Added test for explicit zeros [skip ci]

Added todo [skip ci]
Updated version [skip ci]
2026-07-22 20:15:46 +08:00 · 2023-11-06 14:29:52 -08:00 · 2023-11-05 21:26:28 -08:00 · 2023-11-05 18:21:09 -08:00 · 2023-11-05 18:12:19 -08:00
38 changed files with 2085 additions and 2425 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ jobs:
            os: ubuntu-20.04
          - postgres: 12
            os: ubuntu-20.04
+          - postgres: 11
+            os: ubuntu-20.04
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: ankane/setup-postgres@v1
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
          dev-files: true
      - run: make
        env:
-          PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-sign-compare
+          PG_CFLAGS: -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-sign-compare
      - run: |
          export PG_CONFIG=`which pg_config`
          sudo --preserve-env=PG_CONFIG make install
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ jobs:
          postgres-version: 14
      - run: make
        env:
-          PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter
+          PG_CFLAGS: -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter
      - run: make install
      - run: make installcheck
      - if: ${{ failure() }}
@@ -57,12 +59,10 @@ jobs:
      - run: |
          brew install cpanm
          cpanm --notest IPC::Run
-          wget -q https://github.com/postgres/postgres/archive/refs/tags/REL_14_10.tar.gz
-          tar xf REL_14_10.tar.gz
-      - run: make prove_installcheck PROVE_FLAGS="-I ./postgres-REL_14_10/src/test/perl" PERL5LIB="/Users/runner/perl5/lib/perl5"
+          wget -q https://github.com/postgres/postgres/archive/refs/tags/REL_14_5.tar.gz
+          tar xf REL_14_5.tar.gz
+      - run: make prove_installcheck PROVE_FLAGS="-I ./postgres-REL_14_5/src/test/perl" PERL5LIB="/Users/runner/perl5/lib/perl5"
      - run: make clean && /usr/local/opt/llvm@15/bin/scan-build --status-bugs make
-        env:
-          PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING
  windows:
    runs-on: windows-latest
    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'mac') }}
@@ -83,10 +83,10 @@ jobs:
    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'mac') && !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'windows') }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    container:
-      image: debian:12
+      image: debian:11
      options: --platform linux/386
    steps:
-      - run: apt-get update && apt-get install -y build-essential git libipc-run-perl postgresql-15 postgresql-server-dev-15 sudo
+      - run: apt-get update && apt-get install -y build-essential git libipc-run-perl postgresql-13 postgresql-server-dev-13 sudo
      - run: service postgresql start
      - run: |
          git clone https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}.git pgvector
@@ -99,15 +99,4 @@ jobs:
          sudo -u postgres make installcheck
          sudo -u postgres make prove_installcheck
        env:
-          PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-sign-compare
-  valgrind:
-    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'mac') && !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'windows') }}
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: ankane/setup-postgres-valgrind@v1
-        with:
-          postgres-version: 16
-      - run: make
-      - run: sudo --preserve-env=PG_CONFIG make install
-      - run: make installcheck
+          PG_CFLAGS: -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-sign-compare
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,28 +1,6 @@
-## 0.6.2 (unreleased)
+## 0.6.0 (unreleased)

- Reduced lock contention with parallel HNSW index builds
-
-## 0.6.1 (2024-03-04)
-
- Fixed error with `ANALYZE` and vectors with different dimensions
- Fixed error with `shared_preload_libraries`
- Fixed vector subtraction being marked as commutative
-
-## 0.6.0 (2024-01-29)
-
-If upgrading with Postgres 12 or Docker, see [these notes](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector#060).
-
- Added support for parallel index builds for HNSW
- Added validation for GUC parameters
- Changed storage for vector from `extended` to `external`
- Improved performance of HNSW
- Reduced memory usage for HNSW index builds
- Reduced WAL generation for HNSW index builds
- Fixed error with logical replication
- Fixed `invalid memory alloc request size` error with HNSW index builds
- Moved Docker image to `pgvector` org
- Added Docker tags for each supported version of Postgres
- Dropped support for Postgres 11
+- Added support for sparse vectors

 ## 0.5.1 (2023-10-10)

@@ -70,7 +48,7 @@ If upgrading with Postgres 12 or Docker, see [these notes](https://github.com/pg

 ## 0.4.0 (2023-01-11)

-If upgrading with Postgres < 13, see [this note](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/blob/v0.4.0/README.md#040).
+If upgrading with Postgres < 13, see [this note](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector#040).

 - Changed text representation for vector elements to match `real`
 - Changed storage for vector from `plain` to `extended`
@@ -87,7 +65,7 @@ If upgrading with Postgres < 13, see [this note](https://github.com/pgvector/pgv

 ## 0.3.1 (2022-11-02)

-If upgrading from 0.2.7 or 0.3.0, [recreate](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/blob/v0.3.1/README.md#031) all `ivfflat` indexes after upgrading to ensure all data is indexed.
+If upgrading from 0.2.7 or 0.3.0, [recreate](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector#031) all `ivfflat` indexes after upgrading to ensure all data is indexed.

 - Fixed issue with inserts silently corrupting `ivfflat` indexes (introduced in 0.2.7)
 - Fixed segmentation fault with index creation when lists > 6500
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-ARG PG_MAJOR=16
+ARG PG_MAJOR=15
 FROM postgres:$PG_MAJOR
 ARG PG_MAJOR

--- a/2
+++ b/2
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2024, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2023, PostgreSQL Global Development Group

 Portions Copyright (c) 1994, The Regents of the University of California

--- a/META.json
+++ b/META.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 	"name": "vector",
 	"abstract": "Open-source vector similarity search for Postgres",
 	"description": "Supports L2 distance, inner product, and cosine distance",
-	"version": "0.6.1",
+	"version": "0.5.1",
 	"maintainer": [
 		"Andrew Kane <andrew@ankane.org>"
 	],
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 	"prereqs": {
 		"runtime": {
 			"requires": {
-				"PostgreSQL": "12.0.0"
+				"PostgreSQL": "11.0.0"
 			}
 		}
 	},
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 		"vector": {
 			"file": "sql/vector.sql",
 			"docfile": "README.md",
-			"version": "0.6.1",
+			"version": "0.5.1",
 			"abstract": "Open-source vector similarity search for Postgres"
 		}
 	},
--- a/14
+++ b/14
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 EXTENSION = vector
-EXTVERSION = 0.6.1
+EXTVERSION = 0.5.1

 MODULE_big = vector
 DATA = $(wildcard sql/*--*.sql)
-OBJS = src/hnsw.o src/hnswbuild.o src/hnswinsert.o src/hnswscan.o src/hnswutils.o src/hnswvacuum.o src/ivfbuild.o src/ivfflat.o src/ivfinsert.o src/ivfkmeans.o src/ivfscan.o src/ivfutils.o src/ivfvacuum.o src/vector.o
-HEADERS = src/vector.h
+OBJS = src/hnsw.o src/hnswbuild.o src/hnswinsert.o src/hnswscan.o src/hnswutils.o src/hnswvacuum.o src/ivfbuild.o src/ivfflat.o src/ivfinsert.o src/ivfkmeans.o src/ivfscan.o src/ivfutils.o src/ivfvacuum.o src/svector.o src/vector.o
+HEADERS = src/svector.h src/vector.h

 TESTS = $(wildcard test/sql/*.sql)
 REGRESS = $(patsubst test/sql/%.sql,%,$(TESTS))
@@ -65,15 +65,13 @@ dist:
 	mkdir -p dist
 	git archive --format zip --prefix=$(EXTENSION)-$(EXTVERSION)/ --output dist/$(EXTENSION)-$(EXTVERSION).zip master

-# for Docker
-PG_MAJOR ?= 16
-
 .PHONY: docker

 docker:
-	docker build --pull --no-cache --build-arg PG_MAJOR=$(PG_MAJOR) -t pgvector/pgvector:pg$(PG_MAJOR) -t pgvector/pgvector:$(EXTVERSION)-pg$(PG_MAJOR) .
+	docker build --pull --no-cache --platform linux/amd64 -t ankane/pgvector:latest .

 .PHONY: docker-release

 docker-release:
-	docker buildx build --push --pull --no-cache --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 --build-arg PG_MAJOR=$(PG_MAJOR) -t pgvector/pgvector:pg$(PG_MAJOR) -t pgvector/pgvector:$(EXTVERSION)-pg$(PG_MAJOR) .
+	docker buildx build --push --pull --no-cache --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 -t ankane/pgvector:latest .
+	docker buildx build --push --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 -t ankane/pgvector:v$(EXTVERSION) .
--- a/Makefile.win
+++ b/Makefile.win
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 EXTENSION = vector
-EXTVERSION = 0.6.1
+EXTVERSION = 0.5.1

-OBJS = src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\vector.obj
-HEADERS = src\vector.h
+OBJS = src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\svector.obj src\vector.obj
+HEADERS = src\svector.h src\vector.h

 REGRESS = btree cast copy functions input ivfflat_cosine ivfflat_ip ivfflat_l2 ivfflat_options ivfflat_unlogged
 REGRESS_OPTS = --inputdir=test --load-extension=$(EXTENSION)
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -10,17 +10,15 @@ Store your vectors with the rest of your data. Supports:

 Plus [ACID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID) compliance, point-in-time recovery, JOINs, and all of the other [great features](https://www.postgresql.org/about/) of Postgres

-[![Build Status](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/actions/workflows/build.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/actions)
+[![Build Status](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/workflows/build/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/actions)

 ## Installation

-### Linux and Mac
-
-Compile and install the extension (supports Postgres 12+)
+Compile and install the extension (supports Postgres 11+)

 ```sh
 cd /tmp
-git clone --branch v0.6.1 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.5.1 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
 make
 make install # may need sudo
@@ -28,29 +26,7 @@ make install # may need sudo

 See the [installation notes](#installation-notes) if you run into issues

-You can also install it with [Docker](#docker), [Homebrew](#homebrew), [PGXN](#pgxn), [APT](#apt), [Yum](#yum), [pkg](#pkg), or [conda-forge](#conda-forge), and it comes preinstalled with [Postgres.app](#postgresapp) and many [hosted providers](#hosted-postgres). There are also instructions for [GitHub Actions](https://github.com/pgvector/setup-pgvector).
-
-### Windows
-
-Ensure [C++ support in Visual Studio](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/building-on-the-command-line?view=msvc-170#download-and-install-the-tools) is installed, and run:
-
-```cmd
-call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Community\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
-```
-
-Note: The exact path will vary depending on your Visual Studio version and edition
-
-Then use `nmake` to build:
-
-```cmd
-set "PGROOT=C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\16"
-git clone --branch v0.6.1 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
-cd pgvector
-nmake /F Makefile.win
-nmake /F Makefile.win install
-```
-
-You can also install it with [Docker](#docker) or [conda-forge](#conda-forge).
+You can also install it with [Docker](#docker), [Homebrew](#homebrew), [PGXN](#pgxn), [APT](#apt), [Yum](#yum), or [conda-forge](#conda-forge), and it comes preinstalled with [Postgres.app](#postgresapp) and many [hosted providers](#hosted-postgres). There are also instructions for [GitHub Actions](https://github.com/pgvector/setup-pgvector).

 ## Getting Started

@@ -102,12 +78,6 @@ Insert vectors
 INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES ('[1,2,3]'), ('[4,5,6]');
 ```

-Or load vectors in bulk using `COPY` ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/bulk_loading.py))
-
-```sql
-COPY items (embedding) FROM STDIN WITH (FORMAT BINARY);
-```
-
 Upsert vectors

 ```sql
@@ -191,107 +161,8 @@ You can add an index to use approximate nearest neighbor search, which trades so

 Supported index types are:

- [HNSW](#hnsw) - added in 0.5.0
 - [IVFFlat](#ivfflat)
-
-## HNSW
-
-An HNSW index creates a multilayer graph. It has better query performance than IVFFlat (in terms of speed-recall tradeoff), but has slower build times and uses more memory. Also, an index can be created without any data in the table since there isn’t a training step like IVFFlat.
-
-Add an index for each distance function you want to use.
-
-L2 distance
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops);
-```
-
-Inner product
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_ip_ops);
-```
-
-Cosine distance
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_cosine_ops);
-```
-
-Vectors with up to 2,000 dimensions can be indexed.
-
-### Index Options
-
-Specify HNSW parameters
-
- `m` - the max number of connections per layer (16 by default)
- `ef_construction` - the size of the dynamic candidate list for constructing the graph (64 by default)
-
-```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 16, ef_construction = 64);
-```
-
-A higher value of `ef_construction` provides better recall at the cost of index build time / insert speed.
-
-### Query Options
-
-Specify the size of the dynamic candidate list for search (40 by default)
-
-```sql
-SET hnsw.ef_search = 100;
-```
-
-A higher value provides better recall at the cost of speed.
-
-Use `SET LOCAL` inside a transaction to set it for a single query
-
-```sql
-BEGIN;
-SET LOCAL hnsw.ef_search = 100;
-SELECT ...
-COMMIT;
-```
-
-### Index Build Time
-
-Indexes build significantly faster when the graph fits into `maintenance_work_mem`
-
-```sql
-SET maintenance_work_mem = '8GB';
-```
-
-A notice is shown when the graph no longer fits
-
-```text
-NOTICE:  hnsw graph no longer fits into maintenance_work_mem after 100000 tuples
-DETAIL:  Building will take significantly more time.
-HINT:  Increase maintenance_work_mem to speed up builds.
-```
-
-Note: Do not set `maintenance_work_mem` so high that it exhausts the memory on the server
-
-Like other index types, it’s faster to create an index after loading your initial data
-
-Starting with 0.6.0, you can also speed up index creation by increasing the number of parallel workers (2 by default)
-
-```sql
-SET max_parallel_maintenance_workers = 7; -- plus leader
-```
-
-For a large number of workers, you may also need to increase `max_parallel_workers` (8 by default)
-
-### Indexing Progress
-
-Check [indexing progress](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/progress-reporting.html#CREATE-INDEX-PROGRESS-REPORTING) with Postgres 12+
-
-```sql
-SELECT phase, round(100.0 * blocks_done / nullif(blocks_total, 0), 1) AS "%" FROM pg_stat_progress_create_index;
-```
-
-The phases for HNSW are:
-
-1. `initializing`
-2. `loading tuples`
+- [HNSW](#hnsw) - added in 0.5.0

 ## IVFFlat

@@ -344,16 +215,6 @@ SELECT ...
 COMMIT;
 ```

-### Index Build Time
-
-Speed up index creation on large tables by increasing the number of parallel workers (2 by default)
-
-```sql
-SET max_parallel_maintenance_workers = 7; -- plus leader
-```
-
-For a large number of workers, you may also need to increase `max_parallel_workers` (8 by default)
-
 ### Indexing Progress

 Check [indexing progress](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/progress-reporting.html#CREATE-INDEX-PROGRESS-REPORTING) with Postgres 12+
@@ -371,6 +232,75 @@ The phases for IVFFlat are:

 Note: `%` is only populated during the `loading tuples` phase

+## HNSW
+
+An HNSW index creates a multilayer graph. It has slower build times and uses more memory than IVFFlat, but has better query performance (in terms of speed-recall tradeoff). There’s no training step like IVFFlat, so the index can be created without any data in the table.
+
+Add an index for each distance function you want to use.
+
+L2 distance
+
+```sql
+CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops);
+```
+
+Inner product
+
+```sql
+CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_ip_ops);
+```
+
+Cosine distance
+
+```sql
+CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_cosine_ops);
+```
+
+Vectors with up to 2,000 dimensions can be indexed.
+
+### Index Options
+
+Specify HNSW parameters
+
+- `m` - the max number of connections per layer (16 by default)
+- `ef_construction` - the size of the dynamic candidate list for constructing the graph (64 by default)
+
+```sql
+CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops) WITH (m = 16, ef_construction = 64);
+```
+
+### Query Options
+
+Specify the size of the dynamic candidate list for search (40 by default)
+
+```sql
+SET hnsw.ef_search = 100;
+```
+
+A higher value provides better recall at the cost of speed.
+
+Use `SET LOCAL` inside a transaction to set it for a single query
+
+```sql
+BEGIN;
+SET LOCAL hnsw.ef_search = 100;
+SELECT ...
+COMMIT;
+```
+
+### Indexing Progress
+
+Check [indexing progress](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/progress-reporting.html#CREATE-INDEX-PROGRESS-REPORTING) with Postgres 12+
+
+```sql
+SELECT phase, round(100.0 * blocks_done / nullif(blocks_total, 0), 1) AS "%" FROM pg_stat_progress_create_index;
+```
+
+The phases for HNSW are:
+
+1. `initializing`
+2. `loading tuples`
+
 ## Filtering

 There are a few ways to index nearest neighbor queries with a `WHERE` clause
@@ -388,7 +318,8 @@ CREATE INDEX ON items (category_id);
 Or a [partial index](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-partial.html) on the vector column for approximate search

 ```sql
-CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops) WHERE (category_id = 123);
+CREATE INDEX ON items USING ivfflat (embedding vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 100)
+    WHERE (category_id = 123);
 ```

 Use [partitioning](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-partitioning.html) for approximate search on many different values of the `WHERE` columns
@@ -438,13 +369,24 @@ To speed up queries with an IVFFlat index, increase the number of inverted lists
 CREATE INDEX ON items USING ivfflat (embedding vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 1000);
 ```

-## Vacuuming
+## Sparse Vectors

-Vacuuming can take a while for HNSW indexes. Speed it up by reindexing first.
+Create a sparse vector column with 10 dimensions

 ```sql
-REINDEX INDEX CONCURRENTLY index_name;
-VACUUM table_name;
+CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding svector(10));
+```
+
+Insert vectors
+
+```sql
+INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES ('(0,1),(1,2),(2,3)|10|'), ('(0,4),(1,5),(4,6)|10|');
+```
+
+Get the nearest neighbors by L2 distance
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <-> '(0,3),(1,1),(2,2)|10|' LIMIT 5;
 ```

 ## Languages
@@ -455,7 +397,7 @@ Language | Libraries / Examples
 --- | ---
 C | [pgvector-c](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-c)
 C++ | [pgvector-cpp](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-cpp)
-C#, F#, Visual Basic | [pgvector-dotnet](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-dotnet)
+C# | [pgvector-dotnet](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-dotnet)
 Crystal | [pgvector-crystal](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-crystal)
 Dart | [pgvector-dart](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-dart)
 Elixir | [pgvector-elixir](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-elixir)
@@ -464,10 +406,8 @@ Haskell | [pgvector-haskell](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-haskell)
 Java, Kotlin, Groovy, Scala | [pgvector-java](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-java)
 JavaScript, TypeScript | [pgvector-node](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-node)
 Julia | [pgvector-julia](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-julia)
-Lisp | [pgvector-lisp](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-lisp)
 Lua | [pgvector-lua](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-lua)
 Nim | [pgvector-nim](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-nim)
-OCaml | [pgvector-ocaml](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-ocaml)
 Perl | [pgvector-perl](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-perl)
 PHP | [pgvector-php](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-php)
 Python | [pgvector-python](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python)
@@ -540,14 +480,6 @@ and query with:
 SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding::vector(3) <-> '[3,1,2]' LIMIT 5;
 ```

-#### Do indexes need to fit into memory?
-
-No, but like other index types, you’ll likely see better performance if they do. You can get the size of an index with:
-
-```sql
-SELECT pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size('index_name'));
-```
-
 ## Troubleshooting

 #### Why isn’t a query using an index?
@@ -581,10 +513,6 @@ or choose to store vectors inline:
 ALTER TABLE items ALTER COLUMN embedding SET STORAGE PLAIN;
 ```

-#### Why are there less results for a query after adding an HNSW index?
-
-Results are limited by the size of the dynamic candidate list (`hnsw.ef_search`). There may be even less results due to dead tuples or filtering conditions in the query. We recommend setting `hnsw.ef_search` to at least twice the `LIMIT` of the query. If you need more than 500 results, use an IVFFlat index instead.
-
 #### Why are there less results for a query after adding an IVFFlat index?

 The index was likely created with too little data for the number of lists. Drop the index until the table has more data.
@@ -593,8 +521,6 @@ The index was likely created with too little data for the number of lists. Drop
 DROP INDEX index_name;
 ```

-Results can also be limited by the number of probes (`ivfflat.probes`).
-
 ## Reference

 ### Vector Type
@@ -637,7 +563,7 @@ sum(vector) → vector | sum | 0.5.0
 If your machine has multiple Postgres installations, specify the path to [pg_config](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-pgconfig.html) with:

 ```sh
-export PG_CONFIG=/Library/PostgreSQL/16/bin/pg_config
+export PG_CONFIG=/Applications/Postgres.app/Contents/Versions/latest/bin/pg_config
 ```

 Then re-run the installation instructions (run `make clean` before `make` if needed). If `sudo` is needed for `make install`, use:
@@ -646,14 +572,6 @@ Then re-run the installation instructions (run `make clean` before `make` if nee
 sudo --preserve-env=PG_CONFIG make install
 ```

-A few common paths on Mac are:
-
- EDB installer - `/Library/PostgreSQL/16/bin/pg_config`
- Homebrew (arm64) - `/opt/homebrew/opt/postgresql@16/bin/pg_config`
- Homebrew (x86-64) - `/usr/local/opt/postgresql@16/bin/pg_config`
-
-Note: Replace `16` with your Postgres server version
-
 ### Missing Header

 If compilation fails with `fatal error: postgres.h: No such file or directory`, make sure Postgres development files are installed on the server.
@@ -661,41 +579,49 @@ If compilation fails with `fatal error: postgres.h: No such file or directory`,
 For Ubuntu and Debian, use:

 ```sh
-sudo apt install postgresql-server-dev-16
+sudo apt install postgresql-server-dev-15
 ```

-Note: Replace `16` with your Postgres server version
+Note: Replace `15` with your Postgres server version

-### Missing SDK
+### Windows

-If compilation fails and the output includes `warning: no such sysroot directory` on Mac, reinstall Xcode Command Line Tools.
+Support for Windows is currently experimental. Ensure [C++ support in Visual Studio](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/building-on-the-command-line?view=msvc-170#download-and-install-the-tools) is installed, and run:

-### Portability
+```cmd
+call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Community\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
+```

-To compile for portability, use:
+Note: The exact path will vary depending on your Visual Studio version and edition

-```sh
-make OPTFLAGS=""
+Then use `nmake` to build:
+
+```cmd
+set "PGROOT=C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\15"
+git clone --branch v0.5.1 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+cd pgvector
+nmake /F Makefile.win
+nmake /F Makefile.win install
 ```

 ## Additional Installation Methods

 ### Docker

-Get the [Docker image](https://hub.docker.com/r/pgvector/pgvector) with:
+Get the [Docker image](https://hub.docker.com/r/ankane/pgvector) with:

 ```sh
-docker pull pgvector/pgvector:pg16
+docker pull ankane/pgvector
 ```

-This adds pgvector to the [Postgres image](https://hub.docker.com/_/postgres) (replace `16` with your Postgres server version, and run it the same way).
+This adds pgvector to the [Postgres image](https://hub.docker.com/_/postgres) (run it the same way).

 You can also build the image manually:

 ```sh
-git clone --branch v0.6.1 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
+git clone --branch v0.5.1 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector.git
 cd pgvector
-docker build --build-arg PG_MAJOR=16 -t myuser/pgvector .
+docker build --build-arg PG_MAJOR=15 -t myuser/pgvector .
 ```

 ### Homebrew
@@ -721,37 +647,22 @@ pgxn install vector
 Debian and Ubuntu packages are available from the [PostgreSQL APT Repository](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Apt). Follow the [setup instructions](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Apt#Quickstart) and run:

 ```sh
-sudo apt install postgresql-16-pgvector
+sudo apt install postgresql-15-pgvector
 ```

-Note: Replace `16` with your Postgres server version
+Note: Replace `15` with your Postgres server version

 ### Yum

 RPM packages are available from the [PostgreSQL Yum Repository](https://yum.postgresql.org/). Follow the [setup instructions](https://www.postgresql.org/download/linux/redhat/) for your distribution and run:

 ```sh
-sudo yum install pgvector_16
+sudo yum install pgvector_15
 # or
-sudo dnf install pgvector_16
+sudo dnf install pgvector_15
 ```

-Note: Replace `16` with your Postgres server version
-
-### pkg
-
-Install the FreeBSD package with:
-
-```sh
-pkg install postgresql15-pg_vector
-```
-
-or the port with:
-
-```sh
-cd /usr/ports/databases/pgvector
-make install
-```
+Note: Replace `15` with your Postgres server version

 ### conda-forge

@@ -787,32 +698,28 @@ SELECT extversion FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = 'vector';

 ## Upgrade Notes

-### 0.6.0
+### 0.4.0

-#### Postgres 12
-
-If upgrading with Postgres 12, remove this line from `sql/vector--0.5.1--0.6.0.sql`:
+If upgrading with Postgres < 13, remove this line from `sql/vector--0.3.2--0.4.0.sql`:

 ```sql
-ALTER TYPE vector SET (STORAGE = external);
+ALTER TYPE vector SET (STORAGE = extended);
 ```

 Then run `make install` and `ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE;`.

-#### Docker
+### 0.3.1

-The Docker image is now published in the `pgvector` org, and there are tags for each supported version of Postgres (rather than a `latest` tag).
+If upgrading from 0.2.7 or 0.3.0, recreate all `ivfflat` indexes after upgrading to ensure all data is indexed.

-```sh
-docker pull pgvector/pgvector:pg16
-# or
-docker pull pgvector/pgvector:0.6.0-pg16
-```
+```sql
+-- Postgres 12+
+REINDEX INDEX CONCURRENTLY index_name;

-Also, if you’ve increased `maintenance_work_mem`, make sure `--shm-size` is at least that size to avoid an error with parallel HNSW index builds.
-
-```sh
-docker run --shm-size=1g ...
+-- Postgres < 12
+CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY temp_name ON table USING ivfflat (column opclass);
+DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY index_name;
+ALTER INDEX temp_name RENAME TO index_name;
 ```

 ## Thanks
@@ -858,32 +765,14 @@ make prove_installcheck  # TAP tests
 To run single tests:

 ```sh
-make installcheck REGRESS=functions                            # regression test
-make prove_installcheck PROVE_TESTS=test/t/001_ivfflat_wal.pl  # TAP test
+make installcheck REGRESS=functions                    # regression test
+make prove_installcheck PROVE_TESTS=test/t/001_wal.pl  # TAP test
 ```

 To enable benchmarking:

 ```sh
-make clean && PG_CFLAGS="-DIVFFLAT_BENCH" make && make install
-```
-
-To show memory usage:
-
-```sh
-make clean && PG_CFLAGS="-DHNSW_MEMORY -DIVFFLAT_MEMORY" make && make install
-```
-
-To enable assertions:
-
-```sh
-make clean && PG_CFLAGS="-DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING" make && make install
-```
-
-To get k-means metrics:
-
-```sh
-make clean && PG_CFLAGS="-DIVFFLAT_KMEANS_DEBUG" make && make install
+make clean && PG_CFLAGS=-DIVFFLAT_BENCH make && make install
 ```

 Resources for contributors
--- a/sql/vector--0.5.1--0.6.0.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.5.1--0.6.0.sql
@@ -1,5 +1,79 @@
 -- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
 \echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.6.0'" to load this file. \quit

-- remove this single line for Postgres < 13
-ALTER TYPE vector SET (STORAGE = external);
+CREATE TYPE svector;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS svector
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector_out(svector) RETURNS cstring
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector_typmod_in(cstring[]) RETURNS integer
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS svector
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector_send(svector) RETURNS bytea
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE TYPE svector (
+	INPUT     = svector_in,
+	OUTPUT    = svector_out,
+	TYPMOD_IN = svector_typmod_in,
+	RECEIVE   = svector_recv,
+	SEND      = svector_send,
+	STORAGE   = external
+);
+
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(svector, svector) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'svector_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(svector, svector) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'svector_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(svector, svector) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'svector_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION jaccard_distance(svector, svector) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'svector_jaccard_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector_l2_squared_distance(svector, svector) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector_negative_inner_product(svector, svector) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector(svector, integer, boolean) RETURNS svector
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION vector_to_svector(vector, integer, boolean) RETURNS svector
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector_to_vector(svector, integer, boolean) RETURNS vector
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE CAST (svector AS svector)
+	WITH FUNCTION svector(svector, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE CAST (svector AS vector)
+	WITH FUNCTION svector_to_vector(svector, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE CAST (vector AS svector)
+	WITH FUNCTION vector_to_svector(vector, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
+	LEFTARG = svector, RIGHTARG = svector, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<->'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <#> (
+	LEFTARG = svector, RIGHTARG = svector, PROCEDURE = svector_negative_inner_product,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<#>'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <=> (
+	LEFTARG = svector, RIGHTARG = svector, PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<=>'
+);
--- a/sql/vector--0.6.0--0.6.1.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.6.0--0.6.1.sql
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
-\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.6.1'" to load this file. \quit
-
-DROP OPERATOR - (vector, vector);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR - (
-	LEFTARG = vector, RIGHTARG = vector, PROCEDURE = vector_sub
-);
-
-ALTER OPERATOR <= (vector, vector) SET (
-	RESTRICT = scalarlesel, JOIN = scalarlejoinsel
-);
-
-ALTER OPERATOR >= (vector, vector) SET (
-	RESTRICT = scalargesel, JOIN = scalargejoinsel
-);
--- a/sql/vector.sql
+++ b/sql/vector.sql
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ CREATE TYPE vector (
 	TYPMOD_IN = vector_typmod_in,
 	RECEIVE   = vector_recv,
 	SEND      = vector_send,
-	STORAGE   = external
+	STORAGE   = extended
 );

 -- functions
@@ -180,7 +180,8 @@ CREATE OPERATOR + (
 );

 CREATE OPERATOR - (
-	LEFTARG = vector, RIGHTARG = vector, PROCEDURE = vector_sub
+	LEFTARG = vector, RIGHTARG = vector, PROCEDURE = vector_sub,
+	COMMUTATOR = -
 );

 CREATE OPERATOR * (
@@ -194,10 +195,11 @@ CREATE OPERATOR < (
 	RESTRICT = scalarltsel, JOIN = scalarltjoinsel
 );

+-- should use scalarlesel and scalarlejoinsel, but not supported in Postgres < 11
 CREATE OPERATOR <= (
 	LEFTARG = vector, RIGHTARG = vector, PROCEDURE = vector_le,
 	COMMUTATOR = >= , NEGATOR = > ,
-	RESTRICT = scalarlesel, JOIN = scalarlejoinsel
+	RESTRICT = scalarltsel, JOIN = scalarltjoinsel
 );

 CREATE OPERATOR = (
@@ -212,10 +214,11 @@ CREATE OPERATOR <> (
 	RESTRICT = eqsel, JOIN = eqjoinsel
 );

+-- should use scalargesel and scalargejoinsel, but not supported in Postgres < 11
 CREATE OPERATOR >= (
 	LEFTARG = vector, RIGHTARG = vector, PROCEDURE = vector_ge,
 	COMMUTATOR = <= , NEGATOR = < ,
-	RESTRICT = scalargesel, JOIN = scalargejoinsel
+	RESTRICT = scalargtsel, JOIN = scalargtjoinsel
 );

 CREATE OPERATOR > (
@@ -287,3 +290,92 @@ CREATE OPERATOR CLASS vector_cosine_ops
 	OPERATOR 1 <=> (vector, vector) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
 	FUNCTION 1 vector_negative_inner_product(vector, vector),
 	FUNCTION 2 vector_norm(vector);
+
+--- svector type
+
+CREATE TYPE svector;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS svector
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector_out(svector) RETURNS cstring
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector_typmod_in(cstring[]) RETURNS integer
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS svector
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector_send(svector) RETURNS bytea
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE TYPE svector (
+	INPUT     = svector_in,
+	OUTPUT    = svector_out,
+	TYPMOD_IN = svector_typmod_in,
+	RECEIVE   = svector_recv,
+	SEND      = svector_send,
+	STORAGE   = external
+);
+
+-- svector functions
+
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(svector, svector) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'svector_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(svector, svector) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'svector_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(svector, svector) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'svector_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION jaccard_distance(svector, svector) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'svector_jaccard_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- svector private functions
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector_l2_squared_distance(svector, svector) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector_negative_inner_product(svector, svector) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- svector cast functions
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector(svector, integer, boolean) RETURNS svector
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION vector_to_svector(vector, integer, boolean) RETURNS svector
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION svector_to_vector(svector, integer, boolean) RETURNS vector
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- svector casts
+
+CREATE CAST (svector AS svector)
+	WITH FUNCTION svector(svector, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE CAST (svector AS vector)
+	WITH FUNCTION svector_to_vector(svector, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE CAST (vector AS svector)
+	WITH FUNCTION vector_to_svector(vector, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+-- svector operators
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
+	LEFTARG = svector, RIGHTARG = svector, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<->'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <#> (
+	LEFTARG = svector, RIGHTARG = svector, PROCEDURE = svector_negative_inner_product,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<#>'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <=> (
+	LEFTARG = svector, RIGHTARG = svector, PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<=>'
+);
--- a/src/hnsw.c
+++ b/src/hnsw.c
@@ -4,59 +4,24 @@
 #include <math.h>

 #include "access/amapi.h"
-#include "access/reloptions.h"
-#include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
-#include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/selfuncs.h"

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 150000
-#define MarkGUCPrefixReserved(x) EmitWarningsOnPlaceholders(x)
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
+#include "commands/progress.h"
 #endif

 int			hnsw_ef_search;
-int			hnsw_lock_tranche_id;
 static relopt_kind hnsw_relopt_kind;

-/*
- * Assign a tranche ID for our LWLocks. This only needs to be done by one
- * backend, as the tranche ID is remembered in shared memory.
- *
- * This shared memory area is very small, so we just allocate it from the
- * "slop" that PostgreSQL reserves for small allocations like this. If
- * this grows bigger, we should use a shmem_request_hook and
- * RequestAddinShmemSpace() to pre-reserve space for this.
- */
-void
-HnswInitLockTranche(void)
-{
-	int		   *tranche_ids;
-	bool		found;
-
-	LWLockAcquire(AddinShmemInitLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
-	tranche_ids = ShmemInitStruct("hnsw LWLock ids",
-								  sizeof(int) * 1,
-								  &found);
-	if (!found)
-		tranche_ids[0] = LWLockNewTrancheId();
-	hnsw_lock_tranche_id = tranche_ids[0];
-	LWLockRelease(AddinShmemInitLock);
-
-	/* Per-backend registration of the tranche ID */
-	LWLockRegisterTranche(hnsw_lock_tranche_id, "HnswBuild");
-}
-
 /*
 * Initialize index options and variables
 */
 void
 HnswInit(void)
 {
-	if (!process_shared_preload_libraries_in_progress)
-		HnswInitLockTranche();
-
 	hnsw_relopt_kind = add_reloption_kind();
 	add_int_reloption(hnsw_relopt_kind, "m", "Max number of connections",
 					  HNSW_DEFAULT_M, HNSW_MIN_M, HNSW_MAX_M
@@ -74,13 +39,12 @@ HnswInit(void)
 	DefineCustomIntVariable("hnsw.ef_search", "Sets the size of the dynamic candidate list for search",
 							"Valid range is 1..1000.", &hnsw_ef_search,
 							HNSW_DEFAULT_EF_SEARCH, HNSW_MIN_EF_SEARCH, HNSW_MAX_EF_SEARCH, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
-
-	MarkGUCPrefixReserved("hnsw");
 }

 /*
 * Get the name of index build phase
 */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 static char *
 hnswbuildphasename(int64 phasenum)
 {
@@ -94,6 +58,7 @@ hnswbuildphasename(int64 phasenum)
 			return NULL;
 	}
 }
+#endif

 /*
 * Estimate the cost of an index scan
@@ -108,6 +73,9 @@ hnswcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 	int			m;
 	int			entryLevel;
 	Relation	index;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120000
+	List	   *qinfos;
+#endif

 	/* Never use index without order */
 	if (path->indexorderbys == NULL)
@@ -133,7 +101,12 @@ hnswcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 	/* Account for number of tuples (or entry level), m, and ef_search */
 	costs.numIndexTuples = (entryLevel + 2) * m;

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	genericcostestimate(root, path, loop_count, &costs);
+#else
+	qinfos = deconstruct_indexquals(path);
+	genericcostestimate(root, path, loop_count, qinfos, &costs);
+#endif

 	/* Use total cost since most work happens before first tuple is returned */
 	*indexStartupCost = costs.indexTotalCost;
@@ -227,7 +200,9 @@ hnswhandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	amroutine->amcostestimate = hnswcostestimate;
 	amroutine->amoptions = hnswoptions;
 	amroutine->amproperty = NULL;	/* TODO AMPROP_DISTANCE_ORDERABLE */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	amroutine->ambuildphasename = hnswbuildphasename;
+#endif
 	amroutine->amvalidate = hnswvalidate;
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 	amroutine->amadjustmembers = NULL;
--- a/src/hnsw.h
+++ b/src/hnsw.h
@@ -3,17 +3,15 @@

 #include "postgres.h"

-#include "access/genam.h"
-#include "access/parallel.h"
-#include "lib/pairingheap.h"
+#include "access/generic_xlog.h"
+#include "access/reloptions.h"
 #include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "port.h"				/* for random() */
-#include "utils/relptr.h"
 #include "utils/sampling.h"
 #include "vector.h"

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120000
-#error "Requires PostgreSQL 12+"
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 110000
+#error "Requires PostgreSQL 11+"
 #endif

 #define HNSW_MAX_DIM 2000
@@ -60,27 +58,22 @@
 #define PROGRESS_HNSW_PHASE_LOAD		2

 #define HNSW_MAX_SIZE (BLCKSZ - MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData) - MAXALIGN(sizeof(HnswPageOpaqueData)) - sizeof(ItemIdData))
-#define HNSW_TUPLE_ALLOC_SIZE BLCKSZ

-#define HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(size)	MAXALIGN(offsetof(HnswElementTupleData, data) + (size))
+#define HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(_dim)	MAXALIGN(offsetof(HnswElementTupleData, vec) + VECTOR_SIZE(_dim))
 #define HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(level, m)	MAXALIGN(offsetof(HnswNeighborTupleData, indextids) + ((level) + 2) * (m) * sizeof(ItemPointerData))

-#define HNSW_NEIGHBOR_ARRAY_SIZE(lm)	(offsetof(HnswNeighborArray, items) + sizeof(HnswCandidate) * (lm))
-
 #define HnswPageGetOpaque(page)	((HnswPageOpaque) PageGetSpecialPointer(page))
 #define HnswPageGetMeta(page)	((HnswMetaPageData *) PageGetContents(page))

 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 150000
 #define RandomDouble() pg_prng_double(&pg_global_prng_state)
-#define SeedRandom(seed) pg_prng_seed(&pg_global_prng_state, seed)
 #else
 #define RandomDouble() (((double) random()) / MAX_RANDOM_VALUE)
-#define SeedRandom(seed) srandom(seed)
 #endif

 #if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
 #define list_delete_last(list) list_truncate(list, list_length(list) - 1)
-#define list_sort(list, cmp) ((list) = list_qsort(list, cmp))
+#define list_sort(list, cmp) list_qsort(list, cmp)
 #endif

 #define HnswIsElementTuple(tup) ((tup)->type == HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_TYPE)
@@ -93,64 +86,31 @@
 #define HnswGetMl(m) (1 / log(m))

 /* Ensure fits on page and in uint8 */
-#define HnswGetMaxLevel(m) Min(((BLCKSZ - MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData) - MAXALIGN(sizeof(HnswPageOpaqueData)) - offsetof(HnswNeighborTupleData, indextids) - sizeof(ItemIdData)) / (sizeof(ItemPointerData)) / (m)) - 2, 255)
-
-#define HnswGetValue(base, element) PointerGetDatum(HnswPtrAccess(base, (element)->value))
-
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 140005
-#define relptr_offset(rp) ((rp).relptr_off - 1)
-#endif
-
-/* Pointer macros */
-#define HnswPtrAccess(base, hp) ((base) == NULL ? (hp).ptr : relptr_access(base, (hp).relptr))
-#define HnswPtrStore(base, hp, value) ((base) == NULL ? (void) ((hp).ptr = (value)) : (void) relptr_store(base, (hp).relptr, value))
-#define HnswPtrIsNull(base, hp) ((base) == NULL ? (hp).ptr == NULL : relptr_is_null((hp).relptr))
-#define HnswPtrEqual(base, hp1, hp2) ((base) == NULL ? (hp1).ptr == (hp2).ptr : relptr_offset((hp1).relptr) == relptr_offset((hp2).relptr))
-
-/* For code paths dedicated to each type */
-#define HnswPtrPointer(hp) (hp).ptr
-#define HnswPtrOffset(hp) relptr_offset((hp).relptr)
+#define HnswGetMaxLevel(m) Min(((BLCKSZ - MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData) - MAXALIGN(sizeof(HnswPageOpaqueData)) - offsetof(HnswNeighborTupleData, indextids) - sizeof(ItemIdData)) / (sizeof(ItemPointerData)) / m) - 2, 255)

 /* Variables */
 extern int	hnsw_ef_search;
-extern int	hnsw_lock_tranche_id;

-typedef struct HnswElementData HnswElementData;
 typedef struct HnswNeighborArray HnswNeighborArray;

-#define HnswPtrDeclare(type, relptrtype, ptrtype) \
-	relptr_declare(type, relptrtype); \
-	typedef union { type *ptr; relptrtype relptr; } ptrtype;
-
-/* Pointers that can be absolute or relative */
-/* Use char for DatumPtr so works with Pointer */
-HnswPtrDeclare(HnswElementData, HnswElementRelptr, HnswElementPtr);
-HnswPtrDeclare(HnswNeighborArray, HnswNeighborArrayRelptr, HnswNeighborArrayPtr);
-HnswPtrDeclare(HnswNeighborArrayPtr, HnswNeighborsRelptr, HnswNeighborsPtr);
-HnswPtrDeclare(char, DatumRelptr, DatumPtr);
-
 typedef struct HnswElementData
 {
-	HnswElementPtr next;
-	ItemPointerData heaptids[HNSW_HEAPTIDS];
-	uint8		heaptidsLength;
+	List	   *heaptids;
 	uint8		level;
 	uint8		deleted;
-	uint32		hash;
-	HnswNeighborsPtr neighbors;
+	HnswNeighborArray *neighbors;
 	BlockNumber blkno;
 	OffsetNumber offno;
 	OffsetNumber neighborOffno;
 	BlockNumber neighborPage;
-	DatumPtr	value;
-	LWLock		lock;
+	Vector	   *vec;
 }			HnswElementData;

 typedef HnswElementData * HnswElement;

 typedef struct HnswCandidate
 {
-	HnswElementPtr element;
+	HnswElement element;
 	float		distance;
 	bool		closer;
 }			HnswCandidate;
@@ -159,7 +119,7 @@ typedef struct HnswNeighborArray
 {
 	int			length;
 	bool		closerSet;
-	HnswCandidate items[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
+	HnswCandidate *items;
 }			HnswNeighborArray;

 typedef struct HnswPairingHeapNode
@@ -176,65 +136,6 @@ typedef struct HnswOptions
 	int			efConstruction; /* size of dynamic candidate list */
 }			HnswOptions;

-typedef struct HnswGraph
-{
-	/* Graph state */
-	slock_t		lock;
-	HnswElementPtr head;
-	double		indtuples;
-
-	/* Entry state */
-	LWLock		entryLock;
-	LWLock		entryWaitLock;
-	HnswElementPtr entryPoint;
-
-	/* Allocations state */
-	LWLock		allocatorLock;
-	long		memoryUsed;
-	long		memoryTotal;
-
-	/* Flushed state */
-	LWLock		flushLock;
-	bool		flushed;
-}			HnswGraph;
-
-typedef struct HnswShared
-{
-	/* Immutable state */
-	Oid			heaprelid;
-	Oid			indexrelid;
-	bool		isconcurrent;
-
-	/* Worker progress */
-	ConditionVariable workersdonecv;
-
-	/* Mutex for mutable state */
-	slock_t		mutex;
-
-	/* Mutable state */
-	int			nparticipantsdone;
-	double		reltuples;
-	HnswGraph	graphData;
-}			HnswShared;
-
-#define ParallelTableScanFromHnswShared(shared) \
-	(ParallelTableScanDesc) ((char *) (shared) + BUFFERALIGN(sizeof(HnswShared)))
-
-typedef struct HnswLeader
-{
-	ParallelContext *pcxt;
-	int			nparticipanttuplesorts;
-	HnswShared *hnswshared;
-	Snapshot	snapshot;
-	char	   *hnswarea;
-}			HnswLeader;
-
-typedef struct HnswAllocator
-{
-	void	   *(*alloc) (Size size, void *state);
-	void	   *state;
-}			HnswAllocator;
-
 typedef struct HnswBuildState
 {
 	/* Info */
@@ -258,21 +159,16 @@ typedef struct HnswBuildState
 	Oid			collation;

 	/* Variables */
-	HnswGraph	graphData;
-	HnswGraph  *graph;
+	List	   *elements;
+	HnswElement entryPoint;
 	double		ml;
 	int			maxLevel;
+	double		maxInMemoryElements;
+	bool		flushed;
 	Vector	   *normvec;

 	/* Memory */
-	MemoryContext graphCtx;
 	MemoryContext tmpCtx;
-	HnswAllocator allocator;
-
-	/* Parallel builds */
-	HnswLeader *hnswleader;
-	HnswShared *hnswshared;
-	char	   *hnswarea;
 }			HnswBuildState;

 typedef struct HnswMetaPageData
@@ -308,7 +204,7 @@ typedef struct HnswElementTupleData
 	ItemPointerData heaptids[HNSW_HEAPTIDS];
 	ItemPointerData neighbortid;
 	uint16		unused2;
-	Vector		data;
+	Vector		vec;
 }			HnswElementTupleData;

 typedef HnswElementTupleData * HnswElementTuple;
@@ -354,7 +250,7 @@ typedef struct HnswVacuumState
 	Oid			collation;

 	/* Variables */
-	struct tidhash_hash *deleted;
+	HTAB	   *deleted;
 	BufferAccessStrategy bas;
 	HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
 	HnswElementData highestPoint;
@@ -368,30 +264,31 @@ int			HnswGetM(Relation index);
 int			HnswGetEfConstruction(Relation index);
 FmgrInfo   *HnswOptionalProcInfo(Relation index, uint16 procnum);
 bool		HnswNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value, Vector * result);
+void		HnswCommitBuffer(Buffer buf, GenericXLogState *state);
 Buffer		HnswNewBuffer(Relation index, ForkNumber forkNum);
 void		HnswInitPage(Buffer buf, Page page);
+void		HnswInitRegisterPage(Relation index, Buffer *buf, Page *page, GenericXLogState **state);
 void		HnswInit(void);
-List	   *HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, bool inserting, HnswElement skipElement);
+List	   *HnswSearchLayer(Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, bool inserting, HnswElement skipElement);
 HnswElement HnswGetEntryPoint(Relation index);
 void		HnswGetMetaPageInfo(Relation index, int *m, HnswElement * entryPoint);
-void	   *HnswAlloc(HnswAllocator * allocator, Size size);
-HnswElement HnswInitElement(char *base, ItemPointer tid, int m, double ml, int maxLevel, HnswAllocator * alloc);
+HnswElement HnswInitElement(ItemPointer tid, int m, double ml, int maxLevel);
+void		HnswFreeElement(HnswElement element);
 HnswElement HnswInitElementFromBlock(BlockNumber blkno, OffsetNumber offno);
-void		HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, int efConstruction, bool existing);
-HnswCandidate *HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement em, Datum q, Relation rel, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec);
-void		HnswUpdateMetaPage(Relation index, int updateEntry, HnswElement entryPoint, BlockNumber insertPage, ForkNumber forkNum, bool building);
-void		HnswSetNeighborTuple(char *base, HnswNeighborTuple ntup, HnswElement e, int m);
+void		HnswInsertElement(HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, int efConstruction, bool existing);
+HnswElement HnswFindDuplicate(HnswElement e);
+HnswCandidate *HnswEntryCandidate(HnswElement em, Datum q, Relation rel, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec);
+void		HnswUpdateMetaPage(Relation index, int updateEntry, HnswElement entryPoint, BlockNumber insertPage, ForkNumber forkNum);
+void		HnswSetNeighborTuple(HnswNeighborTuple ntup, HnswElement e, int m);
 void		HnswAddHeapTid(HnswElement element, ItemPointer heaptid);
-void		HnswInitNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, int m, HnswAllocator * alloc);
-bool		HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, Datum value, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, bool building);
-void		HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement e, int m, bool checkExisting, bool building);
+void		HnswInitNeighbors(HnswElement element, int m);
+bool		HnswInsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, Relation heapRel);
+void		HnswUpdateNeighborPages(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement e, int m, bool checkExisting);
 void		HnswLoadElementFromTuple(HnswElement element, HnswElementTuple etup, bool loadHeaptids, bool loadVec);
 void		HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, Datum *q, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec);
-void		HnswSetElementTuple(char *base, HnswElementTuple etup, HnswElement element);
-void		HnswUpdateConnection(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswCandidate * hc, int lm, int lc, int *updateIdx, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation);
+void		HnswSetElementTuple(HnswElementTuple etup, HnswElement element);
+void		HnswUpdateConnection(HnswElement element, HnswCandidate * hc, int m, int lc, int *updateIdx, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation);
 void		HnswLoadNeighbors(HnswElement element, Relation index, int m);
-void		HnswInitLockTranche(void);
-PGDLLEXPORT void HnswParallelBuildMain(dsm_segment *seg, shm_toc *toc);

 /* Index access methods */
 IndexBuildResult *hnswbuild(Relation heap, Relation index, IndexInfo *indexInfo);
@@ -409,54 +306,4 @@ void		hnswrescan(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanKey keys, int nkeys, ScanKey orderbys,
 bool		hnswgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir);
 void		hnswendscan(IndexScanDesc scan);

-static inline HnswNeighborArray *
-HnswGetNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, int lc)
-{
-	HnswNeighborArrayPtr *neighborList = HnswPtrAccess(base, element->neighbors);
-
-	Assert(element->level >= lc);
-
-	return HnswPtrAccess(base, neighborList[lc]);
-}
-
-/* Hash tables */
-typedef struct TidHashEntry
-{
-	ItemPointerData tid;
-	char		status;
-}			TidHashEntry;
-
-#define SH_PREFIX tidhash
-#define SH_ELEMENT_TYPE TidHashEntry
-#define SH_KEY_TYPE ItemPointerData
-#define SH_SCOPE extern
-#define SH_DECLARE
-#include "lib/simplehash.h"
-
-typedef struct PointerHashEntry
-{
-	uintptr_t	ptr;
-	char		status;
-}			PointerHashEntry;
-
-#define SH_PREFIX pointerhash
-#define SH_ELEMENT_TYPE PointerHashEntry
-#define SH_KEY_TYPE uintptr_t
-#define SH_SCOPE extern
-#define SH_DECLARE
-#include "lib/simplehash.h"
-
-typedef struct OffsetHashEntry
-{
-	Size		offset;
-	char		status;
-}			OffsetHashEntry;
-
-#define SH_PREFIX offsethash
-#define SH_ELEMENT_TYPE OffsetHashEntry
-#define SH_KEY_TYPE Size
-#define SH_SCOPE extern
-#define SH_DECLARE
-#include "lib/simplehash.h"
-
 #endif
--- a/src/hnswbuild.c
+++ b/src/hnswbuild.c
--- a/src/hnswinsert.c
+++ b/src/hnswinsert.c
@@ -2,11 +2,9 @@

 #include <math.h>

-#include "access/generic_xlog.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
-#include "utils/datum.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"

 /*
@@ -94,7 +92,7 @@ HnswFreeOffset(Relation index, Buffer buf, Page page, HnswElement element, Size
 * Add a new page
 */
 static void
-HnswInsertAppendPage(Relation index, Buffer *nbuf, Page *npage, GenericXLogState *state, Page page, bool building)
+HnswInsertAppendPage(Relation index, Buffer *nbuf, Page *npage, GenericXLogState *state, Page page)
 {
 	/* Add a new page */
 	LockRelationForExtension(index, ExclusiveLock);
@@ -102,11 +100,7 @@ HnswInsertAppendPage(Relation index, Buffer *nbuf, Page *npage, GenericXLogState
 	UnlockRelationForExtension(index, ExclusiveLock);

 	/* Init new page */
-	if (building)
-		*npage = BufferGetPage(*nbuf);
-	else
-		*npage = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, *nbuf, GENERIC_XLOG_FULL_IMAGE);
-
+	*npage = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, *nbuf, GENERIC_XLOG_FULL_IMAGE);
 	HnswInitPage(*nbuf, *npage);

 	/* Update previous buffer */
@@ -117,7 +111,7 @@ HnswInsertAppendPage(Relation index, Buffer *nbuf, Page *npage, GenericXLogState
 * Add to element and neighbor pages
 */
 static void
-AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, BlockNumber *updatedInsertPage, bool building)
+WriteNewElementPages(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, BlockNumber *updatedInsertPage)
 {
 	Buffer		buf;
 	Page		page;
@@ -129,16 +123,16 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 	Size		minCombinedSize;
 	HnswElementTuple etup;
 	BlockNumber currentPage = insertPage;
+	int			dimensions = e->vec->dim;
 	HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
 	Buffer		nbuf;
 	Page		npage;
 	OffsetNumber freeOffno = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 	OffsetNumber freeNeighborOffno = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 	BlockNumber newInsertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;
-	char	   *base = NULL;

 	/* Calculate sizes */
-	etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(VARSIZE_ANY(HnswPtrAccess(base, e->value)));
+	etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(dimensions);
 	ntupSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(e->level, m);
 	combinedSize = etupSize + ntupSize + sizeof(ItemIdData);
 	maxSize = HNSW_MAX_SIZE;
@@ -146,11 +140,11 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B

 	/* Prepare element tuple */
 	etup = palloc0(etupSize);
-	HnswSetElementTuple(base, etup, e);
+	HnswSetElementTuple(etup, e);

 	/* Prepare neighbor tuple */
 	ntup = palloc0(ntupSize);
-	HnswSetNeighborTuple(base, ntup, e, m);
+	HnswSetNeighborTuple(ntup, e, m);

 	/* Find a page (or two if needed) to insert the tuples */
 	for (;;)
@@ -158,16 +152,8 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 		buf = ReadBuffer(index, currentPage);
 		LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE);

-		if (building)
-		{
-			state = NULL;
-			page = BufferGetPage(buf);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			state = GenericXLogStart(index);
-			page = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, buf, 0);
-		}
+		state = GenericXLogStart(index);
+		page = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, buf, 0);

 		/* Keep track of first page where element at level 0 can fit */
 		if (!BlockNumberIsValid(newInsertPage) && PageGetFreeSpace(page) >= minCombinedSize)
@@ -187,12 +173,7 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 		if (HnswFreeOffset(index, buf, page, e, ntupSize, &nbuf, &npage, &freeOffno, &freeNeighborOffno, &newInsertPage))
 		{
 			if (nbuf != buf)
-			{
-				if (building)
-					npage = BufferGetPage(nbuf);
-				else
-					npage = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, nbuf, 0);
-			}
+				npage = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, nbuf, 0);

 			break;
 		}
@@ -201,7 +182,7 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 		/* Skip if both tuples can fit on the same page */
 		if (combinedSize > maxSize && PageGetFreeSpace(page) >= etupSize && !BlockNumberIsValid(HnswPageGetOpaque(page)->nextblkno))
 		{
-			HnswInsertAppendPage(index, &nbuf, &npage, state, page, building);
+			HnswInsertAppendPage(index, &nbuf, &npage, state, page);
 			break;
 		}

@@ -210,8 +191,7 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 		if (BlockNumberIsValid(currentPage))
 		{
 			/* Move to next page */
-			if (!building)
-				GenericXLogAbort(state);
+			GenericXLogAbort(state);
 			UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 		}
 		else
@@ -219,33 +199,22 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 			Buffer		newbuf;
 			Page		newpage;

-			HnswInsertAppendPage(index, &newbuf, &newpage, state, page, building);
+			HnswInsertAppendPage(index, &newbuf, &newpage, state, page);

 			/* Commit */
-			if (building)
-				MarkBufferDirty(buf);
-			else
-				GenericXLogFinish(state);
+			GenericXLogFinish(state);

 			/* Unlock previous buffer */
 			UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);

 			/* Prepare new buffer */
+			state = GenericXLogStart(index);
 			buf = newbuf;
-			if (building)
-			{
-				state = NULL;
-				page = BufferGetPage(buf);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				state = GenericXLogStart(index);
-				page = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, buf, 0);
-			}
+			page = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, buf, 0);

 			/* Create new page for neighbors if needed */
 			if (PageGetFreeSpace(page) < combinedSize)
-				HnswInsertAppendPage(index, &nbuf, &npage, state, page, building);
+				HnswInsertAppendPage(index, &nbuf, &npage, state, page);
 			else
 			{
 				nbuf = buf;
@@ -299,14 +268,7 @@ AddElementOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPage, B
 	}

 	/* Commit */
-	if (building)
-	{
-		MarkBufferDirty(buf);
-		if (nbuf != buf)
-			MarkBufferDirty(nbuf);
-	}
-	else
-		GenericXLogFinish(state);
+	GenericXLogFinish(state);
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 	if (nbuf != buf)
 		UnlockReleaseBuffer(nbuf);
@@ -340,14 +302,12 @@ ConnectionExists(HnswElement e, HnswNeighborTuple ntup, int startIdx, int lm)
 * Update neighbors
 */
 void
-HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement e, int m, bool checkExisting, bool building)
+HnswUpdateNeighborPages(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement e, int m, bool checkExisting)
 {
-	char	   *base = NULL;
-
 	for (int lc = e->level; lc >= 0; lc--)
 	{
 		int			lm = HnswGetLayerM(m, lc);
-		HnswNeighborArray *neighbors = HnswGetNeighbors(base, e, lc);
+		HnswNeighborArray *neighbors = &e->neighbors[lc];

 		for (int i = 0; i < neighbors->length; i++)
 		{
@@ -355,15 +315,16 @@ HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Hns
 			Buffer		buf;
 			Page		page;
 			GenericXLogState *state;
+			ItemId		itemid;
 			HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
+			Size		ntupSize;
 			int			idx = -1;
 			int			startIdx;
-			HnswElement neighborElement = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
-			OffsetNumber offno = neighborElement->neighborOffno;
+			OffsetNumber offno = hc->element->neighborOffno;

 			/* Get latest neighbors since they may have changed */
 			/* Do not lock yet since selecting neighbors can take time */
-			HnswLoadNeighbors(neighborElement, index, m);
+			HnswLoadNeighbors(hc->element, index, m);

 			/*
 			 * Could improve performance for vacuuming by checking neighbors
@@ -373,31 +334,25 @@ HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Hns
 			 */

 			/* Select neighbors */
-			HnswUpdateConnection(NULL, e, hc, lm, lc, &idx, index, procinfo, collation);
+			HnswUpdateConnection(e, hc, lm, lc, &idx, index, procinfo, collation);

 			/* New element was not selected as a neighbor */
 			if (idx == -1)
 				continue;

 			/* Register page */
-			buf = ReadBuffer(index, neighborElement->neighborPage);
+			buf = ReadBuffer(index, hc->element->neighborPage);
 			LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE);
-			if (building)
-			{
-				state = NULL;
-				page = BufferGetPage(buf);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				state = GenericXLogStart(index);
-				page = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, buf, 0);
-			}
+			state = GenericXLogStart(index);
+			page = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, buf, 0);

 			/* Get tuple */
-			ntup = (HnswNeighborTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offno));
+			itemid = PageGetItemId(page, offno);
+			ntup = (HnswNeighborTuple) PageGetItem(page, itemid);
+			ntupSize = ItemIdGetLength(itemid);

 			/* Calculate index for update */
-			startIdx = (neighborElement->level - lc) * m;
+			startIdx = (hc->element->level - lc) * m;

 			/* Check for existing connection */
 			if (checkExisting && ConnectionExists(e, ntup, startIdx, lm))
@@ -423,16 +378,17 @@ HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Hns
 			{
 				ItemPointer indextid = &ntup->indextids[idx];

-				/* Update neighbor on the buffer */
+				/* Update neighbor */
 				ItemPointerSet(indextid, e->blkno, e->offno);

+				/* Overwrite tuple */
+				if (!PageIndexTupleOverwrite(page, offno, (Item) ntup, ntupSize))
+					elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));
+
 				/* Commit */
-				if (building)
-					MarkBufferDirty(buf);
-				else
-					GenericXLogFinish(state);
+				GenericXLogFinish(state);
 			}
-			else if (!building)
+			else
 				GenericXLogAbort(state);

 			UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
@@ -444,27 +400,20 @@ HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Hns
 * Add a heap TID to an existing element
 */
 static bool
-AddDuplicateOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement element, HnswElement dup, bool building)
+HnswAddDuplicate(Relation index, HnswElement element, HnswElement dup)
 {
 	Buffer		buf;
 	Page		page;
 	GenericXLogState *state;
+	Size		etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(dup->vec->dim);
 	HnswElementTuple etup;
 	int			i;

 	/* Read page */
 	buf = ReadBuffer(index, dup->blkno);
 	LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE);
-	if (building)
-	{
-		state = NULL;
-		page = BufferGetPage(buf);
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		state = GenericXLogStart(index);
-		page = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, buf, 0);
-	}
+	state = GenericXLogStart(index);
+	page = GenericXLogRegisterBuffer(state, buf, 0);

 	/* Find space */
 	etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, dup->offno));
@@ -477,93 +426,82 @@ AddDuplicateOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement element, HnswElement dup, bool bu
 	/* Either being deleted or we lost our chance to another backend */
 	if (i == 0 || i == HNSW_HEAPTIDS)
 	{
-		if (!building)
-			GenericXLogAbort(state);
+		GenericXLogAbort(state);
 		UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 		return false;
 	}

-	/* Add heap TID, modifying the tuple on the page directly */
-	etup->heaptids[i] = element->heaptids[0];
+	/* Add heap TID */
+	etup->heaptids[i] = *((ItemPointer) linitial(element->heaptids));
+
+	/* Overwrite tuple */
+	if (!PageIndexTupleOverwrite(page, dup->offno, (Item) etup, etupSize))
+		elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));

 	/* Commit */
-	if (building)
-		MarkBufferDirty(buf);
-	else
-		GenericXLogFinish(state);
+	GenericXLogFinish(state);
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);

 	return true;
 }

 /*
- * Find duplicate element
- */
-static bool
-FindDuplicateOnDisk(Relation index, HnswElement element, bool building)
-{
-	char	   *base = NULL;
-	HnswNeighborArray *neighbors = HnswGetNeighbors(base, element, 0);
-	Datum		value = HnswGetValue(base, element);
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < neighbors->length; i++)
-	{
-		HnswCandidate *neighbor = &neighbors->items[i];
-		HnswElement neighborElement = HnswPtrAccess(base, neighbor->element);
-		Datum		neighborValue = HnswGetValue(base, neighborElement);
-
-		/* Exit early since ordered by distance */
-		if (!datumIsEqual(value, neighborValue, false, -1))
-			return false;
-
-		if (AddDuplicateOnDisk(index, element, neighborElement, building))
-			return true;
-	}
-
-	return false;
-}
-
-/*
- * Update graph on disk
+ * Write changes to disk
 */
 static void
-UpdateGraphOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement element, int m, int efConstruction, HnswElement entryPoint, bool building)
+WriteElement(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswElement element, int m, int efConstruction, HnswElement dup, HnswElement entryPoint)
 {
 	BlockNumber newInsertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;

-	/* Look for duplicate */
-	if (FindDuplicateOnDisk(index, element, building))
-		return;
+	/* Try to add to existing page */
+	if (dup != NULL)
+	{
+		if (HnswAddDuplicate(index, element, dup))
+			return;
+	}

-	/* Add element */
-	AddElementOnDisk(index, element, m, GetInsertPage(index), &newInsertPage, building);
+	/* Write element and neighbor tuples */
+	WriteNewElementPages(index, element, m, GetInsertPage(index), &newInsertPage);

 	/* Update insert page if needed */
 	if (BlockNumberIsValid(newInsertPage))
-		HnswUpdateMetaPage(index, 0, NULL, newInsertPage, MAIN_FORKNUM, building);
+		HnswUpdateMetaPage(index, 0, NULL, newInsertPage, MAIN_FORKNUM);

 	/* Update neighbors */
-	HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(index, procinfo, collation, element, m, false, building);
+	HnswUpdateNeighborPages(index, procinfo, collation, element, m, false);

-	/* Update entry point if needed */
+	/* Update metapage if needed */
 	if (entryPoint == NULL || element->level > entryPoint->level)
-		HnswUpdateMetaPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_ENTRY_GREATER, element, InvalidBlockNumber, MAIN_FORKNUM, building);
+		HnswUpdateMetaPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_ENTRY_GREATER, element, InvalidBlockNumber, MAIN_FORKNUM);
 }

 /*
 * Insert a tuple into the index
 */
 bool
-HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, Datum value, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, bool building)
+HnswInsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, Relation heapRel)
 {
+	Datum		value;
+	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
 	HnswElement entryPoint;
 	HnswElement element;
 	int			m;
 	int			efConstruction = HnswGetEfConstruction(index);
 	FmgrInfo   *procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC);
 	Oid			collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
+	HnswElement dup;
 	LOCKMODE	lockmode = ShareLock;
-	char	   *base = NULL;
+
+	/* Detoast once for all calls */
+	value = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(values[0]));
+
+	/* Normalize if needed */
+	normprocinfo = HnswOptionalProcInfo(index, HNSW_NORM_PROC);
+	if (normprocinfo != NULL)
+	{
+		if (!HnswNormValue(normprocinfo, collation, &value, NULL))
+			return false;
+	}

 	/*
 	 * Get a shared lock. This allows vacuum to ensure no in-flight inserts
@@ -576,8 +514,8 @@ HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, Datum value, Datum *values, bool *isnull,
 	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, &m, &entryPoint);

 	/* Create an element */
-	element = HnswInitElement(base, heap_tid, m, HnswGetMl(m), HnswGetMaxLevel(m), NULL);
-	HnswPtrStore(base, element->value, DatumGetPointer(value));
+	element = HnswInitElement(heap_tid, m, HnswGetMl(m), HnswGetMaxLevel(m));
+	element->vec = DatumGetVector(value);

 	/* Prevent concurrent inserts when likely updating entry point */
 	if (entryPoint == NULL || element->level > entryPoint->level)
@@ -593,11 +531,14 @@ HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, Datum value, Datum *values, bool *isnull,
 		entryPoint = HnswGetEntryPoint(index);
 	}

-	/* Find neighbors for element */
-	HnswFindElementNeighbors(base, element, entryPoint, index, procinfo, collation, m, efConstruction, false);
+	/* Insert element in graph */
+	HnswInsertElement(element, entryPoint, index, procinfo, collation, m, efConstruction, false);

-	/* Update graph on disk */
-	UpdateGraphOnDisk(index, procinfo, collation, element, m, efConstruction, entryPoint, building);
+	/* Look for duplicate */
+	dup = HnswFindDuplicate(element);
+
+	/* Write to disk */
+	WriteElement(index, procinfo, collation, element, m, efConstruction, dup, entryPoint);

 	/* Release lock */
 	UnlockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, lockmode);
@@ -605,30 +546,6 @@ HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(Relation index, Datum value, Datum *values, bool *isnull,
 	return true;
 }

-/*
- * Insert a tuple into the index
- */
-static void
-HnswInsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid)
-{
-	Datum		value;
-	FmgrInfo   *normprocinfo;
-	Oid			collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
-
-	/* Detoast once for all calls */
-	value = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(values[0]));
-
-	/* Normalize if needed */
-	normprocinfo = HnswOptionalProcInfo(index, HNSW_NORM_PROC);
-	if (normprocinfo != NULL)
-	{
-		if (!HnswNormValue(normprocinfo, collation, &value, NULL))
-			return;
-	}
-
-	HnswInsertTupleOnDisk(index, value, values, isnull, heap_tid, false);
-}
-
 /*
 * Insert a tuple into the index
 */
@@ -655,7 +572,7 @@ hnswinsert(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid,
 	oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(insertCtx);

 	/* Insert tuple */
-	HnswInsertTuple(index, values, isnull, heap_tid);
+	HnswInsertTuple(index, values, isnull, heap_tid, heap);

 	/* Delete memory context */
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
--- a/src/hnswscan.c
+++ b/src/hnswscan.c
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum q)
 	List	   *w;
 	int			m;
 	HnswElement entryPoint;
-	char	   *base = NULL;

 	/* Get m and entry point */
 	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, &m, &entryPoint);
@@ -29,15 +28,15 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum q)
 	if (entryPoint == NULL)
 		return NIL;

-	ep = list_make1(HnswEntryCandidate(base, entryPoint, q, index, procinfo, collation, false));
+	ep = list_make1(HnswEntryCandidate(entryPoint, q, index, procinfo, collation, false));

 	for (int lc = entryPoint->level; lc >= 1; lc--)
 	{
-		w = HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, 1, lc, index, procinfo, collation, m, false, NULL);
+		w = HnswSearchLayer(q, ep, 1, lc, index, procinfo, collation, m, false, NULL);
 		ep = w;
 	}

-	return HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, hnsw_ef_search, 0, index, procinfo, collation, m, false, NULL);
+	return HnswSearchLayer(q, ep, hnsw_ef_search, 0, index, procinfo, collation, m, false, NULL);
 }

 /*
@@ -185,24 +184,28 @@ hnswgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)

 	while (list_length(so->w) > 0)
 	{
-		char	   *base = NULL;
 		HnswCandidate *hc = llast(so->w);
-		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
 		ItemPointer heaptid;

 		/* Move to next element if no valid heap TIDs */
-		if (element->heaptidsLength == 0)
+		if (list_length(hc->element->heaptids) == 0)
 		{
 			so->w = list_delete_last(so->w);
 			continue;
 		}

-		heaptid = &element->heaptids[--element->heaptidsLength];
+		heaptid = llast(hc->element->heaptids);
+
+		hc->element->heaptids = list_delete_last(hc->element->heaptids);

 		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 		scan->xs_heaptid = *heaptid;
-		scan->xs_recheck = false;
+#else
+		scan->xs_ctup.t_self = *heaptid;
+#endif
+
 		scan->xs_recheckorderby = false;
 		return true;
 	}
--- a/src/hnswutils.c
+++ b/src/hnswutils.c
--- a/src/hnswvacuum.c
+++ b/src/hnswvacuum.c
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@

 #include <math.h>

-#include "access/generic_xlog.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
@@ -13,9 +12,12 @@
 * Check if deleted list contains an index TID
 */
 static bool
-DeletedContains(tidhash_hash * deleted, ItemPointer indextid)
+DeletedContains(HTAB *deleted, ItemPointer indextid)
 {
-	return tidhash_lookup(deleted, *indextid) != NULL;
+	bool		found;
+
+	hash_search(deleted, indextid, HASH_FIND, &found);
+	return found;
 }

 /*
@@ -91,10 +93,15 @@ RemoveHeapTids(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)

 				if (itemUpdated)
 				{
+					Size		etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(etup->vec.dim);
+
 					/* Mark rest as invalid */
 					for (int i = idx; i < HNSW_HEAPTIDS; i++)
 						ItemPointerSetInvalid(&etup->heaptids[i]);

+					if (!PageIndexTupleOverwrite(page, offno, (Item) etup, etupSize))
+						elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));
+
 					updated = true;
 				}
 			}
@@ -102,13 +109,11 @@ RemoveHeapTids(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			if (!ItemPointerIsValid(&etup->heaptids[0]))
 			{
 				ItemPointerData ip;
-				bool		found;

 				/* Add to deleted list */
 				ItemPointerSet(&ip, blkno, offno);

-				tidhash_insert(vacuumstate->deleted, ip, &found);
-				Assert(!found);
+				(void) hash_search(vacuumstate->deleted, &ip, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
 			}
 			else if (etup->level > highestLevel && !(entryPoint != NULL && blkno == entryPoint->blkno && offno == entryPoint->offno))
 			{
@@ -194,25 +199,21 @@ RepairGraphElement(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, HnswElement element, HnswEleme
 	BufferAccessStrategy bas = vacuumstate->bas;
 	HnswNeighborTuple ntup = vacuumstate->ntup;
 	Size		ntupSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(element->level, m);
-	char	   *base = NULL;

 	/* Skip if element is entry point */
 	if (entryPoint != NULL && element->blkno == entryPoint->blkno && element->offno == entryPoint->offno)
 		return;

 	/* Init fields */
-	HnswInitNeighbors(base, element, m, NULL);
-	element->heaptidsLength = 0;
+	HnswInitNeighbors(element, m);
+	element->heaptids = NIL;

-	/* Find neighbors for element, skipping itself */
-	HnswFindElementNeighbors(base, element, entryPoint, index, procinfo, collation, m, efConstruction, true);
-
-	/* Zero memory for each element */
-	MemSet(ntup, 0, HNSW_TUPLE_ALLOC_SIZE);
+	/* Add element to graph, skipping itself */
+	HnswInsertElement(element, entryPoint, index, procinfo, collation, m, efConstruction, true);

 	/* Update neighbor tuple */
 	/* Do this before getting page to minimize locking */
-	HnswSetNeighborTuple(base, ntup, element, m);
+	HnswSetNeighborTuple(ntup, element, m);

 	/* Get neighbor page */
 	buf = ReadBufferExtended(index, MAIN_FORKNUM, element->neighborPage, RBM_NORMAL, bas);
@@ -229,7 +230,7 @@ RepairGraphElement(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, HnswElement element, HnswEleme
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);

 	/* Update neighbors */
-	HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(index, procinfo, collation, element, m, true, false);
+	HnswUpdateNeighborPages(index, procinfo, collation, element, m, true);
 }

 /*
@@ -285,7 +286,7 @@ RepairGraphEntryPoint(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			 * point is outdated and empty, the entry point will be empty
 			 * until an element is repaired.
 			 */
-			HnswUpdateMetaPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_ENTRY_ALWAYS, highestPoint, InvalidBlockNumber, MAIN_FORKNUM, false);
+			HnswUpdateMetaPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_ENTRY_ALWAYS, highestPoint, InvalidBlockNumber, MAIN_FORKNUM);
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -300,7 +301,7 @@ RepairGraphEntryPoint(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			{
 				/* Reset neighbors from previous update */
 				if (highestPoint != NULL)
-					HnswPtrStore((char *) NULL, highestPoint->neighbors, (HnswNeighborArrayPtr *) NULL);
+					highestPoint->neighbors = NULL;

 				RepairGraphElement(vacuumstate, entryPoint, highestPoint);
 			}
@@ -418,7 +419,7 @@ RepairGraph(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			 * was replaced and highest point was outdated.
 			 */
 			if (entryPoint == NULL || element->level > entryPoint->level)
-				HnswUpdateMetaPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_ENTRY_GREATER, element, InvalidBlockNumber, MAIN_FORKNUM, false);
+				HnswUpdateMetaPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_ENTRY_GREATER, element, InvalidBlockNumber, MAIN_FORKNUM);

 			/* Release lock */
 			UnlockPage(index, HNSW_UPDATE_LOCK, lockmode);
@@ -478,6 +479,8 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 		{
 			HnswElementTuple etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offno));
 			HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
+			Size		etupSize;
+			Size		ntupSize;
 			Buffer		nbuf;
 			Page		npage;
 			BlockNumber neighborPage;
@@ -501,6 +504,10 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			if (ItemPointerIsValid(&etup->heaptids[0]))
 				continue;

+			/* Calculate sizes */
+			etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(etup->vec.dim);
+			ntupSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(etup->level, vacuumstate->m);
+
 			/* Get neighbor page */
 			neighborPage = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&etup->neighbortid);
 			neighborOffno = ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&etup->neighbortid);
@@ -521,16 +528,19 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)

 			/* Overwrite element */
 			etup->deleted = 1;
-			MemSet(&etup->data, 0, VARSIZE_ANY(&etup->data));
+			MemSet(&etup->vec.x, 0, etup->vec.dim * sizeof(float));

 			/* Overwrite neighbors */
 			for (int i = 0; i < ntup->count; i++)
 				ItemPointerSetInvalid(&ntup->indextids[i]);

-			/*
-			 * We modified the tuples in place, no need to call
-			 * PageIndexTupleOverwrite
-			 */
+			/* Overwrite element tuple */
+			if (!PageIndexTupleOverwrite(page, offno, (Item) etup, etupSize))
+				elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));
+
+			/* Overwrite neighbor tuple */
+			if (!PageIndexTupleOverwrite(npage, neighborOffno, (Item) ntup, ntupSize))
+				elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));

 			/* Commit */
 			GenericXLogFinish(state);
@@ -553,7 +563,7 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 	}

 	/* Update insert page last, after everything has been marked as deleted */
-	HnswUpdateMetaPage(index, 0, NULL, insertPage, MAIN_FORKNUM, false);
+	HnswUpdateMetaPage(index, 0, NULL, insertPage, MAIN_FORKNUM);
 }

 /*
@@ -563,6 +573,7 @@ static void
 InitVacuumState(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats, IndexBulkDeleteCallback callback, void *callback_state)
 {
 	Relation	index = info->index;
+	HASHCTL		hash_ctl;

 	if (stats == NULL)
 		stats = (IndexBulkDeleteResult *) palloc0(sizeof(IndexBulkDeleteResult));
@@ -575,7 +586,7 @@ InitVacuumState(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkD
 	vacuumstate->bas = GetAccessStrategy(BAS_BULKREAD);
 	vacuumstate->procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, HNSW_DISTANCE_PROC);
 	vacuumstate->collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];
-	vacuumstate->ntup = palloc0(HNSW_TUPLE_ALLOC_SIZE);
+	vacuumstate->ntup = palloc0(BLCKSZ);
 	vacuumstate->tmpCtx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
 												"Hnsw vacuum temporary context",
 												ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
@@ -584,7 +595,10 @@ InitVacuumState(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkD
 	HnswGetMetaPageInfo(index, &vacuumstate->m, NULL);

 	/* Create hash table */
-	vacuumstate->deleted = tidhash_create(CurrentMemoryContext, 256, NULL);
+	hash_ctl.keysize = sizeof(ItemPointerData);
+	hash_ctl.entrysize = sizeof(ItemPointerData);
+	hash_ctl.hcxt = CurrentMemoryContext;
+	vacuumstate->deleted = hash_create("hnswbulkdelete indextids", 256, &hash_ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS | HASH_CONTEXT);
 }

 /*
@@ -593,7 +607,7 @@ InitVacuumState(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkD
 static void
 FreeVacuumState(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 {
-	tidhash_destroy(vacuumstate->deleted);
+	hash_destroy(vacuumstate->deleted);
 	FreeAccessStrategy(vacuumstate->bas);
 	pfree(vacuumstate->ntup);
 	MemoryContextDelete(vacuumstate->tmpCtx);
--- a/src/ivfbuild.c
+++ b/src/ivfbuild.c
@@ -2,38 +2,58 @@

 #include <float.h>

-#include "access/table.h"
-#include "access/tableam.h"
 #include "access/parallel.h"
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "catalog/index.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator_d.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_type_d.h"
-#include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
-#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"

 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 #include "utils/backend_progress.h"
-#else
+#elif PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #endif

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
+#include "access/tableam.h"
+#include "commands/progress.h"
+#else
+#define PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE 0
+#define PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_TUPLES_TOTAL 0
+#define PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_TUPLES_DONE 0
+#endif
+
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 #define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER ItemPointer tid
 #else
 #define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER HeapTuple hup
 #endif

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
+#define UpdateProgress(index, val) pgstat_progress_update_param(index, val)
+#else
+#define UpdateProgress(index, val) ((void)val)
+#endif
+
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 #include "utils/backend_status.h"
 #include "utils/wait_event.h"
 #endif

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
+#include "access/table.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#else
+#include "access/heapam.h"
+#include "optimizer/planner.h"
+#include "pgstat.h"
+#endif
+
 #define PARALLEL_KEY_IVFFLAT_SHARED		UINT64CONST(0xA000000000000001)
 #define PARALLEL_KEY_TUPLESORT			UINT64CONST(0xA000000000000002)
 #define PARALLEL_KEY_IVFFLAT_CENTERS	UINT64CONST(0xA000000000000003)
@@ -130,8 +150,13 @@ SampleRows(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	{
 		BlockNumber targblock = BlockSampler_Next(&buildstate->bs);

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 		table_index_build_range_scan(buildstate->heap, buildstate->index, buildstate->indexInfo,
 									 false, true, false, targblock, 1, SampleCallback, (void *) buildstate, NULL);
+#else
+		IndexBuildHeapRangeScan(buildstate->heap, buildstate->index, buildstate->indexInfo,
+								false, true, targblock, 1, SampleCallback, (void *) buildstate, NULL);
+#endif
 	}
 }

@@ -257,12 +282,16 @@ InsertTuples(Relation index, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, ForkNumber forkNum)
 	IndexTuple	itup = NULL;	/* silence compiler warning */
 	int64		inserted = 0;

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	TupleTableSlot *slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(buildstate->tupdesc, &TTSOpsMinimalTuple);
+#else
+	TupleTableSlot *slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(buildstate->tupdesc);
+#endif
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(index);

-	pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE, PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_LOAD);
+	UpdateProgress(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE, PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_LOAD);

-	pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_TUPLES_TOTAL, buildstate->indtuples);
+	UpdateProgress(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_TUPLES_TOTAL, buildstate->indtuples);

 	GetNextTuple(buildstate->sortstate, tupdesc, slot, &itup, &list);

@@ -298,7 +327,7 @@ InsertTuples(Relation index, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, ForkNumber forkNum)

 			pfree(itup);

-			pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_TUPLES_DONE, ++inserted);
+			UpdateProgress(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_TUPLES_DONE, ++inserted);

 			GetNextTuple(buildstate->sortstate, tupdesc, slot, &itup, &list);
 		}
@@ -346,12 +375,20 @@ InitBuildState(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, In
 		elog(ERROR, "dimensions must be greater than one for this opclass");

 	/* Create tuple description for sorting */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	buildstate->tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(3);
+#else
+	buildstate->tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(3, false);
+#endif
 	TupleDescInitEntry(buildstate->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 1, "list", INT4OID, -1, 0);
 	TupleDescInitEntry(buildstate->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 2, "tid", TIDOID, -1, 0);
 	TupleDescInitEntry(buildstate->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 3, "vector", RelationGetDescr(index)->attrs[0].atttypid, -1, 0);

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	buildstate->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(buildstate->tupdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual);
+#else
+	buildstate->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(buildstate->tupdesc);
+#endif

 	buildstate->centers = VectorArrayInit(buildstate->lists, buildstate->dimensions);
 	buildstate->listInfo = palloc(sizeof(ListInfo) * buildstate->lists);
@@ -398,7 +435,7 @@ ComputeCenters(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 {
 	int			numSamples;

-	pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE, PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_KMEANS);
+	UpdateProgress(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE, PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_KMEANS);

 	/* Target 50 samples per list, with at least 10000 samples */
 	/* The number of samples has a large effect on index build time */
@@ -473,7 +510,7 @@ CreateListPages(Relation index, VectorArray centers, int dimensions,
 	IvfflatList list;

 	listSize = MAXALIGN(IVFFLAT_LIST_SIZE(dimensions));
-	list = palloc0(listSize);
+	list = palloc(listSize);

 	buf = IvfflatNewBuffer(index, forkNum);
 	IvfflatInitRegisterPage(index, &buf, &page, &state);
@@ -506,10 +543,10 @@ CreateListPages(Relation index, VectorArray centers, int dimensions,
 	pfree(list);
 }

-#ifdef IVFFLAT_KMEANS_DEBUG
 /*
 * Print k-means metrics
 */
+#ifdef IVFFLAT_KMEANS_DEBUG
 static void
 PrintKmeansMetrics(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 {
@@ -594,7 +631,11 @@ IvfflatParallelScanAndSort(IvfflatSpool * ivfspool, IvfflatShared * ivfshared, S
 {
 	SortCoordinate coordinate;
 	IvfflatBuildState buildstate;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	TableScanDesc scan;
+#else
+	HeapScanDesc scan;
+#endif
 	double		reltuples;
 	IndexInfo  *indexInfo;

@@ -618,11 +659,18 @@ IvfflatParallelScanAndSort(IvfflatSpool * ivfspool, IvfflatShared * ivfshared, S
 	buildstate.centers->length = buildstate.centers->maxlen;
 	ivfspool->sortstate = tuplesort_begin_heap(buildstate.tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, sortmem, coordinate, false);
 	buildstate.sortstate = ivfspool->sortstate;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	scan = table_beginscan_parallel(ivfspool->heap,
 									ParallelTableScanFromIvfflatShared(ivfshared));
 	reltuples = table_index_build_scan(ivfspool->heap, ivfspool->index, indexInfo,
 									   true, progress, BuildCallback,
 									   (void *) &buildstate, scan);
+#else
+	scan = heap_beginscan_parallel(ivfspool->heap, &ivfshared->heapdesc);
+	reltuples = IndexBuildHeapScan(ivfspool->heap, ivfspool->index, indexInfo,
+								   true, BuildCallback,
+								   (void *) &buildstate, scan);
+#endif

 	/* Execute this worker's part of the sort */
 	tuplesort_performsort(ivfspool->sortstate);
@@ -692,7 +740,11 @@ IvfflatParallelBuildMain(dsm_segment *seg, shm_toc *toc)
 	}

 	/* Open relations within worker */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	heapRel = table_open(ivfshared->heaprelid, heapLockmode);
+#else
+	heapRel = heap_open(ivfshared->heaprelid, heapLockmode);
+#endif
 	indexRel = index_open(ivfshared->indexrelid, indexLockmode);

 	/* Initialize worker's own spool */
@@ -712,7 +764,11 @@ IvfflatParallelBuildMain(dsm_segment *seg, shm_toc *toc)

 	/* Close relations within worker */
 	index_close(indexRel, indexLockmode);
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	table_close(heapRel, heapLockmode);
+#else
+	heap_close(heapRel, heapLockmode);
+#endif
 }

 /*
@@ -737,7 +793,19 @@ IvfflatEndParallel(IvfflatLeader * ivfleader)
 static Size
 ParallelEstimateShared(Relation heap, Snapshot snapshot)
 {
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	return add_size(BUFFERALIGN(sizeof(IvfflatShared)), table_parallelscan_estimate(heap, snapshot));
+#else
+	if (!IsMVCCSnapshot(snapshot))
+	{
+		Assert(snapshot == SnapshotAny);
+		return sizeof(IvfflatShared);
+	}
+
+	return add_size(offsetof(IvfflatShared, heapdesc) +
+					offsetof(ParallelHeapScanDescData, phs_snapshot_data),
+					EstimateSnapshotSpace(snapshot));
+#endif
 }

 /*
@@ -788,7 +856,11 @@ IvfflatBeginParallel(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, bool isconcurrent, int requ
 	/* Enter parallel mode and create context */
 	EnterParallelMode();
 	Assert(request > 0);
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	pcxt = CreateParallelContext("vector", "IvfflatParallelBuildMain", request);
+#else
+	pcxt = CreateParallelContext("vector", "IvfflatParallelBuildMain", request, true);
+#endif

 	scantuplesortstates = leaderparticipates ? request + 1 : request;

@@ -846,9 +918,13 @@ IvfflatBeginParallel(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, bool isconcurrent, int requ
 #ifdef IVFFLAT_KMEANS_DEBUG
 	ivfshared->inertia = 0;
 #endif
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	table_parallelscan_initialize(buildstate->heap,
 								  ParallelTableScanFromIvfflatShared(ivfshared),
 								  snapshot);
+#else
+	heap_parallelscan_initialize(&ivfshared->heapdesc, buildstate->heap, snapshot);
+#endif

 	/* Store shared tuplesort-private state, for which we reserved space */
 	sharedsort = (Sharedsort *) shm_toc_allocate(pcxt->toc, estsort);
@@ -919,7 +995,7 @@ AssignTuples(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
 	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};

-	pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE, PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_ASSIGN);
+	UpdateProgress(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE, PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_ASSIGN);

 	/* Calculate parallel workers */
 	if (buildstate->heap != NULL)
@@ -947,8 +1023,15 @@ AssignTuples(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 		if (buildstate->ivfleader)
 			buildstate->reltuples = ParallelHeapScan(buildstate);
 		else
+		{
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 			buildstate->reltuples = table_index_build_scan(buildstate->heap, buildstate->index, buildstate->indexInfo,
 														   true, true, BuildCallback, (void *) buildstate, NULL);
+#else
+			buildstate->reltuples = IndexBuildHeapScan(buildstate->heap, buildstate->index, buildstate->indexInfo,
+													   true, BuildCallback, (void *) buildstate, NULL);
+#endif
+		}

 #ifdef IVFFLAT_KMEANS_DEBUG
 		PrintKmeansMetrics(buildstate);
--- a/src/ivfflat.c
+++ b/src/ivfflat.c
@@ -3,16 +3,14 @@
 #include <float.h>

 #include "access/amapi.h"
-#include "access/reloptions.h"
-#include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/selfuncs.h"
 #include "utils/spccache.h"

-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 150000
-#define MarkGUCPrefixReserved(x) EmitWarningsOnPlaceholders(x)
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
+#include "commands/progress.h"
 #endif

 int			ivfflat_probes;
@@ -35,13 +33,12 @@ IvfflatInit(void)
 	DefineCustomIntVariable("ivfflat.probes", "Sets the number of probes",
 							"Valid range is 1..lists.", &ivfflat_probes,
 							IVFFLAT_DEFAULT_PROBES, IVFFLAT_MIN_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MAX_LISTS, PGC_USERSET, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
-
-	MarkGUCPrefixReserved("ivfflat");
 }

 /*
 * Get the name of index build phase
 */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 static char *
 ivfflatbuildphasename(int64 phasenum)
 {
@@ -59,6 +56,7 @@ ivfflatbuildphasename(int64 phasenum)
 			return NULL;
 	}
 }
+#endif

 /*
 * Estimate the cost of an index scan
@@ -74,6 +72,9 @@ ivfflatcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 	double		ratio;
 	double		spc_seq_page_cost;
 	Relation	index;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120000
+	List	   *qinfos;
+#endif

 	/* Never use index without order */
 	if (path->indexorderbys == NULL)
@@ -104,7 +105,12 @@ ivfflatcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 	 */
 	costs.numIndexTuples = path->indexinfo->tuples * ratio;

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	genericcostestimate(root, path, loop_count, &costs);
+#else
+	qinfos = deconstruct_indexquals(path);
+	genericcostestimate(root, path, loop_count, qinfos, &costs);
+#endif

 	get_tablespace_page_costs(path->indexinfo->reltablespace, NULL, &spc_seq_page_cost);

@@ -221,7 +227,9 @@ ivfflathandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	amroutine->amcostestimate = ivfflatcostestimate;
 	amroutine->amoptions = ivfflatoptions;
 	amroutine->amproperty = NULL;	/* TODO AMPROP_DISTANCE_ORDERABLE */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	amroutine->ambuildphasename = ivfflatbuildphasename;
+#endif
 	amroutine->amvalidate = ivfflatvalidate;
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 	amroutine->amadjustmembers = NULL;
--- a/src/ivfflat.h
+++ b/src/ivfflat.h
@@ -3,10 +3,9 @@

 #include "postgres.h"

-#include "access/genam.h"
 #include "access/generic_xlog.h"
 #include "access/parallel.h"
-#include "lib/pairingheap.h"
+#include "access/reloptions.h"
 #include "nodes/execnodes.h"
 #include "port.h"				/* for random() */
 #include "utils/sampling.h"
@@ -17,6 +16,10 @@
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
 #endif

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120000
+#include "access/relscan.h"
+#endif
+
 #ifdef IVFFLAT_BENCH
 #include "portability/instr_time.h"
 #endif
@@ -132,10 +135,16 @@ typedef struct IvfflatShared
 #ifdef IVFFLAT_KMEANS_DEBUG
 	double		inertia;
 #endif
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120000
+	ParallelHeapScanDescData heapdesc;	/* must come last */
+#endif
 }			IvfflatShared;

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 #define ParallelTableScanFromIvfflatShared(shared) \
 	(ParallelTableScanDesc) ((char *) (shared) + BUFFERALIGN(sizeof(IvfflatShared)))
+#endif

 typedef struct IvfflatLeader
 {
--- a/src/ivfinsert.c
+++ b/src/ivfinsert.c
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@

 #include <float.h>

-#include "access/generic_xlog.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
--- a/src/ivfkmeans.c
+++ b/src/ivfkmeans.c
@@ -6,10 +6,6 @@
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"

-#ifdef IVFFLAT_MEMORY
-#include "utils/memutils.h"
-#endif
-
 /*
 * Initialize with kmeans++
 *
@@ -155,23 +151,6 @@ QuickCenters(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)
 	}
 }

-#ifdef IVFFLAT_MEMORY
-/*
- * Show memory usage
- */
-static void
-ShowMemoryUsage(Size estimatedSize)
-{
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-	elog(INFO, "total memory: %zu MB",
-		 MemoryContextMemAllocated(CurrentMemoryContext, true) / (1024 * 1024));
-#else
-	MemoryContextStats(CurrentMemoryContext);
-#endif
-	elog(INFO, "estimated memory: %zu MB", estimatedSize / (1024 * 1024));
-}
-#endif
-
 /*
 * Use Elkan for performance. This requires distance function to satisfy triangle inequality.
 *
@@ -252,10 +231,6 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers)
 		vec->dim = dimensions;
 	}

-#ifdef IVFFLAT_MEMORY
-	ShowMemoryUsage(totalSize);
-#endif
-
 	/* Pick initial centers */
 	InitCenters(index, samples, centers, lowerBound);

--- a/src/ivfscan.c
+++ b/src/ivfscan.c
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 #include "access/relscan.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator_d.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_type_d.h"
-#include "lib/pairingheap.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
@@ -106,7 +105,12 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(scan->indexRelation);
 	double		tuples = 0;
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	TupleTableSlot *slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual);
+#else
+	TupleTableSlot *slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc);
+#endif

 	/*
 	 * Reuse same set of shared buffers for scan
@@ -212,14 +216,22 @@ ivfflatbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 	so->collation = index->rd_indcollation[0];

 	/* Create tuple description for sorting */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	so->tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(2);
+#else
+	so->tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(2, false);
+#endif
 	TupleDescInitEntry(so->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 1, "distance", FLOAT8OID, -1, 0);
 	TupleDescInitEntry(so->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 2, "heaptid", TIDOID, -1, 0);

 	/* Prep sort */
 	so->sortstate = tuplesort_begin_heap(so->tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, work_mem, NULL, false);

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 	so->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsMinimalTuple);
+#else
+	so->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc);
+#endif

 	so->listQueue = pairingheap_allocate(CompareLists, scan);

@@ -309,8 +321,12 @@ ivfflatgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 	{
 		ItemPointer heaptid = (ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(slot_getattr(so->slot, 2, &so->isnull));

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 		scan->xs_heaptid = *heaptid;
-		scan->xs_recheck = false;
+#else
+		scan->xs_ctup.t_self = *heaptid;
+#endif
+
 		scan->xs_recheckorderby = false;
 		return true;
 	}
--- a/src/ivfutils.c
+++ b/src/ivfutils.c
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #include "postgres.h"

-#include "access/generic_xlog.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "vector.h"
--- a/src/ivfvacuum.c
+++ b/src/ivfvacuum.c
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #include "postgres.h"

-#include "access/generic_xlog.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
--- a/src/svector.c
+++ b/src/svector.c
@@ -0,0 +1,705 @@
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include "fmgr.h"
+#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
+#include "svector.h"
+#include "utils/array.h"
+#include "vector.h"
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
+#include "common/shortest_dec.h"
+#include "utils/float.h"
+#else
+#include <float.h>
+#include "utils/builtins.h"
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Ensure same dimensions
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckDims(SVector * a, SVector * b)
+{
+	if (a->dim != b->dim)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("different svector dimensions %d and %d", a->dim, b->dim)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ensure expected dimensions
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckExpectedDim(int32 typmod, int dim)
+{
+	if (typmod != -1 && typmod != dim)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("expected %d dimensions, not %d", typmod, dim)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ensure valid dimensions
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckDim(int dim)
+{
+	if (dim < 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("svector must have at least 1 dimension")));
+
+	if (dim > SVECTOR_MAX_DIM)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("svector cannot have more than %d dimensions", SVECTOR_MAX_DIM)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ensure valid nnz
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckNnz(int nnz, int dim)
+{
+	if (nnz < 0)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("svector must have at least one element")));
+
+	if (nnz > dim)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("svector cannot have more elements than dimensions")));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ensure valid index
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckIndex(int32 *indices, int i, int dim)
+{
+	int32		index = indices[i];
+
+	if (index < 0)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("index must not be negative")));
+
+	if (index >= dim)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("index must be less than dimensions")));
+
+	if (i > 0)
+	{
+		if (index < indices[i - 1])
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+					 errmsg("indexes must be in ascending order")));
+
+		if (index == indices[i - 1])
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+					 errmsg("indexes must not contain duplicates")));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ensure finite element
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckElement(float value)
+{
+	if (isnan(value))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("NaN not allowed in svector")));
+
+	if (isinf(value))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("infinite value not allowed in svector")));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Allocate and initialize a new sparse vector
+ */
+SVector *
+InitSVector(int dim, int nnz)
+{
+	SVector    *result;
+	int			size;
+
+	size = SVECTOR_SIZE(nnz);
+	result = (SVector *) palloc0(size);
+	SET_VARSIZE(result, size);
+	result->dim = dim;
+	result->nnz = nnz;
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert textual representation to internal representation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(svector_in);
+Datum
+svector_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	char	   *str = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
+	int			dim;
+	char	   *pt;
+	SVector    *result;
+	float	   *rvalues;
+	char	   *lit = pstrdup(str);
+	int			n;
+	int32	   *indices;
+	float	   *values;
+	int			index;
+	float		value;
+	int			maxNnz;
+	int			nnz = 0;
+
+	/* TODO Improve code and checks after deciding on format */
+
+	maxNnz = 1;
+	pt = str;
+	while (*pt != '\0')
+	{
+		if (*pt == ',')
+			maxNnz++;
+
+		pt++;
+	}
+	maxNnz /= 2;
+
+	indices = palloc(maxNnz * sizeof(int32));
+	values = palloc(maxNnz * sizeof(float));
+
+	while (sscanf(str, "(%d,%f)%n", &index, &value, &n) == 2)
+	{
+		/* TODO Better error */
+		if (nnz == maxNnz)
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("ran out of buffer: \"%s\"", lit)));
+
+		/* TODO Decide whether to store zero values */
+		indices[nnz] = index;
+		values[nnz] = value;
+		nnz++;
+
+		str += n;
+
+		if (*str == ',')
+			str++;
+		else if (*str == '|')
+			break;
+		else
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("malformed svector literal: \"%s\"", lit)));
+	}
+
+	if (sscanf(str, "|%d|%n", &dim, &n) != 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+				 errmsg("malformed svector literal: \"%s\"", lit)));
+
+	str += n;
+
+	if (*str != '\0')
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+				 errmsg("malformed svector literal: \"%s\"", lit),
+				 errdetail("Junk after closing pipe.")));
+
+	pfree(lit);
+
+	CheckDim(dim);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);
+
+	result = InitSVector(dim, nnz);
+	rvalues = SVECTOR_VALUES(result);
+	for (int i = 0; i < nnz; i++)
+	{
+		result->indices[i] = indices[i];
+		rvalues[i] = values[i];
+
+		CheckIndex(result->indices, i, dim);
+		CheckElement(rvalues[i]);
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert internal representation to textual representation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(svector_out);
+Datum
+svector_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	SVector    *svector = PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(0);
+	float	   *values = SVECTOR_VALUES(svector);
+	char	   *buf;
+	char	   *ptr;
+	int			n;
+
+	/* TODO Improve code after deciding on format */
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120000
+	int			ndig = FLT_DIG + extra_float_digits;
+
+	if (ndig < 1)
+		ndig = 1;
+
+#define FLOAT_SHORTEST_DECIMAL_LEN (ndig + 10)
+#endif
+
+	/* TODO Move */
+#define APPEND_CHAR(ptr, ch) (*(ptr)++ = (ch))
+
+	/* TODO Improve */
+	buf = (char *) palloc((FLOAT_SHORTEST_DECIMAL_LEN + 20) * svector->nnz + 20);
+	ptr = buf;
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < svector->nnz; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			APPEND_CHAR(ptr, ',');
+
+		n = sprintf(ptr, "(%d,", svector->indices[i]);
+		ptr += n;
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
+		n = float_to_shortest_decimal_bufn(values[i], ptr);
+#else
+		n = sprintf(ptr, "%.*g", ndig, values[i]);
+#endif
+		ptr += n;
+
+		APPEND_CHAR(ptr, ')');
+	}
+
+	n = sprintf(ptr, "|%d|", svector->dim);
+	ptr += n;
+
+	APPEND_CHAR(ptr, '\0');
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(svector, 0);
+	PG_RETURN_CSTRING(buf);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert type modifier
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(svector_typmod_in);
+Datum
+svector_typmod_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *ta = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	int32	   *tl;
+	int			n;
+
+	tl = ArrayGetIntegerTypmods(ta, &n);
+
+	if (n != 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("invalid type modifier")));
+
+	if (*tl < 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("dimensions for type svector must be at least 1")));
+
+	if (*tl > SVECTOR_MAX_DIM)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("dimensions for type svector cannot exceed %d", SVECTOR_MAX_DIM)));
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(*tl);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert external binary representation to internal representation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(svector_recv);
+Datum
+svector_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	StringInfo	buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
+	SVector    *result;
+	int32		dim;
+	int32		nnz;
+	int32		unused;
+	float	   *values;
+
+	dim = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int32));
+	nnz = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int32));
+	unused = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int32));
+
+	CheckDim(dim);
+	CheckNnz(nnz, dim);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);
+
+	if (unused != 0)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("expected unused to be 0, not %d", unused)));
+
+	result = InitSVector(dim, nnz);
+	values = SVECTOR_VALUES(result);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < nnz; i++)
+	{
+		result->indices[i] = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int32));
+		CheckIndex(result->indices, i, dim);
+	}
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < nnz; i++)
+	{
+		values[i] = pq_getmsgfloat4(buf);
+		CheckElement(values[i]);
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert internal representation to the external binary representation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(svector_send);
+Datum
+svector_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	SVector    *svec = PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(0);
+	float	   *values = SVECTOR_VALUES(svec);
+	StringInfoData buf;
+
+	pq_begintypsend(&buf);
+	pq_sendint(&buf, svec->dim, sizeof(int32));
+	pq_sendint(&buf, svec->nnz, sizeof(int32));
+	pq_sendint(&buf, svec->unused, sizeof(int32));
+	for (int i = 0; i < svec->nnz; i++)
+		pq_sendint(&buf, svec->indices[i], sizeof(int32));
+	for (int i = 0; i < svec->nnz; i++)
+		pq_sendfloat4(&buf, values[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(pq_endtypsend(&buf));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert sparse vector to sparse vector
+ * This is needed to check the type modifier
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(svector);
+Datum
+svector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	SVector    *svec = PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, svec->dim);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(svec);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert dense vector to sparse vector
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_to_svector);
+Datum
+vector_to_svector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Vector	   *vec = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	SVector    *result;
+	int			dim = vec->dim;
+	int			nnz = 0;
+	float	   *values;
+	int			j = 0;
+
+	CheckDim(dim);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+	{
+		if (vec->x[i] != 0)
+			nnz++;
+	}
+
+	result = InitSVector(dim, nnz);
+	values = SVECTOR_VALUES(result);
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+	{
+		if (vec->x[i] != 0)
+		{
+			/* Safety check */
+			if (j == nnz)
+				elog(ERROR, "safety check failed");
+
+			result->indices[j] = i;
+			values[j] = vec->x[i];
+			j++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Get the L2 squared distance between sparse vectors
+ */
+static double
+l2_distance_squared_internal(SVector * a, SVector * b)
+{
+	float	   *ax = SVECTOR_VALUES(a);
+	float	   *bx = SVECTOR_VALUES(b);
+	double		distance = 0.0;
+	int			bpos = 0;
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->nnz; i++)
+	{
+		int			ai = a->indices[i];
+		int			bi = -1;
+
+		for (int j = bpos; j < b->nnz; j++)
+		{
+			bi = b->indices[j];
+
+			if (ai == bi)
+			{
+				double		diff = ax[i] - bx[j];
+
+				distance += diff * diff;
+			}
+			else if (ai > bi)
+				distance += bx[j] * bx[j];
+
+			/* Update start for next iteration */
+			if (ai >= bi)
+				bpos = j + 1;
+
+			/* Found or passed it */
+			if (bi >= ai)
+				break;
+		}
+
+		if (ai != bi)
+			distance += ax[i] * ax[i];
+	}
+
+	for (int j = bpos; j < b->nnz; j++)
+		distance += bx[j] * bx[j];
+
+	return distance;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the L2 distance between sparse vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(svector_l2_distance);
+Datum
+svector_l2_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	SVector    *a = PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(0);
+	SVector    *b = PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(1);
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(sqrt(l2_distance_squared_internal(a, b)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the L2 squared distance between sparse vectors
+ * This saves a sqrt calculation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(svector_l2_squared_distance);
+Datum
+svector_l2_squared_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	SVector    *a = PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(0);
+	SVector    *b = PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(1);
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(l2_distance_squared_internal(a, b));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the inner product of two sparse vectors
+ */
+static double
+inner_product_internal(SVector * a, SVector * b)
+{
+	float	   *ax = SVECTOR_VALUES(a);
+	float	   *bx = SVECTOR_VALUES(b);
+	double		distance = 0.0;
+	int			bpos = 0;
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->nnz; i++)
+	{
+		int			ai = a->indices[i];
+
+		for (int j = bpos; j < b->nnz; j++)
+		{
+			int			bi = b->indices[j];
+
+			/* Only update when the same index */
+			if (ai == bi)
+				distance += ax[i] * bx[j];
+
+			/* Update start for next iteration */
+			if (ai >= bi)
+				bpos = j + 1;
+
+			/* Found or passed it */
+			if (bi >= ai)
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return distance;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the inner product of two sparse vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(svector_inner_product);
+Datum
+svector_inner_product(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	SVector    *a = PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(0);
+	SVector    *b = PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(1);
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(inner_product_internal(a, b));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the negative inner product of two sparse vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(svector_negative_inner_product);
+Datum
+svector_negative_inner_product(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	SVector    *a = PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(0);
+	SVector    *b = PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(1);
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(-inner_product_internal(a, b));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the cosine distance between two sparse vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(svector_cosine_distance);
+Datum
+svector_cosine_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	SVector    *a = PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(0);
+	SVector    *b = PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(1);
+	float	   *ax = SVECTOR_VALUES(a);
+	float	   *bx = SVECTOR_VALUES(b);
+	float		norma = 0.0;
+	float		normb = 0.0;
+	double		similarity;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	similarity = inner_product_internal(a, b);
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->nnz; i++)
+		norma += ax[i] * ax[i];
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < b->nnz; i++)
+		normb += bx[i] * bx[i];
+
+	/* Use sqrt(a * b) over sqrt(a) * sqrt(b) */
+	similarity /= sqrt((double) norma * (double) normb);
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+	/* /fp:fast may not propagate NaN */
+	if (isnan(similarity))
+		PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(NAN);
+#endif
+
+	/* Keep in range */
+	if (similarity > 1)
+		similarity = 1.0;
+	else if (similarity < -1)
+		similarity = -1.0;
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(1.0 - similarity);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the weighted Jaccard distance between two sparse vectors
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(svector_jaccard_distance);
+Datum
+svector_jaccard_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	SVector    *a = PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(0);
+	SVector    *b = PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(1);
+	float	   *ax = SVECTOR_VALUES(a);
+	float	   *bx = SVECTOR_VALUES(b);
+	double		num = 0.0;
+	double		denom = 0.0;
+	int			bpos = 0;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/*
+	 * Weighted Jaccard distance is not defined for vectors with negative
+	 * values. Could check and return NaN if minimal impact on performance.
+	 */
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->nnz; i++)
+	{
+		int			ai = a->indices[i];
+		int			bi = -1;
+
+		for (int j = bpos; j < b->nnz; j++)
+		{
+			bi = b->indices[j];
+
+			if (ai == bi)
+			{
+				num += ax[i] < bx[j] ? ax[i] : bx[j];
+				denom += ax[i] > bx[j] ? ax[i] : bx[j];
+			}
+			else if (ai > bi)
+				denom += bx[j];
+
+			/* Update start for next iteration */
+			if (ai >= bi)
+				bpos = j + 1;
+
+			/* Found or passed it */
+			if (bi >= ai)
+				break;
+		}
+
+		if (ai != bi)
+			denom += ax[i];
+	}
+
+	for (int j = bpos; j < b->nnz; j++)
+		denom += bx[j];
+
+	if (denom > 0)
+		PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(1.0 - (num / denom));
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(NAN);
+}
--- a/src/svector.h
+++ b/src/svector.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#ifndef SVECTOR_H
+#define SVECTOR_H
+
+#define SVECTOR_MAX_DIM 100000
+
+#define SVECTOR_SIZE(_nnz)		(offsetof(SVector, indices) + (_nnz) * sizeof(int32) + (_nnz * sizeof(float)))
+#define SVECTOR_VALUES(x)		((float *) (((char *) (x)) + offsetof(SVector, indices) + (x)->nnz * sizeof(int32)))
+#define DatumGetSVector(x)		((SVector *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(x))
+#define PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(x)	DatumGetSVector(PG_GETARG_DATUM(x))
+#define PG_RETURN_SVECTOR_P(x)	PG_RETURN_POINTER(x)
+
+typedef struct SVector
+{
+	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
+	int32		dim;			/* number of dimensions */
+	int32		nnz;
+	int32		unused;
+	int32		indices[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
+}			SVector;
+
+SVector    *InitSVector(int dim, int nnz);
+
+#endif
--- a/src/vector.c
+++ b/src/vector.c
@@ -3,16 +3,15 @@
 #include <math.h>

 #include "catalog/pg_type.h"
-#include "common/shortest_dec.h"
 #include "fmgr.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "lib/stringinfo.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
 #include "port.h"				/* for strtof() */
+#include "svector.h"
 #include "utils/array.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
-#include "utils/float.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/numeric.h"
 #include "vector.h"
@@ -21,6 +20,13 @@
 #include "varatt.h"
 #endif

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
+#include "common/shortest_dec.h"
+#include "utils/float.h"
+#else
+#include <float.h>
+#endif
+
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
 #define TYPALIGN_DOUBLE 'd'
 #define TYPALIGN_INT 'i'
@@ -172,15 +178,14 @@ PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_in);
 Datum
 vector_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	char	   *lit = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
+	char	   *str = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
 	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
 	float		x[VECTOR_MAX_DIM];
 	int			dim = 0;
 	char	   *pt;
 	char	   *stringEnd;
 	Vector	   *result;
-	char	   *litcopy = pstrdup(lit);
-	char	   *str = litcopy;
+	char	   *lit = pstrdup(str);

 	while (vector_isspace(*str))
 		str++;
@@ -264,7 +269,7 @@ vector_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
 				 errmsg("vector must have at least 1 dimension")));

-	pfree(litcopy);
+	pfree(lit);

 	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);

@@ -288,6 +293,15 @@ vector_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	char	   *ptr;
 	int			n;

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120000
+	int			ndig = FLT_DIG + extra_float_digits;
+
+	if (ndig < 1)
+		ndig = 1;
+
+#define FLOAT_SHORTEST_DECIMAL_LEN (ndig + 10)
+#endif
+
 	/*
 	 * Need:
 	 *
@@ -311,7 +325,11 @@ vector_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 			ptr++;
 		}

+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
 		n = float_to_shortest_decimal_bufn(vector->x[i], ptr);
+#else
+		n = sprintf(ptr, "%.*g", ndig, vector->x[i]);
+#endif
 		ptr += n;
 	}
 	*ptr = ']';
@@ -707,7 +725,7 @@ vector_spherical_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 }

 /*
- * Get the L1 distance between two vectors
+ * Get the L1 distance between vectors
 */
 PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(l1_distance);
 Datum
@@ -866,10 +884,9 @@ vector_mul(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 int
 vector_cmp_internal(Vector * a, Vector * b)
 {
-	int			dim = Min(a->dim, b->dim);
+	CheckDims(a, b);

-	/* Check values before dimensions to be consistent with Postgres arrays */
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
 	{
 		if (a->x[i] < b->x[i])
 			return -1;
@@ -877,13 +894,6 @@ vector_cmp_internal(Vector * a, Vector * b)
 		if (a->x[i] > b->x[i])
 			return 1;
 	}
-
-	if (a->dim < b->dim)
-		return -1;
-
-	if (a->dim > b->dim)
-		return 1;
-
 	return 0;
 }

@@ -894,11 +904,8 @@ PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_lt);
 Datum
 vector_lt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
-	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);
-
-	/* TODO Remove in 0.7.0 */
-	CheckDims(a, b);
+	Vector	   *a = (Vector *) PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
+	Vector	   *b = (Vector *) PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);

 	PG_RETURN_BOOL(vector_cmp_internal(a, b) < 0);
 }
@@ -910,11 +917,8 @@ PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_le);
 Datum
 vector_le(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
-	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);
-
-	/* TODO Remove in 0.7.0 */
-	CheckDims(a, b);
+	Vector	   *a = (Vector *) PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
+	Vector	   *b = (Vector *) PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);

 	PG_RETURN_BOOL(vector_cmp_internal(a, b) <= 0);
 }
@@ -926,11 +930,8 @@ PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_eq);
 Datum
 vector_eq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
-	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);
-
-	/* TODO Remove in 0.7.0 */
-	CheckDims(a, b);
+	Vector	   *a = (Vector *) PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
+	Vector	   *b = (Vector *) PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);

 	PG_RETURN_BOOL(vector_cmp_internal(a, b) == 0);
 }
@@ -942,11 +943,8 @@ PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_ne);
 Datum
 vector_ne(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
-	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);
-
-	/* TODO Remove in 0.7.0 */
-	CheckDims(a, b);
+	Vector	   *a = (Vector *) PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
+	Vector	   *b = (Vector *) PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);

 	PG_RETURN_BOOL(vector_cmp_internal(a, b) != 0);
 }
@@ -958,11 +956,8 @@ PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_ge);
 Datum
 vector_ge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
-	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);
-
-	/* TODO Remove in 0.7.0 */
-	CheckDims(a, b);
+	Vector	   *a = (Vector *) PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
+	Vector	   *b = (Vector *) PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);

 	PG_RETURN_BOOL(vector_cmp_internal(a, b) >= 0);
 }
@@ -974,11 +969,8 @@ PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_gt);
 Datum
 vector_gt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
-	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);
-
-	/* TODO Remove in 0.7.0 */
-	CheckDims(a, b);
+	Vector	   *a = (Vector *) PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
+	Vector	   *b = (Vector *) PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);

 	PG_RETURN_BOOL(vector_cmp_internal(a, b) > 0);
 }
@@ -990,8 +982,8 @@ PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_cmp);
 Datum
 vector_cmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
-	Vector	   *b = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);
+	Vector	   *a = (Vector *) PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
+	Vector	   *b = (Vector *) PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(1);

 	PG_RETURN_INT32(vector_cmp_internal(a, b));
 }
@@ -1160,3 +1152,26 @@ vector_avg(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)

 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
 }
+
+/*
+ * Convert sparse vector to dense vector
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(svector_to_vector);
+Datum
+svector_to_vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	SVector    *svec = PG_GETARG_SVECTOR_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	Vector	   *result;
+	int			dim = svec->dim;
+	float	   *values = SVECTOR_VALUES(svec);
+
+	CheckDim(dim);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);
+
+	result = InitVector(dim);
+	for (int i = 0; i < svec->nnz; i++)
+		result->x[svec->indices[i]] = values[i];
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
--- a/test/expected/functions.out
+++ b/test/expected/functions.out
@@ -24,56 +24,6 @@ SELECT '[1e37]'::vector * '[1e37]';
 ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
 SELECT '[1e-37]'::vector * '[1e-37]';
 ERROR:  value out of range: underflow
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector = '[1,2,3]';
- ?column? 
----------
- t
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector = '[1,2]';
-ERROR:  different vector dimensions 3 and 2
-SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
- vector_cmp 
------------
-          0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[0,0,0]');
- vector_cmp 
------------
-          1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_cmp('[0,0,0]', '[1,2,3]');
- vector_cmp 
------------
-         -1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2]', '[1,2,3]');
- vector_cmp 
------------
-         -1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2]');
- vector_cmp 
------------
-          1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2]', '[2,3,4]');
- vector_cmp 
------------
-         -1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT vector_cmp('[2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
- vector_cmp 
------------
-          1
-(1 row)
-
 SELECT vector_dims('[1,2,3]');
 vector_dims 
 -------------
@@ -104,85 +54,85 @@ SELECT vector_norm('[3e37,4e37]')::real;
       5e+37
 (1 row)

-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]', '[3,4]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[3,4]');
 l2_distance 
 -------------
           5
 (1 row)

-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]', '[0,1]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[0,1]');
 l2_distance 
 -------------
           1
 (1 row)

-SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]', '[3]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
 ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT l2_distance('[3e38]', '[-3e38]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[-3e38]');
 l2_distance 
 -------------
    Infinity
 (1 row)

-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]', '[3,4]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3,4]');
 inner_product 
 ---------------
            11
 (1 row)

-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]', '[3]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
 ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT inner_product('[3e38]', '[3e38]');
+SELECT inner_product('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');
 inner_product 
 ---------------
      Infinity
 (1 row)

-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[2,4]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[2,4]');
 cosine_distance 
 -----------------
               0
 (1 row)

-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[0,0]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[0,0]');
 cosine_distance 
 -----------------
             NaN
 (1 row)

-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[1,1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1,1]');
 cosine_distance 
 -----------------
               0
 (1 row)

-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]', '[0,2]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::vector, '[0,2]');
 cosine_distance 
 -----------------
               1
 (1 row)

-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[-1,-1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1,-1]');
 cosine_distance 
 -----------------
               2
 (1 row)

-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[3]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
 ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[1.1,1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1.1,1.1]');
 cosine_distance 
 -----------------
               0
 (1 row)

-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[-1.1,-1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
 cosine_distance 
 -----------------
               2
 (1 row)

-SELECT cosine_distance('[3e38]', '[3e38]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');
 cosine_distance 
 -----------------
             NaN
--- a/test/expected/svector.out
+++ b/test/expected/svector.out
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+SELECT '(0,1.5),(2,3.5)|5|'::svector;
+      svector       
+--------------------
+ (0,1.5),(2,3.5)|5|
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '(0,1.5),(2,3.5)|5|'::svector::vector;
+     vector      
+-----------------
+ [1.5,0,3.5,0,0]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '(0,1.5),(2,3.5)|5|'::svector::vector(5);
+     vector      
+-----------------
+ [1.5,0,3.5,0,0]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '(0,1.5),(2,3.5)|5|'::svector::vector(4);
+ERROR:  expected 4 dimensions, not 5
+SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::vector::svector;
+      svector       
+--------------------
+ (1,1.5),(3,3.5)|5|
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '(0,0),(1,1),(2,0)|3|'::svector;
+       svector        
+----------------------
+ (0,0),(1,1),(2,0)|3|
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '|5|'::svector;
+ svector 
+---------
+ |5|
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '|-1|'::svector;
+ERROR:  svector must have at least 1 dimension
+LINE 1: SELECT '|-1|'::svector;
+               ^
+SELECT '|100001|'::svector;
+ERROR:  svector cannot have more than 100000 dimensions
+LINE 1: SELECT '|100001|'::svector;
+               ^
+SELECT '|16001|'::svector::vector;
+ERROR:  vector cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
+SELECT '(-1,1)|1|'::svector;
+ERROR:  index must not be negative
+LINE 1: SELECT '(-1,1)|1|'::svector;
+               ^
+SELECT '(1,1)|1|'::svector;
+ERROR:  index must be less than dimensions
+LINE 1: SELECT '(1,1)|1|'::svector;
+               ^
+SELECT '|1|'::svector(2);
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 1
+SELECT l2_distance('|2|'::svector, '(0,3),(1,4)|2|');
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+           5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('|2|'::svector, '(1,1)|2|');
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '|2|'::svector <-> '(0,3),(1,4)|2|';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT inner_product('(0,1),(1,2)|2|'::svector, '(0,2),(1,4)|2|');
+ inner_product 
+---------------
+            10
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT svector_negative_inner_product('(0,1),(1,2)|2|', '(0,2),(1,4)|2|');
+ svector_negative_inner_product 
+--------------------------------
+                            -10
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('(0,1),(1,2)|2|'::svector, '(0,2),(1,4)|2|');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('(0,1),(1,2)|2|'::svector, '|2|');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+             NaN
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('(0,1),(1,1)|2|'::svector, '(0,-1),(1,-1)|2|');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('(0,1)|2|'::svector, '(1,2)|2|');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('|1|'::svector, '|1|');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+             NaN
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('(0,1)|2|'::svector, '(0,1)|3|');
+ERROR:  different svector dimensions 2 and 3
+SELECT jaccard_distance('(0,1)|2|', '(0,1)|2|');
+ jaccard_distance 
+------------------
+                0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT jaccard_distance('(0,1)|2|', '(1,1)|2|');
+ jaccard_distance 
+------------------
+                1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT jaccard_distance('|1|', '|1|');
+ jaccard_distance 
+------------------
+              NaN
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT jaccard_distance('(0,1)|2|', '(0,1)|3|');
+ERROR:  different svector dimensions 2 and 3
--- a/test/sql/functions.sql
+++ b/test/sql/functions.sql
@@ -6,17 +6,6 @@ SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector * '[4,5,6]';
 SELECT '[1e37]'::vector * '[1e37]';
 SELECT '[1e-37]'::vector * '[1e-37]';

-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector = '[1,2,3]';
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector = '[1,2]';
-
-SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
-SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[0,0,0]');
-SELECT vector_cmp('[0,0,0]', '[1,2,3]');
-SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2]', '[1,2,3]');
-SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2]');
-SELECT vector_cmp('[1,2]', '[2,3,4]');
-SELECT vector_cmp('[2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
-
 SELECT vector_dims('[1,2,3]');

 SELECT round(vector_norm('[1,1]')::numeric, 5);
@@ -24,24 +13,24 @@ SELECT vector_norm('[3,4]');
 SELECT vector_norm('[0,1]');
 SELECT vector_norm('[3e37,4e37]')::real;

-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]', '[3,4]');
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]', '[0,1]');
-SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]', '[3]');
-SELECT l2_distance('[3e38]', '[-3e38]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[3,4]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[0,1]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[-3e38]');

-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]', '[3,4]');
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]', '[3]');
-SELECT inner_product('[3e38]', '[3e38]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3,4]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT inner_product('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');

-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[2,4]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[0,0]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[1,1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]', '[0,2]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[-1,-1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[3]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[1.1,1.1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[-1.1,-1.1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[3e38]', '[3e38]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[2,4]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[0,0]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1,1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::vector, '[0,2]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1,-1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1.1,1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');

 SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]', '[3,4]');
 SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]', '[0,1]');
--- a/test/sql/svector.sql
+++ b/test/sql/svector.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+SELECT '(0,1.5),(2,3.5)|5|'::svector;
+SELECT '(0,1.5),(2,3.5)|5|'::svector::vector;
+SELECT '(0,1.5),(2,3.5)|5|'::svector::vector(5);
+SELECT '(0,1.5),(2,3.5)|5|'::svector::vector(4);
+SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::vector::svector;
+
+SELECT '(0,0),(1,1),(2,0)|3|'::svector;
+
+SELECT '|5|'::svector;
+SELECT '|-1|'::svector;
+SELECT '|100001|'::svector;
+SELECT '|16001|'::svector::vector;
+
+SELECT '(-1,1)|1|'::svector;
+SELECT '(1,1)|1|'::svector;
+
+SELECT '|1|'::svector(2);
+
+SELECT l2_distance('|2|'::svector, '(0,3),(1,4)|2|');
+SELECT l2_distance('|2|'::svector, '(1,1)|2|');
+SELECT '|2|'::svector <-> '(0,3),(1,4)|2|';
+
+SELECT inner_product('(0,1),(1,2)|2|'::svector, '(0,2),(1,4)|2|');
+SELECT svector_negative_inner_product('(0,1),(1,2)|2|', '(0,2),(1,4)|2|');
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('(0,1),(1,2)|2|'::svector, '(0,2),(1,4)|2|');
+SELECT cosine_distance('(0,1),(1,2)|2|'::svector, '|2|');
+SELECT cosine_distance('(0,1),(1,1)|2|'::svector, '(0,-1),(1,-1)|2|');
+SELECT cosine_distance('(0,1)|2|'::svector, '(1,2)|2|');
+SELECT cosine_distance('|1|'::svector, '|1|');
+SELECT cosine_distance('(0,1)|2|'::svector, '(0,1)|3|');
+
+SELECT jaccard_distance('(0,1)|2|', '(0,1)|2|');
+SELECT jaccard_distance('(0,1)|2|', '(1,1)|2|');
+SELECT jaccard_distance('|1|', '|1|');
+SELECT jaccard_distance('(0,1)|2|', '(0,1)|3|');
--- a/test/t/012_hnsw_build_recall.pl
+++ b/test/t/012_hnsw_build_recall.pl
@@ -83,46 +83,11 @@ for my $i (0 .. $#operators)
 		push(@expected, $res);
 	}

-	# Build index serially
-	$node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-		SET max_parallel_maintenance_workers = 0;
-		CREATE INDEX idx ON tst USING hnsw (v $opclass);
-	));
+	# Add index
+	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX ON tst USING hnsw (v $opclass);");

-	# Test approximate results
 	my $min = $operator eq "<#>" ? 0.80 : 0.99;
 	test_recall($min, $operator);
-
-	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DROP INDEX idx;");
-
-	# Build index in parallel in memory
-	my ($ret, $stdout, $stderr) = $node->psql("postgres", qq(
-		SET client_min_messages = DEBUG;
-		SET min_parallel_table_scan_size = 1;
-		CREATE INDEX idx ON tst USING hnsw (v $opclass);
-	));
-	is($ret, 0, $stderr);
-	like($stderr, qr/using \d+ parallel workers/);
-
-	# Test approximate results
-	test_recall($min, $operator);
-
-	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DROP INDEX idx;");
-
-	# Build index in parallel on disk
-	# Set parallel_workers on table to use workers with low maintenance_work_mem
-	($ret, $stdout, $stderr) = $node->psql("postgres", qq(
-		ALTER TABLE tst SET (parallel_workers = 2);
-		SET client_min_messages = DEBUG;
-		SET maintenance_work_mem = '4MB';
-		CREATE INDEX idx ON tst USING hnsw (v $opclass);
-		ALTER TABLE tst RESET (parallel_workers);
-	));
-	is($ret, 0, $stderr);
-	like($stderr, qr/using \d+ parallel workers/);
-	like($stderr, qr/hnsw graph no longer fits into maintenance_work_mem/);
-
-	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DROP INDEX idx;");
 }

 done_testing();
--- a/test/t/018_hnsw_filtering.pl
+++ b/test/t/018_hnsw_filtering.pl
@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
-use Test::More;
-
-my $dim = 3;
-my $nc = 50;
-my $limit = 20;
-
-my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
-
-# Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
-$node->init;
-$node->start;
-
-# Create table and index
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i int4, v vector($dim), c int4, t text);");
-$node->safe_psql("postgres",
-	"INSERT INTO tst SELECT i, ARRAY[$array_sql], i % $nc, 'test ' || i FROM generate_series(1, 10000) i;"
-);
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX idx ON tst USING hnsw (v vector_l2_ops);");
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "ANALYZE tst;");
-
-# Generate query
-my @r = ();
-for (1 .. $dim)
-{
-	push(@r, rand());
-}
-my $query = "[" . join(",", @r) . "]";
-my $c = int(rand() * $nc);
-
-# Test attribute filtering
-my $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c = $c ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-# TODO Do not use index
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test attribute filtering with few rows removed
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c != $c ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test attribute filtering with few rows removed comparison
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c >= 1 ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test attribute filtering with many rows removed comparison
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c < 1 ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-# TODO Do not use index
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test attribute filtering with few rows removed like
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE t LIKE '%%test%%' ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test attribute filtering with many rows removed like
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE t LIKE '%%other%%' ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-like($explain, qr/Seq Scan/);
-
-# Test distance filtering
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE v <-> '$query' < 1 ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test distance filtering greater than distance
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE v <-> '$query' > 1 ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-# TODO Do not use index
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test distance filtering without order
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE v <-> '$query' < 1;
-));
-like($explain, qr/Seq Scan/);
-
-# Test distance filtering without limit
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE v <-> '$query' < 1 ORDER BY v <-> '$query';
-));
-like($explain, qr/Seq Scan/);
-
-# Test attribute index
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX attribute_idx ON tst (c);");
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c = $c ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-# TODO Use attribute index
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test partial index
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX partial_idx ON tst USING hnsw (v vector_l2_ops) WHERE (c = $c);");
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c = $c ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using partial_idx/);
-
-done_testing();
--- a/test/t/018_ivfflat_deletes.pl
+++ b/test/t/018_ivfflat_deletes.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+use PostgresNode;
+use TestLib;
+use Test::More;
+
+my $dim = 3;
+
+my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
+
+# Initialize node
+my $node = get_new_node('node');
+$node->init;
+$node->start;
+
+# Create table and index
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i serial, v vector($dim));");
+$node->safe_psql("postgres",
+	"INSERT INTO tst (v) SELECT ARRAY[$array_sql] FROM generate_series(1, 10000) i;"
+);
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX ON tst USING ivfflat (v vector_l2_ops);");
+
+# Delete data
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DELETE FROM tst WHERE i % 100 != 0;");
+
+my $exp = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+	SET enable_indexscan = off;
+	SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v <-> '[0,0,0]';
+));
+
+# Run twice to make sure correct tuples marked as dead
+for (1 .. 2)
+{
+	my $res = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+		SET enable_seqscan = off;
+		SET ivfflat.probes = 100;
+		SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v <-> '[0,0,0]';
+	));
+	is($res, $exp);
+}
+
+done_testing();
--- a/test/t/019_ivfflat_filtering.pl
+++ b/test/t/019_ivfflat_filtering.pl
@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-use strict;
-use warnings;
-use PostgresNode;
-use TestLib;
-use Test::More;
-
-my $dim = 3;
-my $nc = 50;
-my $limit = 20;
-
-my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
-
-# Initialize node
-my $node = get_new_node('node');
-$node->init;
-$node->start;
-
-# Create table and index
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i int4, v vector($dim), c int4, t text);");
-$node->safe_psql("postgres",
-	"INSERT INTO tst SELECT i, ARRAY[$array_sql], i % $nc, 'test ' || i FROM generate_series(1, 10000) i;"
-);
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX idx ON tst USING ivfflat (v vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 100);");
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "ANALYZE tst;");
-
-# Generate query
-my @r = ();
-for (1 .. $dim)
-{
-	push(@r, rand());
-}
-my $query = "[" . join(",", @r) . "]";
-my $c = int(rand() * $nc);
-
-# Test attribute filtering
-my $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c = $c ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-# TODO Do not use index
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test attribute filtering with few rows removed
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c != $c ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test attribute filtering with few rows removed comparison
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c >= 1 ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test attribute filtering with many rows removed comparison
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c < 1 ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-# TODO Do not use index
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test attribute filtering with few rows removed like
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE t LIKE '%%test%%' ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test attribute filtering with many rows removed like
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE t LIKE '%%other%%' ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-like($explain, qr/Seq Scan/);
-
-# Test distance filtering
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE v <-> '$query' < 1 ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test distance filtering greater than distance
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE v <-> '$query' > 1 ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-# TODO Do not use index
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test distance filtering without order
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE v <-> '$query' < 1;
-));
-like($explain, qr/Seq Scan/);
-
-# Test distance filtering without limit
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE v <-> '$query' < 1 ORDER BY v <-> '$query';
-));
-# TODO Do not use index
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test attribute index
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX attribute_idx ON tst (c);");
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c = $c ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-# TODO Use attribute index
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-# Test partial index
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX partial_idx ON tst USING ivfflat (v vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 5) WHERE (c = $c);");
-$explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
-	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c = $c ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
-));
-# TODO Use partial index
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
-
-done_testing();
--- a/vector.control
+++ b/vector.control
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 comment = 'vector data type and ivfflat and hnsw access methods'
-default_version = '0.6.1'
+default_version = '0.5.1'
 module_pathname = '$libdir/vector'
 relocatable = true
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Andrew Kane	f90d52d562	Added test for explicit zeros [skip ci]	2023-11-06 14:29:52 -08:00
Andrew Kane	22a1b06924	Added todo [skip ci]	2023-11-05 21:26:28 -08:00
Andrew Kane	b17b9c1ca2	Updated version [skip ci]	2023-11-05 18:21:09 -08:00
Andrew Kane	492ae1225c	Added support for sparse vectors	2023-11-05 18:12:19 -08:00