Fixed Windows build [skip ci]

As the data is aligned, for hnsw, the combined size won't be in the range
(8156 (maxSize exlucding `ItemIdData`), 8160]. So even if the
ItemIdData is not included in the maxSize, it works well now, but I
think it's better to make it correct.

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ## 0.5.1 (unreleased)
 
+- Added check for MVCC-compliant snapshot for HNSW index scans
 - Improved performance of index scans for IVFFlat after updates and deletes
-- Fixed locking for index scans for HNSW
 
 ## 0.5.0 (2023-08-28)
 

Makefile

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ EXTVERSION = 0.5.0
 
 MODULE_big = vector
 DATA = $(wildcard sql/*--*.sql)
-OBJS = src/hnsw.o src/hnswbuild.o src/hnswinsert.o src/hnswscan.o src/hnswutils.o src/hnswvacuum.o src/ivfbuild.o src/ivfflat.o src/ivfinsert.o src/ivfkmeans.o src/ivfscan.o src/ivfutils.o src/ivfvacuum.o src/vector.o
-HEADERS = src/vector.h
+OBJS = src/hnsw.o src/hnswbuild.o src/hnswinsert.o src/hnswscan.o src/hnswutils.o src/hnswvacuum.o src/ivfbuild.o src/ivfflat.o src/ivfinsert.o src/ivfkmeans.o src/ivfscan.o src/ivfutils.o src/ivfvacuum.o src/tinyint.o src/vector.o
+HEADERS = src/tinyint.h src/vector.h
 
 TESTS = $(wildcard test/sql/*.sql)
 REGRESS = $(patsubst test/sql/%.sql,%,$(TESTS))

Makefile.win

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 EXTENSION = vector
 EXTVERSION = 0.5.0
 
-OBJS = src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\vector.obj
-HEADERS = src\vector.h
+OBJS = src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\tinyint.obj src\vector.obj
+HEADERS = src\tinyint.h src\vector.h
 
 REGRESS = btree cast copy functions input ivfflat_cosine ivfflat_ip ivfflat_l2 ivfflat_options ivfflat_unlogged
 REGRESS_OPTS = --inputdir=test --load-extension=$(EXTENSION)
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ install:
 	copy $(EXTENSION).control "$(SHAREDIR)\extension"
 	copy sql\$(EXTENSION)--*.sql "$(SHAREDIR)\extension"
 	mkdir "$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\extension\$(EXTENSION)"
-	copy $(HEADERS) "$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\extension\$(EXTENSION)"
+	for %f in ($(HEADERS)) do copy %f "$(INCLUDEDIR_SERVER)\extension\$(EXTENSION)"
 
 installcheck:
 	"$(BINDIR)\pg_regress" --bindir="$(BINDIR)" $(REGRESS_OPTS) $(REGRESS)

sql/vector--0.5.0--0.5.1.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.5.1'" to load this file. \quit
+
+-- tinyint
+
+CREATE TYPE tinyint;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION tinyint_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS tinyint
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION tinyint_out(tinyint) RETURNS cstring
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION tinyint_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS tinyint
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION tinyint_send(tinyint) RETURNS bytea
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE TYPE tinyint (
+	INPUT     = tinyint_in,
+	OUTPUT    = tinyint_out,
+	RECEIVE   = tinyint_recv,
+	SEND      = tinyint_send,
+	INTERNALLENGTH = 1,
+	PASSEDBYVALUE,
+	ALIGNMENT = char
+);
+
+CREATE FUNCTION integer_to_tinyint(integer, integer, boolean) RETURNS tinyint
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION numeric_to_tinyint(numeric, integer, boolean) RETURNS tinyint
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE CAST (integer AS tinyint)
+	WITH FUNCTION integer_to_tinyint(integer, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE CAST (numeric AS tinyint)
+	WITH FUNCTION numeric_to_tinyint(numeric, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(tinyint[], tinyint[]) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'tinyint_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(tinyint[], tinyint[]) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'tinyint_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(tinyint[], tinyint[]) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'tinyint_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION tinyint_negative_inner_product(tinyint[], tinyint[]) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
+	LEFTARG = tinyint[], RIGHTARG = tinyint[], PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<->'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <#> (
+	LEFTARG = tinyint[], RIGHTARG = tinyint[], PROCEDURE = tinyint_negative_inner_product,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<#>'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <=> (
+	LEFTARG = tinyint[], RIGHTARG = tinyint[], PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<=>'
+);

sql/vector.sql

@@ -290,3 +290,68 @@ CREATE OPERATOR CLASS vector_cosine_ops
 	OPERATOR 1 <=> (vector, vector) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
 	FUNCTION 1 vector_negative_inner_product(vector, vector),
 	FUNCTION 2 vector_norm(vector);
+
+-- tinyint
+
+CREATE TYPE tinyint;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION tinyint_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS tinyint
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION tinyint_out(tinyint) RETURNS cstring
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION tinyint_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS tinyint
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION tinyint_send(tinyint) RETURNS bytea
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE TYPE tinyint (
+	INPUT     = tinyint_in,
+	OUTPUT    = tinyint_out,
+	RECEIVE   = tinyint_recv,
+	SEND      = tinyint_send,
+	INTERNALLENGTH = 1,
+	PASSEDBYVALUE,
+	ALIGNMENT = char
+);
+
+CREATE FUNCTION integer_to_tinyint(integer, integer, boolean) RETURNS tinyint
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION numeric_to_tinyint(numeric, integer, boolean) RETURNS tinyint
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE CAST (integer AS tinyint)
+	WITH FUNCTION integer_to_tinyint(integer, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE CAST (numeric AS tinyint)
+	WITH FUNCTION numeric_to_tinyint(numeric, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(tinyint[], tinyint[]) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'tinyint_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(tinyint[], tinyint[]) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'tinyint_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(tinyint[], tinyint[]) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'tinyint_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION tinyint_negative_inner_product(tinyint[], tinyint[]) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
+	LEFTARG = tinyint[], RIGHTARG = tinyint[], PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<->'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <#> (
+	LEFTARG = tinyint[], RIGHTARG = tinyint[], PROCEDURE = tinyint_negative_inner_product,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<#>'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <=> (
+	LEFTARG = tinyint[], RIGHTARG = tinyint[], PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<=>'
+);

src/hnsw.h

@@ -57,7 +57,9 @@
 /* PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE_INITIALIZE is 1 */
 #define PROGRESS_HNSW_PHASE_LOAD		2
 
-#define HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(_datum)	MAXALIGN(offsetof(HnswElementTupleData, value) + VARSIZE_ANY(_datum))
+#define HNSW_MAX_SIZE (BLCKSZ - MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData) - MAXALIGN(sizeof(HnswPageOpaqueData)) - sizeof(ItemIdData))
+
+#define HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(_dim)	MAXALIGN(offsetof(HnswElementTupleData, vec) + VECTOR_SIZE(_dim))
 #define HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(level, m)	MAXALIGN(offsetof(HnswNeighborTupleData, indextids) + ((level) + 2) * (m) * sizeof(ItemPointerData))
 
 #define HnswPageGetOpaque(page)	((HnswPageOpaque) PageGetSpecialPointer(page))
@@ -96,13 +98,12 @@ typedef struct HnswElementData
 	List	   *heaptids;
 	uint8		level;
 	uint8		deleted;
-	bool		loaded;
 	HnswNeighborArray *neighbors;
 	BlockNumber blkno;
 	OffsetNumber offno;
 	OffsetNumber neighborOffno;
 	BlockNumber neighborPage;
-	Datum		value;
+	Vector	   *vec;
 }			HnswElementData;
 
 typedef HnswElementData * HnswElement;
@@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ typedef struct HnswElementTupleData
 	ItemPointerData heaptids[HNSW_HEAPTIDS];
 	ItemPointerData neighbortid;
 	uint16		unused2;
-	char		value[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
+	Vector		vec;
 }			HnswElementTupleData;
 
 typedef HnswElementTupleData * HnswElementTuple;

src/hnswbuild.c

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 #include "lib/pairingheap.h"
 #include "nodes/pg_list.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
-#include "utils/datum.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
@@ -82,7 +81,6 @@ HnswBuildAppendPage(Relation index, Buffer *buf, Page *page, GenericXLogState **
 	HnswPageGetOpaque(*page)->nextblkno = BufferGetBlockNumber(newbuf);
 
 	/* Commit */
-	MarkBufferDirty(*buf);
 	GenericXLogFinish(*state);
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(*buf);
 
@@ -107,6 +105,8 @@ CreateElementPages(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 {
 	Relation	index = buildstate->index;
 	ForkNumber	forkNum = buildstate->forkNum;
+	int			dimensions = buildstate->dimensions;
+	Size		etupSize;
 	Size		maxSize;
 	HnswElementTuple etup;
 	HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
@@ -117,11 +117,12 @@ CreateElementPages(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 	ListCell   *lc;
 
 	/* Calculate sizes */
-	maxSize = BLCKSZ - MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData) - MAXALIGN(sizeof(HnswPageOpaqueData));
+	maxSize = HNSW_MAX_SIZE;
+	etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(dimensions);
 
 	/* Allocate once */
-	etup = palloc0(maxSize);
-	ntup = palloc0(maxSize);
+	etup = palloc0(etupSize);
+	ntup = palloc0(BLCKSZ);
 
 	/* Prepare first page */
 	buf = HnswNewBuffer(index, forkNum);
@@ -132,14 +133,12 @@ CreateElementPages(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 	foreach(lc, buildstate->elements)
 	{
 		HnswElement element = lfirst(lc);
-		Size		etupSize;
 		Size		ntupSize;
 		Size		combinedSize;
 
 		HnswSetElementTuple(etup, element);
 
 		/* Calculate sizes */
-		etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(element->value);
 		ntupSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(element->level, buildstate->m);
 		combinedSize = etupSize + ntupSize + sizeof(ItemIdData);
 
@@ -179,7 +178,6 @@ CreateElementPages(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 	insertPage = BufferGetBlockNumber(buf);
 
 	/* Commit */
-	MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 	GenericXLogFinish(state);
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 
@@ -227,7 +225,6 @@ CreateNeighborPages(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 			elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));
 
 		/* Commit */
-		MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 		GenericXLogFinish(state);
 		UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 	}
@@ -276,15 +273,18 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, HnswElement element, HnswBuildState *
 	int			m = buildstate->m;
 
 	/* Detoast once for all calls */
-	element->value = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(values[0]));
+	Datum		value = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(values[0]));
 
 	/* Normalize if needed */
 	if (buildstate->normprocinfo != NULL)
 	{
-		if (!HnswNormValue(buildstate->normprocinfo, collation, &element->value, buildstate->normvec))
+		if (!HnswNormValue(buildstate->normprocinfo, collation, &value, buildstate->normvec))
 			return false;
 	}
 
+	/* Copy value to element so accessible outside of memory context */
+	memcpy(element->vec, DatumGetVector(value), VECTOR_SIZE(buildstate->dimensions));
+
 	/* Insert element in graph */
 	HnswInsertElement(element, entryPoint, NULL, procinfo, collation, m, efConstruction, false);
 
@@ -360,6 +360,7 @@ BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
 
 	/* Allocate necessary memory outside of memory context */
 	element = HnswInitElement(tid, buildstate->m, buildstate->ml, buildstate->maxLevel);
+	element->vec = palloc(VECTOR_SIZE(buildstate->dimensions));
 
 	/* Use memory context since detoast can allocate */
 	oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(buildstate->tmpCtx);
@@ -367,8 +368,9 @@ BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
 	/* Insert tuple */
 	inserted = InsertTuple(index, values, element, buildstate, &dup);
 
-	/* Switch memory context */
+	/* Reset memory context */
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
+	MemoryContextReset(buildstate->tmpCtx);
 
 	/* Add outside memory context */
 	if (dup != NULL)
@@ -376,16 +378,9 @@ BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
 
 	/* Add to buildstate or free */
 	if (inserted)
-	{
-		element->value = datumCopy(element->value, false, -1);
-		element->loaded = true;
 		buildstate->elements = lappend(buildstate->elements, element);
-	}
 	else
 		HnswFreeElement(element);
-
-	/* Reset memory context */
-	MemoryContextReset(buildstate->tmpCtx);
 }
 
 /*

src/hnswinsert.c

@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ WriteNewElementPages(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPag
 	Size		minCombinedSize;
 	HnswElementTuple etup;
 	BlockNumber currentPage = insertPage;
+	int			dimensions = e->vec->dim;
 	HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
 	Buffer		nbuf;
 	Page		npage;
@@ -131,10 +132,10 @@ WriteNewElementPages(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPag
 	BlockNumber newInsertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;
 
 	/* Calculate sizes */
-	etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(e->value);
+	etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(dimensions);
 	ntupSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(e->level, m);
 	combinedSize = etupSize + ntupSize + sizeof(ItemIdData);
-	maxSize = BLCKSZ - MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData) - MAXALIGN(sizeof(HnswPageOpaqueData));
+	maxSize = HNSW_MAX_SIZE;
 	minCombinedSize = etupSize + HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(0, m) + sizeof(ItemIdData);
 
 	/* Prepare element tuple */
@@ -201,8 +202,6 @@ WriteNewElementPages(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPag
 			HnswInsertAppendPage(index, &newbuf, &newpage, state, page);
 
 			/* Commit */
-			MarkBufferDirty(newbuf);
-			MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 			GenericXLogFinish(state);
 
 			/* Unlock previous buffer */
@@ -269,9 +268,6 @@ WriteNewElementPages(Relation index, HnswElement e, int m, BlockNumber insertPag
 	}
 
 	/* Commit */
-	MarkBufferDirty(buf);
-	if (nbuf != buf)
-		MarkBufferDirty(nbuf);
 	GenericXLogFinish(state);
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 	if (nbuf != buf)
@@ -390,7 +386,6 @@ HnswUpdateNeighborPages(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, HnswE
 					elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));
 
 				/* Commit */
-				MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 				GenericXLogFinish(state);
 			}
 			else
@@ -410,7 +405,7 @@ HnswAddDuplicate(Relation index, HnswElement element, HnswElement dup)
 	Buffer		buf;
 	Page		page;
 	GenericXLogState *state;
-	Size		etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(dup->value);
+	Size		etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(dup->vec->dim);
 	HnswElementTuple etup;
 	int			i;
 
@@ -444,7 +439,6 @@ HnswAddDuplicate(Relation index, HnswElement element, HnswElement dup)
 		elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));
 
 	/* Commit */
-	MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 	GenericXLogFinish(state);
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 
@@ -521,7 +515,7 @@ HnswInsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_ti
 
 	/* Create an element */
 	element = HnswInitElement(heap_tid, m, HnswGetMl(m), HnswGetMaxLevel(m));
-	element->value = value;
+	element->vec = DatumGetVector(value);
 
 	/* Prevent concurrent inserts when likely updating entry point */
 	if (entryPoint == NULL || element->level > entryPoint->level)

src/hnswscan.c

@@ -113,12 +113,6 @@ hnswbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 
 	scan->opaque = so;
 
-	/*
-	 * Get a shared lock. This allows vacuum to ensure no in-flight scans
-	 * before marking tuples as deleted.
-	 */
-	LockPage(scan->indexRelation, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ShareLock);
-
 	return scan;
 }
 
@@ -166,11 +160,25 @@ hnswgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 		if (scan->orderByData == NULL)
 			elog(ERROR, "cannot scan hnsw index without order");
 
+		/* Requires MVCC-compliant snapshot as not able to maintain a pin */
+		/* https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/index-locking.html */
+		if (!IsMVCCSnapshot(scan->xs_snapshot))
+			elog(ERROR, "non-MVCC snapshots are not supported with hnsw");
+
 		/* Get scan value */
 		value = GetScanValue(scan);
 
+		/*
+		 * Get a shared lock. This allows vacuum to ensure no in-flight scans
+		 * before marking tuples as deleted.
+		 */
+		LockPage(scan->indexRelation, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ShareLock);
+
 		so->w = GetScanItems(scan, value);
 
+		/* Release shared lock */
+		UnlockPage(scan->indexRelation, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ShareLock);
+
 		so->first = false;
 	}
 
@@ -198,15 +206,6 @@ hnswgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 		scan->xs_ctup.t_self = *heaptid;
 #endif
 
-		/*
-		 * Typically, an index scan must maintain a pin on the index page
-		 * holding the item last returned by amgettuple. However, this is not
-		 * needed with the current vacuum strategy, which ensures scans do not
-		 * visit tuples in danger of being marked as deleted.
-		 *
-		 * https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/index-locking.html
-		 */
-
 		scan->xs_recheckorderby = false;
 		return true;
 	}
@@ -223,9 +222,6 @@ hnswendscan(IndexScanDesc scan)
 {
 	HnswScanOpaque so = (HnswScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
 
-	/* Release shared lock */
-	UnlockPage(scan->indexRelation, HNSW_SCAN_LOCK, ShareLock);
-
 	MemoryContextDelete(so->tmpCtx);
 
 	pfree(so);

src/hnswutils.c

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
-#include "utils/datum.h"
 #include "vector.h"
 
 /*
@@ -118,7 +117,6 @@ HnswInitRegisterPage(Relation index, Buffer *buf, Page *page, GenericXLogState *
 void
 HnswCommitBuffer(Buffer buf, GenericXLogState *state)
 {
-	MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 	GenericXLogFinish(state);
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 }
@@ -188,8 +186,7 @@ HnswFreeElement(HnswElement element)
 {
 	HnswFreeNeighbors(element);
 	list_free_deep(element->heaptids);
-	if (element->loaded)
-		pfree(DatumGetPointer(element->value));
+	pfree(element->vec);
 	pfree(element);
 }
 
@@ -216,7 +213,7 @@ HnswInitElementFromBlock(BlockNumber blkno, OffsetNumber offno)
 	element->blkno = blkno;
 	element->offno = offno;
 	element->neighbors = NULL;
-	element->loaded = false;
+	element->vec = NULL;
 	return element;
 }
 
@@ -326,7 +323,7 @@ HnswSetElementTuple(HnswElementTuple etup, HnswElement element)
 		else
 			ItemPointerSetInvalid(&etup->heaptids[i]);
 	}
-	memcpy(&etup->value, DatumGetPointer(element->value), VARSIZE_ANY(element->value));
+	memcpy(&etup->vec, element->vec, VECTOR_SIZE(element->vec->dim));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -449,10 +446,8 @@ HnswLoadElementFromTuple(HnswElement element, HnswElementTuple etup, bool loadHe
 
 	if (loadVec)
 	{
-		Datum		value = PointerGetDatum(&etup->value);
-
-		element->value = datumCopy(value, false, -1);
-		element->loaded = true;
+		element->vec = palloc(VECTOR_SIZE(etup->vec.dim));
+		memcpy(element->vec, &etup->vec, VECTOR_SIZE(etup->vec.dim));
 	}
 }
 
@@ -480,7 +475,7 @@ HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, Datum *q, Relation index,
 
 	/* Calculate distance */
 	if (distance != NULL)
-		*distance = (float) DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, *q, PointerGetDatum(&etup->value)));
+		*distance = (float) DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, *q, PointerGetDatum(&etup->vec)));
 
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 }
@@ -491,7 +486,7 @@ HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, Datum *q, Relation index,
 static float
 GetCandidateDistance(HnswCandidate * hc, Datum q, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation)
 {
-	return DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, q, hc->element->value));
+	return DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, q, PointerGetDatum(hc->element->vec)));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -726,7 +721,7 @@ HnswGetDistance(HnswElement a, HnswElement b, int lc, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid co
 		}
 	}
 
-	return DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, a->value, b->value));
+	return DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, PointerGetDatum(a->vec), PointerGetDatum(b->vec)));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -809,7 +804,7 @@ HnswFindDuplicate(HnswElement e)
 		HnswCandidate *neighbor = &neighbors->items[i];
 
 		/* Exit early since ordered by distance */
-		if (!datumIsEqual(e->value, neighbor->element->value, false, -1))
+		if (vector_cmp_internal(e->vec, neighbor->element->vec) != 0)
 			break;
 
 		/* Check for space */
@@ -884,13 +879,13 @@ HnswUpdateConnection(HnswElement element, HnswCandidate * hc, int m, int lc, int
 		/* Load elements on insert */
 		if (index != NULL)
 		{
-			Datum		q = hc->element->value;
+			Datum		q = PointerGetDatum(hc->element->vec);
 
 			for (int i = 0; i < currentNeighbors->length; i++)
 			{
 				HnswCandidate *hc3 = &currentNeighbors->items[i];
 
-				if (!hc3->element->loaded)
+				if (hc3->element->vec == NULL)
 					HnswLoadElement(hc3->element, &hc3->distance, &q, index, procinfo, collation, true);
 				else
 					hc3->distance = GetCandidateDistance(hc3, q, procinfo, collation);
@@ -972,7 +967,7 @@ HnswInsertElement(HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint, Relation index, F
 	List	   *w;
 	int			level = element->level;
 	int			entryLevel;
-	Datum		q = element->value;
+	Datum		q = PointerGetDatum(element->vec);
 	HnswElement skipElement = existing ? element : NULL;
 
 	/* No neighbors if no entry point */

src/hnswvacuum.c

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ RemoveHeapTids(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 
 				if (itemUpdated)
 				{
-					Size		etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(PointerGetDatum(&etup->value));
+					Size		etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(etup->vec.dim);
 
 					/* Mark rest as invalid */
 					for (int i = idx; i < HNSW_HEAPTIDS; i++)
@@ -128,10 +128,7 @@ RemoveHeapTids(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 		blkno = HnswPageGetOpaque(page)->nextblkno;
 
 		if (updated)
-		{
-			MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 			GenericXLogFinish(state);
-		}
 		else
 			GenericXLogAbort(state);
 
@@ -229,7 +226,6 @@ RepairGraphElement(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate, HnswElement element, HnswEleme
 		elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));
 
 	/* Commit */
-	MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 	GenericXLogFinish(state);
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 
@@ -485,7 +481,6 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
 			Size		etupSize;
 			Size		ntupSize;
-			Datum		value;
 			Buffer		nbuf;
 			Page		npage;
 			BlockNumber neighborPage;
@@ -509,11 +504,8 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 			if (ItemPointerIsValid(&etup->heaptids[0]))
 				continue;
 
-			/* Get datum */
-			value = PointerGetDatum(&etup->value);
-
 			/* Calculate sizes */
-			etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(value);
+			etupSize = HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_SIZE(etup->vec.dim);
 			ntupSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_SIZE(etup->level, vacuumstate->m);
 
 			/* Get neighbor page */
@@ -536,7 +528,7 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 
 			/* Overwrite element */
 			etup->deleted = 1;
-			MemSet(&etup->value, 0, VARSIZE_ANY(value));
+			MemSet(&etup->vec.x, 0, etup->vec.dim * sizeof(float));
 
 			/* Overwrite neighbors */
 			for (int i = 0; i < ntup->count; i++)
@@ -551,9 +543,6 @@ MarkDeleted(HnswVacuumState * vacuumstate)
 				elog(ERROR, "failed to add index item to \"%s\"", RelationGetRelationName(index));
 
 			/* Commit */
-			MarkBufferDirty(buf);
-			if (nbuf != buf)
-				MarkBufferDirty(nbuf);
 			GenericXLogFinish(state);
 			if (nbuf != buf)
 				UnlockReleaseBuffer(nbuf);

src/ivfbuild.c

@@ -506,9 +506,11 @@ CreateListPages(Relation index, VectorArray centers, int dimensions,
 	Buffer		buf;
 	Page		page;
 	GenericXLogState *state;
+	Size		listSize;
 	IvfflatList list;
 
-	list = palloc0(BLCKSZ);
+	listSize = MAXALIGN(IVFFLAT_LIST_SIZE(dimensions));
+	list = palloc(listSize);
 
 	buf = IvfflatNewBuffer(index, forkNum);
 	IvfflatInitRegisterPage(index, &buf, &page, &state);
@@ -516,13 +518,11 @@ CreateListPages(Relation index, VectorArray centers, int dimensions,
 	for (int i = 0; i < lists; i++)
 	{
 		OffsetNumber offno;
-		Datum		center = PointerGetDatum(VectorArrayGet(centers, i));
-		Size		listSize = MAXALIGN(IVFFLAT_LIST_SIZE(center));
 
 		/* Load list */
 		list->startPage = InvalidBlockNumber;
 		list->insertPage = InvalidBlockNumber;
-		memcpy(&list->center, DatumGetPointer(center), VARSIZE_ANY(center));
+		memcpy(&list->center, VectorArrayGet(centers, i), VECTOR_SIZE(dimensions));
 
 		/* Ensure free space */
 		if (PageGetFreeSpace(page) < listSize)

src/ivfflat.h

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 #define PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_ASSIGN	3
 #define PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_LOAD		4
 
-#define IVFFLAT_LIST_SIZE(_datum)	(offsetof(IvfflatListData, center) + VARSIZE_ANY(_datum))
+#define IVFFLAT_LIST_SIZE(_dim)	(offsetof(IvfflatListData, center) + VECTOR_SIZE(_dim))
 
 #define IvfflatPageGetOpaque(page)	((IvfflatPageOpaque) PageGetSpecialPointer(page))
 #define IvfflatPageGetMeta(page)	((IvfflatMetaPageData *) PageGetContents(page))
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ typedef struct IvfflatListData
 {
 	BlockNumber startPage;
 	BlockNumber insertPage;
-	char		center[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
+	Vector		center;
 }			IvfflatListData;
 
 typedef IvfflatListData * IvfflatList;

src/ivfinsert.c

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, R
 
 	/* Get tuple size */
 	itemsz = MAXALIGN(IndexTupleSize(itup));
-	Assert(itemsz <= BLCKSZ - MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData) - MAXALIGN(sizeof(IvfflatPageOpaqueData)));
+	Assert(itemsz <= BLCKSZ - MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData) - MAXALIGN(sizeof(IvfflatPageOpaqueData)) - sizeof(ItemIdData));
 
 	/* Find a page to insert the item */
 	for (;;)
@@ -142,8 +142,6 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_tid, R
 			IvfflatPageGetOpaque(page)->nextblkno = insertPage;
 
 			/* Commit */
-			MarkBufferDirty(newbuf);
-			MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 			GenericXLogFinish(state);
 
 			/* Unlock previous buffer */

src/ivfutils.c

@@ -136,7 +136,6 @@ IvfflatInitRegisterPage(Relation index, Buffer *buf, Page *page, GenericXLogStat
 void
 IvfflatCommitBuffer(Buffer buf, GenericXLogState *state)
 {
-	MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 	GenericXLogFinish(state);
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 }
@@ -160,8 +159,6 @@ IvfflatAppendPage(Relation index, Buffer *buf, Page *page, GenericXLogState **st
 	IvfflatInitPage(newbuf, newpage);
 
 	/* Commit */
-	MarkBufferDirty(*buf);
-	MarkBufferDirty(newbuf);
 	GenericXLogFinish(*state);
 
 	/* Unlock */

src/ivfvacuum.c

@@ -107,7 +107,6 @@ ivfflatbulkdelete(IndexVacuumInfo *info, IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats,
 				{
 					/* Delete tuples */
 					PageIndexMultiDelete(page, deletable, ndeletable);
-					MarkBufferDirty(buf);
 					GenericXLogFinish(state);
 				}
 				else

src/tinyint.c

@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include "fmgr.h"
+#include "lib/stringinfo.h"
+#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
+#include "tinyint.h"
+#include "utils/array.h"
+#include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/numeric.h"
+
+/*
+ * Check if array is a vector
+ */
+static bool
+ArrayIsVector(ArrayType *a)
+{
+	return ARR_NDIM(a) == 1 && !array_contains_nulls(a);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check if dimensions are the same
+ */
+static int
+CheckDims(ArrayType *a, ArrayType *b)
+{
+	int			dima;
+	int			dimb;
+
+	if (!ArrayIsVector(a) || !ArrayIsVector(b))
+		return 0;
+
+	dima = ARR_DIMS(a)[0];
+	dimb = ARR_DIMS(b)[0];
+
+	if (dima != dimb)
+		return 0;
+
+	return dima;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check range
+ */
+static void
+CheckRange(long i)
+{
+	if (i < INT8_MIN || i > INT8_MAX)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+				 errmsg("value \"%ld\" is out of range for type tinyint", i)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert textual representation to internal representation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(tinyint_in);
+Datum
+tinyint_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	char	   *s = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
+	const char *ptr = s;
+	long		i;
+	char	   *end;
+
+	/* skip leading spaces */
+	while (*ptr != '\0' && isspace((unsigned char) *ptr))
+		ptr++;
+
+	if (*ptr == '\0')
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+				 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type tinyint: \"%s\"", s)));
+
+	i = strtol(ptr, &end, 10);
+	ptr = end;
+
+	if (i < INT8_MIN || i > INT8_MAX)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+				 errmsg("value \"%s\" is out of range for type tinyint", s)));
+
+	/* allow trailing whitespace, but not other trailing chars */
+	while (*ptr != '\0' && isspace((unsigned char) *ptr))
+		ptr++;
+
+	if (*ptr != '\0')
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+				 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type tinyint: \"%s\"", s)));
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT8(i);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert internal representation to textual representation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(tinyint_out);
+Datum
+tinyint_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	int8		num = PG_GETARG_INT8(0);
+	char	   *result = (char *) palloc(5);	/* sign, 3 digits, '\0' */
+
+	pg_ltoa((int32) num, result);
+	PG_RETURN_CSTRING(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert external binary representation to internal representation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(tinyint_recv);
+Datum
+tinyint_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	StringInfo	buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT8((int8) pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int8)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert internal representation to the external binary representation
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(tinyint_send);
+Datum
+tinyint_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	int8		arg1 = PG_GETARG_INT8(0);
+	StringInfoData buf;
+
+	pq_begintypsend(&buf);
+	pq_sendint8(&buf, arg1);
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(pq_endtypsend(&buf));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert integer to tinyint
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(integer_to_tinyint);
+Datum
+integer_to_tinyint(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	int32		i = PG_GETARG_INT32(0);
+
+	CheckRange(i);
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT8(i);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert numeric to tinyint
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(numeric_to_tinyint);
+Datum
+numeric_to_tinyint(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Numeric		num = PG_GETARG_NUMERIC(0);
+	int32		i = numeric_int4_opt_error(num, NULL);
+
+	CheckRange(i);
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT8(i);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the L2 distance between tinyint arrays
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(tinyint_l2_distance);
+Datum
+tinyint_l2_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *a = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	ArrayType  *b = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(1);
+	int8    *ax = (int8 *) ARR_DATA_PTR(a);
+	int8    *bx = (int8 *) ARR_DATA_PTR(b);
+	double		distance = 0.0;
+	int			dim = CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/* TODO Decide on error or NULL */
+	if (!dim)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+	{
+		double		diff = ax[i] - bx[i];
+
+		distance += diff * diff;
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(sqrt(distance));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the inner product of two tinyint arrays
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(tinyint_inner_product);
+Datum
+tinyint_inner_product(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *a = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	ArrayType  *b = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(1);
+	int8	   *ax = (int8 *) ARR_DATA_PTR(a);
+	int8	   *bx = (int8 *) ARR_DATA_PTR(b);
+	double		distance = 0.0;
+	int			dim = CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/* TODO Decide on error or NULL */
+	if (!dim)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+		distance += ax[i] * bx[i];
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(distance);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the negative inner product of two tinyint arrays
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(tinyint_negative_inner_product);
+Datum
+tinyint_negative_inner_product(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *a = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	ArrayType  *b = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(1);
+	int8	   *ax = (int8 *) ARR_DATA_PTR(a);
+	int8	   *bx = (int8 *) ARR_DATA_PTR(b);
+	double		distance = 0.0;
+	int			dim = CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/* TODO Decide on error or NULL */
+	if (!dim)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+		distance += ax[i] * bx[i];
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(distance * -1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the cosine distance between two float2 arrays
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(tinyint_cosine_distance);
+Datum
+tinyint_cosine_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *a = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	ArrayType  *b = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(1);
+	int8   *ax = (int8 *) ARR_DATA_PTR(a);
+	int8   *bx = (int8 *) ARR_DATA_PTR(b);
+	double		distance = 0.0;
+	double		norma = 0.0;
+	double		normb = 0.0;
+	double		similarity;
+	int			dim = CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	/* TODO Decide on error or NULL */
+	if (!dim)
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+	{
+		float		axi = ax[i];
+		float		bxi = bx[i];
+
+		distance += axi * bxi;
+		norma += axi * axi;
+		normb += bxi * bxi;
+	}
+
+	/* Use sqrt(a * b) over sqrt(a) * sqrt(b) */
+	similarity = distance / sqrt(norma * normb);
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+	/* /fp:fast may not propagate NaN */
+	if (isnan(similarity))
+		PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(NAN);
+#endif
+
+	/* Keep in range */
+	if (similarity > 1)
+		similarity = 1;
+	else if (similarity < -1)
+		similarity = -1;
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(1 - similarity);
+}

src/tinyint.h

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef TINYINT_H
+#define TINYINT_H
+
+#define DatumGetInt8(X) ((int8) (X))
+#define PG_GETARG_INT8(n)	 DatumGetInt8(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+#define PG_RETURN_INT8(x)	 return Int8GetDatum(x)
+
+#endif

test/expected/functions.out

@@ -54,85 +54,85 @@ SELECT vector_norm('[3e37,4e37]')::real;
        5e+37
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]', '[3,4]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[3,4]');
  l2_distance 
 -------------
            5
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]', '[0,1]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[0,1]');
  l2_distance 
 -------------
            1
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]', '[3]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
 ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT l2_distance('[3e38]', '[-3e38]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[-3e38]');
  l2_distance 
 -------------
     Infinity
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]', '[3,4]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3,4]');
  inner_product 
 ---------------
             11
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]', '[3]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
 ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT inner_product('[3e38]', '[3e38]');
+SELECT inner_product('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');
  inner_product 
 ---------------
       Infinity
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[2,4]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[2,4]');
  cosine_distance 
 -----------------
                0
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[0,0]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[0,0]');
  cosine_distance 
 -----------------
              NaN
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[1,1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1,1]');
  cosine_distance 
 -----------------
                0
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]', '[0,2]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::vector, '[0,2]');
  cosine_distance 
 -----------------
                1
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[-1,-1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1,-1]');
  cosine_distance 
 -----------------
                2
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[3]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
 ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[1.1,1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1.1,1.1]');
  cosine_distance 
 -----------------
                0
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[-1.1,-1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
  cosine_distance 
 -----------------
                2
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[3e38]', '[3e38]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');
  cosine_distance 
 -----------------
              NaN

test/expected/tinyint.out

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+SELECT '127'::tinyint;
+ tinyint 
+---------
+ 127
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '128'::tinyint;
+ERROR:  value "128" is out of range for type tinyint
+LINE 1: SELECT '128'::tinyint;
+               ^
+SELECT '-128'::tinyint;
+ tinyint 
+---------
+ -128
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '-129'::tinyint;
+ERROR:  value "-129" is out of range for type tinyint
+LINE 1: SELECT '-129'::tinyint;
+               ^
+SELECT ''::tinyint;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type tinyint: ""
+LINE 1: SELECT ''::tinyint;
+               ^
+SELECT ' 1'::tinyint;
+ tinyint 
+---------
+ 1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1 '::tinyint;
+ tinyint 
+---------
+ 1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1a'::tinyint;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type tinyint: "1a"
+LINE 1: SELECT '1a'::tinyint;
+               ^
+SELECT '{1,2,3}'::tinyint[];
+ tinyint 
+---------
+ {1,2,3}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '128'::numeric::tinyint;
+ERROR:  value "128" is out of range for type tinyint
+SELECT 'NaN'::numeric::tinyint;
+ERROR:  cannot convert NaN to integer
+SELECT l2_distance('{0,0}'::tinyint[], '{3,4}'::tinyint[]);
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+           5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('{0,0}'::tinyint[], '{0,1}'::tinyint[]);
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('{1,2}'::tinyint[], '{3}'::tinyint[]);
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+            
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('{3e38}'::tinyint[], '{-3e38}'::tinyint[]);
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type tinyint: "3e38"
+LINE 1: SELECT l2_distance('{3e38}'::tinyint[], '{-3e38}'::tinyint[]...
+                           ^
+SELECT '{0,0}'::tinyint[] <-> '{3,4}'::tinyint[];
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT inner_product('{1,2}'::tinyint[], '{3,4}'::tinyint[]);
+ inner_product 
+---------------
+            11
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT inner_product('{1,2}'::tinyint[], '{3}'::tinyint[]);
+ inner_product 
+---------------
+              
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT inner_product('{127}'::tinyint[], '{127}'::tinyint[]);
+ inner_product 
+---------------
+         16129
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1,2}'::tinyint[] <#> '{3,4}'::tinyint[];
+ ?column? 
+----------
+      -11
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('{1,2}'::tinyint[], '{2,4}'::tinyint[]);
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('{1,2}'::tinyint[], '{0,0}'::tinyint[]);
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+             NaN
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('{1,1}'::tinyint[], '{1,1}'::tinyint[]);
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('{1,0}'::tinyint[], '{0,2}'::tinyint[]);
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('{1,1}'::tinyint[], '{-1,-1}'::tinyint[]);
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('{1,2}'::tinyint[], '{3}'::tinyint[]);
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+                
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('{3e38}'::tinyint[], '{3e38}'::tinyint[]);
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type tinyint: "3e38"
+LINE 1: SELECT cosine_distance('{3e38}'::tinyint[], '{3e38}'::tinyin...
+                               ^
+SELECT '{1,2}'::tinyint[] <=> '{2,4}'::tinyint[];
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        0
+(1 row)
+

test/sql/functions.sql

@@ -13,24 +13,24 @@ SELECT vector_norm('[3,4]');
 SELECT vector_norm('[0,1]');
 SELECT vector_norm('[3e37,4e37]')::real;
 
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]', '[3,4]');
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]', '[0,1]');
-SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]', '[3]');
-SELECT l2_distance('[3e38]', '[-3e38]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[3,4]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[0,1]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[-3e38]');
 
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]', '[3,4]');
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]', '[3]');
-SELECT inner_product('[3e38]', '[3e38]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3,4]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT inner_product('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[2,4]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[0,0]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[1,1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]', '[0,2]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[-1,-1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[3]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[1.1,1.1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[-1.1,-1.1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[3e38]', '[3e38]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[2,4]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[0,0]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1,1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::vector, '[0,2]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1,-1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1.1,1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');
 
 SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]', '[3,4]');
 SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]', '[0,1]');

test/sql/tinyint.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+SELECT '127'::tinyint;
+SELECT '128'::tinyint;
+SELECT '-128'::tinyint;
+SELECT '-129'::tinyint;
+
+SELECT ''::tinyint;
+SELECT ' 1'::tinyint;
+SELECT '1 '::tinyint;
+SELECT '1a'::tinyint;
+
+SELECT '{1,2,3}'::tinyint[];
+
+SELECT '128'::numeric::tinyint;
+SELECT 'NaN'::numeric::tinyint;
+
+SELECT l2_distance('{0,0}'::tinyint[], '{3,4}'::tinyint[]);
+SELECT l2_distance('{0,0}'::tinyint[], '{0,1}'::tinyint[]);
+SELECT l2_distance('{1,2}'::tinyint[], '{3}'::tinyint[]);
+SELECT l2_distance('{3e38}'::tinyint[], '{-3e38}'::tinyint[]);
+SELECT '{0,0}'::tinyint[] <-> '{3,4}'::tinyint[];
+
+SELECT inner_product('{1,2}'::tinyint[], '{3,4}'::tinyint[]);
+SELECT inner_product('{1,2}'::tinyint[], '{3}'::tinyint[]);
+SELECT inner_product('{127}'::tinyint[], '{127}'::tinyint[]);
+SELECT '{1,2}'::tinyint[] <#> '{3,4}'::tinyint[];
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('{1,2}'::tinyint[], '{2,4}'::tinyint[]);
+SELECT cosine_distance('{1,2}'::tinyint[], '{0,0}'::tinyint[]);
+SELECT cosine_distance('{1,1}'::tinyint[], '{1,1}'::tinyint[]);
+SELECT cosine_distance('{1,0}'::tinyint[], '{0,2}'::tinyint[]);
+SELECT cosine_distance('{1,1}'::tinyint[], '{-1,-1}'::tinyint[]);
+SELECT cosine_distance('{1,2}'::tinyint[], '{3}'::tinyint[]);
+SELECT cosine_distance('{3e38}'::tinyint[], '{3e38}'::tinyint[]);
+SELECT '{1,2}'::tinyint[] <=> '{2,4}'::tinyint[];