), and it comes preinstalled with [Postgres.app](#postgresapp) and many [hosted providers](#hosted-postgres)

 ## Getting Started

@@ -157,16 +157,7 @@ SELECT category_id, AVG(embedding) FROM items GROUP BY category_id;

 By default, pgvector performs exact nearest neighbor search, which provides perfect recall.

-You can add an index to use approximate nearest neighbor search, which trades some recall for speed. Unlike typical indexes, you will see different results for queries after adding an approximate index.
-
-Supported index types are:
-
- [IVFFlat](#ivfflat)
- [HNSW](#hnsw) - added in 0.5.0
-
-## IVFFlat
-
-An IVFFlat index divides vectors into lists, and then searches a subset of those lists that are closest to the query vector. It has faster build times and uses less memory than HNSW, but has lower query performance (in terms of speed-recall tradeoff).
+You can add an index to use approximate nearest neighbor search, which trades some recall for performance. Unlike typical indexes, you will see different results for queries after adding an approximate index.

 Three keys to achieving good recall are:

@@ -220,86 +211,17 @@ COMMIT;
 Check [indexing progress](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/progress-reporting.html#CREATE-INDEX-PROGRESS-REPORTING) with Postgres 12+

 ```sql
-SELECT phase, round(100.0 * tuples_done / nullif(tuples_total, 0), 1) AS "%" FROM pg_stat_progress_create_index;
+SELECT phase, tuples_done, tuples_total FROM pg_stat_progress_create_index;
 ```

-The phases for IVFFlat are:
+The phases are:

 1. `initializing`
 2. `performing k-means`
-3. `assigning tuples`
+3. `sorting tuples`
 4. `loading tuples`

-Note: `%` is only populated during the `loading tuples` phase
-
-## HNSW
-
-An HNSW index creates a multilayer graph. It has slower build times and uses more memory than IVFFlat, but has better query performance (in terms of speed-recall tradeoff). There’s no training step like IVFFlat, so the index can be created without any data in the table.
-
-Add an index for each distance function you want to use.
-
-L2 distance
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops);
-```
-
-Inner product
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_ip_ops);
-```
-
-Cosine distance
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_cosine_ops);
-```
-
-Vectors with up to 2,000 dimensions can be indexed.
-
-### Index Options
-
-Specify HNSW parameters
-
- `m` - the max number of connections per layer (16 by default)
- `ef_construction` - the size of the dynamic candidate list for constructing the graph (64 by default)
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 16, ef_construction = 64);
-```
-
-### Query Options
-
-Specify the size of the dynamic candidate list for search (40 by default)
-
-```sql
-SET hnsw.ef_search = 100;
-```
-
-A higher value provides better recall at the cost of speed.
-
-Use `SET LOCAL` inside a transaction to set it for a single query
-
-```sql
-BEGIN;
-SET LOCAL hnsw.ef_search = 100;
-SELECT ...
-COMMIT;
-```
-
-### Indexing Progress
-
-Check [indexing progress](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/progress-reporting.html#CREATE-INDEX-PROGRESS-REPORTING) with Postgres 12+
-
-```sql
-SELECT phase, round(100.0 * blocks_done / nullif(blocks_total, 0), 1) AS "%" FROM pg_stat_progress_create_index;
-```
-
-The phases for HNSW are:
-
-1. `initializing`
-2. `loading tuples`
+Note: `tuples_done` and `tuples_total` are only populated during the `loading tuples` phase

 ## Filtering

@@ -315,12 +237,6 @@ Create an index on one [or more](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes
 CREATE INDEX ON items (category_id);
 ```

-Or a composite HNSW index for approximate search (added in 0.6.0)
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops, category_id);
-```
-
 Or a [partial index](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-partial.html) on the vector column for approximate search

 ```sql
@@ -336,15 +252,13 @@ CREATE TABLE items (embedding vector(3), category_id int) PARTITION BY LIST(cate

 ## Hybrid Search

-Use together with Postgres [full-text search](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch-intro.html) for hybrid search.
+Use together with Postgres [full-text search](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch-intro.html) for hybrid search ([Python example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search.py)).

 ```sql
 SELECT id, content FROM items, plainto_tsquery('hello search') query
    WHERE textsearch @@ query ORDER BY ts_rank_cd(textsearch, query) DESC LIMIT 5;
 ```

-You can use [Reciprocal Rank Fusion](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search_rrf.py) or a [cross-encoder](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search.py) to combine results.
-
 ## Performance

 Use `EXPLAIN ANALYZE` to debug performance.
@@ -369,7 +283,7 @@ SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <#> '[3,1,2]' LIMIT 5;

 ### Approximate Search

-To speed up queries with an IVFFlat index, increase the number of inverted lists (at the expense of recall).
+To speed up queries with an index, increase the number of inverted lists (at the expense of recall).

 ```sql
 CREATE INDEX ON items USING ivfflat (embedding vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 1000);
@@ -381,7 +295,6 @@ Use pgvector from any language with a Postgres client. You can even generate and

 Language | Libraries / Examples
 --- | ---
-C | [pgvector-c](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-c)
 C++ | [pgvector-cpp](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-cpp)
 C# | [pgvector-dotnet](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-dotnet)
 Crystal | [pgvector-crystal](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-crystal)
@@ -389,11 +302,10 @@ Dart | [pgvector-dart](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-dart)
 Elixir | [pgvector-elixir](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-elixir)
 Go | [pgvector-go](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-go)
 Haskell | [pgvector-haskell](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-haskell)
-Java, Kotlin, Groovy, Scala | [pgvector-java](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-java)
-JavaScript, TypeScript | [pgvector-node](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-node)
+Java, Scala | [pgvector-java](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-java)
 Julia | [pgvector-julia](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-julia)
 Lua | [pgvector-lua](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-lua)
-Nim | [pgvector-nim](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-nim)
+Node.js | [pgvector-node](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-node)
 Perl | [pgvector-perl](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-perl)
 PHP | [pgvector-php](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-php)
 Python | [pgvector-python](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python)
@@ -401,7 +313,6 @@ R | [pgvector-r](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-r)
 Ruby | [pgvector-ruby](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-ruby), [Neighbor](https://github.com/ankane/neighbor)
 Rust | [pgvector-rust](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-rust)
 Swift | [pgvector-swift](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-swift)
-Zig | [pgvector-zig](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-zig)

 ## Frequently Asked Questions

@@ -417,55 +328,6 @@ Yes, pgvector uses the write-ahead log (WAL), which allows for replication and p

 You’ll need to use [dimensionality reduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction) at the moment.

-#### Can I store vectors with different dimensions in the same column?
-
-You can use `vector` as the type (instead of `vector(3)`).
-
-```sql
-CREATE TABLE embeddings (model_id bigint, item_id bigint, embedding vector, PRIMARY KEY (model_id, item_id));
-```
-
-However, you can only create indexes on rows with the same number of dimensions (using [expression](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-expressional.html) and [partial](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-partial.html) indexing):
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON embeddings USING hnsw ((embedding::vector(3)) vector_l2_ops) WHERE (model_id = 123);
-```
-
-and query with:
-
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM embeddings WHERE model_id = 123 ORDER BY embedding::vector(3) <-> '[3,1,2]' LIMIT 5;
-```
-
-#### Can I store vectors with more precision?
-
-You can use the `double precision[]` or `numeric[]` type to store vectors with more precision.
-
-```sql
-CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding double precision[]);
-
-- use {} instead of [] for Postgres arrays
-INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES ('{1,2,3}'), ('{4,5,6}');
-```
-
-Optionally, add a [check constraint](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-constraints.html) to ensure data can be converted to the `vector` type and has the expected dimensions.
-
-```sql
-ALTER TABLE items ADD CHECK (vector_dims(embedding::vector) = 3);
-```
-
-Use [expression indexing](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-expressional.html) to index (at a lower precision):
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw ((embedding::vector(3)) vector_l2_ops);
-```
-
-and query with:
-
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding::vector(3) <-> '[3,1,2]' LIMIT 5;
-```
-
 ## Troubleshooting

 #### Why isn’t a query using an index?
@@ -479,8 +341,6 @@ SELECT ...
 COMMIT;
 ```

-Also, if the table is small, a table scan may be faster.
-
 #### Why isn’t a query using a parallel table scan?

 The planner doesn’t consider [out-of-line storage](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/storage-toast.html) in cost estimates, which can make a serial scan look cheaper. You can reduce the cost of a parallel scan for a query with:
@@ -499,7 +359,7 @@ or choose to store vectors inline:
 ALTER TABLE items ALTER COLUMN embedding SET STORAGE PLAIN;
 ```

-#### Why are there less results for a query after adding an IVFFlat index?
+#### Why are there less results for a query after adding an index?

 The index was likely created with too little data for the number of lists. Drop the index until the table has more data.

@@ -515,32 +375,32 @@ Each vector takes `4 * dimensions + 8` bytes of storage. Each element is a singl

 ### Vector Operators

-Operator | Description | Added
--- | --- | ---
-\+ | element-wise addition |
-\- | element-wise subtraction |
-\* | element-wise multiplication | 0.5.0
-<-> | Euclidean distance |
-<#> | negative inner product |
-<=> | cosine distance |
+Operator | Description
+--- | ---
+\+ | element-wise addition
+\- | element-wise subtraction
+\* | element-wise multiplication [unreleased]
+<-> | Euclidean distance
+<#> | negative inner product
+<=> | cosine distance

 ### Vector Functions

-Function | Description | Added
--- | --- | ---
-cosine_distance(vector, vector) → double precision | cosine distance |
-inner_product(vector, vector) → double precision | inner product |
-l2_distance(vector, vector) → double precision | Euclidean distance |
-l1_distance(vector, vector) → double precision | taxicab distance | 0.5.0
-vector_dims(vector) → integer | number of dimensions |
-vector_norm(vector) → double precision | Euclidean norm |
+Function | Description
+--- | ---
+cosine_distance(vector, vector) → double precision | cosine distance
+inner_product(vector, vector) → double precision | inner product
+l2_distance(vector, vector) → double precision | Euclidean distance
+l1_distance(vector, vector) → double precision | taxicab distance [unreleased]
+vector_dims(vector) → integer | number of dimensions
+vector_norm(vector) → double precision | Euclidean norm

 ### Aggregate Functions

-Function | Description | Added
--- | --- | ---
-avg(vector) → vector | average |
-sum(vector) → vector | sum | 0.5.0
+Function | Description
+--- | ---
+avg(vector) → vector | arithmetic mean
+sum(vector) → vector | sum [unreleased]

 ## Installation Notes

@@ -584,7 +444,7 @@ Then use `nmake` to build:

 ```cmd
 set "PGROOT=C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\15"
-git clone --branch v0.5.1 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.4.4 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
 nmake /F Makefile.win
 nmake /F Makefile.win install
@@ -605,8 +465,9 @@ This adds pgvector to the [Postgres image](https://hub.docker.com/_/postgres) (r
 You can also build the image manually:

 ```sh
-git clone --branch v0.5.1 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.4.4 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
+git cherry-pick 237a6df
 docker build --build-arg PG_MAJOR=15 -t myuser/pgvector .
 ```

@@ -670,18 +531,12 @@ pgvector is available on [these providers](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/

 ## Upgrading

-[Install](#installation) the latest version (use the same method as the original installation). Then in each database you want to upgrade, run:
+Install the latest version and run:

 ```sql
 ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE;
 ```

-You can check the version in the current database with:
-
-```sql
-SELECT extversion FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = 'vector';
-```
-
 ## Upgrade Notes

 ### 0.4.0
@@ -718,7 +573,6 @@ Thanks to:
 - [k-means++: The Advantage of Careful Seeding](https://theory.stanford.edu/~sergei/papers/kMeansPP-soda.pdf)
 - [Concept Decompositions for Large Sparse Text Data using Clustering](https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/inderjit/public_papers/concept_mlj.pdf)
 - [Efficient and Robust Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search using Hierarchical Navigable Small World Graphs](https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1603/1603.09320.pdf)
- [HQANN: Efficient and Robust Similarity Search for Hybrid Queries with Structured and Unstructured Constraints](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.07940.pdf)

 ## History

--- a/sql/vector--0.5.0--0.5.1.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.5.0--0.5.1.sql
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
-\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.5.1'" to load this file. \quit
--- a/sql/vector--0.5.1--0.6.0.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.5.1--0.6.0.sql
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
-\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.6.0'" to load this file. \quit
-
-CREATE FUNCTION hnsw_attribute_distance(integer, integer) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'hnsw_int4_attribute_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS vector_integer_ops
-	DEFAULT FOR TYPE integer USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 2 = (integer, integer),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_attribute_distance(integer, integer);
--- a/sql/vector.sql
+++ b/sql/vector.sql
@@ -290,13 +290,3 @@ CREATE OPERATOR CLASS vector_cosine_ops
 	OPERATOR 1 <=> (vector, vector) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
 	FUNCTION 1 vector_negative_inner_product(vector, vector),
 	FUNCTION 2 vector_norm(vector);
-
-- hnsw attributes
-
-CREATE FUNCTION hnsw_attribute_distance(integer, integer) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'hnsw_int4_attribute_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS vector_integer_ops
-	DEFAULT FOR TYPE integer USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 2 = (integer, integer),
-	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_attribute_distance(integer, integer);
--- a/src/hnsw.c
+++ b/src/hnsw.c
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ hnswcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 	MemSet(&costs, 0, sizeof(costs));

 	index = index_open(path->indexinfo->indexoid, NoLock);
-	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, &m, NULL);
+	m = HnswGetM(index);
 	index_close(index, NoLock);

 	/* Approximate entry level */
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ hnswhandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	IndexAmRoutine *amroutine = makeNode(IndexAmRoutine);

 	amroutine->amstrategies = 0;
-	amroutine->amsupport = 3;
+	amroutine->amsupport = 2;
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	amroutine->amoptsprocnum = 0;
 #endif
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ hnswhandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	amroutine->amcanorderbyop = true;
 	amroutine->amcanbackward = false;	/* can change direction mid-scan */
 	amroutine->amcanunique = false;
-	amroutine->amcanmulticol = true;
+	amroutine->amcanmulticol = false;
 	amroutine->amoptionalkey = true;
 	amroutine->amsearcharray = false;
 	amroutine->amsearchnulls = false;
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ hnswhandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	amroutine->aminsert = hnswinsert;
 	amroutine->ambulkdelete = hnswbulkdelete;
 	amroutine->amvacuumcleanup = hnswvacuumcleanup;
-	amroutine->amcanreturn = NULL;
+	amroutine->amcanreturn = NULL;	/* tuple not included in heapsort */
 	amroutine->amcostestimate = hnswcostestimate;
 	amroutine->amoptions = hnswoptions;
 	amroutine->amproperty = NULL;	/* TODO AMPROP_DISTANCE_ORDERABLE */
@@ -222,17 +222,3 @@ hnswhandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)

 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(amroutine);
 }
-
-/*
- * Get the distance between two int4 attributes
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(hnsw_int4_attribute_distance);
-Datum
-hnsw_int4_attribute_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	int32		a = PG_GETARG_INT32(0);
-	int32		b = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
-	double		distance = ((double) a) - ((double) b);
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(distance);
-}
--- a/src/hnsw.h
+++ b/src/hnsw.h
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 /* Support functions */
 #define HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC 1
 #define HNSW_NORM_PROC 2
-#define HNSW_ATTRIBUTE_DISTANCE_PROC 3

 #define HNSW_VERSION	1
 #define HNSW_MAGIC_NUMBER 0xA953A953
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@
 #define HNSW_DEFAULT_M	16
 #define HNSW_MIN_M	2
 #define HNSW_MAX_M		100
-#define HNSW_DEFAULT_EF_CONSTRUCTION	64
+#define HNSW_DEFAULT_EF_CONSTRUCTION	40
 #define HNSW_MIN_EF_CONSTRUCTION	4
 #define HNSW_MAX_EF_CONSTRUCTION		1000
 #define HNSW_DEFAULT_EF_SEARCH	40
@@ -58,9 +57,7 @@
 /* PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE_INITIALIZE is 1 */
 #define PROGRESS_HNSW_PHASE_LOAD		2

-#define HNSW_MAX_SIZE (BLCKSZ - MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData) - MAXALIGN(sizeof(HnswPageOpaqueData)) - sizeof(ItemIdData))
-
-#define HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(size)	MAXALIGN(offsetof(HnswElementTupleData, data) + (size))
+#define HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(_dim)	MAXALIGN(offsetof(HnswElementTupleData, vec) + VECTOR_SIZE(_dim))
 #define HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(level, m)	MAXALIGN(offsetof(HnswNeighborTupleData, indextids) + ((level) + 2) * (m) * sizeof(ItemPointerData))

 #define HnswPageGetOpaque(page)	((HnswPageOpaque) PageGetSpecialPointer(page))
@@ -104,8 +101,7 @@ typedef struct HnswElementData
 	OffsetNumber offno;
 	OffsetNumber neighborOffno;
 	BlockNumber neighborPage;
-	Datum		value;
-	IndexTuple	itup;
+	Vector	   *vec;
 }			HnswElementData;

 typedef HnswElementData * HnswElement;
@@ -114,14 +110,11 @@ typedef struct HnswCandidate
 {
 	HnswElement element;
 	float		distance;
-	bool		matches;
-	bool		closer;
 }			HnswCandidate;

 typedef struct HnswNeighborArray
 {
 	int			length;
-	bool		closerSet;
 	HnswCandidate *items;
 }			HnswNeighborArray;

@@ -157,18 +150,17 @@ typedef struct HnswBuildState
 	double		reltuples;

 	/* Support functions */
-	FmgrInfo  **procinfos;
+	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
 	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
-	Oid		   *collations;
+	Oid			collation;

 	/* Variables */
 	List	   *elements;
 	HnswElement entryPoint;
 	double		ml;
 	int			maxLevel;
-	long		memoryLeft;
+	double		maxInMemoryElements;
 	bool		flushed;
-	bool		useIndexTuple;
 	Vector	   *normvec;

 	/* Memory */
@@ -208,7 +200,7 @@ typedef struct HnswElementTupleData
 	ItemPointerData heaptids[HNSW_HEAPTIDS];
 	ItemPointerData neighbortid;
 	uint16		unused2;
-	Vector		data;
+	Vector		vec;
 }			HnswElementTupleData;

 typedef HnswElementTupleData * HnswElementTuple;
@@ -226,13 +218,14 @@ typedef HnswNeighborTupleData * HnswNeighborTuple;
 typedef struct HnswScanOpaqueData
 {
 	bool		first;
+	Buffer		buf;
 	List	   *w;
 	MemoryContext tmpCtx;

 	/* Support functions */
-	FmgrInfo  **procinfos;
+	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
 	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
-	Oid		   *collations;
+	Oid			collation;
 }			HnswScanOpaqueData;

 typedef HnswScanOpaqueData * HnswScanOpaque;
@@ -250,8 +243,8 @@ typedef struct HnswVacuumState
 	int			efConstruction;

 	/* Support functions */
-	FmgrInfo  **procinfos;
-	Oid		   *collations;
+	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
+	Oid			collation;

 	/* Variables */
 	HTAB	   *deleted;
@@ -266,34 +259,32 @@ typedef struct HnswVacuumState
 /* Methods */
 int			HnswGetM(Relation index);
 int			HnswGetEfConstruction(Relation index);
-FmgrInfo   *HnswOptionalProcInfo(Relation index, uint16 procnum);
+FmgrInfo   *HnswOptionalProcInfo(Relation rel, uint16 procnum);
 bool		HnswNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value, Vector * result);
 void		HnswCommitBuffer(Buffer buf, GenericXLogState *state);
 Buffer		HnswNewBuffer(Relation index, ForkNumber forkNum);
 void		HnswInitPage(Buffer buf, Page page);
 void		HnswInitRegisterPage(Relation index, Buffer *buf, Page *page, GenericXLogState **state);
 void		HnswInit(void);
-List	   *HnswSearchLayer(Datum q, IndexTuple qtup, ScanKeyData *keyData, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, int m, bool loadVec, HnswElement skipElement, bool inMemory);
+List	   *HnswSearchLayer(Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool inserting, HnswElement skipElement);
 HnswElement HnswGetEntryPoint(Relation index);
-void		HnswGetMetaPageInfo(Relation index, int *m, HnswElement * entryPoint);
 HnswElement HnswInitElement(ItemPointer tid, int m, double ml, int maxLevel);
 void		HnswFreeElement(HnswElement element);
 HnswElement HnswInitElementFromBlock(BlockNumber blkno, OffsetNumber offno);
-void		HnswInsertElement(HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint, Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, int m, int efConstruction, bool existing, bool inMemory);
-HnswElement HnswFindDuplicate(HnswElement e, Relation index);
-HnswCandidate *HnswEntryCandidate(HnswElement em, Datum q, IndexTuple qtup, ScanKeyData *keyData, Relation rel, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, bool loadVec, bool inMemory);
+void		HnswInsertElement(HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, int efConstruction, bool existing);
+HnswElement HnswFindDuplicate(HnswElement e);
+HnswCandidate *HnswEntryCandidate(HnswElement em, Datum q, Relation rel, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec);
 void		HnswUpdateMetaPage(Relation index, int updateEntry, HnswElement entryPoint, BlockNumber insertPage, ForkNumber forkNum);
 void		HnswSetNeighborTuple(HnswNeighborTuple ntup, HnswElement e, int m);
 void		HnswAddHeapTid(HnswElement element, ItemPointer heaptid);
 void		HnswInitNeighbors(HnswElement element, int m);
 bool		HnswInsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, Relation heapRel);
-void		HnswUpdateNeighborPages(Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, HnswElement e, int m, bool checkExisting);
-void		HnswLoadElementFromTuple(HnswElement element, HnswElementTuple etup, bool loadHeaptids, bool loadVec, Relation index);
-void		HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, bool *matches, Datum *q, IndexTuple qtup, ScanKeyData *keyData, Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, bool loadVec);
-void		HnswSetElementTuple(HnswElementTuple etup, HnswElement element, bool useIndexTuple);
-void		HnswUpdateConnection(HnswElement element, HnswCandidate * hc, int m, int lc, int *updateIdx, Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, bool inMemory);
-void		HnswLoadNeighbors(HnswElement element, Relation index, int m);
-void		HnswElementSetData(HnswElement element, Relation index, Datum value, Datum *values, bool *isnull);
+void		HnswUpdateNeighborPages(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement e, int m, bool checkExisting);
+void		HnswLoadElementFromTuple(HnswElement element, HnswElementTuple etup, bool loadHeaptids, bool loadVec);
+void		HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, Datum *q, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec);
+void		HnswSetElementTuple(HnswElementTuple etup, HnswElement element);
+void		HnswUpdateConnection(HnswElement element, HnswCandidate * hc, int m, int lc, int *updateIdx, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation);
+void		HnswLoadNeighbors(HnswElement element, Relation index);

 /* Index access methods */
 IndexBuildResult *hnswbuild(Relation heap, Relation index, IndexInfo *indexInfo);
@@ -310,6 +301,5 @@ IndexScanDesc hnswbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys);
 void		hnswrescan(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanKey keys, int nkeys, ScanKey orderbys, int norderbys);
 bool		hnswgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir);
 void		hnswendscan(IndexScanDesc scan);
-FmgrInfo  **HnswInitProcinfos(Relation index);

 #endif
--- a/src/hnswbuild.c
+++ b/src/hnswbuild.c
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 #include "lib/pairingheap.h"
 #include "nodes/pg_list.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
-#include "utils/datum.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"

 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
@@ -82,6 +81,7 @@ HnswBuildAppendPage(Relation index, Buffer *buf, Page *page, GenericXLogState **
 	HnswPageGetOpaque(*page)->nextblkno = BufferGetBlockNumber(newbuf);

 	/* Commit */
+	MarkBufferDirty(*buf);
 	GenericXLogFinish(*state);
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(*buf);

@@ -106,8 +106,8 @@ CreateElementPages(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 {
 	Relation	index = buildstate->index;
 	ForkNumber	forkNum = buildstate->forkNum;
-	bool		useIndexTuple = buildstate->useIndexTuple;
-	Size		etupAllocSize;
+	int			dimensions = buildstate->dimensions;
+	Size		etupSize;
 	Size		maxSize;
 	HnswElementTuple etup;
 	HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
@@ -118,12 +118,12 @@ CreateElementPages(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 	ListCell   *lc;

 	/* Calculate sizes */
-	etupAllocSize = BLCKSZ;
-	maxSize = HNSW_MAX_SIZE;
+	maxSize = BLCKSZ - MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData) - MAXALIGN(sizeof(HnswPageOpaqueData));
+	etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(dimensions);

 	/* Allocate once */
-	etup = palloc0(etupAllocSize);
-	ntup = palloc0(BLCKSZ);
+	etup = palloc0(etupSize);
+	ntup = palloc0(maxSize);

 	/* Prepare first page */
 	buf = HnswNewBuffer(index, forkNum);
@@ -134,24 +134,15 @@ CreateElementPages(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 	foreach(lc, buildstate->elements)
 	{
 		HnswElement element = lfirst(lc);
-		Size		etupSize;
 		Size		ntupSize;
 		Size		combinedSize;

-		/* Zero memory for each element */
-		MemSet(etup, 0, etupAllocSize);
+		HnswSetElementTuple(etup, element);

 		/* Calculate sizes */
-		etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(useIndexTuple ? IndexTupleSize(element->itup) : VARSIZE_ANY(DatumGetPointer(element->value)));
 		ntupSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(element->level, buildstate->m);
 		combinedSize = etupSize + ntupSize + sizeof(ItemIdData);

-		/* Initial size check */
-		if (etupSize > etupAllocSize)
-			elog(ERROR, "index tuple too large");
-
-		HnswSetElementTuple(etup, element, useIndexTuple);
-
 		/* Keep element and neighbors on the same page if possible */
 		if (PageGetFreeSpace(page) < etupSize || (combinedSize <= maxSize && PageGetFreeSpace(page) < combinedSize))
 			HnswBuildAppendPage(index, &buf, &page, &state, forkNum);
@@ -188,6 +179,7 @@ CreateElementPages(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 	insertPage = BufferGetBlockNumber(buf);

 	/* Commit */
+	MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 	GenericXLogFinish(state);
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);

@@ -235,6 +227,7 @@ CreateNeighborPages(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 			elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));

 		/* Commit */
+		MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 		GenericXLogFinish(state);
 		UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 	}
@@ -274,15 +267,13 @@ FlushPages(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 * Insert tuple
 */
 static bool
-InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, HnswElement element, HnswBuildState * buildstate, HnswElement * dup, MemoryContext outerCtx)
+InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, HnswElement element, HnswBuildState * buildstate, HnswElement * dup)
 {
-	FmgrInfo  **procinfos = buildstate->procinfos;
-	Oid		   *collations = buildstate->collations;
+	FmgrInfo   *procinfo = buildstate->procinfo;
+	Oid			collation = buildstate->collation;
 	HnswElement entryPoint = buildstate->entryPoint;
 	int			efConstruction = buildstate->efConstruction;
 	int			m = buildstate->m;
-	bool		inMemory = true;
-	MemoryContext oldCtx;

 	/* Detoast once for all calls */
 	Datum		value = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(values[0]));
@@ -290,20 +281,18 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, HnswElement element, Hn
 	/* Normalize if needed */
 	if (buildstate->normprocinfo != NULL)
 	{
-		if (!HnswNormValue(buildstate->normprocinfo, collations[0], &value, buildstate->normvec))
+		if (!HnswNormValue(buildstate->normprocinfo, collation, &value, buildstate->normvec))
 			return false;
 	}

 	/* Copy value to element so accessible outside of memory context */
-	oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(outerCtx);
-	HnswElementSetData(element, index, value, values, isnull);
-	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
+	memcpy(element->vec, DatumGetVector(value), VECTOR_SIZE(buildstate->dimensions));

 	/* Insert element in graph */
-	HnswInsertElement(element, entryPoint, index, procinfos, collations, m, efConstruction, false, inMemory);
+	HnswInsertElement(element, entryPoint, NULL, procinfo, collation, m, efConstruction, false);

 	/* Look for duplicate */
-	*dup = HnswFindDuplicate(element, index);
+	*dup = HnswFindDuplicate(element);

 	/* Update neighbors if needed */
 	if (*dup == NULL)
@@ -314,7 +303,7 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, HnswElement element, Hn
 			HnswNeighborArray *neighbors = &element->neighbors[lc];

 			for (int i = 0; i < neighbors->length; i++)
-				HnswUpdateConnection(element, &neighbors->items[i], lm, lc, NULL, index, procinfos, collations, inMemory);
+				HnswUpdateConnection(element, &neighbors->items[i], lm, lc, NULL, NULL, procinfo, collation);
 		}
 	}

@@ -327,21 +316,6 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, HnswElement element, Hn
 	return *dup == NULL;
 }

-/*
- * Get the memory used by an element
- */
-static long
-HnswElementMemory(HnswElement e, int m)
-{
-	long		elementSize = sizeof(HnswElementData);
-
-	elementSize += sizeof(HnswNeighborArray) * (e->level + 1);
-	elementSize += sizeof(HnswCandidate) * (m * (e->level + 2));
-	elementSize += sizeof(ItemPointerData);
-	elementSize += IndexTupleSize(e->itup);
-	return elementSize;
-}
-
 /*
 * Callback for table_index_build_scan
 */
@@ -363,7 +337,7 @@ BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
 	if (isnull[0])
 		return;

-	if (buildstate->memoryLeft <= 0)
+	if (buildstate->indtuples >= buildstate->maxInMemoryElements)
 	{
 		if (!buildstate->flushed)
 		{
@@ -389,12 +363,13 @@ BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,

 	/* Allocate necessary memory outside of memory context */
 	element = HnswInitElement(tid, buildstate->m, buildstate->ml, buildstate->maxLevel);
+	element->vec = palloc(VECTOR_SIZE(buildstate->dimensions));

 	/* Use memory context since detoast can allocate */
 	oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(buildstate->tmpCtx);

 	/* Insert tuple */
-	inserted = InsertTuple(index, values, isnull, element, buildstate, &dup, oldCtx);
+	inserted = InsertTuple(index, values, element, buildstate, &dup);

 	/* Reset memory context */
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
@@ -402,21 +377,31 @@ BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,

 	/* Add outside memory context */
 	if (dup != NULL)
-	{
 		HnswAddHeapTid(dup, tid);
-		buildstate->memoryLeft -= sizeof(ItemPointerData);
-	}

 	/* Add to buildstate or free */
 	if (inserted)
-	{
 		buildstate->elements = lappend(buildstate->elements, element);
-		buildstate->memoryLeft -= HnswElementMemory(element, buildstate->m);
-	}
 	else
 		HnswFreeElement(element);
 }

+/*
+ * Get the max number of elements that fit into maintenance_work_mem
+ */
+static double
+HnswGetMaxInMemoryElements(int m, double ml, int dimensions)
+{
+	Size		elementSize = sizeof(HnswElementData);
+	double		avgLevel = -log(0.5) * ml;
+
+	elementSize += sizeof(HnswNeighborArray) * (avgLevel + 1);
+	elementSize += sizeof(HnswCandidate) * (m * (avgLevel + 2));
+	elementSize += sizeof(ItemPointerData);
+	elementSize += VECTOR_SIZE(dimensions);
+	return (maintenance_work_mem * 1024L) / elementSize;
+}
+
 /*
 * Initialize the build state
 */
@@ -432,19 +417,6 @@ InitBuildState(HnswBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, Index
 	buildstate->efConstruction = HnswGetEfConstruction(index);
 	buildstate->dimensions = TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypmod;

-	/* TODO See if needed */
-	if (IndexRelationGetNumberOfKeyAttributes(index) > 2)
-		elog(ERROR, "index cannot have more than two columns");
-
-	if (!OidIsValid(index_getprocid(index, 1, HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC)))
-		elog(ERROR, "first column must be a vector");
-
-	for (int i = 1; i < IndexRelationGetNumberOfKeyAttributes(index); i++)
-	{
-		if (!OidIsValid(index_getprocid(index, i + 1, HNSW_ATTRIBUTE_DISTANCE_PROC)))
-			elog(ERROR, "column %d cannot be a vector", i + 1);
-	}
-
 	/* Require column to have dimensions to be indexed */
 	if (buildstate->dimensions < 0)
 		elog(ERROR, "column does not have dimensions");
@@ -459,17 +431,16 @@ InitBuildState(HnswBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, Index
 	buildstate->indtuples = 0;

 	/* Get support functions */
-	buildstate->procinfos = HnswInitProcinfos(index);
+	buildstate->procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC);
 	buildstate->normprocinfo = HnswOptionalProcInfo(index, HNSW_NORM_PROC);
-	buildstate->collations = index->rd_indcollation;
+	buildstate->collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];

 	buildstate->elements = NIL;
 	buildstate->entryPoint = NULL;
 	buildstate->ml = HnswGetMl(buildstate->m);
 	buildstate->maxLevel = HnswGetMaxLevel(buildstate->m);
-	buildstate->memoryLeft = maintenance_work_mem * 1024L;
+	buildstate->maxInMemoryElements = HnswGetMaxInMemoryElements(buildstate->m, buildstate->ml, buildstate->dimensions);
 	buildstate->flushed = false;
-	buildstate->useIndexTuple = IndexRelationGetNumberOfAttributes(index) > 1;

 	/* Reuse for each tuple */
 	buildstate->normvec = InitVector(buildstate->dimensions);
@@ -485,7 +456,6 @@ InitBuildState(HnswBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, Index
 static void
 FreeBuildState(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 {
-	pfree(buildstate->procinfos);
 	pfree(buildstate->normvec);
 	MemoryContextDelete(buildstate->tmpCtx);
 }
--- a/src/hnswinsert.c
+++ b/src/hnswinsert.c
@@ -123,24 +123,24 @@ WriteNewElementPages(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPag
 	Size		minCombinedSize;
 	HnswElementTuple etup;
 	BlockNumber currentPage = insertPage;
+	int			dimensions = e->vec->dim;
 	HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
 	Buffer		nbuf;
 	Page		npage;
 	OffsetNumber freeOffno = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 	OffsetNumber freeNeighborOffno = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 	BlockNumber newInsertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;
-	bool		useIndexTuple = IndexRelationGetNumberOfAttributes(index) > 1;

 	/* Calculate sizes */
-	etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(useIndexTuple ? IndexTupleSize(e->itup) : VARSIZE_ANY(DatumGetPointer(e->value)));
+	etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(dimensions);
 	ntupSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(e->level, m);
 	combinedSize = etupSize + ntupSize + sizeof(ItemIdData);
-	maxSize = HNSW_MAX_SIZE;
+	maxSize = BLCKSZ - MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData) - MAXALIGN(sizeof(HnswPageOpaqueData));
 	minCombinedSize = etupSize + HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(0, m) + sizeof(ItemIdData);

 	/* Prepare element tuple */
 	etup = palloc0(etupSize);
-	HnswSetElementTuple(etup, e, useIndexTuple);
+	HnswSetElementTuple(etup, e);

 	/* Prepare neighbor tuple */
 	ntup = palloc0(ntupSize);
@@ -202,6 +202,8 @@ WriteNewElementPages(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPag
 			HnswInsertAppendPage(index, &newbuf, &newpage, state, page);

 			/* Commit */
+			MarkBufferDirty(newbuf);
+			MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 			GenericXLogFinish(state);

 			/* Unlock previous buffer */
@@ -268,6 +270,9 @@ WriteNewElementPages(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPag
 	}

 	/* Commit */
+	MarkBufferDirty(buf);
+	if (nbuf != buf)
+		MarkBufferDirty(nbuf);
 	GenericXLogFinish(state);
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 	if (nbuf != buf)
@@ -302,7 +307,7 @@ ConnectionExists(HnswElement e, HnswNeighborTuple ntup, int startIdx, int lm)
 * Update neighbors
 */
 void
-HnswUpdateNeighborPages(Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, HnswElement e, int m, bool checkExisting)
+HnswUpdateNeighborPages(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement e, int m, bool checkExisting)
 {
 	for (int lc = e->level; lc >= 0; lc--)
 	{
@@ -324,7 +329,7 @@ HnswUpdateNeighborPages(Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, H

 			/* Get latest neighbors since they may have changed */
 			/* Do not lock yet since selecting neighbors can take time */
-			HnswLoadNeighbors(hc->element, index, m);
+			HnswLoadNeighbors(hc->element, index);

 			/*
 			 * Could improve performance for vacuuming by checking neighbors
@@ -334,7 +339,7 @@ HnswUpdateNeighborPages(Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, H
 			 */

 			/* Select neighbors */
-			HnswUpdateConnection(e, hc, lm, lc, &idx, index, procinfos, collations, false);
+			HnswUpdateConnection(e, hc, lm, lc, &idx, index, procinfo, collation);

 			/* New element was not selected as a neighbor */
 			if (idx == -1)
@@ -386,6 +391,7 @@ HnswUpdateNeighborPages(Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, H
 					elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));

 				/* Commit */
+				MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 				GenericXLogFinish(state);
 			}
 			else
@@ -405,9 +411,8 @@ HnswAddDuplicate(Relation index, HnswElement element, HnswElement dup)
 	Buffer		buf;
 	Page		page;
 	GenericXLogState *state;
-	ItemId		itemid;
+	Size		etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(dup->vec->dim);
 	HnswElementTuple etup;
-	Size		etupSize;
 	int			i;

 	/* Read page */
@@ -417,9 +422,7 @@ HnswAddDuplicate(Relation index, HnswElement element, HnswElement dup)
 	page = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, buf, 0);

 	/* Find space */
-	itemid = PageGetItemId(page, dup->offno);
-	etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, itemid);
-	etupSize = ItemIdGetLength(itemid);
+	etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, dup->offno));
 	for (i = 0; i < HNSW_HEAPTIDS; i++)
 	{
 		if (!ItemPointerIsValid(&etup->heaptids[i]))
@@ -442,6 +445,7 @@ HnswAddDuplicate(Relation index, HnswElement element, HnswElement dup)
 		elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));

 	/* Commit */
+	MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 	GenericXLogFinish(state);
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);

@@ -452,7 +456,7 @@ HnswAddDuplicate(Relation index, HnswElement element, HnswElement dup)
 * Write changes to disk
 */
 static void
-WriteElement(Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, HnswElement element, int m, int efConstruction, HnswElement dup, HnswElement entryPoint)
+WriteElement(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement element, int m, int efConstruction, HnswElement dup, HnswElement entryPoint)
 {
 	BlockNumber newInsertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;

@@ -471,7 +475,7 @@ WriteElement(Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, HnswElement
 		HnswUpdateMetaPage(index, 0, NULL, newInsertPage, MAIN_FORKNUM);

 	/* Update neighbors */
-	HnswUpdateNeighborPages(index, procinfos, collations, element, m, false);
+	HnswUpdateNeighborPages(index, procinfo, collation, element, m, false);

 	/* Update metapage if needed */
 	if (entryPoint == NULL || element->level > entryPoint->level)
@@ -488,10 +492,11 @@ HnswInsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_ti
 	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
 	HnswElement entryPoint;
 	HnswElement element;
-	int			m;
+	int			m = HnswGetM(index);
 	int			efConstruction = HnswGetEfConstruction(index);
-	FmgrInfo  **procinfos = HnswInitProcinfos(index);
-	Oid		   *collations = index->rd_indcollation;
+	double		ml = HnswGetMl(m);
+	FmgrInfo   *procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC);
+	Oid			collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
 	HnswElement dup;
 	LOCKMODE	lockmode = ShareLock;

@@ -502,10 +507,14 @@ HnswInsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_ti
 	normprocinfo = HnswOptionalProcInfo(index, HNSW_NORM_PROC);
 	if (normprocinfo != NULL)
 	{
-		if (!HnswNormValue(normprocinfo, collations[0], &value, NULL))
+		if (!HnswNormValue(normprocinfo, collation, &value, NULL))
 			return false;
 	}

+	/* Create an element */
+	element = HnswInitElement(heap_tid, m, ml, HnswGetMaxLevel(m));
+	element->vec = DatumGetVector(value);
+
 	/*
 	 * Get a shared lock. This allows vacuum to ensure no in-flight inserts
 	 * before repairing graph. Use a page lock so it does not interfere with
@@ -513,12 +522,8 @@ HnswInsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_ti
 	 */
 	LockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, lockmode);

-	/* Get m and entry point */
-	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, &m, &entryPoint);
-
-	/* Create an element */
-	element = HnswInitElement(heap_tid, m, HnswGetMl(m), HnswGetMaxLevel(m));
-	HnswElementSetData(element, index, value, values, isnull);
+	/* Get entry point */
+	entryPoint = HnswGetEntryPoint(index);

 	/* Prevent concurrent inserts when likely updating entry point */
 	if (entryPoint == NULL || element->level > entryPoint->level)
@@ -535,13 +540,13 @@ HnswInsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_ti
 	}

 	/* Insert element in graph */
-	HnswInsertElement(element, entryPoint, index, procinfos, collations, m, efConstruction, false, false);
+	HnswInsertElement(element, entryPoint, index, procinfo, collation, m, efConstruction, false);

 	/* Look for duplicate */
-	dup = HnswFindDuplicate(element, index);
+	dup = HnswFindDuplicate(element);

 	/* Write to disk */
-	WriteElement(index, procinfos, collations, element, m, efConstruction, dup, entryPoint);
+	WriteElement(index, procinfo, collation, element, m, efConstruction, dup, entryPoint);

 	/* Release lock */
 	UnlockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, lockmode);
--- a/src/hnswscan.c
+++ b/src/hnswscan.c
@@ -15,29 +15,24 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum q)
 {
 	HnswScanOpaque so = (HnswScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
 	Relation	index = scan->indexRelation;
-	FmgrInfo  **procinfos = so->procinfos;
-	Oid		   *collations = so->collations;
+	FmgrInfo   *procinfo = so->procinfo;
+	Oid			collation = so->collation;
 	List	   *ep;
 	List	   *w;
-	int			m;
-	HnswElement entryPoint;
-	ScanKeyData *keyData = scan->keyData;
-
-	/* Get m and entry point */
-	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, &m, &entryPoint);
+	HnswElement entryPoint = HnswGetEntryPoint(index);

 	if (entryPoint == NULL)
 		return NIL;

-	ep = list_make1(HnswEntryCandidate(entryPoint, q, NULL, keyData, index, procinfos, collations, false, false));
+	ep = list_make1(HnswEntryCandidate(entryPoint, q, index, procinfo, collation, false));

 	for (int lc = entryPoint->level; lc >= 1; lc--)
 	{
-		w = HnswSearchLayer(q, NULL, keyData, ep, 1, lc, index, procinfos, collations, m, false, NULL, false);
+		w = HnswSearchLayer(q, ep, 1, lc, index, procinfo, collation, false, NULL);
 		ep = w;
 	}

-	return HnswSearchLayer(q, NULL, keyData, ep, hnsw_ef_search, 0, index, procinfos, collations, m, false, NULL, false);
+	return HnswSearchLayer(q, ep, hnsw_ef_search, 0, index, procinfo, collation, false, NULL);
 }

 /*
@@ -63,33 +58,6 @@ GetDimensions(Relation index)
 	return dimensions;
 }

-/*
- * Get scan value
- */
-static Datum
-GetScanValue(IndexScanDesc scan)
-{
-	HnswScanOpaque so = (HnswScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
-	Datum		value;
-
-	if (scan->orderByData->sk_flags & SK_ISNULL)
-		value = PointerGetDatum(InitVector(GetDimensions(scan->indexRelation)));
-	else
-	{
-		value = scan->orderByData->sk_argument;
-
-		/* Value should not be compressed or toasted */
-		Assert(!VARATT_IS_COMPRESSED(DatumGetPointer(value)));
-		Assert(!VARATT_IS_EXTENDED(DatumGetPointer(value)));
-
-		/* Fine if normalization fails */
-		if (so->normprocinfo != NULL)
-			HnswNormValue(so->normprocinfo, so->collations[0], &value, NULL);
-	}
-
-	return value;
-}
-
 /*
 * Prepare for an index scan
 */
@@ -102,15 +70,16 @@ hnswbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 	scan = RelationGetIndexScan(index, nkeys, norderbys);

 	so = (HnswScanOpaque) palloc(sizeof(HnswScanOpaqueData));
+	so->buf = InvalidBuffer;
 	so->first = true;
 	so->tmpCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
 									   "Hnsw scan temporary context",
 									   ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);

 	/* Set support functions */
-	so->procinfos = HnswInitProcinfos(index);
+	so->procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC);
 	so->normprocinfo = HnswOptionalProcInfo(index, HNSW_NORM_PROC);
-	so->collations = index->rd_indcollation;
+	so->collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];

 	scan->opaque = so;

@@ -161,13 +130,20 @@ hnswgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 		if (scan->orderByData == NULL)
 			elog(ERROR, "cannot scan hnsw index without order");

-		/* Requires MVCC-compliant snapshot as not able to maintain a pin */
-		/* https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/index-locking.html */
-		if (!IsMVCCSnapshot(scan->xs_snapshot))
-			elog(ERROR, "non-MVCC snapshots are not supported with hnsw");
+		if (scan->orderByData->sk_flags & SK_ISNULL)
+			value = PointerGetDatum(InitVector(GetDimensions(scan->indexRelation)));
+		else
+		{
+			value = scan->orderByData->sk_argument;

-		/* Get scan value */
-		value = GetScanValue(scan);
+			/* Value should not be compressed or toasted */
+			Assert(!VARATT_IS_COMPRESSED(DatumGetPointer(value)));
+			Assert(!VARATT_IS_EXTENDED(DatumGetPointer(value)));
+
+			/* Fine if normalization fails */
+			if (so->normprocinfo != NULL)
+				HnswNormValue(so->normprocinfo, so->collation, &value, NULL);
+		}

 		/*
 		 * Get a shared lock. This allows vacuum to ensure no in-flight scans
@@ -186,29 +162,39 @@ hnswgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 	while (list_length(so->w) > 0)
 	{
 		HnswCandidate *hc = llast(so->w);
-		ItemPointer heaptid;
+		ItemPointer tid;
+		BlockNumber indexblkno;

-		/* Move to next element if no valid heap TIDs */
+		/* Move to next element if no valid heap tids */
 		if (list_length(hc->element->heaptids) == 0)
 		{
 			so->w = list_delete_last(so->w);
 			continue;
 		}

-		heaptid = llast(hc->element->heaptids);
+		tid = llast(hc->element->heaptids);
+		indexblkno = hc->element->blkno;

 		hc->element->heaptids = list_delete_last(hc->element->heaptids);

 		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);

 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
-		scan->xs_heaptid = *heaptid;
+		scan->xs_heaptid = *tid;
 #else
-		scan->xs_ctup.t_self = *heaptid;
+		scan->xs_ctup.t_self = *tid;
 #endif

-		/* TODO Check during scan */
-		scan->xs_recheck = scan->numberOfKeys > 0;
+		if (BufferIsValid(so->buf))
+			ReleaseBuffer(so->buf);
+
+		/*
+		 * An index scan must maintain a pin on the index page holding the
+		 * item last returned by amgettuple
+		 *
+		 * https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/index-locking.html
+		 */
+		so->buf = ReadBuffer(scan->indexRelation, indexblkno);

 		scan->xs_recheckorderby = false;
 		return true;
@@ -226,7 +212,10 @@ hnswendscan(IndexScanDesc scan)
 {
 	HnswScanOpaque so = (HnswScanOpaque) scan->opaque;

-	pfree(so->procinfos);
+	/* Release pin */
+	if (BufferIsValid(so->buf))
+		ReleaseBuffer(so->buf);
+
 	MemoryContextDelete(so->tmpCtx);

 	pfree(so);
--- a/src/hnswutils.c
+++ b/src/hnswutils.c
@@ -4,13 +4,8 @@

 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
-#include "utils/datum.h"
 #include "vector.h"

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-#define TYPSTORAGE_PLAIN 'p'
-#endif
-
 /*
 * Get the max number of connections in an upper layer for each element in the index
 */
@@ -43,28 +38,12 @@ HnswGetEfConstruction(Relation index)
 * Get proc
 */
 FmgrInfo *
-HnswOptionalProcInfo(Relation index, uint16 procnum)
+HnswOptionalProcInfo(Relation rel, uint16 procnum)
 {
-	if (!OidIsValid(index_getprocid(index, 1, procnum)))
+	if (!OidIsValid(index_getprocid(rel, 1, procnum)))
 		return NULL;

-	return index_getprocinfo(index, 1, procnum);
-}
-
-/*
- * Init procs
- */
-FmgrInfo  **
-HnswInitProcinfos(Relation index)
-{
-	int			keyAttributes = IndexRelationGetNumberOfKeyAttributes(index);
-	FmgrInfo  **procinfos = palloc(keyAttributes * sizeof(FmgrInfo *));
-
-	procinfos[0] = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC);
-	for (int i = 1; i < keyAttributes; i++)
-		procinfos[i] = index_getprocinfo(index, i + 1, HNSW_ATTRIBUTE_DISTANCE_PROC);
-
-	return procinfos;
+	return index_getprocinfo(rel, 1, procnum);
 }

 /*
@@ -138,6 +117,7 @@ HnswInitRegisterPage(Relation index, Buffer *buf, Page *page, GenericXLogState *
 void
 HnswCommitBuffer(Buffer buf, GenericXLogState *state)
 {
+	MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 	GenericXLogFinish(state);
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 }
@@ -160,21 +140,9 @@ HnswInitNeighbors(HnswElement element, int m)
 		a = &element->neighbors[lc];
 		a->length = 0;
 		a->items = palloc(sizeof(HnswCandidate) * lm);
-		a->closerSet = false;
 	}
 }

-/*
- * Free neighbors
- */
-static void
-HnswFreeNeighbors(HnswElement element)
-{
-	for (int lc = 0; lc <= element->level; lc++)
-		pfree(element->neighbors[lc].items);
-	pfree(element->neighbors);
-}
-
 /*
 * Allocate an element
 */
@@ -194,7 +162,6 @@ HnswInitElement(ItemPointer heaptid, int m, double ml, int maxLevel)

 	element->level = level;
 	element->deleted = 0;
-	element->itup = NULL;

 	HnswInitNeighbors(element, m);

@@ -207,10 +174,11 @@ HnswInitElement(ItemPointer heaptid, int m, double ml, int maxLevel)
 void
 HnswFreeElement(HnswElement element)
 {
-	HnswFreeNeighbors(element);
 	list_free_deep(element->heaptids);
-	if (element->itup)
-		pfree(element->itup);
+	for (int lc = 0; lc <= element->level; lc++)
+		pfree(element->neighbors[lc].items);
+	pfree(element->neighbors);
+	pfree(element->vec);
 	pfree(element);
 }

@@ -237,49 +205,30 @@ HnswInitElementFromBlock(BlockNumber blkno, OffsetNumber offno)
 	element->blkno = blkno;
 	element->offno = offno;
 	element->neighbors = NULL;
-	element->value = PointerGetDatum(NULL);
-	element->itup = NULL;
+	element->vec = NULL;
 	return element;
 }

-/*
- * Get the metapage info
- */
-void
-HnswGetMetaPageInfo(Relation index, int *m, HnswElement * entryPoint)
-{
-	Buffer		buf;
-	Page		page;
-	HnswMetaPage metap;
-
-	buf = ReadBuffer(index, HNSW_METAPAGE_BLKNO);
-	LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
-	page = BufferGetPage(buf);
-	metap = HnswPageGetMeta(page);
-
-	if (m != NULL)
-		*m = metap->m;
-
-	if (entryPoint != NULL)
-	{
-		if (BlockNumberIsValid(metap->entryBlkno))
-			*entryPoint = HnswInitElementFromBlock(metap->entryBlkno, metap->entryOffno);
-		else
-			*entryPoint = NULL;
-	}
-
-	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
-}
-
 /*
 * Get the entry point
 */
 HnswElement
 HnswGetEntryPoint(Relation index)
 {
-	HnswElement entryPoint;
+	Buffer		buf;
+	Page		page;
+	HnswMetaPage metap;
+	HnswElement entryPoint = NULL;

-	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, NULL, &entryPoint);
+	buf = ReadBuffer(index, HNSW_METAPAGE_BLKNO);
+	LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
+	page = BufferGetPage(buf);
+	metap = HnswPageGetMeta(page);
+
+	if (BlockNumberIsValid(metap->entryBlkno))
+		entryPoint = HnswInitElementFromBlock(metap->entryBlkno, metap->entryOffno);
+
+	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);

 	return entryPoint;
 }
@@ -336,7 +285,7 @@ HnswUpdateMetaPage(Relation index, int updateEntry, HnswElement entryPoint, Bloc
 * Set element tuple, except for neighbor info
 */
 void
-HnswSetElementTuple(HnswElementTuple etup, HnswElement element, bool useIndexTuple)
+HnswSetElementTuple(HnswElementTuple etup, HnswElement element)
 {
 	etup->type = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_TYPE;
 	etup->level = element->level;
@@ -348,11 +297,7 @@ HnswSetElementTuple(HnswElementTuple etup, HnswElement element, bool useIndexTup
 		else
 			ItemPointerSetInvalid(&etup->heaptids[i]);
 	}
-
-	if (useIndexTuple)
-		memcpy(&etup->data, element->itup, IndexTupleSize(element->itup));
-	else
-		memcpy(&etup->data, DatumGetPointer(element->value), VARSIZE_ANY(DatumGetPointer(element->value)));
+	memcpy(&etup->vec, element->vec, VECTOR_SIZE(element->vec->dim));
 }

 /*
@@ -392,9 +337,10 @@ HnswSetNeighborTuple(HnswNeighborTuple ntup, HnswElement e, int m)
 * Load neighbors from page
 */
 static void
-LoadNeighborsFromPage(HnswElement element, Relation index, Page page, int m)
+LoadNeighborsFromPage(HnswElement element, Relation index, Page page)
 {
 	HnswNeighborTuple ntup = (HnswNeighborTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, element->neighborOffno));
+	int			m = HnswGetM(index);
 	int			neighborCount = (element->level + 2) * m;

 	Assert(HnswIsNeighborTuple(ntup));
@@ -435,7 +381,7 @@ LoadNeighborsFromPage(HnswElement element, Relation index, Page page, int m)
 * Load neighbors
 */
 void
-HnswLoadNeighbors(HnswElement element, Relation index, int m)
+HnswLoadNeighbors(HnswElement element, Relation index)
 {
 	Buffer		buf;
 	Page		page;
@@ -444,7 +390,7 @@ HnswLoadNeighbors(HnswElement element, Relation index, int m)
 	LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
 	page = BufferGetPage(buf);

-	LoadNeighborsFromPage(element, index, page, m);
+	LoadNeighborsFromPage(element, index, page);

 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 }
@@ -453,7 +399,7 @@ HnswLoadNeighbors(HnswElement element, Relation index, int m)
 * Load an element from a tuple
 */
 void
-HnswLoadElementFromTuple(HnswElement element, HnswElementTuple etup, bool loadHeaptids, bool loadVec, Relation index)
+HnswLoadElementFromTuple(HnswElement element, HnswElementTuple etup, bool loadHeaptids, bool loadVec)
 {
 	element->level = etup->level;
 	element->deleted = etup->deleted;
@@ -475,157 +421,16 @@ HnswLoadElementFromTuple(HnswElement element, HnswElementTuple etup, bool loadHe

 	if (loadVec)
 	{
-		if (IndexRelationGetNumberOfAttributes(index) > 1)
-		{
-			TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(index);
-			bool		unused;
-
-			element->itup = CopyIndexTuple((IndexTuple) &etup->data);
-			element->value = index_getattr(element->itup, 1, tupdesc, &unused);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			Vector	   *vec = palloc(VARSIZE_ANY(&etup->data));
-
-			memcpy(vec, &etup->data, VARSIZE_ANY(&etup->data));
-			element->value = PointerGetDatum(vec);
-		}
+		element->vec = palloc(VECTOR_SIZE(etup->vec.dim));
+		memcpy(element->vec, &etup->vec, VECTOR_SIZE(etup->vec.dim));
 	}
 }

-/*
- * Get the tuple descriptor
- */
-static TupleDesc
-HnswTupleDesc(Relation index)
-{
-	TupleDesc	tupdesc = CreateTupleDescCopyConstr(RelationGetDescr(index));
-
-	/* Prevent compression */
-	TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, 0)->attstorage = TYPSTORAGE_PLAIN;
-
-	return tupdesc;
-}
-
-/*
- * Set element data
- */
-void
-HnswElementSetData(HnswElement element, Relation index, Datum value, Datum *values, bool *isnull)
-{
-	/* TODO Create once per index build */
-	TupleDesc	tupdesc = HnswTupleDesc(index);
-	bool		unused;
-	Datum		tmp;
-
-	tmp = values[0];
-	values[0] = value;
-	element->itup = index_form_tuple(tupdesc, values, isnull);
-	values[0] = tmp;
-
-	element->value = index_getattr(element->itup, 1, tupdesc, &unused);
-
-	FreeTupleDesc(tupdesc);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the attribute distance
- */
-static inline double
-AttributeDistance(double e)
-{
-	/* TODO Better bias */
-	/* must be >> max(w * g) + 1 / log10(2) */
-	double		bias = 4.32;
-
-	return e > 0 ? bias - 1.0 / log10(e + 1) : 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the distance
- */
-static double
-GetDistance(IndexTuple itup, Datum vec, Datum q, IndexTuple qtup, ScanKeyData *keyData, Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, bool *matches)
-{
-	double		g = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfos[0], collations[0], q, vec));
-
-	Assert(PointerIsValid(matches));
-	*matches = true;
-
-	if (IndexRelationGetNumberOfKeyAttributes(index) > 1)
-	{
-		double		w = 0.25;
-		double		e = 0.0;
-		TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(index);
-
-		if (keyData)
-		{
-			/* TODO need to pass length of key data */
-			int			keyCount = 1;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < keyCount; i++)
-			{
-				ScanKey		key = &keyData[i];
-				bool		isnull;
-				Datum		value = index_getattr(itup, key->sk_attno, tupdesc, &isnull);
-				bool		attnull = key->sk_flags & SK_ISNULL;
-
-				if (isnull || attnull)
-				{
-					if (isnull != attnull)
-					{
-						e += 1000;
-						*matches = false;
-					}
-				}
-				else if (!DatumGetBool(FunctionCall2Coll(&key->sk_func, key->sk_collation, value, key->sk_argument)))
-				{
-					double		ei = fabs(DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfos[key->sk_attno - 1], collations[key->sk_attno - 1], value, key->sk_argument)));
-
-					if (ei > 0)
-						e += ei;
-					else
-						/* Distance is zero for inequality */
-						e += 1000;
-
-					*matches = false;
-				}
-			}
-
-			return w * g + AttributeDistance(e);
-		}
-		else if (qtup)
-		{
-			int			keyCount = IndexRelationGetNumberOfKeyAttributes(index) - 1;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < keyCount; i++)
-			{
-				bool		isnull;
-				bool		attnull;
-				Datum		value = index_getattr(itup, i + 2, tupdesc, &isnull);
-				Datum		value2 = index_getattr(qtup, i + 2, tupdesc, &attnull);
-
-				if (isnull || attnull)
-				{
-					if (isnull != attnull)
-						e += 1000;
-				}
-				else
-					e += fabs(DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfos[i + 1], collations[i + 1], value, value2)));
-			}
-
-			return w * g + AttributeDistance(e);
-		}
-	}
-
-	return g;
-}
-
 /*
 * Load an element and optionally get its distance from q
 */
 void
-HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, bool *matches, Datum *q, IndexTuple qtup, ScanKeyData *keyData, Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, bool loadVec)
+HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, Datum *q, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec)
 {
 	Buffer		buf;
 	Page		page;
@@ -641,27 +446,11 @@ HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, bool *matches, Datum *q, I
 	Assert(HnswIsElementTuple(etup));

 	/* Load element */
-	HnswLoadElementFromTuple(element, etup, true, loadVec, index);
+	HnswLoadElementFromTuple(element, etup, true, loadVec);

 	/* Calculate distance */
 	if (distance != NULL)
-	{
-		IndexTuple	itup = NULL;
-		Datum		value;
-
-		if (IndexRelationGetNumberOfAttributes(index) > 1)
-		{
-			TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(index);
-			bool		unused;
-
-			itup = (IndexTuple) &etup->data;
-			value = index_getattr(itup, 1, tupdesc, &unused);
-		}
-		else
-			value = PointerGetDatum(&etup->data);
-
-		*distance = GetDistance(itup, value, *q, qtup, keyData, index, procinfos, collations, matches);
-	}
+		*distance = (float) DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, *q, PointerGetDatum(&etup->vec)));

 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 }
@@ -670,24 +459,24 @@ HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, bool *matches, Datum *q, I
 * Get the distance for a candidate
 */
 static float
-GetCandidateDistance(HnswCandidate * hc, Datum q, IndexTuple qtup, ScanKeyData *keyData, Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations)
+GetCandidateDistance(HnswCandidate * hc, Datum q, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation)
 {
-	return GetDistance(hc->element->itup, hc->element->value, q, qtup, keyData, index, procinfos, collations, &hc->matches);
+	return DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, q, PointerGetDatum(hc->element->vec)));
 }

 /*
 * Create a candidate for the entry point
 */
 HnswCandidate *
-HnswEntryCandidate(HnswElement entryPoint, Datum q, IndexTuple qtup, ScanKeyData *keyData, Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, bool loadVec, bool inMemory)
+HnswEntryCandidate(HnswElement entryPoint, Datum q, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec)
 {
 	HnswCandidate *hc = palloc(sizeof(HnswCandidate));

 	hc->element = entryPoint;
-	if (inMemory)
-		hc->distance = GetCandidateDistance(hc, q, qtup, keyData, index, procinfos, collations);
+	if (index == NULL)
+		hc->distance = GetCandidateDistance(hc, q, procinfo, collation);
 	else
-		HnswLoadElement(hc->element, &hc->distance, &hc->matches, &q, qtup, keyData, index, procinfos, collations, loadVec);
+		HnswLoadElement(hc->element, &hc->distance, &q, index, procinfo, collation, loadVec);
 	return hc;
 }

@@ -737,9 +526,9 @@ CreatePairingHeapNode(HnswCandidate * c)
 * Add to visited
 */
 static inline void
-AddToVisited(HTAB *v, HnswCandidate * hc, bool inMemory, bool *found)
+AddToVisited(HTAB *v, HnswCandidate * hc, Relation index, bool *found)
 {
-	if (inMemory)
+	if (index == NULL)
 		hash_search(v, &hc->element, HASH_ENTER, found);
 	else
 	{
@@ -754,7 +543,7 @@ AddToVisited(HTAB *v, HnswCandidate * hc, bool inMemory, bool *found)
 * Algorithm 2 from paper
 */
 List *
-HnswSearchLayer(Datum q, IndexTuple qtup, ScanKeyData *keyData, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, int m, bool loadVec, HnswElement skipElement, bool inMemory)
+HnswSearchLayer(Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool inserting, HnswElement skipElement)
 {
 	ListCell   *lc2;

@@ -762,13 +551,11 @@ HnswSearchLayer(Datum q, IndexTuple qtup, ScanKeyData *keyData, List *ep, int ef
 	pairingheap *C = pairingheap_allocate(CompareNearestCandidates, NULL);
 	pairingheap *W = pairingheap_allocate(CompareFurthestCandidates, NULL);
 	int			wlen = 0;
-	uint64		additional = 0;
-	uint64		maxAdditional = keyData ? 4 * ef : 0;
 	HASHCTL		hash_ctl;
 	HTAB	   *v;

 	/* Create hash table */
-	if (inMemory)
+	if (index == NULL)
 	{
 		hash_ctl.keysize = sizeof(HnswElement *);
 		hash_ctl.entrysize = sizeof(HnswElement *);
@@ -787,18 +574,11 @@ HnswSearchLayer(Datum q, IndexTuple qtup, ScanKeyData *keyData, List *ep, int ef
 	{
 		HnswCandidate *hc = (HnswCandidate *) lfirst(lc2);

-		AddToVisited(v, hc, inMemory, NULL);
+		AddToVisited(v, hc, index, NULL);

 		pairingheap_add(C, &(CreatePairingHeapNode(hc)->ph_node));
 		pairingheap_add(W, &(CreatePairingHeapNode(hc)->ph_node));

-		/* Do not count elements that do not match filter towards ef */
-		if (!hc->matches)
-		{
-			if ((++additional) <= maxAdditional)
-				continue;
-		}
-
 		/*
 		 * Do not count elements being deleted towards ef when vacuuming. It
 		 * would be ideal to do this for inserts as well, but this could
@@ -818,7 +598,7 @@ HnswSearchLayer(Datum q, IndexTuple qtup, ScanKeyData *keyData, List *ep, int ef
 			break;

 		if (c->element->neighbors == NULL)
-			HnswLoadNeighbors(c->element, index, m);
+			HnswLoadNeighbors(c->element, index);

 		/* Get the neighborhood at layer lc */
 		neighborhood = &c->element->neighbors[lc];
@@ -828,7 +608,7 @@ HnswSearchLayer(Datum q, IndexTuple qtup, ScanKeyData *keyData, List *ep, int ef
 			HnswCandidate *e = &neighborhood->items[i];
 			bool		visited;

-			AddToVisited(v, e, inMemory, &visited);
+			AddToVisited(v, e, index, &visited);

 			if (!visited)
 			{
@@ -836,13 +616,17 @@ HnswSearchLayer(Datum q, IndexTuple qtup, ScanKeyData *keyData, List *ep, int ef

 				f = ((HnswPairingHeapNode *) pairingheap_first(W))->inner;

-				if (inMemory)
-					eDistance = GetCandidateDistance(e, q, qtup, keyData, index, procinfos, collations);
+				if (index == NULL)
+					eDistance = GetCandidateDistance(e, q, procinfo, collation);
 				else
-					HnswLoadElement(e->element, &eDistance, &e->matches, &q, qtup, keyData, index, procinfos, collations, loadVec);
+					HnswLoadElement(e->element, &eDistance, &q, index, procinfo, collation, inserting);

 				Assert(!e->element->deleted);

+				/* Skip self for vacuuming update */
+				if (skipElement != NULL && e->element->blkno == skipElement->blkno && e->element->offno == skipElement->offno)
+					continue;
+
 				/* Make robust to issues */
 				if (e->element->level < lc)
 					continue;
@@ -865,16 +649,6 @@ HnswSearchLayer(Datum q, IndexTuple qtup, ScanKeyData *keyData, List *ep, int ef
 					 */
 					if (skipElement == NULL || list_length(e->element->heaptids) != 0)
 					{
-						/*
-						 * Do not count elements that do not match filter
-						 * towards ef
-						 */
-						if (!e->matches)
-						{
-							if ((++additional) <= maxAdditional)
-								continue;
-						}
-
 						wlen++;

 						/* No need to decrement wlen */
@@ -897,42 +671,12 @@ HnswSearchLayer(Datum q, IndexTuple qtup, ScanKeyData *keyData, List *ep, int ef
 	return w;
 }

-/*
- * Compare candidate distances
- */
-static int
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-CompareCandidateDistances(const ListCell *a, const ListCell *b)
-#else
-CompareCandidateDistances(const void *a, const void *b)
-#endif
-{
-	HnswCandidate *hca = lfirst((ListCell *) a);
-	HnswCandidate *hcb = lfirst((ListCell *) b);
-
-	if (hca->distance < hcb->distance)
-		return 1;
-
-	if (hca->distance > hcb->distance)
-		return -1;
-
-	if (hca->element < hcb->element)
-		return 1;
-
-	if (hca->element > hcb->element)
-		return -1;
-
-	return 0;
-}
-
 /*
 * Calculate the distance between elements
 */
 static float
-HnswGetCachedDistance(HnswElement a, HnswElement b, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations)
+HnswGetDistance(HnswElement a, HnswElement b, int lc, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation)
 {
-	bool		matches;
-
 	/* Look for cached distance */
 	if (a->neighbors != NULL)
 	{
@@ -956,21 +700,21 @@ HnswGetCachedDistance(HnswElement a, HnswElement b, int lc, Relation index, Fmgr
 		}
 	}

-	return GetDistance(a->itup, a->value, b->value, b->itup, NULL, index, procinfos, collations, &matches);
+	return DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, PointerGetDatum(a->vec), PointerGetDatum(b->vec)));
 }

 /*
 * Check if an element is closer to q than any element from R
 */
 static bool
-CheckElementCloser(HnswCandidate * e, List *r, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations)
+CheckElementCloser(HnswCandidate * e, List *r, int lc, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation)
 {
 	ListCell   *lc2;

 	foreach(lc2, r)
 	{
 		HnswCandidate *ri = lfirst(lc2);
-		float		distance = HnswGetCachedDistance(e->element, ri->element, lc, index, procinfos, collations);
+		float		distance = HnswGetDistance(e->element, ri->element, lc, procinfo, collation);

 		if (distance <= e->distance)
 			return false;
@@ -983,77 +727,33 @@ CheckElementCloser(HnswCandidate * e, List *r, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo
 * Algorithm 4 from paper
 */
 static List *
-SelectNeighbors(List *c, int m, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, HnswElement e2, HnswCandidate * newCandidate, HnswCandidate * *pruned, bool sortCandidates)
+SelectNeighbors(List *c, int m, int lc, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswCandidate * *pruned)
 {
 	List	   *r = NIL;
 	List	   *w = list_copy(c);
 	pairingheap *wd;
-	bool		mustCalculate = !e2->neighbors[lc].closerSet;
-	List	   *added = NIL;
-	bool		removedAny = false;

 	if (list_length(w) <= m)
 		return w;

 	wd = pairingheap_allocate(CompareNearestCandidates, NULL);

-	/* Ensure order of candidates is deterministic for closer caching */
-	if (sortCandidates)
-		list_sort(w, CompareCandidateDistances);
-
 	while (list_length(w) > 0 && list_length(r) < m)
 	{
 		/* Assumes w is already ordered desc */
 		HnswCandidate *e = llast(w);
+		bool		closer;

 		w = list_delete_last(w);

-		/* Use previous state of r and wd to skip work when possible */
-		if (mustCalculate)
-			e->closer = CheckElementCloser(e, r, lc, index, procinfos, collations);
-		else if (list_length(added) > 0)
-		{
-			/*
-			 * If the current candidate was closer, we only need to compare it
-			 * with the other candidates that we have added.
-			 */
-			if (e->closer)
-			{
-				e->closer = CheckElementCloser(e, added, lc, index, procinfos, collations);
+		closer = CheckElementCloser(e, r, lc, procinfo, collation);

-				if (!e->closer)
-					removedAny = true;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				/*
-				 * If we have removed any candidates from closer, a candidate
-				 * that was not closer earlier might now be.
-				 */
-				if (removedAny)
-				{
-					e->closer = CheckElementCloser(e, r, lc, index, procinfos, collations);
-					if (e->closer)
-						added = lappend(added, e);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		else if (e == newCandidate)
-		{
-			e->closer = CheckElementCloser(e, r, lc, index, procinfos, collations);
-			if (e->closer)
-				added = lappend(added, e);
-		}
-
-		if (e->closer)
+		if (closer)
 			r = lappend(r, e);
 		else
 			pairingheap_add(wd, &(CreatePairingHeapNode(e)->ph_node));
 	}

-	/* Cached value can only be used in future if sorted deterministically */
-	e2->neighbors[lc].closerSet = sortCandidates;
-
 	/* Keep pruned connections */
 	while (!pairingheap_is_empty(wd) && list_length(r) < m)
 		r = lappend(r, ((HnswPairingHeapNode *) pairingheap_remove_first(wd))->inner);
@@ -1074,20 +774,16 @@ SelectNeighbors(List *c, int m, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oi
 * Find duplicate element
 */
 HnswElement
-HnswFindDuplicate(HnswElement e, Relation index)
+HnswFindDuplicate(HnswElement e)
 {
 	HnswNeighborArray *neighbors = &e->neighbors[0];

-	/* TODO Implement */
-	if (IndexRelationGetNumberOfAttributes(index) > 1)
-		return NULL;
-
 	for (int i = 0; i < neighbors->length; i++)
 	{
 		HnswCandidate *neighbor = &neighbors->items[i];

 		/* Exit early since ordered by distance */
-		if (!datumIsEqual(e->value, neighbor->element->value, false, -1))
+		if (vector_cmp_internal(e->vec, neighbor->element->vec) != 0)
 			break;

 		/* Check for space */
@@ -1111,11 +807,33 @@ AddConnections(HnswElement element, List *neighbors, int m, int lc)
 		a->items[a->length++] = *((HnswCandidate *) lfirst(lc2));
 }

+/*
+ * Compare candidate distances
+ */
+static int
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
+CompareCandidateDistances(const ListCell *a, const ListCell *b)
+#else
+CompareCandidateDistances(const void *a, const void *b)
+#endif
+{
+	HnswCandidate *hca = lfirst((ListCell *) a);
+	HnswCandidate *hcb = lfirst((ListCell *) b);
+
+	if (hca->distance < hcb->distance)
+		return 1;
+
+	if (hca->distance > hcb->distance)
+		return -1;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 /*
 * Update connections
 */
 void
-HnswUpdateConnection(HnswElement element, HnswCandidate * hc, int m, int lc, int *updateIdx, Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, bool inMemory)
+HnswUpdateConnection(HnswElement element, HnswCandidate * hc, int m, int lc, int *updateIdx, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation)
 {
 	HnswNeighborArray *currentNeighbors = &hc->element->neighbors[lc];

@@ -1138,20 +856,18 @@ HnswUpdateConnection(HnswElement element, HnswCandidate * hc, int m, int lc, int
 		HnswCandidate *pruned = NULL;

 		/* Load elements on insert */
-		if (!inMemory)
+		if (index != NULL)
 		{
-			Datum		q = hc->element->value;
-			IndexTuple	qtup = hc->element->itup;
-			ScanKeyData *keyData = NULL;
+			Datum		q = PointerGetDatum(hc->element->vec);

 			for (int i = 0; i < currentNeighbors->length; i++)
 			{
 				HnswCandidate *hc3 = &currentNeighbors->items[i];

-				if (DatumGetPointer(hc3->element->value) == NULL)
-					HnswLoadElement(hc3->element, &hc3->distance, &hc3->matches, &q, qtup, keyData, index, procinfos, collations, true);
+				if (hc3->element->vec == NULL)
+					HnswLoadElement(hc3->element, &hc3->distance, &q, index, procinfo, collation, true);
 				else
-					hc3->distance = GetCandidateDistance(hc3, q, qtup, keyData, index, procinfos, collations);
+					hc3->distance = GetCandidateDistance(hc3, q, procinfo, collation);

 				/* Prune element if being deleted */
 				if (list_length(hc3->element->heaptids) == 0)
@@ -1166,12 +882,13 @@ HnswUpdateConnection(HnswElement element, HnswCandidate * hc, int m, int lc, int
 		{
 			List	   *c = NIL;

-			/* Add candidates */
+			/* Add and sort candidates */
 			for (int i = 0; i < currentNeighbors->length; i++)
 				c = lappend(c, &currentNeighbors->items[i]);
 			c = lappend(c, &hc2);
+			list_sort(c, CompareCandidateDistances);

-			SelectNeighbors(c, m, lc, index, procinfos, collations, hc->element, &hc2, &pruned, true);
+			SelectNeighbors(c, m, lc, procinfo, collation, &pruned);

 			/* Should not happen */
 			if (pruned == NULL)
@@ -1196,10 +913,10 @@ HnswUpdateConnection(HnswElement element, HnswCandidate * hc, int m, int lc, int
 }

 /*
- * Remove elements being deleted or skipped
+ * Remove elements being deleted
 */
 static List *
-RemoveElements(List *w, HnswElement skipElement)
+RemoveElementsBeingDeleted(List *w)
 {
 	ListCell   *lc2;
 	List	   *w2 = NIL;
@@ -1208,10 +925,6 @@ RemoveElements(List *w, HnswElement skipElement)
 	{
 		HnswCandidate *hc = (HnswCandidate *) lfirst(lc2);

-		/* Skip self for vacuuming update */
-		if (skipElement != NULL && hc->element->blkno == skipElement->blkno && hc->element->offno == skipElement->offno)
-			continue;
-
 		if (list_length(hc->element->heaptids) != 0)
 			w2 = lappend(w2, hc);
 	}
@@ -1223,15 +936,13 @@ RemoveElements(List *w, HnswElement skipElement)
 * Algorithm 1 from paper
 */
 void
-HnswInsertElement(HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint, Relation index, FmgrInfo **procinfos, Oid *collations, int m, int efConstruction, bool existing, bool inMemory)
+HnswInsertElement(HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, int efConstruction, bool existing)
 {
 	List	   *ep;
 	List	   *w;
 	int			level = element->level;
 	int			entryLevel;
-	Datum		q = element->value;
-	IndexTuple	qtup = element->itup;
-	ScanKeyData *keyData = NULL;
+	Datum		q = PointerGetDatum(element->vec);
 	HnswElement skipElement = existing ? element : NULL;

 	/* No neighbors if no entry point */
@@ -1239,45 +950,33 @@ HnswInsertElement(HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint, Relation index, F
 		return;

 	/* Get entry point and level */
-	ep = list_make1(HnswEntryCandidate(entryPoint, q, qtup, keyData, index, procinfos, collations, true, inMemory));
+	ep = list_make1(HnswEntryCandidate(entryPoint, q, index, procinfo, collation, true));
 	entryLevel = entryPoint->level;

 	/* 1st phase: greedy search to insert level */
 	for (int lc = entryLevel; lc >= level + 1; lc--)
 	{
-		w = HnswSearchLayer(q, qtup, keyData, ep, 1, lc, index, procinfos, collations, m, true, skipElement, inMemory);
+		w = HnswSearchLayer(q, ep, 1, lc, index, procinfo, collation, true, skipElement);
 		ep = w;
 	}

 	if (level > entryLevel)
 		level = entryLevel;

-	/* Add one for existing element */
-	if (existing)
-		efConstruction++;
-
 	/* 2nd phase */
 	for (int lc = level; lc >= 0; lc--)
 	{
 		int			lm = HnswGetLayerM(m, lc);
 		List	   *neighbors;
-		List	   *lw;

-		w = HnswSearchLayer(q, qtup, keyData, ep, efConstruction, lc, index, procinfos, collations, m, true, skipElement, inMemory);
+		w = HnswSearchLayer(q, ep, efConstruction, lc, index, procinfo, collation, true, skipElement);

-		/* Elements being deleted or skipped can help with search */
+		/* Elements being deleted can help with search */
 		/* but should be removed before selecting neighbors */
-		if (!inMemory)
-			lw = RemoveElements(w, skipElement);
-		else
-			lw = w;
+		if (index != NULL)
+			w = RemoveElementsBeingDeleted(w);

-		/*
-		 * Candidates are sorted, but not deterministically. Could set
-		 * sortCandidates to true for in-memory builds to enable closer
-		 * caching, but there does not seem to be a difference in performance.
-		 */
-		neighbors = SelectNeighbors(lw, lm, lc, index, procinfos, collations, element, NULL, NULL, false);
+		neighbors = SelectNeighbors(w, lm, lc, procinfo, collation, NULL);

 		AddConnections(element, neighbors, lm, lc);

--- a/src/hnswvacuum.c
+++ b/src/hnswvacuum.c
@@ -62,8 +62,7 @@ RemoveHeapTids(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 		/* Iterate over nodes */
 		for (offno = FirstOffsetNumber; offno <= maxoffno; offno = OffsetNumberNext(offno))
 		{
-			ItemId		itemid = PageGetItemId(page, offno);
-			HnswElementTuple etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, itemid);
+			HnswElementTuple etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offno));
 			int			idx = 0;
 			bool		itemUpdated = false;

@@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ RemoveHeapTids(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)

 				if (itemUpdated)
 				{
-					Size		etupSize = ItemIdGetLength(itemid);
+					Size		etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(etup->vec.dim);

 					/* Mark rest as invalid */
 					for (int i = idx; i < HNSW_HEAPTIDS; i++)
@@ -129,7 +128,10 @@ RemoveHeapTids(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 		blkno = HnswPageGetOpaque(page)->nextblkno;

 		if (updated)
+		{
+			MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 			GenericXLogFinish(state);
+		}
 		else
 			GenericXLogAbort(state);

@@ -195,8 +197,8 @@ RepairGraphElement(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, HnswElement element, HnswEleme
 	GenericXLogState *state;
 	int			m = vacuumstate->m;
 	int			efConstruction = vacuumstate->efConstruction;
-	FmgrInfo  **procinfos = vacuumstate->procinfos;
-	Oid		   *collations = vacuumstate->collations;
+	FmgrInfo   *procinfo = vacuumstate->procinfo;
+	Oid			collation = vacuumstate->collation;
 	BufferAccessStrategy bas = vacuumstate->bas;
 	HnswNeighborTuple ntup = vacuumstate->ntup;
 	Size		ntupSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(element->level, m);
@@ -210,7 +212,7 @@ RepairGraphElement(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, HnswElement element, HnswEleme
 	element->heaptids = NIL;

 	/* Add element to graph, skipping itself */
-	HnswInsertElement(element, entryPoint, index, procinfos, collations, m, efConstruction, true, false);
+	HnswInsertElement(element, entryPoint, index, procinfo, collation, m, efConstruction, true);

 	/* Update neighbor tuple */
 	/* Do this before getting page to minimize locking */
@@ -227,11 +229,12 @@ RepairGraphElement(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, HnswElement element, HnswEleme
 		elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));

 	/* Commit */
+	MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 	GenericXLogFinish(state);
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);

 	/* Update neighbors */
-	HnswUpdateNeighborPages(index, procinfos, collations, element, m, true);
+	HnswUpdateNeighborPages(index, procinfo, collation, element, m, true);
 }

 /*
@@ -258,7 +261,7 @@ RepairGraphEntryPoint(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 		LockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, ShareLock);

 		/* Load element */
-		HnswLoadElement(highestPoint, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, index, vacuumstate->procinfos, vacuumstate->collations, true);
+		HnswLoadElement(highestPoint, NULL, NULL, index, vacuumstate->procinfo, vacuumstate->collation, true);

 		/* Repair if needed */
 		if (NeedsUpdated(vacuumstate, highestPoint))
@@ -296,7 +299,7 @@ RepairGraphEntryPoint(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			 * is outdated, this can remove connections at higher levels in
 			 * the graph until they are repaired, but this should be fine.
 			 */
-			HnswLoadElement(entryPoint, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, index, vacuumstate->procinfos, vacuumstate->collations, true);
+			HnswLoadElement(entryPoint, NULL, NULL, index, vacuumstate->procinfo, vacuumstate->collation, true);

 			if (NeedsUpdated(vacuumstate, entryPoint))
 			{
@@ -327,10 +330,7 @@ RepairGraph(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 	BufferAccessStrategy bas = vacuumstate->bas;
 	BlockNumber blkno = HNSW_HEAD_BLKNO;

-	/*
-	 * Wait for inserts to complete. Inserts before this point may have
-	 * neighbors about to be deleted. Inserts after this point will not.
-	 */
+	/* Wait for inserts to complete */
 	LockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, ExclusiveLock);
 	UnlockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, ExclusiveLock);

@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ RepairGraph(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)

 			/* Create an element */
 			element = HnswInitElementFromBlock(blkno, offno);
-			HnswLoadElementFromTuple(element, etup, false, true, index);
+			HnswLoadElementFromTuple(element, etup, false, true);

 			elements = lappend(elements, element);
 		}
@@ -442,13 +442,8 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 	BlockNumber insertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;
 	Relation	index = vacuumstate->index;
 	BufferAccessStrategy bas = vacuumstate->bas;
-	bool		useIndexTuple = IndexRelationGetNumberOfAttributes(index) > 1;

-	/*
-	 * Wait for index scans to complete. Scans before this point may contain
-	 * tuples about to be deleted. Scans after this point will not, since the
-	 * graph has been repaired.
-	 */
+	/* Wait for selects to complete */
 	LockPage(index, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ExclusiveLock);
 	UnlockPage(index, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ExclusiveLock);

@@ -479,8 +474,7 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 		/* Update element and neighbors together */
 		for (offno = FirstOffsetNumber; offno <= maxoffno; offno = OffsetNumberNext(offno))
 		{
-			ItemId		itemid = PageGetItemId(page, offno);
-			HnswElementTuple etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, itemid);
+			HnswElementTuple etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offno));
 			HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
 			Size		etupSize;
 			Size		ntupSize;
@@ -508,7 +502,7 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 				continue;

 			/* Calculate sizes */
-			etupSize = ItemIdGetLength(itemid);
+			etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(etup->vec.dim);
 			ntupSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(etup->level, vacuumstate->m);

 			/* Get neighbor page */
@@ -531,18 +525,7 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)

 			/* Overwrite element */
 			etup->deleted = 1;
-			if (useIndexTuple)
-			{
-				IndexTuple	itup = (IndexTuple) &etup->data;
-
-				MemSet(itup, 0, IndexTupleSize(itup));
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				Vector	   *vec = (Vector *) (&etup->data);
-
-				MemSet(vec, 0, VARSIZE_ANY(vec));
-			}
+			MemSet(&etup->vec.x, 0, etup->vec.dim * sizeof(float));

 			/* Overwrite neighbors */
 			for (int i = 0; i < ntup->count; i++)
@@ -557,6 +540,9 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 				elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));

 			/* Commit */
+			MarkBufferDirty(buf);
+			if (nbuf != buf)
+				MarkBufferDirty(nbuf);
 			GenericXLogFinish(state);
 			if (nbuf != buf)
 				UnlockReleaseBuffer(nbuf);
@@ -596,18 +582,16 @@ InitVacuumState(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkD
 	vacuumstate->stats = stats;
 	vacuumstate->callback = callback;
 	vacuumstate->callback_state = callback_state;
+	vacuumstate->m = HnswGetM(index);
 	vacuumstate->efConstruction = HnswGetEfConstruction(index);
 	vacuumstate->bas = GetAccessStrategy(BAS_BULKREAD);
-	vacuumstate->procinfos = HnswInitProcinfos(index);
-	vacuumstate->collations = index->rd_indcollation;
+	vacuumstate->procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC);
+	vacuumstate->collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
 	vacuumstate->ntup = palloc0(BLCKSZ);
 	vacuumstate->tmpCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
 												"Hnsw vacuum temporary context",
 												ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);

-	/* Get m from metapage */
-	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, &vacuumstate->m, NULL);
-
 	/* Create hash table */
 	hash_ctl.keysize = sizeof(ItemPointerData);
 	hash_ctl.entrysize = sizeof(ItemPointerData);
@@ -623,11 +607,71 @@ FreeVacuumState(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 {
 	hash_destroy(vacuumstate->deleted);
 	FreeAccessStrategy(vacuumstate->bas);
-	pfree(vacuumstate->procinfos);
 	pfree(vacuumstate->ntup);
 	MemoryContextDelete(vacuumstate->tmpCtx);
 }

+/*
+ * Print graph
+ */
+#ifdef HNSW_DEBUG
+static void
+PrintGraph(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
+{
+	BlockNumber blkno = HNSW_HEAD_BLKNO;
+	Relation	index = vacuumstate->index;
+
+	while (BlockNumberIsValid(blkno))
+	{
+		Buffer		buf;
+		Page		page;
+		OffsetNumber offno;
+		OffsetNumber maxoffno;
+
+		buf = ReadBuffer(index, blkno);
+		LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
+		page = BufferGetPage(buf);
+		maxoffno = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
+
+		for (offno = FirstOffsetNumber; offno <= maxoffno; offno = OffsetNumberNext(offno))
+		{
+			HnswElementTuple etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offno));
+			HnswElement element;
+
+			/* Skip neighbor tuples */
+			if (!HnswIsElementTuple(etup))
+				continue;
+
+			/* Skip deleted tuples */
+			if (etup->deleted)
+				continue;
+
+			element = HnswInitElementFromBlock(blkno, offno);
+			HnswLoadElementFromTuple(element, etup, false, true);
+			HnswLoadNeighbors(element, index);
+
+			elog(INFO, "element (%d,%d)", element->blkno, element->offno);
+
+			for (int lc = element->level; lc >= 0; lc--)
+			{
+				HnswNeighborArray *neighbors = &element->neighbors[lc];
+
+				for (int i = 0; i < neighbors->length; i++)
+				{
+					HnswElement e = neighbors->items[i].element;
+
+					elog(INFO, "%d: (%d,%d)", lc, e->blkno, e->offno);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		blkno = HnswPageGetOpaque(page)->nextblkno;
+
+		UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
 /*
 * Bulk delete tuples from the index
 */
@@ -648,6 +692,10 @@ hnswbulkdelete(IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats,
 	/* Pass 3: Mark as deleted */
 	MarkDeleted(&vacuumstate);

+#ifdef HNSW_DEBUG
+	PrintGraph(&vacuumstate);
+#endif
+
 	FreeVacuumState(&vacuumstate);

 	return vacuumstate.stats;
--- a/src/ivfbuild.c
+++ b/src/ivfbuild.c
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
-#include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "tcop/tcopprot.h"

 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 #include "utils/backend_progress.h"
@@ -506,30 +506,29 @@ CreateListPages(Relation index, VectorArray centers, int dimensions,
 	Buffer		buf;
 	Page		page;
 	GenericXLogState *state;
-	Size		listSize;
+	OffsetNumber offno;
+	Size		itemsz;
 	IvfflatList list;

-	listSize = MAXALIGN(IVFFLAT_LIST_SIZE(dimensions));
-	list = palloc(listSize);
+	itemsz = MAXALIGN(IVFFLAT_LIST_SIZE(dimensions));
+	list = palloc(itemsz);

 	buf = IvfflatNewBuffer(index, forkNum);
 	IvfflatInitRegisterPage(index, &buf, &page, &state);

 	for (int i = 0; i < lists; i++)
 	{
-		OffsetNumber offno;
-
 		/* Load list */
 		list->startPage = InvalidBlockNumber;
 		list->insertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;
 		memcpy(&list->center, VectorArrayGet(centers, i), VECTOR_SIZE(dimensions));

 		/* Ensure free space */
-		if (PageGetFreeSpace(page) < listSize)
+		if (PageGetFreeSpace(page) < itemsz)
 			IvfflatAppendPage(index, &buf, &page, &state, forkNum);

 		/* Add the item */
-		offno = PageAddItem(page, (Item) list, listSize, InvalidOffsetNumber, false, false);
+		offno = PageAddItem(page, (Item) list, itemsz, InvalidOffsetNumber, false, false);
 		if (offno == InvalidOffsetNumber)
 			elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));

--- a/src/ivfflat.c
+++ b/src/ivfflat.c
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ ivfflatcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 	int			lists;
 	double		ratio;
 	double		spc_seq_page_cost;
-	Relation	index;
+	Relation	indexRel;
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120000
 	List	   *qinfos;
 #endif
@@ -89,9 +89,9 @@ ivfflatcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,

 	MemSet(&costs, 0, sizeof(costs));

-	index = index_open(path->indexinfo->indexoid, NoLock);
-	IvfflatGetMetaPageInfo(index, &lists, NULL);
-	index_close(index, NoLock);
+	indexRel = index_open(path->indexinfo->indexoid, NoLock);
+	lists = IvfflatGetLists(indexRel);
+	index_close(indexRel, NoLock);

 	/* Get the ratio of lists that we need to visit */
 	ratio = ((double) ivfflat_probes) / lists;
--- a/src/ivfflat.h
+++ b/src/ivfflat.h
@@ -244,8 +244,8 @@ typedef struct IvfflatScanList
 typedef struct IvfflatScanOpaqueData
 {
 	int			probes;
-	int			dimensions;
 	bool		first;
+	Buffer		buf;

 	/* Sorting */
 	Tuplesortstate *sortstate;
@@ -275,10 +275,9 @@ VectorArray VectorArrayInit(int maxlen, int dimensions);
 void		VectorArrayFree(VectorArray arr);
 void		PrintVectorArray(char *msg, VectorArray arr);
 void		IvfflatKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers);
-FmgrInfo   *IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(Relation index, uint16 procnum);
+FmgrInfo   *IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(Relation rel, uint16 procnum);
 bool		IvfflatNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value, Vector * result);
 int			IvfflatGetLists(Relation index);
-void		IvfflatGetMetaPageInfo(Relation index, int *lists, int *dimensions);
 void		IvfflatUpdateList(Relation index, ListInfo listInfo, BlockNumber insertPage, BlockNumber originalInsertPage, BlockNumber startPage, ForkNumber forkNum);
 void		IvfflatCommitBuffer(Buffer buf, GenericXLogState *state);
 void		IvfflatAppendPage(Relation index, Buffer *buf, Page *page, GenericXLogState **state, ForkNumber forkNum);
--- a/src/ivfinsert.c
+++ b/src/ivfinsert.c
@@ -11,37 +11,36 @@
 * Find the list that minimizes the distance function
 */
 static void
-FindInsertPage(Relation index, Datum *values, BlockNumber *insertPage, ListInfo * listInfo)
+FindInsertPage(Relation rel, Datum *values, BlockNumber *insertPage, ListInfo * listInfo)
 {
+	Buffer		cbuf;
+	Page		cpage;
+	IvfflatList list;
+	double		distance;
 	double		minDistance = DBL_MAX;
 	BlockNumber nextblkno = IVFFLAT_HEAD_BLKNO;
 	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
 	Oid			collation;
+	OffsetNumber offno;
+	OffsetNumber maxoffno;

 	/* Avoid compiler warning */
 	listInfo->blkno = nextblkno;
 	listInfo->offno = FirstOffsetNumber;

-	procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, IVFFLAT_DISTANCE_PROC);
-	collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
+	procinfo = index_getprocinfo(rel, 1, IVFFLAT_DISTANCE_PROC);
+	collation = rel->rd_indcollation[0];

 	/* Search all list pages */
 	while (BlockNumberIsValid(nextblkno))
 	{
-		Buffer		cbuf;
-		Page		cpage;
-		OffsetNumber maxoffno;
-
-		cbuf = ReadBuffer(index, nextblkno);
+		cbuf = ReadBuffer(rel, nextblkno);
 		LockBuffer(cbuf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
 		cpage = BufferGetPage(cbuf);
 		maxoffno = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(cpage);

-		for (OffsetNumber offno = FirstOffsetNumber; offno <= maxoffno; offno = OffsetNumberNext(offno))
+		for (offno = FirstOffsetNumber; offno <= maxoffno; offno = OffsetNumberNext(offno))
 		{
-			IvfflatList list;
-			double		distance;
-
 			list = (IvfflatList) PageGetItem(cpage, PageGetItemId(cpage, offno));
 			distance = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, values[0], PointerGetDatum(&list->center)));

@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ FindInsertPage(Relation index, Datum *values, BlockNumber *insertPage, ListInfo
 * Insert a tuple into the index
 */
 static void
-InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, Relation heapRel)
+InsertTuple(Relation rel, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, Relation heapRel)
 {
 	IndexTuple	itup;
 	Datum		value;
@@ -81,33 +80,33 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, R
 	value = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(values[0]));

 	/* Normalize if needed */
-	normprocinfo = IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(index, IVFFLAT_NORM_PROC);
+	normprocinfo = IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(rel, IVFFLAT_NORM_PROC);
 	if (normprocinfo != NULL)
 	{
-		if (!IvfflatNormValue(normprocinfo, index->rd_indcollation[0], &value, NULL))
+		if (!IvfflatNormValue(normprocinfo, rel->rd_indcollation[0], &value, NULL))
 			return;
 	}

 	/* Find the insert page - sets the page and list info */
-	FindInsertPage(index, values, &insertPage, &listInfo);
+	FindInsertPage(rel, values, &insertPage, &listInfo);
 	Assert(BlockNumberIsValid(insertPage));
 	originalInsertPage = insertPage;

 	/* Form tuple */
-	itup = index_form_tuple(RelationGetDescr(index), &value, isnull);
+	itup = index_form_tuple(RelationGetDescr(rel), &value, isnull);
 	itup->t_tid = *heap_tid;

 	/* Get tuple size */
 	itemsz = MAXALIGN(IndexTupleSize(itup));
-	Assert(itemsz <= BLCKSZ - MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData) - MAXALIGN(sizeof(IvfflatPageOpaqueData)) - sizeof(ItemIdData));
+	Assert(itemsz <= BLCKSZ - MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData) - MAXALIGN(sizeof(IvfflatPageOpaqueData)));

 	/* Find a page to insert the item */
 	for (;;)
 	{
-		buf = ReadBuffer(index, insertPage);
+		buf = ReadBuffer(rel, insertPage);
 		LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE);

-		state = GenericXLogStart(index);
+		state = GenericXLogStart(rel);
 		page = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, buf, 0);

 		if (PageGetFreeSpace(page) >= itemsz)
@@ -127,9 +126,9 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, R
 			Page		newpage;

 			/* Add a new page */
-			LockRelationForExtension(index, ExclusiveLock);
-			newbuf = IvfflatNewBuffer(index, MAIN_FORKNUM);
-			UnlockRelationForExtension(index, ExclusiveLock);
+			LockRelationForExtension(rel, ExclusiveLock);
+			newbuf = IvfflatNewBuffer(rel, MAIN_FORKNUM);
+			UnlockRelationForExtension(rel, ExclusiveLock);

 			/* Init new page */
 			newpage = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, newbuf, GENERIC_XLOG_FULL_IMAGE);
@@ -142,13 +141,15 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, R
 			IvfflatPageGetOpaque(page)->nextblkno = insertPage;

 			/* Commit */
+			MarkBufferDirty(newbuf);
+			MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 			GenericXLogFinish(state);

 			/* Unlock previous buffer */
 			UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);

 			/* Prepare new buffer */
-			state = GenericXLogStart(index);
+			state = GenericXLogStart(rel);
 			buf = newbuf;
 			page = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, buf, 0);
 			break;
@@ -157,13 +158,13 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, R

 	/* Add to next offset */
 	if (PageAddItem(page, (Item) itup, itemsz, InvalidOffsetNumber, false, false) == InvalidOffsetNumber)
-		elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));
+		elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(rel));

 	IvfflatCommitBuffer(buf, state);

 	/* Update the insert page */
 	if (insertPage != originalInsertPage)
-		IvfflatUpdateList(index, listInfo, insertPage, originalInsertPage, InvalidBlockNumber, MAIN_FORKNUM);
+		IvfflatUpdateList(rel, listInfo, insertPage, originalInsertPage, InvalidBlockNumber, MAIN_FORKNUM);
 }

 /*
--- a/src/ivfkmeans.c
+++ b/src/ivfkmeans.c
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ InitCenters(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, float *low
 	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;
 	Oid			collation;
 	int64		j;
+	double		distance;
+	double		sum;
+	double		choice;
+	Vector	   *vec;
 	float	   *weight = palloc(samples->length * sizeof(float));
 	int			numCenters = centers->maxlen;
 	int			numSamples = samples->length;
@@ -29,21 +33,17 @@ InitCenters(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, float *low
 	centers->length++;

 	for (j = 0; j < numSamples; j++)
-		weight[j] = FLT_MAX;
+		weight[j] = DBL_MAX;

 	for (int i = 0; i < numCenters; i++)
 	{
-		double		sum;
-		double		choice;
-
 		CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();

 		sum = 0.0;

 		for (j = 0; j < numSamples; j++)
 		{
-			Vector	   *vec = VectorArrayGet(samples, j);
-			double		distance;
+			vec = VectorArrayGet(samples, j);

 			/* Only need to compute distance for new center */
 			/* TODO Use triangle inequality to reduce distance calculations */
@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@ CompareVectors(const void *a, const void *b)
 static void
 QuickCenters(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)
 {
+	Vector	   *vec;
 	int			dimensions = centers->dim;
 	Oid			collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
 	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo = IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(index, IVFFLAT_KMEANS_NORM_PROC);
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ QuickCenters(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)
 		qsort(samples->items, samples->length, VECTOR_SIZE(samples->dim), CompareVectors);
 		for (int i = 0; i < samples->length; i++)
 		{
-			Vector	   *vec = VectorArrayGet(samples, i);
+			vec = VectorArrayGet(samples, i);

 			if (i == 0 || CompareVectors(vec, VectorArrayGet(samples, i - 1)) != 0)
 			{
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ QuickCenters(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)
 	/* Fill remaining with random data */
 	while (centers->length < centers->maxlen)
 	{
-		Vector	   *vec = VectorArrayGet(centers, centers->length);
+		vec = VectorArrayGet(centers, centers->length);

 		SET_VARSIZE(vec, VECTOR_SIZE(dimensions));
 		vec->dim = dimensions;
@@ -167,6 +168,7 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)
 	Oid			collation;
 	Vector	   *vec;
 	Vector	   *newCenter;
+	int			iteration;
 	int64		j;
 	int64		k;
 	int			dimensions = centers->dim;
@@ -180,6 +182,14 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)
 	float	   *s;
 	float	   *halfcdist;
 	float	   *newcdist;
+	int			changes;
+	double		minDistance;
+	int			closestCenter;
+	double		distance;
+	bool		rj;
+	bool		rjreset;
+	double		dxcx;
+	double		dxc;

 	/* Calculate allocation sizes */
 	Size		samplesSize = VECTOR_ARRAY_SIZE(samples->maxlen, samples->dim);
@@ -237,14 +247,14 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)
 	/* Assign each x to its closest initial center c(x) = argmin d(x,c) */
 	for (j = 0; j < numSamples; j++)
 	{
-		float		minDistance = FLT_MAX;
-		int			closestCenter = 0;
+		minDistance = DBL_MAX;
+		closestCenter = 0;

 		/* Find closest center */
 		for (k = 0; k < numCenters; k++)
 		{
 			/* TODO Use Lemma 1 in k-means++ initialization */
-			float		distance = lowerBound[j * numCenters + k];
+			distance = lowerBound[j * numCenters + k];

 			if (distance < minDistance)
 			{
@@ -258,14 +268,13 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)
 	}

 	/* Give 500 iterations to converge */
-	for (int iteration = 0; iteration < 500; iteration++)
+	for (iteration = 0; iteration < 500; iteration++)
 	{
-		int			changes = 0;
-		bool		rjreset;
-
 		/* Can take a while, so ensure we can interrupt */
 		CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();

+		changes = 0;
+
 		/* Step 1: For all centers, compute distance */
 		for (j = 0; j < numCenters; j++)
 		{
@@ -273,8 +282,7 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)

 			for (k = j + 1; k < numCenters; k++)
 			{
-				float		distance = 0.5 * DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, PointerGetDatum(vec), PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, k))));
-
+				distance = 0.5 * DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, PointerGetDatum(vec), PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, k))));
 				halfcdist[j * numCenters + k] = distance;
 				halfcdist[k * numCenters + j] = distance;
 			}
@@ -283,12 +291,10 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)
 		/* For all centers c, compute s(c) */
 		for (j = 0; j < numCenters; j++)
 		{
-			float		minDistance = FLT_MAX;
+			minDistance = DBL_MAX;

 			for (k = 0; k < numCenters; k++)
 			{
-				float		distance;
-
 				if (j == k)
 					continue;

@@ -304,8 +310,6 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)

 		for (j = 0; j < numSamples; j++)
 		{
-			bool		rj;
-
 			/* Step 2: Identify all points x such that u(x) <= s(c(x)) */
 			if (upperBound[j] <= s[closestCenters[j]])
 				continue;
@@ -314,8 +318,6 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)

 			for (k = 0; k < numCenters; k++)
 			{
-				float		dxcx;
-
 				/* Step 3: For all remaining points x and centers c */
 				if (k == closestCenters[j])
 					continue;
@@ -345,7 +347,7 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)
 				/* Step 3b */
 				if (dxcx > lowerBound[j * numCenters + k] || dxcx > halfcdist[closestCenters[j] * numCenters + k])
 				{
-					float		dxc = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, PointerGetDatum(vec), PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, k))));
+					dxc = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, PointerGetDatum(vec), PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, k))));

 					/* d(x,c) calculated */
 					lowerBound[j * numCenters + k] = dxc;
@@ -359,6 +361,7 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)

 						changes++;
 					}
+
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -375,8 +378,6 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)

 		for (j = 0; j < numSamples; j++)
 		{
-			int			closestCenter;
-
 			vec = VectorArrayGet(samples, j);
 			closestCenter = closestCenters[j];

@@ -425,7 +426,7 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)
 		{
 			for (k = 0; k < numCenters; k++)
 			{
-				float		distance = lowerBound[j * numCenters + k] - newcdist[k];
+				distance = lowerBound[j * numCenters + k] - newcdist[k];

 				if (distance < 0)
 					distance = 0;
@@ -441,7 +442,7 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)

 		/* Step 7 */
 		for (j = 0; j < numCenters; j++)
-			VectorArraySet(centers, j, VectorArrayGet(newCenters, j));
+			memcpy(VectorArrayGet(centers, j), VectorArrayGet(newCenters, j), VECTOR_SIZE(dimensions));

 		if (changes == 0 && iteration != 0)
 			break;
@@ -464,6 +465,9 @@ static void
 CheckCenters(Relation index, VectorArray centers)
 {
 	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
+	Oid			collation;
+	Vector	   *vec;
+	double		norm;

 	if (centers->length != centers->maxlen)
 		elog(ERROR, "Not enough centers. Please report a bug.");
@@ -471,7 +475,7 @@ CheckCenters(Relation index, VectorArray centers)
 	/* Ensure no NaN or infinite values */
 	for (int i = 0; i < centers->length; i++)
 	{
-		Vector	   *vec = VectorArrayGet(centers, i);
+		vec = VectorArrayGet(centers, i);

 		for (int j = 0; j < vec->dim; j++)
 		{
@@ -497,12 +501,11 @@ CheckCenters(Relation index, VectorArray centers)
 	normprocinfo = IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(index, IVFFLAT_NORM_PROC);
 	if (normprocinfo != NULL)
 	{
-		Oid			collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
+		collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];

 		for (int i = 0; i < centers->length; i++)
 		{
-			double		norm = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall1Coll(normprocinfo, collation, PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, i))));
-
+			norm = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall1Coll(normprocinfo, collation, PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, i))));
 			if (norm == 0)
 				elog(ERROR, "Zero norm detected. Please report a bug.");
 		}
--- a/src/ivfscan.c
+++ b/src/ivfscan.c
@@ -31,36 +31,36 @@ CompareLists(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b, void *arg)
 static void
 GetScanLists(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 {
-	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
+	Buffer		cbuf;
+	Page		cpage;
+	IvfflatList list;
+	OffsetNumber offno;
+	OffsetNumber maxoffno;
 	BlockNumber nextblkno = IVFFLAT_HEAD_BLKNO;
 	int			listCount = 0;
+	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
+	double		distance;
+	IvfflatScanList *scanlist;
 	double		maxDistance = DBL_MAX;

 	/* Search all list pages */
 	while (BlockNumberIsValid(nextblkno))
 	{
-		Buffer		cbuf;
-		Page		cpage;
-		OffsetNumber maxoffno;
-
 		cbuf = ReadBuffer(scan->indexRelation, nextblkno);
 		LockBuffer(cbuf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
 		cpage = BufferGetPage(cbuf);

 		maxoffno = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(cpage);

-		for (OffsetNumber offno = FirstOffsetNumber; offno <= maxoffno; offno = OffsetNumberNext(offno))
+		for (offno = FirstOffsetNumber; offno <= maxoffno; offno = OffsetNumberNext(offno))
 		{
-			IvfflatList list = (IvfflatList) PageGetItem(cpage, PageGetItemId(cpage, offno));
-			double		distance;
+			list = (IvfflatList) PageGetItem(cpage, PageGetItemId(cpage, offno));

 			/* Use procinfo from the index instead of scan key for performance */
 			distance = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(so->procinfo, so->collation, PointerGetDatum(&list->center), value));

 			if (listCount < so->probes)
 			{
-				IvfflatScanList *scanlist;
-
 				scanlist = &so->lists[listCount];
 				scanlist->startPage = list->startPage;
 				scanlist->distance = distance;
@@ -75,8 +75,6 @@ GetScanLists(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 			}
 			else if (distance < maxDistance)
 			{
-				IvfflatScanList *scanlist;
-
 				/* Remove */
 				scanlist = (IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue);

@@ -103,6 +101,14 @@ static void
 GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 {
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
+	Buffer		buf;
+	Page		page;
+	IndexTuple	itup;
+	BlockNumber searchPage;
+	OffsetNumber offno;
+	OffsetNumber maxoffno;
+	Datum		datum;
+	bool		isnull;
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(scan->indexRelation);
 	double		tuples = 0;

@@ -122,28 +128,19 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 	/* Search closest probes lists */
 	while (!pairingheap_is_empty(so->listQueue))
 	{
-		BlockNumber searchPage = ((IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue))->startPage;
+		searchPage = ((IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue))->startPage;

 		/* Search all entry pages for list */
 		while (BlockNumberIsValid(searchPage))
 		{
-			Buffer		buf;
-			Page		page;
-			OffsetNumber maxoffno;
-
 			buf = ReadBufferExtended(scan->indexRelation, MAIN_FORKNUM, searchPage, RBM_NORMAL, bas);
 			LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
 			page = BufferGetPage(buf);
 			maxoffno = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);

-			for (OffsetNumber offno = FirstOffsetNumber; offno <= maxoffno; offno = OffsetNumberNext(offno))
+			for (offno = FirstOffsetNumber; offno <= maxoffno; offno = OffsetNumberNext(offno))
 			{
-				IndexTuple	itup;
-				Datum		datum;
-				bool		isnull;
-				ItemId		itemid = PageGetItemId(page, offno);
-
-				itup = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, itemid);
+				itup = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offno));
 				datum = index_getattr(itup, 1, tupdesc, &isnull);

 				/*
@@ -157,6 +154,8 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 				slot->tts_isnull[0] = false;
 				slot->tts_values[1] = PointerGetDatum(&itup->t_tid);
 				slot->tts_isnull[1] = false;
+				slot->tts_values[2] = Int32GetDatum((int) searchPage);
+				slot->tts_isnull[2] = false;
 				ExecStoreVirtualTuple(slot);

 				tuplesort_puttupleslot(so->sortstate, slot);
@@ -181,6 +180,29 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 	tuplesort_performsort(so->sortstate);
 }

+/*
+ * Get dimensions from metapage
+ */
+static int
+GetDimensions(Relation index)
+{
+	Buffer		buf;
+	Page		page;
+	IvfflatMetaPage metap;
+	int			dimensions;
+
+	buf = ReadBuffer(index, IVFFLAT_METAPAGE_BLKNO);
+	LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
+	page = BufferGetPage(buf);
+	metap = IvfflatPageGetMeta(page);
+
+	dimensions = metap->dimensions;
+
+	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
+
+	return dimensions;
+}
+
 /*
 * Prepare for an index scan
 */
@@ -190,7 +212,6 @@ ivfflatbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 	IndexScanDesc scan;
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so;
 	int			lists;
-	int			dimensions;
 	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
 	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Float8LessOperator};
 	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
@@ -198,17 +219,15 @@ ivfflatbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 	int			probes = ivfflat_probes;

 	scan = RelationGetIndexScan(index, nkeys, norderbys);
-
-	/* Get lists and dimensions from metapage */
-	IvfflatGetMetaPageInfo(index, &lists, &dimensions);
+	lists = IvfflatGetLists(scan->indexRelation);

 	if (probes > lists)
 		probes = lists;

 	so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) palloc(offsetof(IvfflatScanOpaqueData, lists) + probes * sizeof(IvfflatScanList));
+	so->buf = InvalidBuffer;
 	so->first = true;
 	so->probes = probes;
-	so->dimensions = dimensions;

 	/* Set support functions */
 	so->procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, IVFFLAT_DISTANCE_PROC);
@@ -217,12 +236,13 @@ ivfflatbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)

 	/* Create tuple description for sorting */
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
-	so->tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(2);
+	so->tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(3);
 #else
-	so->tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(2, false);
+	so->tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(3, false);
 #endif
 	TupleDescInitEntry(so->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 1, "distance", FLOAT8OID, -1, 0);
-	TupleDescInitEntry(so->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 2, "heaptid", TIDOID, -1, 0);
+	TupleDescInitEntry(so->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 2, "tid", TIDOID, -1, 0);
+	TupleDescInitEntry(so->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 3, "indexblkno", INT4OID, -1, 0);

 	/* Prep sort */
 	so->sortstate = tuplesort_begin_heap(so->tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, work_mem, NULL, false);
@@ -288,13 +308,8 @@ ivfflatgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 		if (scan->orderByData == NULL)
 			elog(ERROR, "cannot scan ivfflat index without order");

-		/* Requires MVCC-compliant snapshot as not able to pin during sorting */
-		/* https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/index-locking.html */
-		if (!IsMVCCSnapshot(scan->xs_snapshot))
-			elog(ERROR, "non-MVCC snapshots are not supported with ivfflat");
-
 		if (scan->orderByData->sk_flags & SK_ISNULL)
-			value = PointerGetDatum(InitVector(so->dimensions));
+			value = PointerGetDatum(InitVector(GetDimensions(scan->indexRelation)));
 		else
 		{
 			value = scan->orderByData->sk_argument;
@@ -319,14 +334,26 @@ ivfflatgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)

 	if (tuplesort_gettupleslot(so->sortstate, true, false, so->slot, NULL))
 	{
-		ItemPointer heaptid = (ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(slot_getattr(so->slot, 2, &so->isnull));
+		ItemPointer tid = (ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(slot_getattr(so->slot, 2, &so->isnull));
+		BlockNumber indexblkno = DatumGetInt32(slot_getattr(so->slot, 3, &so->isnull));

 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
-		scan->xs_heaptid = *heaptid;
+		scan->xs_heaptid = *tid;
 #else
-		scan->xs_ctup.t_self = *heaptid;
+		scan->xs_ctup.t_self = *tid;
 #endif

+		if (BufferIsValid(so->buf))
+			ReleaseBuffer(so->buf);
+
+		/*
+		 * An index scan must maintain a pin on the index page holding the
+		 * item last returned by amgettuple
+		 *
+		 * https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/index-locking.html
+		 */
+		so->buf = ReadBuffer(scan->indexRelation, indexblkno);
+
 		scan->xs_recheckorderby = false;
 		return true;
 	}
@@ -342,6 +369,10 @@ ivfflatendscan(IndexScanDesc scan)
 {
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;

+	/* Release pin */
+	if (BufferIsValid(so->buf))
+		ReleaseBuffer(so->buf);
+
 	pairingheap_free(so->listQueue);
 	tuplesort_end(so->sortstate);

--- a/src/ivfutils.c
+++ b/src/ivfutils.c
@@ -57,12 +57,12 @@ IvfflatGetLists(Relation index)
 * Get proc
 */
 FmgrInfo *
-IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(Relation index, uint16 procnum)
+IvfflatOptionalProcInfo(Relation rel, uint16 procnum)
 {
-	if (!OidIsValid(index_getprocid(index, 1, procnum)))
+	if (!OidIsValid(index_getprocid(rel, 1, procnum)))
 		return NULL;

-	return index_getprocinfo(index, 1, procnum);
+	return index_getprocinfo(rel, 1, procnum);
 }

 /*
@@ -136,6 +136,7 @@ IvfflatInitRegisterPage(Relation index, Buffer *buf, Page *page, GenericXLogStat
 void
 IvfflatCommitBuffer(Buffer buf, GenericXLogState *state)
 {
+	MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 	GenericXLogFinish(state);
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 }
@@ -159,6 +160,8 @@ IvfflatAppendPage(Relation index, Buffer *buf, Page *page, GenericXLogState **st
 	IvfflatInitPage(newbuf, newpage);

 	/* Commit */
+	MarkBufferDirty(*buf);
+	MarkBufferDirty(newbuf);
 	GenericXLogFinish(*state);

 	/* Unlock */
@@ -169,29 +172,6 @@ IvfflatAppendPage(Relation index, Buffer *buf, Page *page, GenericXLogState **st
 	*buf = newbuf;
 }

-/*
- * Get the metapage info
- */
-void
-IvfflatGetMetaPageInfo(Relation index, int *lists, int *dimensions)
-{
-	Buffer		buf;
-	Page		page;
-	IvfflatMetaPage metap;
-
-	buf = ReadBuffer(index, IVFFLAT_METAPAGE_BLKNO);
-	LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
-	page = BufferGetPage(buf);
-	metap = IvfflatPageGetMeta(page);
-
-	*lists = metap->lists;
-
-	if (dimensions != NULL)
-		*dimensions = metap->dimensions;
-
-	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
-}
-
 /*
 * Update the start or insert page of a list
 */
--- a/src/ivfvacuum.c
+++ b/src/ivfvacuum.c
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ ivfflatbulkdelete(IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats,
 				{
 					/* Delete tuples */
 					PageIndexMultiDelete(page, deletable, ndeletable);
+					MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 					GenericXLogFinish(state);
 				}
 				else
--- a/src/vector.c
+++ b/src/vector.c
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ CheckDim(int dim)
 }

 /*
- * Ensure finite element
+ * Ensure finite elements
 */
 static inline void
 CheckElement(float value)
@@ -437,18 +437,17 @@ vector_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)

 /*
 * Convert vector to vector
- * This is needed to check the type modifier
 */
 PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector);
 Datum
 vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	Vector	   *vec = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
+	Vector	   *arg = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
 	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);

-	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, vec->dim);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, arg->dim);

-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(vec);
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(arg);
 }

 /*
@@ -465,6 +464,7 @@ array_to_vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	bool		typbyval;
 	char		typalign;
 	Datum	   *elemsp;
+	bool	   *nullsp;
 	int			nelemsp;

 	if (ARR_NDIM(array) > 1)
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ array_to_vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 				 errmsg("array must not contain nulls")));

 	get_typlenbyvalalign(ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), &typlen, &typbyval, &typalign);
-	deconstruct_array(array, ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), typlen, typbyval, typalign, &elemsp, NULL, &nelemsp);
+	deconstruct_array(array, ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), typlen, typbyval, typalign, &elemsp, &nullsp, &nelemsp);

 	CheckDim(nelemsp);
 	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, nelemsp);
@@ -512,12 +512,6 @@ array_to_vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 				 errmsg("unsupported array type")));
 	}

-	/*
-	 * Free allocation from deconstruct_array. Do not free individual elements
-	 * when pass-by-reference since they point to original array.
-	 */
-	pfree(elemsp);
-
 	/* Check elements */
 	for (int i = 0; i < result->dim; i++)
 		CheckElement(result->x[i]);
@@ -701,8 +695,6 @@ vector_spherical_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
 	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
 	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);
-	float	   *ax = a->x;
-	float	   *bx = b->x;
 	float		dp = 0.0;
 	double		distance;

@@ -710,7 +702,7 @@ vector_spherical_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)

 	/* Auto-vectorized */
 	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-		dp += ax[i] * bx[i];
+		dp += a->x[i] * b->x[i];

 	distance = (double) dp;

--- a/test/expected/functions.out
+++ b/test/expected/functions.out
@@ -106,12 +106,6 @@ SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[1,1]');
               0
 (1 row)

-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]', '[0,2]');
- cosine_distance 
-----------------
-               1
-(1 row)
-
 SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[-1,-1]');
 cosine_distance 
 -----------------
--- a/test/sql/functions.sql
+++ b/test/sql/functions.sql
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ SELECT inner_product('[3e38]', '[3e38]');
 SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[2,4]');
 SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[0,0]');
 SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[1,1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]', '[0,2]');
 SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[-1,-1]');
 SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[3]');
 SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[1.1,1.1]');
--- a/test/t/001_ivfflat_wal.pl
+++ b/test/t/001_ivfflat_wal.pl
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ sub test_index_replay

 	# Wait for replica to catch up
 	my $applname = $node_replica->name;
+
+	my $server_version_num = $node_primary->safe_psql("postgres", "SHOW server_version_num");
 	my $caughtup_query = "SELECT pg_current_wal_lsn() <= replay_lsn FROM pg_stat_replication WHERE application_name = '$applname';";
 	$node_primary->poll_query_until('postgres', $caughtup_query)
 	  or die "Timed out while waiting for replica 1 to catch up";
--- a/test/t/003_ivfflat_build_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/003_ivfflat_build_recall.pl
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ for my $i (0 .. $#operators)
 	# Test approximate results
 	if ($operator ne "<#>")
 	{
-		# TODO Fix test (uniform random vectors all have similar inner product)
+		# TODO fix test
 		test_recall(1, 0.71, $operator);
 		test_recall(10, 0.95, $operator);
 	}
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ for my $i (0 .. $#operators)
 	# Test approximate results
 	if ($operator ne "<#>")
 	{
-		# TODO Fix test (uniform random vectors all have similar inner product)
+		# TODO fix test
 		test_recall(1, 0.71, $operator);
 		test_recall(10, 0.95, $operator);
 	}
--- a/test/t/010_hnsw_wal.pl
+++ b/test/t/010_hnsw_wal.pl
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ sub test_index_replay

 	# Wait for replica to catch up
 	my $applname = $node_replica->name;
+
+	my $server_version_num = $node_primary->safe_psql("postgres", "SHOW server_version_num");
 	my $caughtup_query = "SELECT pg_current_wal_lsn() <= replay_lsn FROM pg_stat_replication WHERE application_name = '$applname';";
 	$node_primary->poll_query_until('postgres', $caughtup_query)
 	  or die "Timed out while waiting for replica 1 to catch up";
--- a/test/t/016_hnsw_vacuum_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/016_hnsw_vacuum_recall.pl
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ foreach (@queries)
 test_recall(0.20, $limit, "before vacuum");
 test_recall(0.95, 100, "before vacuum");

-# TODO Test concurrent inserts with vacuum
+# TODO test concurrent inserts with vacuum
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "VACUUM tst;");

 test_recall(0.95, $limit, "after vacuum");
--- a/test/t/017_ivfflat_insert_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/017_ivfflat_insert_recall.pl
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
-use Test::More;
-
-my $node;
-my @queries = ();
-my @expected;
-my $limit = 20;
-
-sub test_recall
-{
-	my ($probes, $min, $operator) = @_;
-	my $correct = 0;
-	my $total = 0;
-
-	my $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-		SET enable_seqscan = off;
-		SET ivfflat.probes = $probes;
-		EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v $operator '$queries[0]' LIMIT $limit;
-	));
-	like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx on tst/);
-
-	for my $i (0 .. $#queries)
-	{
-		my $actual = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-			SET enable_seqscan = off;
-			SET ivfflat.probes = $probes;
-			SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v $operator '$queries[$i]' LIMIT $limit;
-		));
-		my @actual_ids = split("\n", $actual);
-		my %actual_set = map { $_ => 1 } @actual_ids;
-
-		my @expected_ids = split("\n", $expected[$i]);
-
-		foreach (@expected_ids)
-		{
-			if (exists($actual_set{$_}))
-			{
-				$correct++;
-			}
-			$total++;
-		}
-	}
-
-	cmp_ok($correct / $total, ">=", $min, $operator);
-}
-
-# Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
-$node->init;
-$node->start;
-
-# Create table
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i serial, v vector(3));");
-
-# Generate queries
-for (1 .. 20)
-{
-	my $r1 = rand();
-	my $r2 = rand();
-	my $r3 = rand();
-	push(@queries, "[$r1,$r2,$r3]");
-}
-
-# Check each index type
-my @operators = ("<->", "<#>", "<=>");
-my @opclasses = ("vector_l2_ops", "vector_ip_ops", "vector_cosine_ops");
-
-for my $i (0 .. $#operators)
-{
-	my $operator = $operators[$i];
-	my $opclass = $opclasses[$i];
-
-	# Add index
-	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX idx ON tst USING ivfflat (v $opclass);");
-
-	# Use concurrent inserts
-	$node->pgbench(
-		"--no-vacuum --client=10 --transactions=1000",
-		0,
-		[qr{actually processed}],
-		[qr{^$}],
-		"concurrent INSERTs",
-		{
-			"017_ivfflat_insert_recall_$opclass" => "INSERT INTO tst (v) SELECT ARRAY[random(), random(), random()] FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;"
-		}
-	);
-
-	# Get exact results
-	@expected = ();
-	foreach (@queries)
-	{
-		my $res = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-			SET enable_indexscan = off;
-			SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v $operator '$_' LIMIT $limit;
-		));
-		push(@expected, $res);
-	}
-
-	# Test approximate results
-	if ($operator ne "<#>")
-	{
-		# TODO Fix test (uniform random vectors all have similar inner product)
-		test_recall(1, 0.71, $operator);
-		test_recall(10, 0.95, $operator);
-	}
-	# Account for equal distances
-	test_recall(100, 0.9925, $operator);
-
-	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DROP INDEX idx;");
-	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "TRUNCATE tst;");
-}
-
-done_testing();
--- a/test/t/018_ivfflat_deletes.pl
+++ b/test/t/018_ivfflat_deletes.pl
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
-use Test::More;
-
-my $dim = 3;
-
-my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
-
-# Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
-$node->init;
-$node->start;
-
-# Create table and index
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i serial, v vector($dim));");
-$node->safe_psql("postgres",
-	"INSERT INTO tst (v) SELECT ARRAY[$array_sql] FROM generate_series(1, 10000) i;"
-);
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX ON tst USING ivfflat (v vector_l2_ops);");
-
-# Delete data
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DELETE FROM tst WHERE i % 100 != 0;");
-
-my $exp = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	SET enable_indexscan = off;
-	SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v <-> '[0,0,0]';
-));
-
-# Run twice to make sure correct tuples marked as dead
-for (1 .. 2)
-{
-	my $res = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-		SET enable_seqscan = off;
-		SET ivfflat.probes = 100;
-		SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v <-> '[0,0,0]';
-	));
-	is($res, $exp);
-}
-
-done_testing();
--- a/test/t/019_hnsw_filtering.pl
+++ b/test/t/019_hnsw_filtering.pl
@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
-use Test::More;
-
-my $node;
-my @queries = ();
-my @cs = ();
-my @expected;
-my $limit = 20;
-my $dim = 3;
-my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
-my $nc = 50;
-
-sub test_recall
-{
-	my ($min, $operator) = @_;
-	my $correct = 0;
-	my $total = 0;
-
-	my $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-		SET enable_seqscan = off;
-		EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c = $cs[0] ORDER BY v $operator '$queries[0]' LIMIT $limit;
-	));
-	like($explain, qr/Index Cond/);
-
-	for my $i (0 .. $#queries)
-	{
-		my $actual = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-			SET enable_seqscan = off;
-			SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c = $cs[$i] ORDER BY v $operator '$queries[$i]' LIMIT $limit;
-		));
-		my @actual_ids = split("\n", $actual);
-		my %actual_set = map { $_ => 1 } @actual_ids;
-
-		is(scalar(@actual_ids), $limit);
-
-		my @expected_ids = split("\n", $expected[$i]);
-
-		foreach (@expected_ids)
-		{
-			if (exists($actual_set{$_}))
-			{
-				$correct++;
-			}
-			$total++;
-		}
-	}
-
-	cmp_ok($correct / $total, ">=", $min, $operator);
-}
-
-# Initialize node
-$node = get_new_node('node');
-$node->init;
-$node->start;
-
-# Create table
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i int4, v vector($dim), c int4);");
-$node->safe_psql("postgres",
-	"INSERT INTO tst SELECT i, ARRAY[$array_sql], i % $nc FROM generate_series(1, 20000) i;"
-);
-
-# Generate queries
-for (1 .. 20)
-{
-	my @r = ();
-	for (1 .. $dim)
-	{
-		push(@r, rand());
-	}
-	push(@queries, "[" . join(",", @r) . "]");
-	push(@cs, int(rand() * $nc));
-}
-
-# Get exact results
-@expected = ();
-for my $i (0 .. $#queries)
-{
-	my $res = $node->safe_psql("postgres", "SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c = $cs[$i] ORDER BY v <-> '$queries[$i]' LIMIT $limit;");
-	push(@expected, $res);
-}
-
-# Add index
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX ON tst USING hnsw (v vector_l2_ops, c);");
-
-# Test recall
-test_recall(0.99, '<->');
-
-# Test vacuum
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DELETE FROM tst WHERE c > 5;");
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "VACUUM tst;");
-
-# Test columns
-my ($ret, $stdout, $stderr) = $node->psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX ON tst USING hnsw (c);");
-like($stderr, qr/first column must be a vector/);
-
-($ret, $stdout, $stderr) = $node->psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX ON tst USING hnsw (c, v vector_l2_ops);");
-like($stderr, qr/first column must be a vector/);
-
-($ret, $stdout, $stderr) = $node->psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX ON tst USING hnsw (v vector_l2_ops, c, c);");
-like($stderr, qr/index cannot have more than two columns/);
-
-($ret, $stdout, $stderr) = $node->psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX ON tst USING hnsw (v vector_l2_ops, v vector_l2_ops);");
-like($stderr, qr/column 2 cannot be a vector/);
-
-done_testing();
--- a/vector.control
+++ b/vector.control
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-comment = 'vector data type and ivfflat and hnsw access methods'
-default_version = '0.5.1'
+comment = 'vector data type and ivfflat access method'
+default_version = '0.4.4'
 module_pathname = '$libdir/vector'
 relocatable = true