fix(telegram): scope command-sync hash cache by bot identity (#32059)

Hash the command list and cache it to disk per account. On restart,
compare the current hash against the cached one and skip the
deleteMyCommands + setMyCommands round-trip when nothing changed.
This prevents 429 rate-limit errors when the gateway restarts
several times in quick succession.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

.pi/extensions/diff.ts

@@ -6,15 +6,7 @@
  */
 
 import type { ExtensionAPI } from "@mariozechner/pi-coding-agent";
-import { DynamicBorder } from "@mariozechner/pi-coding-agent";
-import {
-  Container,
-  Key,
-  matchesKey,
-  type SelectItem,
-  SelectList,
-  Text,
-} from "@mariozechner/pi-tui";
+import { showPagedSelectList } from "./ui/paged-select";
 
 interface FileInfo {
   status: string;
@@ -108,87 +100,17 @@ export default function (pi: ExtensionAPI) {
         }
       };
 
-      // Show file picker with SelectList
-      await ctx.ui.custom<void>((tui, theme, _kb, done) => {
-        const container = new Container();
-
-        // Top border
-        container.addChild(new DynamicBorder((s: string) => theme.fg("accent", s)));
-
-        // Title
-        container.addChild(new Text(theme.fg("accent", theme.bold(" Select file to diff")), 0, 0));
-
-        // Build select items with colored status
-        const items: SelectItem[] = files.map((f) => {
-          let statusColor: string;
-          switch (f.status) {
-            case "M":
-              statusColor = theme.fg("warning", f.status);
-              break;
-            case "A":
-              statusColor = theme.fg("success", f.status);
-              break;
-            case "D":
-              statusColor = theme.fg("error", f.status);
-              break;
-            case "?":
-              statusColor = theme.fg("muted", f.status);
-              break;
-            default:
-              statusColor = theme.fg("dim", f.status);
-          }
-          return {
-            value: f,
-            label: `${statusColor} ${f.file}`,
-          };
-        });
-
-        const visibleRows = Math.min(files.length, 15);
-        let currentIndex = 0;
-
-        const selectList = new SelectList(items, visibleRows, {
-          selectedPrefix: (t) => theme.fg("accent", t),
-          selectedText: (t) => t, // Keep existing colors
-          description: (t) => theme.fg("muted", t),
-          scrollInfo: (t) => theme.fg("dim", t),
-          noMatch: (t) => theme.fg("warning", t),
-        });
-        selectList.onSelect = (item) => {
+      const items = files.map((file) => ({
+        value: file,
+        label: `${file.status} ${file.file}`,
+      }));
+      await showPagedSelectList({
+        ctx,
+        title: " Select file to diff",
+        items,
+        onSelect: (item) => {
           void openSelected(item.value as FileInfo);
-        };
-        selectList.onCancel = () => done();
-        selectList.onSelectionChange = (item) => {
-          currentIndex = items.indexOf(item);
-        };
-        container.addChild(selectList);
-
-        // Help text
-        container.addChild(
-          new Text(theme.fg("dim", " ↑↓ navigate • ←→ page • enter open • esc close"), 0, 0),
-        );
-
-        // Bottom border
-        container.addChild(new DynamicBorder((s: string) => theme.fg("accent", s)));
-
-        return {
-          render: (w) => container.render(w),
-          invalidate: () => container.invalidate(),
-          handleInput: (data) => {
-            // Add paging with left/right
-            if (matchesKey(data, Key.left)) {
-              // Page up - clamp to 0
-              currentIndex = Math.max(0, currentIndex - visibleRows);
-              selectList.setSelectedIndex(currentIndex);
-            } else if (matchesKey(data, Key.right)) {
-              // Page down - clamp to last
-              currentIndex = Math.min(items.length - 1, currentIndex + visibleRows);
-              selectList.setSelectedIndex(currentIndex);
-            } else {
-              selectList.handleInput(data);
-            }
-            tui.requestRender();
-          },
-        };
+        },
       });
     },
   });

.pi/extensions/files.ts

@@ -6,15 +6,7 @@
  */
 
 import type { ExtensionAPI } from "@mariozechner/pi-coding-agent";
-import { DynamicBorder } from "@mariozechner/pi-coding-agent";
-import {
-  Container,
-  Key,
-  matchesKey,
-  type SelectItem,
-  SelectList,
-  Text,
-} from "@mariozechner/pi-tui";
+import { showPagedSelectList } from "./ui/paged-select";
 
 interface FileEntry {
   path: string;
@@ -113,82 +105,30 @@ export default function (pi: ExtensionAPI) {
         }
       };
 
-      // Show file picker with SelectList
-      await ctx.ui.custom<void>((tui, theme, _kb, done) => {
-        const container = new Container();
-
-        // Top border
-        container.addChild(new DynamicBorder((s: string) => theme.fg("accent", s)));
-
-        // Title
-        container.addChild(new Text(theme.fg("accent", theme.bold(" Select file to open")), 0, 0));
-
-        // Build select items with colored operations
-        const items: SelectItem[] = files.map((f) => {
-          const ops: string[] = [];
-          if (f.operations.has("read")) {
-            ops.push(theme.fg("muted", "R"));
-          }
-          if (f.operations.has("write")) {
-            ops.push(theme.fg("success", "W"));
-          }
-          if (f.operations.has("edit")) {
-            ops.push(theme.fg("warning", "E"));
-          }
-          const opsLabel = ops.join("");
-          return {
-            value: f,
-            label: `${opsLabel} ${f.path}`,
-          };
-        });
-
-        const visibleRows = Math.min(files.length, 15);
-        let currentIndex = 0;
-
-        const selectList = new SelectList(items, visibleRows, {
-          selectedPrefix: (t) => theme.fg("accent", t),
-          selectedText: (t) => t, // Keep existing colors
-          description: (t) => theme.fg("muted", t),
-          scrollInfo: (t) => theme.fg("dim", t),
-          noMatch: (t) => theme.fg("warning", t),
-        });
-        selectList.onSelect = (item) => {
-          void openSelected(item.value as FileEntry);
-        };
-        selectList.onCancel = () => done();
-        selectList.onSelectionChange = (item) => {
-          currentIndex = items.indexOf(item);
-        };
-        container.addChild(selectList);
-
-        // Help text
-        container.addChild(
-          new Text(theme.fg("dim", " ↑↓ navigate • ←→ page • enter open • esc close"), 0, 0),
-        );
-
-        // Bottom border
-        container.addChild(new DynamicBorder((s: string) => theme.fg("accent", s)));
-
+      const items = files.map((file) => {
+        const ops: string[] = [];
+        if (file.operations.has("read")) {
+          ops.push("R");
+        }
+        if (file.operations.has("write")) {
+          ops.push("W");
+        }
+        if (file.operations.has("edit")) {
+          ops.push("E");
+        }
         return {
-          render: (w) => container.render(w),
-          invalidate: () => container.invalidate(),
-          handleInput: (data) => {
-            // Add paging with left/right
-            if (matchesKey(data, Key.left)) {
-              // Page up - clamp to 0
-              currentIndex = Math.max(0, currentIndex - visibleRows);
-              selectList.setSelectedIndex(currentIndex);
-            } else if (matchesKey(data, Key.right)) {
-              // Page down - clamp to last
-              currentIndex = Math.min(items.length - 1, currentIndex + visibleRows);
-              selectList.setSelectedIndex(currentIndex);
-            } else {
-              selectList.handleInput(data);
-            }
-            tui.requestRender();
-          },
+          value: file,
+          label: `${ops.join("")} ${file.path}`,
         };
       });
+      await showPagedSelectList({
+        ctx,
+        title: " Select file to open",
+        items,
+        onSelect: (item) => {
+          void openSelected(item.value as FileEntry);
+        },
+      });
     },
   });
 }

.pi/extensions/ui/paged-select.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import { DynamicBorder } from "@mariozechner/pi-coding-agent";
+import {
+  Container,
+  Key,
+  matchesKey,
+  type SelectItem,
+  SelectList,
+  Text,
+} from "@mariozechner/pi-tui";
+
+type CustomUiContext = {
+  ui: {
+    custom: <T>(
+      render: (
+        tui: { requestRender: () => void },
+        theme: {
+          fg: (tone: string, text: string) => string;
+          bold: (text: string) => string;
+        },
+        kb: unknown,
+        done: () => void,
+      ) => {
+        render: (width: number) => string;
+        invalidate: () => void;
+        handleInput: (data: string) => void;
+      },
+    ) => Promise<T>;
+  };
+};
+
+export async function showPagedSelectList(params: {
+  ctx: CustomUiContext;
+  title: string;
+  items: SelectItem[];
+  onSelect: (item: SelectItem) => void;
+}): Promise<void> {
+  await params.ctx.ui.custom<void>((tui, theme, _kb, done) => {
+    const container = new Container();
+
+    container.addChild(new DynamicBorder((s: string) => theme.fg("accent", s)));
+    container.addChild(new Text(theme.fg("accent", theme.bold(params.title)), 0, 0));
+
+    const visibleRows = Math.min(params.items.length, 15);
+    let currentIndex = 0;
+
+    const selectList = new SelectList(params.items, visibleRows, {
+      selectedPrefix: (text) => theme.fg("accent", text),
+      selectedText: (text) => text,
+      description: (text) => theme.fg("muted", text),
+      scrollInfo: (text) => theme.fg("dim", text),
+      noMatch: (text) => theme.fg("warning", text),
+    });
+    selectList.onSelect = (item) => params.onSelect(item);
+    selectList.onCancel = () => done();
+    selectList.onSelectionChange = (item) => {
+      currentIndex = params.items.indexOf(item);
+    };
+    container.addChild(selectList);
+
+    container.addChild(
+      new Text(theme.fg("dim", " ↑↓ navigate • ←→ page • enter open • esc close"), 0, 0),
+    );
+    container.addChild(new DynamicBorder((s: string) => theme.fg("accent", s)));
+
+    return {
+      render: (width) => container.render(width),
+      invalidate: () => container.invalidate(),
+      handleInput: (data) => {
+        if (matchesKey(data, Key.left)) {
+          currentIndex = Math.max(0, currentIndex - visibleRows);
+          selectList.setSelectedIndex(currentIndex);
+        } else if (matchesKey(data, Key.right)) {
+          currentIndex = Math.min(params.items.length - 1, currentIndex + visibleRows);
+          selectList.setSelectedIndex(currentIndex);
+        } else {
+          selectList.handleInput(data);
+        }
+        tui.requestRender();
+      },
+    };
+  });
+}

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,121 +2,210 @@
 
 Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 
-## Since v2026.2.26 (Unreleased)
-
-### Breaking
-
-- **BREAKING:** Node exec approval payloads now require `systemRunPlan`. `host=node` approval requests without that plan are rejected.
-- **BREAKING:** Node `system.run` execution now pins path-token commands to the canonical executable path (`realpath`) in both allowlist and approval execution flows. Integrations/tests that asserted token-form argv (for example `tr`) must now accept canonical paths (for example `/usr/bin/tr`).
+## 2026.3.2 (Unreleased)
 
 ### Changes
 
-- Android/Nodes parity: add `system.notify`, `photos.latest`, `contacts.search`/`contacts.add`, `calendar.events`/`calendar.add`, and `motion.activity`/`motion.pedometer`, with motion sensor-aware command gating and improved activity sampling reliability. (#29398) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Outbound adapters/plugins: add shared `sendPayload` support across direct-text-media, Discord, Slack, WhatsApp, Zalo, and Zalouser with multi-media iteration and chunk-aware text fallback. (#30144) Thanks @nohat.
+- Zalo Personal plugin (`@openclaw/zalouser`): rebuilt channel runtime to use native `zca-js` integration in-process, removing external CLI transport usage and keeping QR/login + send/listen flows fully inside OpenClaw.
+- CLI/Config validation: add `openclaw config validate` (with `--json`) to validate config files before gateway startup, and include detailed invalid-key paths in startup invalid-config errors. (#31220) thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Sessions/Attachments: add inline file attachment support for `sessions_spawn` (subagent runtime only) with base64/utf8 encoding, transcript content redaction, lifecycle cleanup, and configurable limits via `tools.sessions_spawn.attachments`. (#16761) Thanks @napetrov.
+- Agents/Thinking defaults: set `adaptive` as the default thinking level for Anthropic Claude 4.6 models (including Bedrock Claude 4.6 refs) while keeping other reasoning-capable models at `low` unless explicitly configured.
+- Tools/PDF analysis: add a first-class `pdf` tool with native Anthropic and Google PDF provider support, extraction fallback for non-native models, configurable defaults (`agents.defaults.pdfModel`, `pdfMaxBytesMb`, `pdfMaxPages`), and docs/tests covering routing, validation, and registration. (#31319) Thanks @tyler6204.
+- Gateway/Container probes: add built-in HTTP liveness/readiness endpoints (`/health`, `/healthz`, `/ready`, `/readyz`) for Docker/Kubernetes health checks, with fallback routing so existing handlers on those paths are not shadowed. (#31272) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- README/Contributors: rank contributor avatars by composite score (commits + merged PRs + code LOC), excluding docs-only LOC to prevent bulk-generated files from inflating rankings. (#23970) Thanks @tyler6204.
 - Android/Nodes: add `camera.list`, `device.permissions`, `device.health`, and `notifications.actions` (`open`/`dismiss`/`reply`) on Android nodes, plus first-class node-tool actions for the new device/notification commands. (#28260) Thanks @obviyus.
 - Discord/Thread bindings: replace fixed TTL lifecycle with inactivity (`idleHours`, default 24h) plus optional hard `maxAgeHours` lifecycle controls, and add `/session idle` + `/session max-age` commands for focused thread-bound sessions. (#27845) Thanks @osolmaz.
-- Web UI/i18n: add German (`de`) locale support and auto-render language options from supported locale constants in Overview settings. (#28495) thanks @dsantoreis.
+- Telegram/DM topics: add per-DM `direct` + topic config (allowlists, `dmPolicy`, `skills`, `systemPrompt`, `requireTopic`), route DM topics as distinct inbound/outbound sessions, and enforce topic-aware authorization/debounce for messages, callbacks, commands, and reactions. Landed from contributor PR #30579 by @kesor. Thanks @kesor.
+- Telegram/DM streaming: use `sendMessageDraft` for private preview streaming, keep reasoning/answer preview lanes separated in DM reasoning-stream mode. (#31824) Thanks @obviyus.
 - Web UI/Cron i18n: localize cron page labels, filters, form help text, and validation/error messaging in English and zh-CN. (#29315) Thanks @BUGKillerKing.
-- Tools/Diffs: add a new optional `diffs` plugin tool for read-only diff rendering from before/after text or unified patches, with gateway viewer URLs for canvas and PNG image output. Thanks @gumadeiras.
+- OpenAI/Streaming transport: make `openai` Responses WebSocket-first by default (`transport: "auto"` with SSE fallback), add shared OpenAI WS stream/connection runtime wiring with per-session cleanup, and preserve server-side compaction payload mutation (`store` + `context_management`) on the WS path.
 - Android/Gateway capability refresh: add live Android capability integration coverage and node canvas capability refresh wiring, plus runtime hardening for A2UI readiness retries, scoped canvas URL normalization, debug diagnostics JSON, and JavaScript MIME delivery. (#28388) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Android/Nodes parity: add `system.notify`, `photos.latest`, `contacts.search`/`contacts.add`, `calendar.events`/`calendar.add`, and `motion.activity`/`motion.pedometer`, with motion sensor-aware command gating and improved activity sampling reliability. (#29398) Thanks @obviyus.
+- CLI/Config: add `openclaw config file` to print the active config file path resolved from `OPENCLAW_CONFIG_PATH` or the default location. (#26256) thanks @cyb1278588254.
 - Feishu/Docx tables + uploads: add `feishu_doc` actions for Docx table creation/cell writing (`create_table`, `write_table_cells`, `create_table_with_values`) and image/file uploads (`upload_image`, `upload_file`) with stricter create/upload error handling for missing `document_id` and placeholder cleanup failures. (#20304) Thanks @xuhao1.
 - Feishu/Reactions: add inbound `im.message.reaction.created_v1` handling, route verified reactions through synthetic inbound turns, and harden verification with timeout + fail-closed filtering so non-bot or unverified reactions are dropped. (#16716) Thanks @schumilin.
 - Feishu/Chat tooling: add `feishu_chat` tool actions for chat info and member queries, with configurable enablement under `channels.feishu.tools.chat`. (#14674) Thanks @liuweifly.
 - Feishu/Doc permissions: support optional owner permission grant fields on `feishu_doc` create and report permission metadata only when the grant call succeeds, with regression coverage for success/failure/omitted-owner paths. (#28295) Thanks @zhoulongchao77.
+- Web UI/i18n: add German (`de`) locale support and auto-render language options from supported locale constants in Overview settings. (#28495) thanks @dsantoreis.
+- Tools/Diffs: add a new optional `diffs` plugin tool for read-only diff rendering from before/after text or unified patches, with gateway viewer URLs for canvas and PNG image output. Thanks @gumadeiras.
+- Tools/Diffs: add PDF file output support and rendering quality customization controls (`fileQuality`, `fileScale`, `fileMaxWidth`) for generated diff artifacts, and document PDF as the preferred option when messaging channels compress images. (#31342) Thanks @gumadeiras.
 - Memory/LanceDB: support custom OpenAI `baseUrl` and embedding dimensions for LanceDB memory. (#17874) Thanks @rish2jain and @vincentkoc.
-- Telegram/DM topics: add per-DM `direct` + topic config (allowlists, `dmPolicy`, `skills`, `systemPrompt`, `requireTopic`), route DM topics as distinct inbound/outbound sessions, and enforce topic-aware authorization/debounce for messages, callbacks, commands, and reactions. Landed from contributor PR #30579 by @kesor. Thanks @kesor.
-
 - ACP/ACPX streaming: pin ACPX plugin support to `0.1.15`, add configurable ACPX command/version probing, and streamline ACP stream delivery (`final_only` default + reduced tool-event noise) with matching runtime and test updates. (#30036) Thanks @osolmaz.
+- Shell env markers: set `OPENCLAW_SHELL` across shell-like runtimes (`exec`, `acp`, `acp-client`, `tui-local`) so shell startup/config rules can target OpenClaw contexts consistently, and document the markers in env/exec/acp/TUI docs. Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - Cron/Heartbeat light bootstrap context: add opt-in lightweight bootstrap mode for automation runs (`--light-context` for cron agent turns and `agents.*.heartbeat.lightContext` for heartbeat), keeping only `HEARTBEAT.md` for heartbeat runs and skipping bootstrap-file injection for cron lightweight runs. (#26064) Thanks @jose-velez.
-- OpenAI/Streaming transport: make `openai` Responses WebSocket-first by default (`transport: "auto"` with SSE fallback), add shared OpenAI WS stream/connection runtime wiring with per-session cleanup, and preserve server-side compaction payload mutation (`store` + `context_management`) on the WS path.
 - OpenAI/WebSocket warm-up: add optional OpenAI Responses WebSocket warm-up (`response.create` with `generate:false`), enable it by default for `openai/*`, and expose `params.openaiWsWarmup` for per-model enable/disable control.
 - Agents/Subagents runtime events: replace ad-hoc subagent completion system-message handoff with typed internal completion events (`task_completion`) that are rendered consistently across direct and queued announce paths, with gateway/CLI plumbing for structured `internalEvents`.
 
+### Breaking
+
+- **BREAKING:** Zalo Personal plugin (`@openclaw/zalouser`) no longer depends on external `zca`-compatible CLI binaries (`openzca`, `zca-cli`) for runtime send/listen/login; operators should use `openclaw channels login --channel zalouser` after upgrade to refresh sessions in the new JS-native path.
+- **BREAKING:** Onboarding now defaults `tools.profile` to `messaging` for new local installs (interactive + non-interactive). New setups no longer start with broad coding/system tools unless explicitly configured.
+- **BREAKING:** Node exec approval payloads now require `systemRunPlan`. `host=node` approval requests without that plan are rejected.
+- **BREAKING:** Node `system.run` execution now pins path-token commands to the canonical executable path (`realpath`) in both allowlist and approval execution flows. Integrations/tests that asserted token-form argv (for example `tr`) must now accept canonical paths (for example `/usr/bin/tr`).
+- **BREAKING:** Plugin SDK removed `api.registerHttpHandler(...)`. Plugins must register explicit HTTP routes via `api.registerHttpRoute({ path, auth, match, handler })`, and dynamic webhook lifecycles should use `registerPluginHttpRoute(...)`.
+
 ### Fixes
 
-- Gateway/Control UI origins: honor `gateway.controlUi.allowedOrigins: ["*"]` wildcard entries (including trimmed values) and lock behavior with regression tests. Landed from contributor PR #31058 by @byungsker. Thanks @byungsker.
-- Usage normalization: clamp negative prompt/input token values to zero (including `prompt_tokens` alias inputs) so `/usage` and TUI usage displays cannot show nonsensical negative counts. Landed from contributor PR #31211 by @scoootscooob. Thanks @scoootscooob.
-- Sessions/Internal routing: preserve established external `lastTo`/`lastChannel` routes for internal/non-deliverable turns, with added coverage for no-fallback internal routing behavior. Landed from contributor PR #30941 by @graysurf. Thanks @graysurf.
-- Secrets/Auth profiles: normalize inline SecretRef `token`/`key` values to canonical `tokenRef`/`keyRef` before persistence, and keep explicit `keyRef` precedence when inline refs are also present. Landed from contributor PR #31047 by @minupla. Thanks @minupla.
-- Infra/fs-safe: sanitize directory-read failures so raw `EISDIR` text never leaks to messaging surfaces, with regression tests for both root-scoped and direct safe reads. Landed from contributor PR #31205 by @polooooo. Thanks @polooooo.
-- Discord/Components wildcard handlers: use distinct internal registration sentinel IDs and parse those sentinels as wildcard keys so select/user/role/channel/mentionable/modal interactions are not dropped by raw customId dedupe paths. Landed from contributor PR #29459 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
-- Model directives/Auth profiles: split `/model` profile suffixes at the first `@` after the last slash so email-based auth profile IDs (for example OAuth profile IDs) resolve correctly. Landed from contributor PR #30932 by @haosenwang1018. Thanks @haosenwang1018.
+- Gateway/Heartbeat model reload: treat `models.*` and `agents.defaults.model` config updates as heartbeat hot-reload triggers so heartbeat picks up model changes without a full gateway restart. (#32046) Thanks @stakeswky.
+- Slack/inbound debounce routing: isolate top-level non-DM message debounce keys by message timestamp to avoid cross-thread collisions, preserve DM batching, and flush pending top-level buffers before immediate non-debounce follow-ups to keep ordering stable. (#31951) Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- OpenRouter/x-ai compatibility: skip `reasoning.effort` injection for `x-ai/*` models (for example Grok) so OpenRouter requests no longer fail with invalid-arguments errors on unsupported reasoning params. (#32054) Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Memory/LanceDB embeddings: forward configured `embedding.dimensions` into OpenAI embeddings requests so vector size and API output dimensions stay aligned when dimensions are explicitly configured. (#32036) Thanks @scotthuang.
+- Mentions/Slack formatting hardening: add null-safe guards for runtime text normalization paths so malformed/undefined text payloads do not crash mention stripping or mrkdwn conversion. (#31865) Thanks @stone-jin.
+- Failover/error classification: treat HTTP `529` (provider overloaded, common with Anthropic-compatible APIs) as `rate_limit` so model failover can engage instead of misclassifying the error path. (#31854) Thanks @bugkill3r.
+- Voice-call/webhook routing: require exact webhook path matches (instead of prefix matches) so lookalike paths cannot reach provider verification/dispatch logic. (#31930) Thanks @afurm.
+- Plugin command/runtime hardening: validate and normalize plugin command name/description at registration boundaries, and guard Telegram native menu normalization paths so malformed plugin command specs cannot crash startup (`trim` on undefined). (#31997) Fixes #31944. Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Web UI/config form: support SecretInput string-or-secret-ref unions in map `additionalProperties`, so provider API key fields stay editable instead of being marked unsupported. (#31866) Thanks @ningding97.
+- Slack/Bolt startup compatibility: remove invalid `message.channels` and `message.groups` event registrations so Slack providers no longer crash on startup with Bolt 4.6+; channel/group traffic continues through the unified `message` handler (`channel_type`). (#32033) Thanks @mahopan.
+- Telegram: guard duplicate-token checks and gateway startup token normalization when account tokens are missing, preventing `token.trim()` crashes during status/start flows. (#31973) Thanks @ningding97.
+- Skills/sherpa-onnx-tts: run the `sherpa-onnx-tts` bin under ESM (replace CommonJS `require` imports) and add regression coverage to prevent `require is not defined in ES module scope` startup crashes. (#31965) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Browser/default profile selection: default `browser.defaultProfile` behavior now prefers `openclaw` (managed standalone CDP) when no explicit default is configured, while still auto-provisioning the `chrome` relay profile for explicit opt-in use. (#32031) Fixes #31907. Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Doctor/local memory provider checks: stop false-positive local-provider warnings when `provider=local` and no explicit `modelPath` is set by honoring default local model fallback while still warning when gateway probe reports local embeddings not ready. (#32014) Fixes #31998. Thanks @adhishthite.
+- Feishu/Run channel fallback: prefer `Provider` over `Surface` when inferring queued run `messageProvider` fallback (when `OriginatingChannel` is missing), preventing Feishu turns from being mislabeled as `webchat` in mixed relay metadata contexts. (#31880) Fixes #31859. Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Cron/session reaper reliability: move cron session reaper sweeps into `onTimer` `finally` and keep pruning active even when timer ticks fail early (for example cron store parse failures), preventing stale isolated run sessions from accumulating indefinitely. (#31996) Fixes #31946. Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Inbound metadata/direct relay context: restore direct-channel conversation metadata blocks for external channels (for example WhatsApp) while preserving webchat-direct suppression, so relay agents recover sender/message identifiers without reintroducing internal webchat metadata noise. (#31969) Fixes #29972. Thanks @Lucenx9.
+- Sandbox/Docker setup command parsing: accept `agents.*.sandbox.docker.setupCommand` as either a string or a string array, and normalize arrays to newline-delimited shell scripts so multi-step setup commands no longer concatenate without separators. (#31953) Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Gateway/Plugin HTTP route precedence: run explicit plugin HTTP routes before the Control UI SPA catch-all so registered plugin webhook/custom paths remain reachable, while unmatched paths still fall through to Control UI handling. (#31885) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- macOS/LaunchAgent security defaults: write `Umask=63` (octal `077`) into generated gateway launchd plists so post-update service reinstalls keep owner-only file permissions by default instead of falling back to system `022`. (#32022) Fixes #31905. Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Security/Node exec approvals: preserve shell/dispatch-wrapper argv semantics during approval hardening so approved wrapper commands (for example `env sh -c ...`) cannot drift into a different runtime command shape, and add regression coverage for both approval-plan generation and approved runtime execution paths. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Sandbox/Bootstrap context boundary hardening: reject symlink/hardlink alias bootstrap seed files that resolve outside the source workspace and switch post-compaction `AGENTS.md` context reads to boundary-verified file opens, preventing host file content from being injected via workspace aliasing. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Browser/Security output boundary hardening: replace check-then-rename output commits with root-bound fd-verified writes, unify install/skills canonical path-boundary checks, and add regression coverage for symlink-rebind race paths across browser output and shared fs-safe write flows. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Webhook request hardening: enforce auth-before-body parsing for BlueBubbles and Google Chat webhook handlers, add strict pre-auth body/time budgets for webhook auth paths (including LINE signature verification), and add shared in-flight/request guardrails plus regression tests/lint checks to prevent reintroducing unauthenticated slow-body DoS patterns. Thanks @GCXWLP for reporting.
+- Gateway/Security hardening: tie loopback-origin dev allowance to actual local socket clients (not Host header claims), add explicit warnings/metrics when `gateway.controlUi.dangerouslyAllowHostHeaderOriginFallback` accepts websocket origins, harden safe-regex detection for quantified ambiguous alternation patterns (for example `(a|aa)+`), and bound large regex-evaluation inputs for session-filter and log-redaction paths.
+- Tests/Sandbox + archive portability: use junction-compatible directory-link setup on Windows and explicit file-symlink platform guards in symlink escape tests where unprivileged file symlinks are unavailable, reducing false Windows CI failures while preserving traversal checks on supported paths. (#28747) Thanks @arosstale.
+- Security/Skills archive extraction: unify tar extraction safety checks across tar.gz and tar.bz2 install flows, enforce tar compressed-size limits, and fail closed if tar.bz2 archives change between preflight and extraction to prevent bypasses of entry-type/size guardrails. Thanks @GCXWLP for reporting.
+- Tests/Subagent announce: set `OPENCLAW_TEST_FAST=1` before importing `subagent-announce` format suites so module-level fast-mode constants are captured deterministically on Windows CI, preventing timeout flakes in nested completion announce coverage. (#31370) Thanks @zwffff.
+- Gateway/Node dangerous-command parity: include `sms.send` in default onboarding node `denyCommands`, share onboarding deny defaults with the gateway dangerous-command source of truth, and include `sms.send` in phone-control `/phone arm writes` handling so SMS follows the same break-glass flow as other dangerous node commands. Thanks @zpbrent.
+- Zalo/Pairing auth tests: add webhook regression coverage asserting DM pairing-store reads/writes remain account-scoped, preventing cross-account authorization bleed in multi-account setups. (#26121) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Logging: use local time for logged timestamps instead of UTC, aligning log output with documented local timezone behavior and avoiding confusion during local diagnostics. (#28434) Thanks @liuy.
+- Zalouser/Pairing auth tests: add account-scoped DM pairing-store regression coverage (`monitor.account-scope.test.ts`) to prevent cross-account allowlist bleed in multi-account setups. (#26672) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Security/Web tools SSRF guard: keep DNS pinning for untrusted `web_fetch` and citation-redirect URL checks when proxy env vars are set, and require explicit dangerous opt-in before env-proxy routing can bypass pinned dispatch for trusted/operator-controlled endpoints. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Gateway/Security canonicalization hardening: decode plugin route path variants to canonical fixpoint (with bounded depth), fail closed on canonicalization anomalies, and enforce gateway auth for deeply encoded `/api/channels/*` variants to prevent alternate-path auth bypass through plugin handlers. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Gateway/Plugin HTTP hardening: require explicit `auth` for plugin route registration, add route ownership guards for duplicate `path+match` registrations, centralize plugin path matching/auth logic into dedicated modules, and share webhook target-route lifecycle wiring across channel monitors to avoid stale or conflicting registrations. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Agents/Sessions list transcript paths: handle missing/non-string/relative `sessions.list.path` values and per-agent `{agentId}` templates when deriving `transcriptPath`, so cross-agent session listings resolve to concrete agent session files instead of workspace-relative paths. (#24775) Thanks @martinfrancois.
+- Agents/Subagents `sessions_spawn`: reject malformed `agentId` inputs before normalization (for example error-message/path-like strings) to prevent unintended synthetic agent IDs and ghost workspace/session paths; includes strict validation regression coverage. (#31381) Thanks @openperf.
+- macOS/PeekabooBridge: add compatibility socket symlinks for legacy `clawdbot`, `clawdis`, and `moltbot` Application Support socket paths so pre-rename clients can still connect. (#6033) Thanks @lumpinif and @vincentkoc.
+- Webchat/Feishu session continuation: preserve routable `OriginatingChannel`/`OriginatingTo` metadata from session delivery context in `chat.send`, and prefer provider-normalized channel when deciding cross-channel route dispatch so Webchat replies continue on the selected Feishu session instead of falling back to main/internal session routing. (#31573)
+- Feishu/Duplicate replies: suppress same-target reply dispatch when message-tool sends use generic provider metadata (`provider: "message"`) and normalize `lark`/`feishu` provider aliases during duplicate-target checks, preventing double-delivery in Feishu sessions. (#31526)
+- Feishu/Plugin sdk compatibility: add safe webhook default fallbacks when loading Feishu monitor state so mixed-version installs no longer crash if older `openclaw/plugin-sdk` builds omit webhook default constants. (#31606)
+- Pairing/AllowFrom account fallback: handle omitted `accountId` values in `readChannelAllowFromStore` and `readChannelAllowFromStoreSync` as `default`, while preserving legacy unscoped allowFrom merges for default-account flows. Thanks @Sid-Qin and @vincentkoc.
+- Agents/Subagent announce cleanup: keep completion-message runs pending while descendants settle, add a 30 minute hard-expiry backstop to avoid indefinite pending state, and keep retry bookkeeping resumable across deferred wakes. (#23970) Thanks @tyler6204.
+- BlueBubbles/Message metadata: harden send response ID extraction, include sender identity in DM context, and normalize inbound `message_id` selection to avoid duplicate ID metadata. (#23970) Thanks @tyler6204.
+- Gateway/Control UI method guard: allow POST requests to non-UI routes to fall through when no base path is configured, and add POST regression coverage for fallthrough and base-path 405 behavior. (#23970) Thanks @tyler6204.
+- Gateway/Control UI basePath POST handling: return 405 for `POST` on exact basePath routes (for example `/openclaw`) instead of redirecting, and add end-to-end regression coverage that root-mounted webhook POST paths still pass through to plugin handlers. (#31349) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Authentication: classify `permission_error` as `auth_permanent` for profile fallback. (#31324) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Security/Prompt spoofing hardening: stop injecting queued runtime events into user-role prompt text, route them through trusted system-prompt context, and neutralize inbound spoof markers like `[System Message]` and line-leading `System:` in untrusted message content. (#30448)
+- Gateway/Node browser proxy routing: honor `profile` from `browser.request` JSON body when query params omit it, while preserving query-profile precedence when both are present. (#28852) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Browser/Extension relay reconnect tolerance: keep `/json/version` and `/cdp` reachable during short MV3 worker disconnects when attached targets still exist, and retain clients across reconnect grace windows. (#30232) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Browser/Extension re-announce reliability: keep relay state in `connecting` when re-announce forwarding fails and extend debugger re-attach retries after navigation to reduce false attached states and post-nav disconnect loops. (#27630) Thanks @markmusson.
+- Browser/Extension navigation reattach: preserve debugger re-attachment when relay is temporarily disconnected by deferring relay attach events until reconnect/re-announce, reducing post-navigation tab loss. (#28725) Thanks @stone-jin.
+- Browser/Profile defaults: prefer `openclaw` profile over `chrome` in headless/no-sandbox environments unless an explicit `defaultProfile` is configured. (#14944) Thanks @BenediktSchackenberg.
+- Browser/Remote CDP ownership checks: skip local-process ownership errors for non-loopback remote CDP profiles when HTTP is reachable but the websocket handshake fails, and surface the remote websocket attach/retry path instead. (#15582) Landed from contributor (#28780) Thanks @stubbi, @bsormagec, @unblockedgamesstudio and @vincentkoc.
+- Browser/Profile attach-only override: support `browser.profiles.<name>.attachOnly` (fallback to global `browser.attachOnly`) so loopback proxy profiles can skip local launch/port-ownership checks without forcing attach-only mode for every profile. (#20595) Thanks @unblockedgamesstudio and @vincentkoc.
+- Browser/Act request compatibility: accept legacy flattened `action="act"` params (`kind/ref/text/...`) in addition to `request={...}` so browser act calls no longer fail with `request required`. (#15120) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Browser/Extension relay stale tabs: evict stale cached targets from `/json/list` when extension targets are destroyed/crashed or commands fail with missing target/session errors. (#6175) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- CLI/Browser start timeout: honor `openclaw browser --timeout <ms> start` and stop by removing the fixed 15000ms override so slower Chrome startups can use caller-provided timeouts. (#22412, #23427) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Browser/CDP startup diagnostics: include Chrome stderr output and a Linux no-sandbox hint in startup timeout errors so failed launches are easier to diagnose. (#29312) Thanks @veast.
+- Browser/CDP startup readiness: wait for CDP websocket readiness after launching Chrome and cleanly stop/reset when readiness never arrives, reducing follow-up `PortInUseError` races after `browser start`/`open`. (#29538) Thanks @AaronWander.
+- Browser/Managed tab cap: limit loopback managed `openclaw` page tabs to 8 via best-effort cleanup after tab opens to reduce long-running renderer buildup while preserving attach-only and remote profile behavior. (#29724) Thanks @pandego.
+- Browser/CDP proxy bypass: force direct loopback agent paths and scoped `NO_PROXY` expansion for localhost CDP HTTP/WS connections when proxy env vars are set, so browser relay/control still works behind global proxy settings. (#31469) Thanks @widingmarcus-cyber.
+- Docker/Image health checks: add Dockerfile `HEALTHCHECK` that probes gateway `GET /healthz` so container runtimes can mark unhealthy instances without requiring auth credentials in the probe command. (#11478) Thanks @U-C4N and @vincentkoc.
+- Docker/Sandbox bootstrap hardening: make `OPENCLAW_SANDBOX` opt-in parsing explicit (`1|true|yes|on`), support custom Docker socket paths via `OPENCLAW_DOCKER_SOCKET`, defer docker.sock exposure until sandbox prerequisites pass, and reset/roll back persisted sandbox mode to `off` when setup is skipped or partially fails to avoid stale broken sandbox state. (#29974) Thanks @jamtujest and @vincentkoc.
+- Daemon/systemd checks in containers: treat missing `systemctl` invocations (including `spawn systemctl ENOENT`/`EACCES`) as unavailable service state during `is-enabled` checks, preventing container flows from failing with `Gateway service check failed` before install/status handling can continue. (#26089) Thanks @sahilsatralkar and @vincentkoc.
+- Android/Nodes reliability: reject `facing=both` when `deviceId` is set to avoid mislabeled duplicate captures, allow notification `open`/`reply` on non-clearable entries while still gating dismiss, trigger listener rebind before notification actions, and scale invoke-result ack timeout to invoke budget for large clip payloads. (#28260) Thanks @obviyus.
 - Windows/Plugin install: avoid `spawn EINVAL` on Windows npm/npx invocations by resolving to `node` + npm CLI scripts instead of spawning `.cmd` directly. Landed from contributor PR #31147 by @codertony. Thanks @codertony.
+- Windows/Spawn canonicalization: unify non-core Windows spawn handling across ACP client, QMD/mcporter memory paths, and sandbox Docker execution using the shared wrapper-resolution policy, with targeted regression coverage for `.cmd` shim unwrapping and shell fallback behavior. (#31750) Thanks @Takhoffman.
+- Sandbox/mkdirp boundary checks: allow existing in-boundary directories to pass mkdirp boundary validation when directory open probes return platform-specific I/O errors, with regression coverage for directory-safe fallback behavior. (#31547) Thanks @stakeswky.
 - LINE/Voice transcription: classify M4A voice media as `audio/mp4` (not `video/mp4`) by checking the MPEG-4 `ftyp` major brand (`M4A ` / `M4B `), restoring voice transcription for LINE voice messages. Landed from contributor PR #31151 by @scoootscooob. Thanks @scoootscooob.
-- Cron/Delivery mode none: send explicit `delivery: { mode: "none" }` from cron editor for both add and update flows so previous announce delivery is actually cleared. Landed from contributor PR #31145 by @byungsker. Thanks @byungsker.
-- Control UI/Debug log layout: render Debug Event Log payloads at full width to prevent payload JSON from being squeezed into a narrow side column. Landed from contributor PR #30978 by @stozo04. Thanks @stozo04.
-- Cron editor viewport: make the sticky cron edit form independently scrollable with viewport-bounded height so lower fields/actions are reachable on shorter screens. Landed from contributor PR #31133 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
-- Agents/Thinking fallback: when providers reject unsupported thinking levels without enumerating alternatives, retry with `think=off` to avoid hard failure during model/provider fallback chains. Landed from contributor PR #31002 by @yfge. Thanks @yfge.
-- Ollama/Embedded runner base URL precedence: prioritize configured provider `baseUrl` over model defaults for embedded Ollama runs so Docker and remote-host setups avoid localhost fetch failures. (#30964) Thanks @stakeswky.
-- Agents/Failover reason classification: avoid false rate-limit classification from incidental `tpm` substrings by matching TPM as a standalone token/phrase and keeping auth-context errors on the auth path. Landed from contributor PR #31007 by @HOYALIM. Thanks @HOYALIM.
 - Slack/Announce target account routing: enable session-backed announce-target lookup for Slack so multi-account announces resolve the correct `accountId` instead of defaulting to bot-token context. Landed from contributor PR #31028 by @taw0002. Thanks @taw0002.
-- Tools/Edit workspace boundary errors: preserve the real `Path escapes workspace root` failure path instead of surfacing a misleading access/file-not-found error when editing outside workspace roots. Landed from contributor PR #31015 by @haosenwang1018. Thanks @haosenwang1018.
-- Auto-reply/NO_REPLY: strip `NO_REPLY` token from mixed-content messages instead of leaking raw control text to end users. Landed from contributor PR #31080 by @scoootscooob. Thanks @scoootscooob.
-- Sandbox/mkdirp boundary checks: allow directory-safe boundary validation for existing in-boundary subdirectories, preventing false `cannot create directories` failures in sandbox write mode. (#30610) Thanks @glitch418x.
 - Android/Voice screen TTS: stream assistant speech via ElevenLabs WebSocket in Talk Mode, stop cleanly on speaker mute/barge-in, and ignore stale out-of-order stream events. (#29521) Thanks @gregmousseau.
+- Android/Photos permissions: declare Android 14+ selected-photo access permission (`READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED`) and align Android permission/settings paths with current minSdk behavior for more reliable permission state handling.
 - Web UI/Cron: include configured agent model defaults/fallbacks in cron model suggestions so scheduled-job model autocomplete reflects configured models. (#29709) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
 - Cron/Delivery: disable the agent messaging tool when `delivery.mode` is `"none"` so cron output is not sent to Telegram or other channels. (#21808) Thanks @lailoo.
 - CLI/Cron: clarify `cron list` output by renaming `Agent` to `Agent ID` and adding a `Model` column for isolated agent-turn jobs. (#26259) Thanks @openperf.
 - Feishu/Reply media attachments: send Feishu reply `mediaUrl`/`mediaUrls` payloads as attachments alongside text/streamed replies in the reply dispatcher, including legacy fallback when `mediaUrls` is empty. (#28959) Thanks @icesword0760.
+- Feishu/Send target prefixes: normalize explicit `group:`/`dm:` send targets and preserve explicit receive-id routing hints when resolving outbound Feishu targets. (#31594) Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
 - Slack/User-token resolution: normalize Slack account user-token sourcing through resolved account metadata (`SLACK_USER_TOKEN` env + config) so monitor reads, Slack actions, directory lookups, onboarding allow-from resolution, and capabilities probing consistently use the effective user token. (#28103) Thanks @Glucksberg.
-- Agents/Sessions list transcript paths: handle missing/non-string/relative `sessions.list.path` values and per-agent `{agentId}` templates when deriving `transcriptPath`, so cross-agent session listings resolve to concrete agent session files instead of workspace-relative paths. (#24775) Thanks @martinfrancois.
-- Feishu/Reaction notifications: add `channels.feishu.reactionNotifications` (`off | own | all`, default `own`) so operators can disable reaction ingress or allow all verified reaction events (not only bot-authored message reactions). (#28529) Thanks @cowboy129.
+- Slack/Channel message subscriptions: register explicit `message.channels` and `message.groups` monitor handlers (alongside generic `message`) so channel/group event subscriptions are consumed even when Slack dispatches typed message event names. Fixes #31674.
 - Feishu/Outbound session routing: stop assuming bare `oc_` identifiers are always group chats, honor explicit `dm:`/`group:` prefixes for `oc_` chat IDs, and default ambiguous bare `oc_` targets to direct routing to avoid DM session misclassification. (#10407) Thanks @Bermudarat.
 - Feishu/Group session routing: add configurable group session scopes (`group`, `group_sender`, `group_topic`, `group_topic_sender`) with legacy `topicSessionMode=enabled` compatibility so Feishu group conversations can isolate sessions by sender/topic as configured. (#17798) Thanks @yfge.
 - Feishu/Reply-in-thread routing: add `replyInThread` config (`disabled|enabled`) for group replies, propagate `reply_in_thread` across text/card/media/streaming sends, and align topic-scoped session routing so newly created reply threads stay on the same session root. (#27325) Thanks @kcinzgg.
-- Feishu/Typing backoff: re-throw Feishu typing add/remove rate-limit and quota errors (`429`, `99991400`, `99991403`) and detect SDK non-throwing backoff responses so the typing keepalive circuit breaker can stop retries instead of looping indefinitely. (#28494) Thanks @guoqunabc.
-- Feishu/Zalo runtime logging: replace direct `console.log/error` usage in Feishu typing-indicator paths and Zalo monitor paths with runtime-gated logger calls so verbosity controls are respected while preserving typing backoff behavior. (#18841) Thanks @Clawborn.
 - Feishu/Probe status caching: cache successful `probeFeishu()` bot-info results for 10 minutes (bounded cache with per-account keying) to reduce repeated status/onboarding probe API calls, while bypassing cache for failures and exceptions. (#28907) Thanks @Glucksberg.
 - Feishu/Opus media send type: send `.opus` attachments with `msg_type: "audio"` (instead of `"media"`) so Feishu voice messages deliver correctly while `.mp4` remains `msg_type: "media"` and documents remain `msg_type: "file"`. (#28269) Thanks @Glucksberg.
+- Gateway/WS security: keep plaintext `ws://` loopback-only by default, with explicit break-glass private-network opt-in via `OPENCLAW_ALLOW_INSECURE_PRIVATE_WS=1`; align onboarding/client/call validation and tests to this strict-default policy. (#28670) Thanks @dashed, @vincentkoc.
+- Gateway/Subagent TLS pairing: allow authenticated local `gateway-client` backend self-connections to skip device pairing while still requiring pairing for non-local/direct-host paths, restoring `sessions_spawn` with `gateway.tls.enabled=true` in Docker/LAN setups. Fixes #30740. Thanks @Sid-Qin and @vincentkoc.
 - Feishu/Mobile video media type: treat inbound `message_type: "media"` as video-equivalent for media key extraction, placeholder inference, and media download resolution so mobile-app video sends ingest correctly. (#25502) Thanks @4ier.
 - Feishu/Inbound sender fallback: fall back to `sender_id.user_id` when `sender_id.open_id` is missing on inbound events, and use ID-type-aware sender lookup so mobile-delivered messages keep stable sender identity/routing. (#26703) Thanks @NewdlDewdl.
-- Feishu/Inbound rich-text parsing: preserve `share_chat` payload summaries when available and add explicit parsing for rich-text `code`/`code_block`/`pre` tags so forwarded and code-heavy messages keep useful context in agent input. (#28591) Thanks @kevinWangSheng.
-- Feishu/Post markdown parsing: parse rich-text `post` payloads through a shared markdown-aware parser with locale-wrapper support, preserved mention/image metadata extraction, and inline/fenced code fidelity for agent input rendering. (#12755) Thanks @WilsonLiu95.
 - Feishu/Reply context metadata: include inbound `parent_id` and `root_id` as `ReplyToId`/`RootMessageId` in inbound context, and parse interactive-card quote bodies into readable text when fetching replied messages. (#18529) Thanks @qiangu.
 - Feishu/Post embedded media: extract `media` tags from inbound rich-text (`post`) messages and download embedded video/audio files alongside existing embedded-image handling, with regression coverage. (#21786) Thanks @laopuhuluwa.
 - Feishu/Local media sends: propagate `mediaLocalRoots` through Feishu outbound media sending into `loadWebMedia` so local path attachments work with post-CVE local-root enforcement. (#27884) Thanks @joelnishanth.
-- Feishu/Group sender allowlist fallback: add global `channels.feishu.groupSenderAllowFrom` sender authorization for group chats, with per-group `groups.<id>.allowFrom` precedence and regression coverage for allow/block/precedence behavior. (#29174) Thanks @1MoreBuild.
 - Feishu/Group wildcard policy fallback: honor `channels.feishu.groups["*"]` when no explicit group match exists so unmatched groups inherit wildcard reply-policy settings instead of falling back to global defaults. (#29456) Thanks @WaynePika.
-- Feishu/Docx append/write ordering: insert converted Docx blocks sequentially (single-block creates) so Feishu append/write preserves markdown block order instead of returning shuffled sections in asynchronous batch inserts. (#26172, #26022) Thanks @echoVic.
-- Feishu/Docx convert fallback chunking: recursively split oversized markdown chunks (including long no-heading sections) when `document.convert` hits content limits, while keeping fenced-code-aware split boundaries whenever possible. (#14402) Thanks @lml2468.
 - Feishu/Inbound media regression coverage: add explicit tests for message resource type mapping (`image` stays `image`, non-image maps to `file`) to prevent reintroducing unsupported Feishu `type=audio` fetches. (#16311, #8746) Thanks @Yaxuan42.
-- Feishu/API quota controls: add `typingIndicator` and `resolveSenderNames` config flags (top-level and per-account) so operators can disable typing reactions and sender-name lookup requests while keeping default behavior unchanged. (#10513) Thanks @BigUncle.
 - TTS/Voice bubbles: use opus output and enable `audioAsVoice` routing for Feishu and WhatsApp (in addition to Telegram) so supported channels receive voice-bubble playback instead of file-style audio attachments. (#27366) Thanks @smthfoxy.
-- Security/Feishu webhook ingress: bound unauthenticated webhook rate-limit state with stale-window pruning and a hard key cap to prevent unbounded pre-auth memory growth from rotating source keys. (#26050) Thanks @bmendonca3.
-- Security/Compaction audit: remove the post-compaction audit injection message. (#28507) Thanks @fuller-stack-dev and @vincentkoc.
 - Telegram/Reply media context: include replied media files in inbound context when replying to media, defer reply-media downloads to debounce flush, gate reply-media fetch behind DM authorization, and preserve replied media when non-vision sticker fallback runs (including cached-sticker paths). (#28488) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Android/Nodes notification wake flow: enable Android `system.notify` default allowlist, emit `notifications.changed` events for posted/removed notifications (excluding OpenClaw app-owned notifications), canonicalize notification session keys before enqueue/wake routing, and skip heartbeat wakes when consecutive notification summaries dedupe. (#29440) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Telegram/Voice fallback reply chunking: apply reply reference, quote text, and inline buttons only to the first fallback text chunk when voice delivery is blocked, preventing over-quoted multi-chunk replies. Landed from contributor PR #31067 by @xdanger. Thanks @xdanger.
+- Feishu/Multi-account + reply reliability: add `channels.feishu.defaultAccount` outbound routing support with schema validation, keep quoted-message extraction text-first (post/interactive/file placeholders instead of raw JSON), route Feishu video sends as `msg_type: "file"`, and avoid websocket event blocking by using non-blocking event handling in monitor dispatch. Landed from contributor PRs #29610, #30432, #30331, and #29501. Thanks @hclsys, @bmendonca3, @patrick-yingxi-pan, and @zwffff.
+- Feishu/Inbound rich-text parsing: preserve `share_chat` payload summaries when available and add explicit parsing for rich-text `code`/`code_block`/`pre` tags so forwarded and code-heavy messages keep useful context in agent input. (#28591) Thanks @kevinWangSheng.
+- Feishu/Post markdown parsing: parse rich-text `post` payloads through a shared markdown-aware parser with locale-wrapper support, preserved mention/image metadata extraction, and inline/fenced code fidelity for agent input rendering. (#12755) Thanks @WilsonLiu95.
 - Telegram/Outbound chunking: route oversize splitting through the shared outbound pipeline (including subagents), retry Telegram sends when escaped HTML exceeds limits, and preserve boundary whitespace when retry re-splitting rendered chunks so plain-text/transcript fidelity is retained. (#29342, #27317; follow-up to #27461) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Gateway/WS: close repeated post-handshake `unauthorized role:*` request floods per connection and sample duplicate rejection logs, preventing a single misbehaving client from degrading gateway responsiveness. (#20168) Thanks @acy103, @vibecodooor, and @vincentkoc.
-- Gateway/macOS supervised restart: actively `launchctl kickstart -k` during intentional supervised restarts to bypass LaunchAgent `ThrottleInterval` delays, and fall back to in-process restart when kickstart fails. Landed from contributor PR #29078 by @cathrynlavery. Thanks @cathrynlavery.
-- Gateway/Auth: improve device-auth v2 migration diagnostics so operators get clearer guidance when legacy clients connect. (#28305) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Slack/Native commands: register Slack native status as `/agentstatus` (Slack-reserved `/status`) so manifest slash command registration stays valid while text `/status` still works. Landed from contributor PR #29032 by @maloqab. Thanks @maloqab.
+- Android/Camera clip: remove `camera.clip` HTTP-upload fallback to base64 so clip transport is deterministic and fail-loud, and reject non-positive `maxWidth` values so invalid inputs fall back to the safe resize default. (#28229) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Android/Gateway canvas capability refresh: send `node.canvas.capability.refresh` with object `params` (`{}`) from Android node runtime so gateway object-schema validation accepts refresh retries and A2UI host recovery works after scoped capability expiry. (#28413) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Gateway/Control UI origins: honor `gateway.controlUi.allowedOrigins: ["*"]` wildcard entries (including trimmed values) and lock behavior with regression tests. Landed from contributor PR #31058 by @byungsker. Thanks @byungsker.
+- Agents/Sessions list transcript paths: handle missing/non-string/relative `sessions.list.path` values and per-agent `{agentId}` templates when deriving `transcriptPath`, so cross-agent session listings resolve to concrete agent session files instead of workspace-relative paths. (#24775) Thanks @martinfrancois.
+- Sessions/Lock recovery: detect recycled Linux PIDs by comparing lock-file `starttime` with `/proc/<pid>/stat` starttime, so stale `.jsonl.lock` files are reclaimed immediately in containerized PID-reuse scenarios while preserving compatibility for older lock files. (#26443) Fixes #27252. Thanks @HirokiKobayashi-R and @vincentkoc.
 - Gateway/Control UI CSP: allow required Google Fonts origins in Control UI CSP. (#29279) Thanks @Glucksberg and @vincentkoc.
 - CLI/Install: add an npm-link fallback to fix CLI startup `Permission denied` failures (`exit 127`) on affected installs. (#17151) Thanks @sskyu and @vincentkoc.
-- CLI/Ollama config: allow `config set` for Ollama `apiKey` without predeclared provider config. (#29299) Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - Onboarding/Custom providers: improve verification reliability for slower local endpoints (for example Ollama) during setup. (#27380) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Plugins/NPM spec install: fix npm-spec plugin installs when `npm pack` output is empty by detecting newly created `.tgz` archives in the pack directory. (#21039) Thanks @graysurf and @vincentkoc.
+- Plugins/Install: clear stale install errors when an npm package is not found so follow-up install attempts report current state correctly. (#25073) Thanks @dalefrieswthat.
+- Security/Feishu webhook ingress: bound unauthenticated webhook rate-limit state with stale-window pruning and a hard key cap to prevent unbounded pre-auth memory growth from rotating source keys. (#26050) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Gateway/macOS supervised restart: actively `launchctl kickstart -k` during intentional supervised restarts to bypass LaunchAgent `ThrottleInterval` delays, and fall back to in-process restart when kickstart fails. Landed from contributor PR #29078 by @cathrynlavery. Thanks @cathrynlavery.
+- Gateway/macOS LaunchAgent hardening: write `Umask=077` in generated gateway LaunchAgent plists so npm upgrades preserve owner-only default file permissions for gateway-created state files. (#31919) Fixes #31905. Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Daemon/macOS TLS certs: default LaunchAgent service env `NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS` to `/etc/ssl/cert.pem` (while preserving explicit overrides) so HTTPS clients no longer fail with local-issuer errors under launchd. (#27915) Thanks @Lukavyi.
+- Discord/Components wildcard handlers: use distinct internal registration sentinel IDs and parse those sentinels as wildcard keys so select/user/role/channel/mentionable/modal interactions are not dropped by raw customId dedupe paths. Landed from contributor PR #29459 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Feishu/Reaction notifications: add `channels.feishu.reactionNotifications` (`off | own | all`, default `own`) so operators can disable reaction ingress or allow all verified reaction events (not only bot-authored message reactions). (#28529) Thanks @cowboy129.
+- Feishu/Typing backoff: re-throw Feishu typing add/remove rate-limit and quota errors (`429`, `99991400`, `99991403`) and detect SDK non-throwing backoff responses so the typing keepalive circuit breaker can stop retries instead of looping indefinitely. (#28494) Thanks @guoqunabc.
+- Feishu/Zalo runtime logging: replace direct `console.log/error` usage in Feishu typing-indicator paths and Zalo monitor paths with runtime-gated logger calls so verbosity controls are respected while preserving typing backoff behavior. (#18841) Thanks @Clawborn.
+- Feishu/Group sender allowlist fallback: add global `channels.feishu.groupSenderAllowFrom` sender authorization for group chats, with per-group `groups.<id>.allowFrom` precedence and regression coverage for allow/block/precedence behavior. (#29174) Thanks @1MoreBuild.
+- Feishu/Docx append/write ordering: insert converted Docx blocks sequentially (single-block creates) so Feishu append/write preserves markdown block order instead of returning shuffled sections in asynchronous batch inserts. (#26172, #26022) Thanks @echoVic.
+- Feishu/Docx convert fallback chunking: recursively split oversized markdown chunks (including long no-heading sections) when `document.convert` hits content limits, while keeping fenced-code-aware split boundaries whenever possible. (#14402) Thanks @lml2468.
+- Feishu/API quota controls: add `typingIndicator` and `resolveSenderNames` config flags (top-level and per-account) so operators can disable typing reactions and sender-name lookup requests while keeping default behavior unchanged. (#10513) Thanks @BigUncle.
+- Feishu/System preview prompt leakage: stop enqueuing inbound Feishu message previews as system events so user preview text is not injected into later turns as trusted `System:` context. Landed from contributor PR #31209 by @stakeswky. Thanks @stakeswky.
+- Feishu/Typing replay suppression: skip typing indicators for stale replayed inbound messages after compaction using message-age checks with second/millisecond timestamp normalization, preventing old-message reaction floods while preserving typing for fresh messages. Landed from contributor PR #30709 by @arkyu2077. Thanks @arkyu2077.
+- Sessions/Internal routing: preserve established external `lastTo`/`lastChannel` routes for internal/non-deliverable turns, with added coverage for no-fallback internal routing behavior. Landed from contributor PR #30941 by @graysurf. Thanks @graysurf.
+- Control UI/Debug log layout: render Debug Event Log payloads at full width to prevent payload JSON from being squeezed into a narrow side column. Landed from contributor PR #30978 by @stozo04. Thanks @stozo04.
+- Auto-reply/NO_REPLY: strip `NO_REPLY` token from mixed-content messages instead of leaking raw control text to end users. Landed from contributor PR #31080 by @scoootscooob. Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Install/npm: fix npm global install deprecation warnings. (#28318) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Update/Global npm: fallback to `--omit=optional` when global `npm update` fails so optional dependency install failures no longer abort update flows. (#24896) Thanks @xinhuagu and @vincentkoc.
+- Inbound metadata/Multi-account routing: include `account_id` in trusted inbound metadata so multi-account channel sessions can reliably disambiguate the receiving account in prompt context. Landed from contributor PR #30984 by @Stxle2. Thanks @Stxle2.
+- Model directives/Auth profiles: split `/model` profile suffixes at the first `@` after the last slash so email-based auth profile IDs (for example OAuth profile IDs) resolve correctly. Landed from contributor PR #30932 by @haosenwang1018. Thanks @haosenwang1018.
+- Cron/Delivery mode none: send explicit `delivery: { mode: "none" }` from cron editor for both add and update flows so previous announce delivery is actually cleared. Landed from contributor PR #31145 by @byungsker. Thanks @byungsker.
+- Cron editor viewport: make the sticky cron edit form independently scrollable with viewport-bounded height so lower fields/actions are reachable on shorter screens. Landed from contributor PR #31133 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Agents/Thinking fallback: when providers reject unsupported thinking levels without enumerating alternatives, retry with `think=off` to avoid hard failure during model/provider fallback chains. Landed from contributor PR #31002 by @yfge. Thanks @yfge.
+- Ollama/Embedded runner base URL precedence: prioritize configured provider `baseUrl` over model defaults for embedded Ollama runs so Docker and remote-host setups avoid localhost fetch failures. (#30964) Thanks @stakeswky.
+- Agents/Failover reason classification: avoid false rate-limit classification from incidental `tpm` substrings by matching TPM as a standalone token/phrase and keeping auth-context errors on the auth path. Landed from contributor PR #31007 by @HOYALIM. Thanks @HOYALIM.
+- Gateway/WS: close repeated post-handshake `unauthorized role:*` request floods per connection and sample duplicate rejection logs, preventing a single misbehaving client from degrading gateway responsiveness. (#20168) Thanks @acy103, @vibecodooor, and @vincentkoc.
+- Gateway/Auth: improve device-auth v2 migration diagnostics so operators get clearer guidance when legacy clients connect. (#28305) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- CLI/Ollama config: allow `config set` for Ollama `apiKey` without predeclared provider config. (#29299) Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - Ollama/Autodiscovery: harden autodiscovery and warning behavior. (#29201) Thanks @marcodelpin and @vincentkoc.
 - Ollama/Context window: unify context window handling across discovery, merge, and OpenAI-compatible transport paths. (#29205) Thanks @Sid-Qin, @jimmielightner, and @vincentkoc.
 - Agents/Ollama: demote empty-discovery logging from `warn` to `debug` to reduce noisy warnings in normal edge-case discovery flows. (#26379) Thanks @byungsker.
-- Install/npm: fix npm global install deprecation warnings. (#28318) Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - fix(model): preserve reasoning in provider fallback resolution. (#29285) Fixes #25636. Thanks @vincentkoc.
-- Browser/Open & navigate: accept `url` as an alias parameter for `open` and `navigate`. (#29260) Thanks @vincentkoc.
-- Sandbox/Browser Docker: pass `OPENCLAW_BROWSER_NO_SANDBOX=1` to sandbox browser containers and bump sandbox browser security hash epoch so existing containers are recreated and pick up the env on upgrade. (#29879) Thanks @Lukavyi.
-- Codex/Usage window: label weekly usage window as `Week` instead of `Day`. (#26267) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
-- Slack/Native commands: register Slack native status as `/agentstatus` (Slack-reserved `/status`) so manifest slash command registration stays valid while text `/status` still works. Landed from contributor PR #29032 by @maloqab. Thanks @maloqab.
-- Android/Nodes reliability: reject `facing=both` when `deviceId` is set to avoid mislabeled duplicate captures, allow notification `open`/`reply` on non-clearable entries while still gating dismiss, trigger listener rebind before notification actions, and scale invoke-result ack timeout to invoke budget for large clip payloads. (#28260) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Android/Camera clip: remove `camera.clip` HTTP-upload fallback to base64 so clip transport is deterministic and fail-loud, and reject non-positive `maxWidth` values so invalid inputs fall back to the safe resize default. (#28229) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Android/Nodes notification wake flow: enable Android `system.notify` default allowlist, emit `notifications.changed` events for posted/removed notifications (excluding OpenClaw app-owned notifications), canonicalize notification session keys before enqueue/wake routing, and skip heartbeat wakes when consecutive notification summaries dedupe. (#29440) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Android/Gateway canvas capability refresh: send `node.canvas.capability.refresh` with object `params` (`{}`) from Android node runtime so gateway object-schema validation accepts refresh retries and A2UI host recovery works after scoped capability expiry. (#28413) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Daemon/macOS TLS certs: default LaunchAgent service env `NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS` to `/etc/ssl/cert.pem` (while preserving explicit overrides) so HTTPS clients no longer fail with local-issuer errors under launchd. (#27915) Thanks @Lukavyi.
 - Docker/Image permissions: normalize `/app/extensions`, `/app/.agent`, and `/app/.agents` to directory mode `755` and file mode `644` during image build so plugin discovery does not block inherited world-writable paths. (#30191) Fixes #30139. Thanks @edincampara.
-- Update/Global npm: fallback to `--omit=optional` when global `npm update` fails so optional dependency install failures no longer abort update flows. (#24896) Thanks @xinhuagu and @vincentkoc.
-- Plugins/NPM spec install: fix npm-spec plugin installs when `npm pack` output is empty by detecting newly created `.tgz` archives in the pack directory. (#21039) Thanks @graysurf and @vincentkoc.
-- Plugins/Install: clear stale install errors when an npm package is not found so follow-up install attempts report current state correctly. (#25073) Thanks @dalefrieswthat.
 - OpenAI Responses/Compaction: rewrite and unify the OpenAI Responses store patches to treat empty `baseUrl` as non-direct, honor `compat.supportsStore=false`, and auto-inject server-side compaction `context_management` for compatible direct OpenAI models (with per-model opt-out/threshold overrides). Landed from contributor PRs #16930 (@OiPunk), #22441 (@EdwardWu7), and #25088 (@MoerAI). Thanks @OiPunk, @EdwardWu7, and @MoerAI.
+- Sandbox/Browser Docker: pass `OPENCLAW_BROWSER_NO_SANDBOX=1` to sandbox browser containers and bump sandbox browser security hash epoch so existing containers are recreated and pick up the env on upgrade. (#29879) Thanks @Lukavyi.
+- Usage normalization: clamp negative prompt/input token values to zero (including `prompt_tokens` alias inputs) so `/usage` and TUI usage displays cannot show nonsensical negative counts. Landed from contributor PR #31211 by @scoootscooob. Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Secrets/Auth profiles: normalize inline SecretRef `token`/`key` values to canonical `tokenRef`/`keyRef` before persistence, and keep explicit `keyRef` precedence when inline refs are also present. Landed from contributor PR #31047 by @minupla. Thanks @minupla.
+- Tools/Edit workspace boundary errors: preserve the real `Path escapes workspace root` failure path instead of surfacing a misleading access/file-not-found error when editing outside workspace roots. Landed from contributor PR #31015 by @haosenwang1018. Thanks @haosenwang1018.
+- Browser/Open & navigate: accept `url` as an alias parameter for `open` and `navigate`. (#29260) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Codex/Usage window: label weekly usage window as `Week` instead of `Day`. (#26267) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
 - Signal/Sync message null-handling: treat `syncMessage` presence (including `null`) as sync envelope traffic so replayed sentTranscript payloads cannot bypass loop guards after daemon restart. Landed from contributor PR #31138 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
-- Inbound metadata/Multi-account routing: include `account_id` in trusted inbound metadata so multi-account channel sessions can reliably disambiguate the receiving account in prompt context. Landed from contributor PR #30984 by @Stxle2. Thanks @Stxle2.
+- Infra/fs-safe: sanitize directory-read failures so raw `EISDIR` text never leaks to messaging surfaces, with regression tests for both root-scoped and direct safe reads. Landed from contributor PR #31205 by @polooooo. Thanks @polooooo.
+- Sandbox/mkdirp boundary checks: allow directory-safe boundary validation for existing in-boundary subdirectories, preventing false `cannot create directories` failures in sandbox write mode. (#30610) Thanks @glitch418x.
+- Security/Compaction audit: remove the post-compaction audit injection message. (#28507) Thanks @fuller-stack-dev and @vincentkoc.
 - Web tools/RFC2544 fake-IP compatibility: allow RFC2544 benchmark range (`198.18.0.0/15`) for trusted web-tool fetch endpoints so proxy fake-IP networking modes do not trigger false SSRF blocks. Landed from contributor PR #31176 by @sunkinux. Thanks @sunkinux.
-- Telegram/Voice fallback reply chunking: apply reply reference, quote text, and inline buttons only to the first fallback text chunk when voice delivery is blocked, preventing over-quoted multi-chunk replies. Landed from contributor PR #31067 by @xdanger. Thanks @xdanger.
-- Feishu/System preview prompt leakage: stop enqueuing inbound Feishu message previews as system events so user preview text is not injected into later turns as trusted `System:` context. Landed from contributor PR #31209 by @stakeswky. Thanks @stakeswky.
-- Feishu/Multi-account + reply reliability: add `channels.feishu.defaultAccount` outbound routing support with schema validation, keep quoted-message extraction text-first (post/interactive/file placeholders instead of raw JSON), route Feishu video sends as `msg_type: "file"`, and avoid websocket event blocking by using non-blocking event handling in monitor dispatch. Landed from contributor PRs #29610, #30432, #30331, and #29501. Thanks @hclsys, @bmendonca3, @patrick-yingxi-pan, and @zwffff.
 
 ## Unreleased
 
@@ -137,6 +226,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 
 - Feishu/Multi-account + reply reliability: add `channels.feishu.defaultAccount` outbound routing support with schema validation, prevent inbound preview text from leaking into prompt system events, keep quoted-message extraction text-first (post/interactive/file placeholders instead of raw JSON), route Feishu video sends as `msg_type: "file"`, and avoid websocket event blocking by using non-blocking event handling in monitor dispatch. Landed from contributor PRs #31209, #29610, #30432, #30331, and #29501. Thanks @stakeswky, @hclsys, @bmendonca3, @patrick-yingxi-pan, and @zwffff.
 - Feishu/Target routing + replies + dedupe: normalize provider-prefixed targets (`feishu:`/`lark:`), prefer configured `channels.feishu.defaultAccount` for tool execution, honor Feishu outbound `renderMode` in adapter text/caption sends, fall back to normal send when reply targets are withdrawn/deleted, and add synchronous in-memory dedupe guard for concurrent duplicate inbound events. Landed from contributor PRs #30428, #30438, #29958, #30444, and #29463. Thanks @bmendonca3 and @Yaxuan42.
+- Channels/Multi-account default routing: add optional `channels.<channel>.defaultAccount` default-selection support across message channels so omitted `accountId` routes to an explicit configured account instead of relying on implicit first-entry ordering (fallback behavior unchanged when unset).
 - Google Chat/Thread replies: set `messageReplyOption=REPLY_MESSAGE_FALLBACK_TO_NEW_THREAD` on threaded sends so replies attach to existing threads instead of silently failing thread placement. Landed from contributor PR #30965 by @novan. Thanks @novan.
 - Mattermost/Private channel policy routing: map Mattermost private channel type `P` to group chat type so `groupPolicy`/`groupAllowFrom` gates apply correctly instead of being treated as open public channels. Landed from contributor PR #30891 by @BlueBirdBack. Thanks @BlueBirdBack.
 - Models/Custom provider keys: trim custom provider map keys during normalization so image-capable models remain discoverable when provider keys are configured with leading/trailing whitespace. Landed from contributor PR #31202 by @stakeswky. Thanks @stakeswky.
@@ -158,6 +248,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Discord/Application ID fallback: parse bot application IDs from token prefixes without numeric precision loss and use token fallback only on transport/timeout failures when probing `/oauth2/applications/@me`. Landed from contributor PR #29695 by @dhananjai1729. Thanks @dhananjai1729.
 - Discord/EventQueue timeout config: expose per-account `channels.discord.accounts.<id>.eventQueue.listenerTimeout` (and related queue options) so long-running handlers can avoid Carbon listener timeout drops. Landed from contributor PR #28945 by @Glucksberg. Thanks @Glucksberg.
 - CLI/Cron run exit code: return exit code `0` only when `cron run` reports `{ ok: true, ran: true }`, and `1` for non-run/error outcomes so scripting/debugging reflects actual execution status. Landed from contributor PR #31121 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Cron/Failure delivery routing: add `failureAlert.mode` (`announce|webhook`) and `failureAlert.accountId` support, plus `cron.failureDestination` and per-job `delivery.failureDestination` routing with duplicate-target suppression, best-effort skip behavior, and global+job merge semantics. Landed from contributor PR #31059 by @kesor. Thanks @kesor.
 - CLI/JSON preflight output: keep `--json` command stdout machine-readable by suppressing doctor preflight note output while still running legacy migration/config doctor flow. (#24368) Thanks @altaywtf.
 - Nodes/Screen recording guardrails: cap `nodes` tool `screen_record` `durationMs` to 5 minutes at both schema-validation and runtime invocation layers to prevent long-running blocking captures from unbounded durations. Landed from contributor PR #31106 by @BlueBirdBack. Thanks @BlueBirdBack.
 - Telegram/Empty final replies: skip outbound send for null/undefined final text payloads without media so Telegram typing indicators do not linger on `text must be non-empty` errors, with added regression coverage for undefined final payload dispatch. Landed from contributor PRs #30969 by @haosenwang1018 and #30746 by @rylena. Thanks @haosenwang1018 and @rylena.
@@ -171,6 +262,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Feishu/Doc create permissions: remove caller-controlled owner fields from `feishu_doc` create and bind optional grant behavior to trusted Feishu requester context (`grant_to_requester`), preventing principal selection via tool arguments. (#31184) Thanks @Takhoffman.
 - Routing/Binding peer-kind parity: treat `peer.kind` `group` and `channel` as equivalent for binding scope matching (while keeping `direct` separate) so Slack/public channel bindings do not silently fall through. Landed from contributor PR #31135 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
 - Cron/Store EBUSY fallback: retry `rename` on `EBUSY` and use `copyFile` fallback on Windows when replacing cron store files so busy-file contention no longer causes false write failures. (#16932) Thanks @sudhanva-chakra.
+- Cron/Isolated payload selection: ignore `isError` payloads when deriving summary/output/delivery payload fallbacks, while preserving error-only fallback behavior when no non-error payload exists. (#21454) Thanks @Diaspar4u.
 - Agents/FS workspace default: honor documented host file-tool default `tools.fs.workspaceOnly=false` when unset so host `write`/`edit` calls are not incorrectly workspace-restricted unless explicitly enabled. Landed from contributor PR #31128 by @SaucePackets. Thanks @SaucePackets.
 - Cron/Timer hot-loop guard: enforce a minimum timer re-arm delay when stale past-due jobs would otherwise trigger repeated `setTimeout(0)` loops, preventing event-loop saturation and log-flood behavior. (#29853) Thanks @FlamesCN.
 - Gateway/CLI session recovery: handle expired CLI session IDs gracefully by clearing stale session state and retrying without crashing gateway runs. Landed from contributor PR #31090 by @frankekn. Thanks @frankekn.
@@ -183,9 +275,10 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Security/Audit: flag `gateway.controlUi.allowedOrigins=["*"]` as a high-risk configuration (severity based on bind exposure), and add a Feishu doc-tool warning that `owner_open_id` on `feishu_doc` create can grant document permissions.
 - Slack/download-file scoping: thread/channel-aware `download-file` actions now propagate optional scope context and reject downloads when Slack metadata definitively shows the file is outside the requested channel/thread, while preserving legacy behavior when share metadata is unavailable.
 - Security/Sandbox media reads: eliminate sandbox media TOCTOU symlink-retarget escapes by enforcing root-scoped boundary-safe reads at attachment/image load time and consolidating shared safe-read helpers across sandbox media callsites. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Sandbox media staging: block destination symlink escapes in `stageSandboxMedia` by replacing direct destination copies with root-scoped safe writes for both local and SCP-staged attachments, preventing out-of-workspace file overwrite through `media/inbound` alias traversal. This ships in the next npm release (`2026.3.2`). Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
 - Node host/service auth env: include `OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_TOKEN` in `openclaw node install` service environments (with `CLAWDBOT_GATEWAY_TOKEN` compatibility fallback) so installed node services keep remote gateway token auth across restart/reboot. Fixes #31041. Thanks @OneStepAt4time for reporting, @byungsker, @liuxiaopai-ai, and @vincentkoc.
 - Security/Subagents sandbox inheritance: block sandboxed sessions from spawning cross-agent subagents that would run unsandboxed, preventing runtime sandbox downgrade via `sessions_spawn agentId`. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
-- Security/Workspace safe writes: harden `writeFileWithinRoot` against symlink-retarget TOCTOU races by opening existing files without truncation, creating missing files with exclusive create, deferring truncation until post-open identity+boundary validation, and removing out-of-root create artifacts on blocked races; added regression tests for truncate/create race paths. This ships in the next npm release (`2026.3.1`). Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Workspace safe writes: harden `writeFileWithinRoot` against symlink-retarget TOCTOU races by opening existing files without truncation, creating missing files with exclusive create, deferring truncation until post-open identity+boundary validation, and removing out-of-root create artifacts on blocked races; added regression tests for truncate/create race paths. This ships in the next npm release (`2026.3.2`). Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
 - Control UI/Cron editor: include `{ mode: "none" }` in `cron.update` patches when editing an existing job and selecting “Result delivery = None (internal)”, so saved jobs no longer keep stale announce delivery mode. Fixes #31075.
 - Telegram/Restart polling teardown: stop the Telegram bot instance when a polling cycle exits so in-process SIGUSR1 restarts fully tear down old long-poll loops before restart, reducing post-restart `getUpdates` 409 conflict storms. Fixes #31107. Landed from contributor PR #31141 by @liuxiaopai-ai. Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
 - Security/Node metadata policy: harden node platform classification against Unicode confusables and switch unknown platform defaults to a conservative allowlist that excludes `system.run`/`system.which` unless explicitly allowlisted, preventing metadata canonicalization drift from broadening node command permissions. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
@@ -227,6 +320,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Cron/Isolated model defaults: resolve isolated cron `subagents.model` (including object-form `primary`) through allowlist-aware model selection so isolated cron runs honor subagent model defaults unless explicitly overridden by job payload model. (#11474) Thanks @AnonO6.
 - Cron/Isolated sessions list: persist the intended pre-run model/provider on isolated cron session entries so `sessions_list` reflects payload/session model overrides even when runs fail before post-run telemetry persistence. (#21279) Thanks @altaywtf.
 - Cron tool/update flat params: recover top-level update patch fields when models omit the `patch` wrapper, and allow flattened update keys through tool input schema validation so `cron.update` no longer fails with `patch required` for valid flat payloads. (#23221)
+- Cron/Announce delivery status: keep isolated cron runs in `ok` state when execution succeeds but announce delivery fails (for example transient `pairing required`), while preserving `delivered=false` and delivery error context for visibility. (#31082) Thanks @YuzuruS.
 - Agents/Message tool scoping: include other configured channels in scoped `message` tool action enum + description so isolated/cron runs can discover and invoke cross-channel actions without schema validation failures. Landed from contributor PR #20840 by @altaywtf. Thanks @altaywtf.
 - Web UI/Chat sessions: add a cron-session visibility toggle in the session selector, fix cron-key detection across `cron:*` and `agent:*:cron:*` formats, and localize the new control labels/tooltips. (#26976) Thanks @ianderrington.
 - Web UI/Cron jobs: add schedule-kind and last-run-status filters to the Jobs list, with reset control and client-side filtering over loaded results. (#9510) Thanks @guxu11.
@@ -239,6 +333,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Gateway/Plugin HTTP auth hardening: require gateway auth for protected plugin paths and explicit `registerHttpRoute` paths (while preserving wildcard-handler behavior for signature-auth webhooks), and run plugin handlers after built-in handlers for deterministic route precedence. Landed from contributor PR #29198 by @Mariana-Codebase. Thanks @Mariana-Codebase.
 - Gateway/Config patch guard: reject `config.patch` updates that set non-loopback `gateway.bind` while `gateway.tailscale.mode` is `serve`/`funnel`, preventing restart crash loops from invalid bind/tailscale combinations. Landed from contributor PR #30910 by @liuxiaopai-ai. Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
 - Cron/Schedule errors: notify users when a job is auto-disabled after repeated schedule computation failures. (#29098) Thanks @ningding97.
+- Config/Legacy gateway bind aliases: normalize host-style `gateway.bind` values (`0.0.0.0`/`::`/`127.0.0.1`/`localhost`) to supported bind modes (`lan`/`loopback`) during legacy migration so older configs recover without manual edits. (#30080) Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai and @vincentkoc.
 - File tools/tilde paths: expand `~/...` against the user home directory before workspace-root checks in host file read/write/edit paths, while preserving root-boundary enforcement so outside-root targets remain blocked. (#29779) Thanks @Glucksberg.
 - Slack/HTTP mode startup: treat Slack HTTP accounts as configured when `botToken` + `signingSecret` are present (without requiring `appToken`) in channel config/runtime status so webhook mode is not silently skipped. (#30567) Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
 - Slack/Transient request errors: classify Slack request-error messages like `Client network socket disconnected before secure TLS connection was established` as transient in unhandled-rejection fatal detection, preventing temporary network drops from crash-looping the gateway. (#23169) Thanks @graysurf.
@@ -265,6 +360,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Agents/Ollama discovery: skip Ollama discovery when explicit models are configured. (#28827) Thanks @Kansodata and @vincentkoc.
 - Issues/triage labeling: consolidate bug intake to a single bug issue form with required bug-type classification (regression/crash/behavior), auto-apply matching subtype labels from issue form content, and retire the separate regression template to reduce misfiled issue types and improve queue filtering. Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - Android/Onboarding + voice reliability: request per-toggle onboarding permissions, update pairing guidance to `openclaw devices list/approve`, restore assistant speech playback in mic capture flow, cancel superseded in-flight speech (mute + per-reply token rotation), and keep `talk.config` loads retryable after transient failures. (#29796) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Feishu/Startup probes: serialize multi-account bot-info probes during monitor startup so large Feishu account sets do not burst `/open-apis/bot/v3/info`, bound startup probe latency/abort handling to avoid head-of-line stalls, and avoid triggering rate limits. (#26685, #29941) Thanks @bmendonca3.
 - FS/Sandbox workspace boundaries: add a dedicated `outside-workspace` safe-open error code for root-escape checks, and propagate specific outside-workspace messages across edit/browser/media consumers instead of generic not-found/invalid-path fallbacks. (#29715) Thanks @YuzuruS.
 - Config/Doctor group allowlist diagnostics: align `groupPolicy: "allowlist"` warnings with per-channel runtime semantics by excluding Google Chat sender-list checks and by warning when no-fallback channels (for example iMessage) omit `groupAllowFrom`, with regression coverage. (#28477) Thanks @tonydehnke.
 - Slack/Disabled channel startup: skip Slack monitor socket startup entirely when `channels.slack.enabled=false` (including configs that still contain valid tokens), preventing disabled accounts from opening websocket connections. (#30586) Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.

Dockerfile

@@ -57,6 +57,38 @@ RUN if [ -n "$OPENCLAW_INSTALL_BROWSER" ]; then \
       rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /var/cache/apt/archives/*; \
     fi
 
+# Optionally install Docker CLI for sandbox container management.
+# Build with: docker build --build-arg OPENCLAW_INSTALL_DOCKER_CLI=1 ...
+# Adds ~50MB. Only the CLI is installed — no Docker daemon.
+# Required for agents.defaults.sandbox to function in Docker deployments.
+ARG OPENCLAW_INSTALL_DOCKER_CLI=""
+ARG OPENCLAW_DOCKER_GPG_FINGERPRINT="9DC858229FC7DD38854AE2D88D81803C0EBFCD88"
+RUN if [ -n "$OPENCLAW_INSTALL_DOCKER_CLI" ]; then \
+      apt-get update && \
+      DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+        ca-certificates curl gnupg && \
+      install -m 0755 -d /etc/apt/keyrings && \
+      # Verify Docker apt signing key fingerprint before trusting it as a root key.
+      # Update OPENCLAW_DOCKER_GPG_FINGERPRINT when Docker rotates release keys.
+      curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/gpg -o /tmp/docker.gpg.asc && \
+      expected_fingerprint="$(printf '%s' "$OPENCLAW_DOCKER_GPG_FINGERPRINT" | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' | tr -d '[:space:]')" && \
+      actual_fingerprint="$(gpg --batch --show-keys --with-colons /tmp/docker.gpg.asc | awk -F: '$1 == \"fpr\" { print toupper($10); exit }')" && \
+      if [ -z "$actual_fingerprint" ] || [ "$actual_fingerprint" != "$expected_fingerprint" ]; then \
+        echo "ERROR: Docker apt key fingerprint mismatch (expected $expected_fingerprint, got ${actual_fingerprint:-<empty>})" >&2; \
+        exit 1; \
+      fi && \
+      gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg /tmp/docker.gpg.asc && \
+      rm -f /tmp/docker.gpg.asc && \
+      chmod a+r /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg && \
+      printf 'deb [arch=%s signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/debian bookworm stable\n' \
+        "$(dpkg --print-architecture)" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list && \
+      apt-get update && \
+      DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+        docker-ce-cli docker-compose-plugin && \
+      apt-get clean && \
+      rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /var/cache/apt/archives/*; \
+    fi
+
 USER node
 COPY --chown=node:node . .
 # Normalize copied plugin/agent paths so plugin safety checks do not reject
@@ -92,7 +124,10 @@ USER node
 #   - Use --network host, OR
 #   - Override --bind to "lan" (0.0.0.0) and set auth credentials
 #
-# For container platforms requiring external health checks:
-#   1. Set OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_TOKEN or OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_PASSWORD env var
-#   2. Override CMD: ["node","openclaw.mjs","gateway","--allow-unconfigured","--bind","lan"]
+# Built-in probe endpoints for container health checks:
+#   - GET /healthz (liveness) and GET /readyz (readiness)
+#   - aliases: /health and /ready
+# For external access from host/ingress, override bind to "lan" and set auth.
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=3m --timeout=10s --start-period=15s --retries=3 \
+  CMD node -e "fetch('http://127.0.0.1:18789/healthz').then((r)=>process.exit(r.ok?0:1)).catch(()=>process.exit(1))"
 CMD ["node", "openclaw.mjs", "gateway", "--allow-unconfigured"]

README.md

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 </p>
 
 **OpenClaw** is a _personal AI assistant_ you run on your own devices.
-It answers you on the channels you already use (WhatsApp, Telegram, Slack, Discord, Google Chat, Signal, iMessage, Microsoft Teams, WebChat), plus extension channels like BlueBubbles, Matrix, Zalo, and Zalo Personal. It can speak and listen on macOS/iOS/Android, and can render a live Canvas you control. The Gateway is just the control plane — the product is the assistant.
+It answers you on the channels you already use (WhatsApp, Telegram, Slack, Discord, Google Chat, Signal, iMessage, BlueBubbles, IRC, Microsoft Teams, Matrix, Feishu, LINE, Mattermost, Nextcloud Talk, Nostr, Synology Chat, Tlon, Twitch, Zalo, Zalo Personal, WebChat). It can speak and listen on macOS/iOS/Android, and can render a live Canvas you control. The Gateway is just the control plane — the product is the assistant.
 
 If you want a personal, single-user assistant that feels local, fast, and always-on, this is it.
 
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ New install? Start here: [Getting started](https://docs.openclaw.ai/start/gettin
 
 ## Sponsors
 
-| OpenAI                                                            | Blacksmith                                                                   | Convex                                                                |
-| ----------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| [![OpenAI](docs/assets/sponsors/openai.svg)](https://openai.com/) | [![Blacksmith](docs/assets/sponsors/blacksmith.svg)](https://blacksmith.sh/) | [![Convex](docs/assets/sponsors/convex.svg)](https://www.convex.dev/) |
+| OpenAI                                                            | Vercel                                                            | Blacksmith                                                                   | Convex                                                                |
+| ----------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [![OpenAI](docs/assets/sponsors/openai.svg)](https://openai.com/) | [![Vercel](docs/assets/sponsors/vercel.svg)](https://vercel.com/) | [![Blacksmith](docs/assets/sponsors/blacksmith.svg)](https://blacksmith.sh/) | [![Convex](docs/assets/sponsors/convex.svg)](https://www.convex.dev/) |
 
 **Subscriptions (OAuth):**
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ openclaw gateway --port 18789 --verbose
 # Send a message
 openclaw message send --to +1234567890 --message "Hello from OpenClaw"
 
-# Talk to the assistant (optionally deliver back to any connected channel: WhatsApp/Telegram/Slack/Discord/Google Chat/Signal/iMessage/BlueBubbles/Microsoft Teams/Matrix/Zalo/Zalo Personal/WebChat)
+# Talk to the assistant (optionally deliver back to any connected channel: WhatsApp/Telegram/Slack/Discord/Google Chat/Signal/iMessage/BlueBubbles/IRC/Microsoft Teams/Matrix/Feishu/LINE/Mattermost/Nextcloud Talk/Nostr/Synology Chat/Tlon/Twitch/Zalo/Zalo Personal/WebChat)
 openclaw agent --message "Ship checklist" --thinking high
 ```
 
@@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ Run `openclaw doctor` to surface risky/misconfigured DM policies.
 ## Highlights
 
 - **[Local-first Gateway](https://docs.openclaw.ai/gateway)** — single control plane for sessions, channels, tools, and events.
-- **[Multi-channel inbox](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels)** — WhatsApp, Telegram, Slack, Discord, Google Chat, Signal, BlueBubbles (iMessage), iMessage (legacy), Microsoft Teams, Matrix, Zalo, Zalo Personal, WebChat, macOS, iOS/Android.
+- **[Multi-channel inbox](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels)** — WhatsApp, Telegram, Slack, Discord, Google Chat, Signal, BlueBubbles (iMessage), iMessage (legacy), IRC, Microsoft Teams, Matrix, Feishu, LINE, Mattermost, Nextcloud Talk, Nostr, Synology Chat, Tlon, Twitch, Zalo, Zalo Personal, WebChat, macOS, iOS/Android.
 - **[Multi-agent routing](https://docs.openclaw.ai/gateway/configuration)** — route inbound channels/accounts/peers to isolated agents (workspaces + per-agent sessions).
-- **[Voice Wake](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/voicewake) + [Talk Mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/talk)** — always-on speech for macOS/iOS/Android with ElevenLabs.
+- **[Voice Wake](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/voicewake) + [Talk Mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/talk)** — wake words on macOS/iOS and continuous voice on Android (ElevenLabs + system TTS fallback).
 - **[Live Canvas](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/mac/canvas)** — agent-driven visual workspace with [A2UI](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/mac/canvas#canvas-a2ui).
 - **[First-class tools](https://docs.openclaw.ai/tools)** — browser, canvas, nodes, cron, sessions, and Discord/Slack actions.
 - **[Companion apps](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/macos)** — macOS menu bar app + iOS/Android [nodes](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes).
@@ -150,14 +150,14 @@ Run `openclaw doctor` to surface risky/misconfigured DM policies.
 
 ### Channels
 
-- [Channels](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels): [WhatsApp](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/whatsapp) (Baileys), [Telegram](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/telegram) (grammY), [Slack](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/slack) (Bolt), [Discord](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/discord) (discord.js), [Google Chat](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/googlechat) (Chat API), [Signal](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/signal) (signal-cli), [BlueBubbles](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/bluebubbles) (iMessage, recommended), [iMessage](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/imessage) (legacy imsg), [Microsoft Teams](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/msteams) (extension), [Matrix](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/matrix) (extension), [Zalo](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/zalo) (extension), [Zalo Personal](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/zalouser) (extension), [WebChat](https://docs.openclaw.ai/web/webchat).
+- [Channels](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels): [WhatsApp](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/whatsapp) (Baileys), [Telegram](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/telegram) (grammY), [Slack](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/slack) (Bolt), [Discord](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/discord) (discord.js), [Google Chat](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/googlechat) (Chat API), [Signal](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/signal) (signal-cli), [BlueBubbles](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/bluebubbles) (iMessage, recommended), [iMessage](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/imessage) (legacy imsg), [IRC](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/irc), [Microsoft Teams](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/msteams), [Matrix](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/matrix), [Feishu](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/feishu), [LINE](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/line), [Mattermost](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/mattermost), [Nextcloud Talk](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/nextcloud-talk), [Nostr](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/nostr), [Synology Chat](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/synology-chat), [Tlon](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/tlon), [Twitch](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/twitch), [Zalo](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/zalo), [Zalo Personal](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/zalouser), [WebChat](https://docs.openclaw.ai/web/webchat).
 - [Group routing](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/group-messages): mention gating, reply tags, per-channel chunking and routing. Channel rules: [Channels](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels).
 
 ### Apps + nodes
 
 - [macOS app](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/macos): menu bar control plane, [Voice Wake](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/voicewake)/PTT, [Talk Mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/talk) overlay, [WebChat](https://docs.openclaw.ai/web/webchat), debug tools, [remote gateway](https://docs.openclaw.ai/gateway/remote) control.
-- [iOS node](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/ios): [Canvas](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/mac/canvas), [Voice Wake](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/voicewake), [Talk Mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/talk), camera, screen recording, Bonjour pairing.
-- [Android node](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/android): [Canvas](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/mac/canvas), [Talk Mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/talk), camera, screen recording, optional SMS.
+- [iOS node](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/ios): [Canvas](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/mac/canvas), [Voice Wake](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/voicewake), [Talk Mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/talk), camera, screen recording, Bonjour + device pairing.
+- [Android node](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/android): Connect tab (setup code/manual), chat sessions, voice tab, [Canvas](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/mac/canvas), camera/screen recording, and Android device commands (notifications/location/SMS/photos/contacts/calendar/motion/app update).
 - [macOS node mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes): system.run/notify + canvas/camera exposure.
 
 ### Tools + automation
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ Run `openclaw doctor` to surface risky/misconfigured DM policies.
 ## How it works (short)
 
 ```
-WhatsApp / Telegram / Slack / Discord / Google Chat / Signal / iMessage / BlueBubbles / Microsoft Teams / Matrix / Zalo / Zalo Personal / WebChat
+WhatsApp / Telegram / Slack / Discord / Google Chat / Signal / iMessage / BlueBubbles / IRC / Microsoft Teams / Matrix / Feishu / LINE / Mattermost / Nextcloud Talk / Nostr / Synology Chat / Tlon / Twitch / Zalo / Zalo Personal / WebChat
                │
                ▼
 ┌───────────────────────────────┐
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ WhatsApp / Telegram / Slack / Discord / Google Chat / Signal / iMessage / BlueBu
 - **[Tailscale exposure](https://docs.openclaw.ai/gateway/tailscale)** — Serve/Funnel for the Gateway dashboard + WS (remote access: [Remote](https://docs.openclaw.ai/gateway/remote)).
 - **[Browser control](https://docs.openclaw.ai/tools/browser)** — openclaw‑managed Chrome/Chromium with CDP control.
 - **[Canvas + A2UI](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/mac/canvas)** — agent‑driven visual workspace (A2UI host: [Canvas/A2UI](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/mac/canvas#canvas-a2ui)).
-- **[Voice Wake](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/voicewake) + [Talk Mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/talk)** — always‑on speech and continuous conversation.
+- **[Voice Wake](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/voicewake) + [Talk Mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/talk)** — wake words on macOS/iOS plus continuous voice on Android.
 - **[Nodes](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes)** — Canvas, camera snap/clip, screen record, `location.get`, notifications, plus macOS‑only `system.run`/`system.notify`.
 
 ## Tailscale access (Gateway dashboard)
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ Note: signed builds required for macOS permissions to stick across rebuilds (see
 
 ### iOS node (optional)
 
-- Pairs as a node via the Bridge.
+- Pairs as a node over the Gateway WebSocket (device pairing).
 - Voice trigger forwarding + Canvas surface.
 - Controlled via `openclaw nodes …`.
 
@@ -305,8 +305,8 @@ Runbook: [iOS connect](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/ios).
 
 ### Android node (optional)
 
-- Pairs via the same Bridge + pairing flow as iOS.
-- Exposes Canvas, Camera, and Screen capture commands.
+- Pairs as a WS node via device pairing (`openclaw devices ...`).
+- Exposes Connect/Chat/Voice tabs plus Canvas, Camera, Screen capture, and Android device command families.
 - Runbook: [Android connect](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/android).
 
 ## Agent workspace + skills
@@ -502,54 +502,58 @@ Special thanks to Adam Doppelt for lobster.bot.
 Thanks to all clawtributors:
 
 <p align="left">
-  <a href="https://github.com/steipete"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/58493?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="steipete" title="steipete"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/sktbrd"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/116202536?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="sktbrd" title="sktbrd"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/cpojer"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/13352?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="cpojer" title="cpojer"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/joshp123"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1497361?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="joshp123" title="joshp123"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/mbelinky"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/132747814?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Mariano Belinky" title="Mariano Belinky"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Takhoffman"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/781889?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Takhoffman" title="Takhoffman"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/sebslight"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/19554889?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="sebslight" title="sebslight"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/tyler6204"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/64381258?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="tyler6204" title="tyler6204"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/quotentiroler"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/40643627?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="quotentiroler" title="quotentiroler"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/VeriteIgiraneza"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/69280208?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Verite Igiraneza" title="Verite Igiraneza"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/gumadeiras"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/5599352?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="gumadeiras" title="gumadeiras"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/bohdanpodvirnyi"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/31819391?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="bohdanpodvirnyi" title="bohdanpodvirnyi"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/vincentkoc"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/25068?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="vincentkoc" title="vincentkoc"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/iHildy"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/25069719?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="iHildy" title="iHildy"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/jaydenfyi"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/213395523?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="jaydenfyi" title="jaydenfyi"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Glucksberg"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/80581902?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Glucksberg" title="Glucksberg"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/joaohlisboa"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8200873?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="joaohlisboa" title="joaohlisboa"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/rodrigouroz"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/384037?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="rodrigouroz" title="rodrigouroz"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/mneves75"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2423436?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="mneves75" title="mneves75"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/BunsDev"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/68980965?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="BunsDev" title="BunsDev"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/MatthieuBizien"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/173090?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="MatthieuBizien" title="MatthieuBizien"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/MaudeBot"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/255777700?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="MaudeBot" title="MaudeBot"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/vignesh07"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1436853?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="vignesh07" title="vignesh07"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/smartprogrammer93"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/33181301?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="smartprogrammer93" title="smartprogrammer93"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/advaitpaliwal"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/66044327?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="advaitpaliwal" title="advaitpaliwal"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/HenryLoenwind"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1485873?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="HenryLoenwind" title="HenryLoenwind"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/rahthakor"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8470553?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="rahthakor" title="rahthakor"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/vrknetha"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/20596261?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="vrknetha" title="vrknetha"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/abdelsfane"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/32418586?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="abdelsfane" title="abdelsfane"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/radek-paclt"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/50451445?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="radek-paclt" title="radek-paclt"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/joshavant"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/830519?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="joshavant" title="joshavant"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/christianklotz"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/69443?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="christianklotz" title="christianklotz"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/mudrii"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/220262?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="mudrii" title="mudrii"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/zerone0x"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/39543393?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="zerone0x" title="zerone0x"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ranausmanai"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/257128159?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ranausmanai" title="ranausmanai"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/tobiasbischoff"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/711564?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Tobias Bischoff" title="Tobias Bischoff"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/heyhudson"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/258693705?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="heyhudson" title="heyhudson"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/czekaj"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1464539?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="czekaj" title="czekaj"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ethanpalm"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/56270045?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ethanpalm" title="ethanpalm"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/yinghaosang"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/261132136?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="yinghaosang" title="yinghaosang"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/nabbilkhan"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/203121263?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="nabbilkhan" title="nabbilkhan"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/mukhtharcm"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/56378562?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="mukhtharcm" title="mukhtharcm"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/aether-ai-agent"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/261339948?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="aether-ai-agent" title="aether-ai-agent"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/coygeek"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/65363919?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="coygeek" title="coygeek"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Mrseenz"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/101962919?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Mrseenz" title="Mrseenz"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/maxsumrall"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/628843?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="maxsumrall" title="maxsumrall"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/xadenryan"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/165437834?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="xadenryan" title="xadenryan"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/VACInc"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3279061?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="VACInc" title="VACInc"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/juanpablodlc"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/92012363?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="juanpablodlc" title="juanpablodlc"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/conroywhitney"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/249891?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="conroywhitney" title="conroywhitney"/></a>
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-  <a href="https://github.com/travisp"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/165698?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="travisp" title="travisp"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/yudshj"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/16971372?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="yudshj" title="yudshj"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/zknicker"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1164085?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="zknicker" title="zknicker"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/0oAstro"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/79555780?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="0oAstro" title="0oAstro"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/8BlT"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/162764392?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="8BlT" title="8BlT"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Abdul535"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/54276938?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Abdul535" title="Abdul535"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/abhaymundhara"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/62872231?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="abhaymundhara" title="abhaymundhara"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/aduk059"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/257603478?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="aduk059" title="aduk059"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/afurm"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/6375192?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="afurm" title="afurm"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/aisling404"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/211950534?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="aisling404" title="aisling404"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/akari-musubi"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/259925157?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="akari-musubi" title="akari-musubi"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Alex-Alaniz"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/88956822?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Alex-Alaniz" title="Alex-Alaniz"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/alexanderatallah"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1011391?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="alexanderatallah" title="alexanderatallah"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/alexstyl"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1665273?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="alexstyl" title="alexstyl"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/andrewting19"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/10536704?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="andrewting19" title="andrewting19"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/araa47"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/22760261?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="araa47" title="araa47"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Asleep123"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/122379135?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Asleep123" title="Asleep123"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Ayush10"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7945279?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Ayush10" title="Ayush10"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/bennewton999"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/458991?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="bennewton999" title="bennewton999"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/bguidolim"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/987360?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="bguidolim" title="bguidolim"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/caelum0x"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/130079063?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="caelum0x" title="caelum0x"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/championswimmer"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1327050?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="championswimmer" title="championswimmer"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Chloe-VP"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/257371598?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Chloe-VP" title="Chloe-VP"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/dario-github"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/40749119?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="dario-github" title="dario-github"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/DarwinsBuddy"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/490836?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="DarwinsBuddy" title="DarwinsBuddy"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/David-Marsh-Photo"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/228404527?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="David-Marsh-Photo" title="David-Marsh-Photo"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/dcantu96"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/32658690?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="dcantu96" title="dcantu96"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/dndodson"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/5123985?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="dndodson" title="dndodson"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/dvrshil"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/81693876?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="dvrshil" title="dvrshil"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/dxd5001"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1886046?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="dxd5001" title="dxd5001"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/dylanneve1"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/31746704?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="dylanneve1" title="dylanneve1"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/EmberCF"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/258471336?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="EmberCF" title="EmberCF"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ephraimm"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2803669?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ephraimm" title="ephraimm"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ereid7"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/27597719?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ereid7" title="ereid7"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/eternauta1337"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/550409?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="eternauta1337" title="eternauta1337"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/foeken"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/13864?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="foeken" title="foeken"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/gtsifrikas"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8904378?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="gtsifrikas" title="gtsifrikas"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/HazAT"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/363802?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="HazAT" title="HazAT"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/iamEvanYT"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/47493765?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="iamEvanYT" title="iamEvanYT"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ikari-pl"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/811702?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ikari-pl" title="ikari-pl"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/kesor"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7056?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="kesor" title="kesor"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/knocte"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/331303?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="knocte" title="knocte"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/MackDing"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/19878893?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="MackDing" title="MackDing"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/nobrainer-tech"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/445466?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="nobrainer-tech" title="nobrainer-tech"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Noctivoro"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/183974570?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Noctivoro" title="Noctivoro"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Olshansk"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1892194?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Olshansk" title="Olshansk"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/prathamdby"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/134331217?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Pratham Dubey" title="Pratham Dubey"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Raikan10"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/20675476?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Raikan10" title="Raikan10"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/SecondThread"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/18317476?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="SecondThread" title="SecondThread"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Swader"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1430603?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Swader" title="Swader"/></a>
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-  <a href="https://github.com/ronak-guliani"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/23518228?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ronak-guliani" title="ronak-guliani"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/snopoke"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/249606?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="snopoke" title="snopoke"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/thesash"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1166151?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="thesash" title="thesash"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/timkrase"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/38947626?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="timkrase" title="timkrase"/></a>
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+  <a href="https://github.com/afurm"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/6375192?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="afurm" title="afurm"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/aisling404"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/211950534?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="aisling404" title="aisling404"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/akari-musubi"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/259925157?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="akari-musubi" title="akari-musubi"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/albertlieyingadrian"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/12984659?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="albertlieyingadrian" title="albertlieyingadrian"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Alex-Alaniz"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/88956822?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Alex-Alaniz" title="Alex-Alaniz"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ali-aljufairi"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/85583841?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ali-aljufairi" title="ali-aljufairi"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/altaywtf"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/9790196?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="altaywtf" title="altaywtf"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/araa47"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/22760261?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="araa47" title="araa47"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Asleep123"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/122379135?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Asleep123" title="Asleep123"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/avacadobanana352"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/263496834?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="avacadobanana352" title="avacadobanana352"/></a>
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+  <a href="https://github.com/HeimdallStrategy"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/223014405?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="HeimdallStrategy" title="HeimdallStrategy"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/junsuwhy"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/4645498?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="junsuwhy" title="junsuwhy"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/knocte"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/331303?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="knocte" title="knocte"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/MackDing"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/19878893?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="MackDing" title="MackDing"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/nobrainer-tech"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/445466?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="nobrainer-tech" title="nobrainer-tech"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Noctivoro"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/183974570?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Noctivoro" title="Noctivoro"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Raikan10"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/20675476?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Raikan10" title="Raikan10"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Swader"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1430603?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Swader" title="Swader"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/alexstyl"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1665273?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="alexstyl" title="alexstyl"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ethanpalm"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/56270045?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Ethan Palm" title="Ethan Palm"/></a>
+  <a href="https://github.com/yingchunbai"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/33477283?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="yingchunbai" title="yingchunbai"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/joshrad-dev"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/62785552?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="joshrad-dev" title="joshrad-dev"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/danballance"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/13839912?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Dan Ballance" title="Dan Ballance"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/GHesericsu"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/60202455?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Eric Su" title="Eric Su"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/kimitaka"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/167225?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Kimitaka Watanabe" title="Kimitaka Watanabe"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/itsjling"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2521993?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Justin Ling" title="Justin Ling"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/lutr0"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/76906369?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="lutr0" title="lutr0"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/RayBB"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/921217?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Raymond Berger" title="Raymond Berger"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/atalovesyou"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3534502?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="atalovesyou" title="atalovesyou"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/jayhickey"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1676460?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="jayhickey" title="jayhickey"/></a>
+  <a href="https://github.com/jonasjancarik"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2459191?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="jonasjancarik" title="jonasjancarik"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/latitudeki5223"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/119656367?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="latitudeki5223" title="latitudeki5223"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/minghinmatthewlam"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/14224566?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="minghinmatthewlam" title="minghinmatthewlam"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/rafaelreis-r"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/57492577?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="rafaelreis-r" title="rafaelreis-r"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ratulsarna"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/105903728?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ratulsarna" title="ratulsarna"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/timkrase"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/38947626?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="timkrase" title="timkrase"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/efe-buken"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/262546946?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="efe-buken" title="efe-buken"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/manmal"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/142797?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="manmal" title="manmal"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/easternbloc"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/92585?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="easternbloc" title="easternbloc"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ManuelHettich"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17690367?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="manuelhettich" title="manuelhettich"/></a>
+  <a href="https://github.com/sktbrd"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/116202536?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="sktbrd" title="sktbrd"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/larlyssa"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/13128869?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="larlyssa" title="larlyssa"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Mind-Dragon"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/262945885?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Mind-Dragon" title="Mind-Dragon"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/pcty-nextgen-service-account"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/112553441?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="pcty-nextgen-service-account" title="pcty-nextgen-service-account"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/tmchow"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/517103?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="tmchow" title="tmchow"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/uli-will-code"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/49715419?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="uli-will-code" title="uli-will-code"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/mgratch"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2238658?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Marc Gratch" title="Marc Gratch"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/JackyWay"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/53031570?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="JackyWay" title="JackyWay"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/aaronveklabs"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/225997828?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="aaronveklabs" title="aaronveklabs"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/CJWTRUST"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/235565898?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="CJWTRUST" title="CJWTRUST"/></a>
+  <a href="https://github.com/erik-agens"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/80908960?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="erik-agens" title="erik-agens"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/odnxe"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/403141?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="odnxe" title="odnxe"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/T5-AndyML"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/22801233?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="T5-AndyML" title="T5-AndyML"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/j1philli"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3744255?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Josh Phillips" title="Josh Phillips"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/mujiannan"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/46643837?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="mujiannan" title="mujiannan"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/marcodd23"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3519682?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Marco Di Dionisio" title="Marco Di Dionisio"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/RandyVentures"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/149904821?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Randy Torres" title="Randy Torres"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/afern247"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/34192856?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="afern247" title="afern247"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/0oAstro"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/79555780?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="0oAstro" title="0oAstro"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/alexanderatallah"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1011391?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="alexanderatallah" title="alexanderatallah"/></a>
+  <a href="https://github.com/testingabc321"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8577388?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="testingabc321" title="testingabc321"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/humanwritten"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/206531610?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="humanwritten" title="humanwritten"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/aaronn"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1653630?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="aaronn" title="aaronn"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Alphonse-arianee"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/254457365?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Alphonse-arianee" title="Alphonse-arianee"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/gtsifrikas"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8904378?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="gtsifrikas" title="gtsifrikas"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/hrdwdmrbl"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/554881?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="hrdwdmrbl" title="hrdwdmrbl"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/hugobarauna"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2719?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="hugobarauna" title="hugobarauna"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/jiulingyun"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/126459548?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="jiulingyun" title="jiulingyun"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/kitze"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1160594?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="kitze" title="kitze"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/loukotal"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/18210858?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="loukotal" title="loukotal"/></a>
+  <a href="https://github.com/MSch"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7475?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="MSch" title="MSch"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/odrobnik"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/333270?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="odrobnik" title="odrobnik"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/reeltimeapps"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/637338?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="reeltimeapps" title="reeltimeapps"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/rhjoh"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/105699450?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="rhjoh" title="rhjoh"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ronak-guliani"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/23518228?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ronak-guliani" title="ronak-guliani"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/snopoke"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/249606?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="snopoke" title="snopoke"/></a>
 </p>

SECURITY.md

@@ -149,6 +149,8 @@ OpenClaw's security model is "personal assistant" (one trusted operator, potenti
 - The model/agent is **not** a trusted principal. Assume prompt/content injection can manipulate behavior.
 - Security boundaries come from host/config trust, auth, tool policy, sandboxing, and exec approvals.
 - Prompt injection by itself is not a vulnerability report unless it crosses one of those boundaries.
+- Hook/webhook-driven payloads should be treated as untrusted content; keep unsafe bypass flags disabled unless doing tightly scoped debugging (`hooks.gmail.allowUnsafeExternalContent`, `hooks.mappings[].allowUnsafeExternalContent`).
+- Weak model tiers are generally easier to prompt-inject. For tool-enabled or hook-driven agents, prefer strong modern model tiers and strict tool policy (for example `tools.profile: "messaging"` or stricter), plus sandboxing where possible.
 
 ## Gateway and Node trust concept
 

appcast.xml

@@ -3,142 +3,142 @@
     <channel>
         <title>OpenClaw</title>
         <item>
-            <title>2026.2.14</title>
-            <pubDate>Sun, 15 Feb 2026 04:24:34 +0100</pubDate>
+            <title>2026.3.1</title>
+            <pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2026 04:40:59 +0000</pubDate>
             <link>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openclaw/openclaw/main/appcast.xml</link>
-            <sparkle:version>202602140</sparkle:version>
-            <sparkle:shortVersionString>2026.2.14</sparkle:shortVersionString>
+            <sparkle:version>2026030190</sparkle:version>
+            <sparkle:shortVersionString>2026.3.1</sparkle:shortVersionString>
             <sparkle:minimumSystemVersion>15.0</sparkle:minimumSystemVersion>
-            <description><![CDATA[<h2>OpenClaw 2026.2.14</h2>
+            <description><![CDATA[<h2>OpenClaw 2026.3.1</h2>
 <h3>Changes</h3>
 <ul>
-<li>Telegram: add poll sending via <code>openclaw message poll</code> (duration seconds, silent delivery, anonymity controls). (#16209) Thanks @robbyczgw-cla.</li>
-<li>Slack/Discord: add <code>dmPolicy</code> + <code>allowFrom</code> config aliases for DM access control; legacy <code>dm.policy</code> + <code>dm.allowFrom</code> keys remain supported and <code>openclaw doctor --fix</code> can migrate them.</li>
-<li>Discord: allow exec approval prompts to target channels or both DM+channel via <code>channels.discord.execApprovals.target</code>. (#16051) Thanks @leonnardo.</li>
-<li>Sandbox: add <code>sandbox.browser.binds</code> to configure browser-container bind mounts separately from exec containers. (#16230) Thanks @seheepeak.</li>
-<li>Discord: add debug logging for message routing decisions to improve <code>--debug</code> tracing. (#16202) Thanks @jayleekr.</li>
+<li>Agents/Thinking defaults: set <code>adaptive</code> as the default thinking level for Anthropic Claude 4.6 models (including Bedrock Claude 4.6 refs) while keeping other reasoning-capable models at <code>low</code> unless explicitly configured.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Container probes: add built-in HTTP liveness/readiness endpoints (<code>/health</code>, <code>/healthz</code>, <code>/ready</code>, <code>/readyz</code>) for Docker/Kubernetes health checks, with fallback routing so existing handlers on those paths are not shadowed. (#31272) Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Android/Nodes: add <code>camera.list</code>, <code>device.permissions</code>, <code>device.health</code>, and <code>notifications.actions</code> (<code>open</code>/<code>dismiss</code>/<code>reply</code>) on Android nodes, plus first-class node-tool actions for the new device/notification commands. (#28260) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Discord/Thread bindings: replace fixed TTL lifecycle with inactivity (<code>idleHours</code>, default 24h) plus optional hard <code>maxAgeHours</code> lifecycle controls, and add <code>/session idle</code> + <code>/session max-age</code> commands for focused thread-bound sessions. (#27845) Thanks @osolmaz.</li>
+<li>Telegram/DM topics: add per-DM <code>direct</code> + topic config (allowlists, <code>dmPolicy</code>, <code>skills</code>, <code>systemPrompt</code>, <code>requireTopic</code>), route DM topics as distinct inbound/outbound sessions, and enforce topic-aware authorization/debounce for messages, callbacks, commands, and reactions. Landed from contributor PR #30579 by @kesor. Thanks @kesor.</li>
+<li>Web UI/Cron i18n: localize cron page labels, filters, form help text, and validation/error messaging in English and zh-CN. (#29315) Thanks @BUGKillerKing.</li>
+<li>OpenAI/Streaming transport: make <code>openai</code> Responses WebSocket-first by default (<code>transport: "auto"</code> with SSE fallback), add shared OpenAI WS stream/connection runtime wiring with per-session cleanup, and preserve server-side compaction payload mutation (<code>store</code> + <code>context_management</code>) on the WS path.</li>
+<li>Android/Gateway capability refresh: add live Android capability integration coverage and node canvas capability refresh wiring, plus runtime hardening for A2UI readiness retries, scoped canvas URL normalization, debug diagnostics JSON, and JavaScript MIME delivery. (#28388) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Android/Nodes parity: add <code>system.notify</code>, <code>photos.latest</code>, <code>contacts.search</code>/<code>contacts.add</code>, <code>calendar.events</code>/<code>calendar.add</code>, and <code>motion.activity</code>/<code>motion.pedometer</code>, with motion sensor-aware command gating and improved activity sampling reliability. (#29398) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>CLI/Config: add <code>openclaw config file</code> to print the active config file path resolved from <code>OPENCLAW_CONFIG_PATH</code> or the default location. (#26256) thanks @cyb1278588254.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Docx tables + uploads: add <code>feishu_doc</code> actions for Docx table creation/cell writing (<code>create_table</code>, <code>write_table_cells</code>, <code>create_table_with_values</code>) and image/file uploads (<code>upload_image</code>, <code>upload_file</code>) with stricter create/upload error handling for missing <code>document_id</code> and placeholder cleanup failures. (#20304) Thanks @xuhao1.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Reactions: add inbound <code>im.message.reaction.created_v1</code> handling, route verified reactions through synthetic inbound turns, and harden verification with timeout + fail-closed filtering so non-bot or unverified reactions are dropped. (#16716) Thanks @schumilin.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Chat tooling: add <code>feishu_chat</code> tool actions for chat info and member queries, with configurable enablement under <code>channels.feishu.tools.chat</code>. (#14674) Thanks @liuweifly.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Doc permissions: support optional owner permission grant fields on <code>feishu_doc</code> create and report permission metadata only when the grant call succeeds, with regression coverage for success/failure/omitted-owner paths. (#28295) Thanks @zhoulongchao77.</li>
+<li>Web UI/i18n: add German (<code>de</code>) locale support and auto-render language options from supported locale constants in Overview settings. (#28495) thanks @dsantoreis.</li>
+<li>Tools/Diffs: add a new optional <code>diffs</code> plugin tool for read-only diff rendering from before/after text or unified patches, with gateway viewer URLs for canvas and PNG image output. Thanks @gumadeiras.</li>
+<li>Memory/LanceDB: support custom OpenAI <code>baseUrl</code> and embedding dimensions for LanceDB memory. (#17874) Thanks @rish2jain and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>ACP/ACPX streaming: pin ACPX plugin support to <code>0.1.15</code>, add configurable ACPX command/version probing, and streamline ACP stream delivery (<code>final_only</code> default + reduced tool-event noise) with matching runtime and test updates. (#30036) Thanks @osolmaz.</li>
+<li>Shell env markers: set <code>OPENCLAW_SHELL</code> across shell-like runtimes (<code>exec</code>, <code>acp</code>, <code>acp-client</code>, <code>tui-local</code>) so shell startup/config rules can target OpenClaw contexts consistently, and document the markers in env/exec/acp/TUI docs. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Cron/Heartbeat light bootstrap context: add opt-in lightweight bootstrap mode for automation runs (<code>--light-context</code> for cron agent turns and <code>agents.*.heartbeat.lightContext</code> for heartbeat), keeping only <code>HEARTBEAT.md</code> for heartbeat runs and skipping bootstrap-file injection for cron lightweight runs. (#26064) Thanks @jose-velez.</li>
+<li>OpenAI/WebSocket warm-up: add optional OpenAI Responses WebSocket warm-up (<code>response.create</code> with <code>generate:false</code>), enable it by default for <code>openai/*</code>, and expose <code>params.openaiWsWarmup</code> for per-model enable/disable control.</li>
+<li>Agents/Subagents runtime events: replace ad-hoc subagent completion system-message handoff with typed internal completion events (<code>task_completion</code>) that are rendered consistently across direct and queued announce paths, with gateway/CLI plumbing for structured <code>internalEvents</code>.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3>Breaking</h3>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>BREAKING:</strong> Node exec approval payloads now require <code>systemRunPlan</code>. <code>host=node</code> approval requests without that plan are rejected.</li>
+<li><strong>BREAKING:</strong> Node <code>system.run</code> execution now pins path-token commands to the canonical executable path (<code>realpath</code>) in both allowlist and approval execution flows. Integrations/tests that asserted token-form argv (for example <code>tr</code>) must now accept canonical paths (for example <code>/usr/bin/tr</code>).</li>
 </ul>
 <h3>Fixes</h3>
 <ul>
-<li>CLI/Plugins: ensure <code>openclaw message send</code> exits after successful delivery across plugin-backed channels so one-shot sends do not hang. (#16491) Thanks @yinghaosang.</li>
-<li>CLI/Plugins: run registered plugin <code>gateway_stop</code> hooks before <code>openclaw message</code> exits (success and failure paths), so plugin-backed channels can clean up one-shot CLI resources. (#16580) Thanks @gumadeiras.</li>
-<li>WhatsApp: honor per-account <code>dmPolicy</code> overrides (account-level settings now take precedence over channel defaults for inbound DMs). (#10082) Thanks @mcaxtr.</li>
-<li>Telegram: when <code>channels.telegram.commands.native</code> is <code>false</code>, exclude plugin commands from <code>setMyCommands</code> menu registration while keeping plugin slash handlers callable. (#15132) Thanks @Glucksberg.</li>
-<li>LINE: return 200 OK for Developers Console "Verify" requests (<code>{"events":[]}</code>) without <code>X-Line-Signature</code>, while still requiring signatures for real deliveries. (#16582) Thanks @arosstale.</li>
-<li>Cron: deliver text-only output directly when <code>delivery.to</code> is set so cron recipients get full output instead of summaries. (#16360) Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
-<li>Cron/Slack: preserve agent identity (name and icon) when cron jobs deliver outbound messages. (#16242) Thanks @robbyczgw-cla.</li>
-<li>Media: accept <code>MEDIA:</code>-prefixed paths (lenient whitespace) when loading outbound media to prevent <code>ENOENT</code> for tool-returned local media paths. (#13107) Thanks @mcaxtr.</li>
-<li>Agents: deliver tool result media (screenshots, images, audio) to channels regardless of verbose level. (#11735) Thanks @strelov1.</li>
-<li>Agents/Image tool: allow workspace-local image paths by including the active workspace directory in local media allowlists, and trust sandbox-validated paths in image loaders to prevent false "not under an allowed directory" rejections. (#15541)</li>
-<li>Agents/Image tool: propagate the effective workspace root into tool wiring so workspace-local image paths are accepted by default when running without an explicit <code>workspaceDir</code>. (#16722)</li>
-<li>BlueBubbles: include sender identity in group chat envelopes and pass clean message text to the agent prompt, aligning with iMessage/Signal formatting. (#16210) Thanks @zerone0x.</li>
-<li>CLI: fix lazy core command registration so top-level maintenance commands (<code>doctor</code>, <code>dashboard</code>, <code>reset</code>, <code>uninstall</code>) resolve correctly instead of exposing a non-functional <code>maintenance</code> placeholder command.</li>
-<li>CLI/Dashboard: when <code>gateway.bind=lan</code>, generate localhost dashboard URLs to satisfy browser secure-context requirements while preserving non-LAN bind behavior. (#16434) Thanks @BinHPdev.</li>
-<li>TUI/Gateway: resolve local gateway target URL from <code>gateway.bind</code> mode (tailnet/lan) instead of hardcoded localhost so <code>openclaw tui</code> connects when gateway is non-loopback. (#16299) Thanks @cortexuvula.</li>
-<li>TUI: honor explicit <code>--session <key></code> in <code>openclaw tui</code> even when <code>session.scope</code> is <code>global</code>, so named sessions no longer collapse into shared global history. (#16575) Thanks @cinqu.</li>
-<li>TUI: use available terminal width for session name display in searchable select lists. (#16238) Thanks @robbyczgw-cla.</li>
-<li>TUI: refactor searchable select list description layout and add regression coverage for ANSI-highlight width bounds.</li>
-<li>TUI: preserve in-flight streaming replies when a different run finalizes concurrently (avoid clearing active run or reloading history mid-stream). (#10704) Thanks @axschr73.</li>
-<li>TUI: keep pre-tool streamed text visible when later tool-boundary deltas temporarily omit earlier text blocks. (#6958) Thanks @KrisKind75.</li>
-<li>TUI: sanitize ANSI/control-heavy history text, redact binary-like lines, and split pathological long unbroken tokens before rendering to prevent startup crashes on binary attachment history. (#13007) Thanks @wilkinspoe.</li>
-<li>TUI: harden render-time sanitizer for narrow terminals by chunking moderately long unbroken tokens and adding fast-path sanitization guards to reduce overhead on normal text. (#5355) Thanks @tingxueren.</li>
-<li>TUI: render assistant body text in terminal default foreground (instead of fixed light ANSI color) so contrast remains readable on light themes such as Solarized Light. (#16750) Thanks @paymog.</li>
-<li>TUI/Hooks: pass explicit reset reason (<code>new</code> vs <code>reset</code>) through <code>sessions.reset</code> and emit internal command hooks for gateway-triggered resets so <code>/new</code> hook workflows fire in TUI/webchat.</li>
-<li>Cron: prevent <code>cron list</code>/<code>cron status</code> from silently skipping past-due recurring jobs by using maintenance recompute semantics. (#16156) Thanks @zerone0x.</li>
-<li>Cron: repair missing/corrupt <code>nextRunAtMs</code> for the updated job without globally recomputing unrelated due jobs during <code>cron update</code>. (#15750)</li>
-<li>Cron: skip missed-job replay on startup for jobs interrupted mid-run (stale <code>runningAtMs</code> markers), preventing restart loops for self-restarting jobs such as update tasks. (#16694) Thanks @sbmilburn.</li>
-<li>Discord: prefer gateway guild id when logging inbound messages so cached-miss guilds do not appear as <code>guild=dm</code>. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
-<li>Discord: treat empty per-guild <code>channels: {}</code> config maps as no channel allowlist (not deny-all), so <code>groupPolicy: "open"</code> guilds without explicit channel entries continue to receive messages. (#16714) Thanks @xqliu.</li>
-<li>Models/CLI: guard <code>models status</code> string trimming paths to prevent crashes from malformed non-string config values. (#16395) Thanks @BinHPdev.</li>
-<li>Gateway/Subagents: preserve queued announce items and summary state on delivery errors, retry failed announce drains, and avoid dropping unsent announcements on timeout/failure. (#16729) Thanks @Clawdette-Workspace.</li>
-<li>Gateway/Sessions: abort active embedded runs and clear queued session work before <code>sessions.reset</code>, returning unavailable if the run does not stop in time. (#16576) Thanks @Grynn.</li>
-<li>Sessions/Agents: harden transcript path resolution for mismatched agent context by preserving explicit store roots and adding safe absolute-path fallback to the correct agent sessions directory. (#16288) Thanks @robbyczgw-cla.</li>
-<li>Agents: add a safety timeout around embedded <code>session.compact()</code> to ensure stalled compaction runs settle and release blocked session lanes. (#16331) Thanks @BinHPdev.</li>
-<li>Agents: keep unresolved mutating tool failures visible until the same action retry succeeds, scope mutation-error surfacing to mutating calls (including <code>session_status</code> model changes), and dedupe duplicate failure warnings in outbound replies. (#16131) Thanks @Swader.</li>
-<li>Agents/Process/Bootstrap: preserve unbounded <code>process log</code> offset-only pagination (default tail applies only when both <code>offset</code> and <code>limit</code> are omitted) and enforce strict <code>bootstrapTotalMaxChars</code> budgeting across injected bootstrap content (including markers), skipping additional injection when remaining budget is too small. (#16539) Thanks @CharlieGreenman.</li>
-<li>Agents/Workspace: persist bootstrap onboarding state so partially initialized workspaces recover missing <code>BOOTSTRAP.md</code> once, while completed onboarding keeps BOOTSTRAP deleted even if runtime files are later recreated. Thanks @gumadeiras.</li>
-<li>Agents/Workspace: create <code>BOOTSTRAP.md</code> when core workspace files are seeded in partially initialized workspaces, while keeping BOOTSTRAP one-shot after onboarding deletion. (#16457) Thanks @robbyczgw-cla.</li>
-<li>Agents: classify external timeout aborts during compaction the same as internal timeouts, preventing unnecessary auth-profile rotation and preserving compaction-timeout snapshot fallback behavior. (#9855) Thanks @mverrilli.</li>
-<li>Agents: treat empty-stream provider failures (<code>request ended without sending any chunks</code>) as timeout-class failover signals, enabling auth-profile rotation/fallback and showing a friendly timeout message instead of raw provider errors. (#10210) Thanks @zenchantlive.</li>
-<li>Agents: treat <code>read</code> tool <code>file_path</code> arguments as valid in tool-start diagnostics to avoid false “read tool called without path” warnings when alias parameters are used. (#16717) Thanks @Stache73.</li>
-<li>Ollama/Agents: avoid forcing <code><final></code> tag enforcement for Ollama models, which could suppress all output as <code>(no output)</code>. (#16191) Thanks @Glucksberg.</li>
-<li>Plugins: suppress false duplicate plugin id warnings when the same extension is discovered via multiple paths (config/workspace/global vs bundled), while still warning on genuine duplicates. (#16222) Thanks @shadril238.</li>
-<li>Skills: watch <code>SKILL.md</code> only when refreshing skills snapshot to avoid file-descriptor exhaustion in large data trees. (#11325) Thanks @household-bard.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: make <code>memory status</code> read-only by skipping QMD boot update/embed side effects for status-only manager checks.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: keep original QMD failures when builtin fallback initialization fails (for example missing embedding API keys), instead of replacing them with fallback init errors.</li>
-<li>Memory/Builtin: keep <code>memory status</code> dirty reporting stable across invocations by deriving status-only manager dirty state from persisted index metadata instead of process-start defaults. (#10863) Thanks @BarryYangi.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: cap QMD command output buffering to prevent memory exhaustion from pathological <code>qmd</code> command output.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: parse qmd scope keys once per request to avoid repeated parsing in scope checks.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: query QMD index using exact docid matches before falling back to prefix lookup for better recall correctness and index efficiency.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: pass result limits to <code>search</code>/<code>vsearch</code> commands so QMD can cap results earlier.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: avoid reading full markdown files when a <code>from/lines</code> window is requested in QMD reads.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: skip rewriting unchanged session export markdown files during sync to reduce disk churn.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: make QMD result JSON parsing resilient to noisy command output by extracting the first JSON array from noisy <code>stdout</code>.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: treat prefixed <code>no results found</code> marker output as an empty result set in qmd JSON parsing. (#11302) Thanks @blazerui.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: avoid multi-collection <code>query</code> ranking corruption by running one <code>qmd query -c <collection></code> per managed collection and merging by best score (also used for <code>search</code>/<code>vsearch</code> fallback-to-query). (#16740) Thanks @volarian-vai.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: detect null-byte <code>ENOTDIR</code> update failures, rebuild managed collections once, and retry update to self-heal corrupted collection metadata. (#12919) Thanks @jorgejhms.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD/Security: add <code>rawKeyPrefix</code> support for QMD scope rules and preserve legacy <code>keyPrefix: "agent:..."</code> matching, preventing scoped deny bypass when operators match agent-prefixed session keys.</li>
-<li>Memory/Builtin: narrow memory watcher targets to markdown globs and ignore dependency/venv directories to reduce file-descriptor pressure during memory sync startup. (#11721) Thanks @rex05ai.</li>
-<li>Security/Memory-LanceDB: treat recalled memories as untrusted context (escape injected memory text + explicit non-instruction framing), skip likely prompt-injection payloads during auto-capture, and restrict auto-capture to user messages to reduce memory-poisoning risk. (#12524) Thanks @davidschmid24.</li>
-<li>Security/Memory-LanceDB: require explicit <code>autoCapture: true</code> opt-in (default is now disabled) to prevent automatic PII capture unless operators intentionally enable it. (#12552) Thanks @fr33d3m0n.</li>
-<li>Diagnostics/Memory: prune stale diagnostic session state entries and cap tracked session states to prevent unbounded in-memory growth on long-running gateways. (#5136) Thanks @coygeek and @vignesh07.</li>
-<li>Gateway/Memory: clean up <code>agentRunSeq</code> tracking on run completion/abort and enforce maintenance-time cap pruning to prevent unbounded sequence-map growth over long uptimes. (#6036) Thanks @coygeek and @vignesh07.</li>
-<li>Auto-reply/Memory: bound <code>ABORT_MEMORY</code> growth by evicting oldest entries and deleting reset (<code>false</code>) flags so abort state tracking cannot grow unbounded over long uptimes. (#6629) Thanks @coygeek and @vignesh07.</li>
-<li>Slack/Memory: bound thread-starter cache growth with TTL + max-size pruning to prevent long-running Slack gateways from accumulating unbounded thread cache state. (#5258) Thanks @coygeek and @vignesh07.</li>
-<li>Outbound/Memory: bound directory cache growth with max-size eviction and proactive TTL pruning to prevent long-running gateways from accumulating unbounded directory entries. (#5140) Thanks @coygeek and @vignesh07.</li>
-<li>Skills/Memory: remove disconnected nodes from remote-skills cache to prevent stale node metadata from accumulating over long uptimes. (#6760) Thanks @coygeek.</li>
-<li>Sandbox/Tools: make sandbox file tools bind-mount aware (including absolute container paths) and enforce read-only bind semantics for writes. (#16379) Thanks @tasaankaeris.</li>
-<li>Media/Security: allow local media reads from OpenClaw state <code>workspace/</code> and <code>sandboxes/</code> roots by default so generated workspace media can be delivered without unsafe global path bypasses. (#15541) Thanks @lanceji.</li>
-<li>Media/Security: harden local media allowlist bypasses by requiring an explicit <code>readFile</code> override when callers mark paths as validated, and reject filesystem-root <code>localRoots</code> entries. (#16739)</li>
-<li>Discord/Security: harden voice message media loading (SSRF + allowed-local-root checks) so tool-supplied paths/URLs cannot be used to probe internal URLs or read arbitrary local files.</li>
-<li>Security/BlueBubbles: require explicit <code>mediaLocalRoots</code> allowlists for local outbound media path reads to prevent local file disclosure. (#16322) Thanks @mbelinky.</li>
-<li>Security/BlueBubbles: reject ambiguous shared-path webhook routing when multiple webhook targets match the same guid/password.</li>
-<li>Security/BlueBubbles: harden BlueBubbles webhook auth behind reverse proxies by only accepting passwordless webhooks for direct localhost loopback requests (forwarded/proxied requests now require a password). Thanks @simecek.</li>
-<li>Feishu/Security: harden media URL fetching against SSRF and local file disclosure. (#16285) Thanks @mbelinky.</li>
-<li>Security/Zalo: reject ambiguous shared-path webhook routing when multiple webhook targets match the same secret.</li>
-<li>Security/Nostr: require loopback source and block cross-origin profile mutation/import attempts. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Security/Signal: harden signal-cli archive extraction during install to prevent path traversal outside the install root.</li>
-<li>Security/Hooks: restrict hook transform modules to <code>~/.openclaw/hooks/transforms</code> (prevents path traversal/escape module loads via config). Config note: <code>hooks.transformsDir</code> must now be within that directory. Thanks @akhmittra.</li>
-<li>Security/Hooks: ignore hook package manifest entries that point outside the package directory (prevents out-of-tree handler loads during hook discovery).</li>
-<li>Security/Archive: enforce archive extraction entry/size limits to prevent resource exhaustion from high-expansion ZIP/TAR archives. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Security/Media: reject oversized base64-backed input media before decoding to avoid large allocations. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Security/Media: stream and bound URL-backed input media fetches to prevent memory exhaustion from oversized responses. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Security/Skills: harden archive extraction for download-installed skills to prevent path traversal outside the target directory. Thanks @markmusson.</li>
-<li>Security/Slack: compute command authorization for DM slash commands even when <code>dmPolicy=open</code>, preventing unauthorized users from running privileged commands via DM. Thanks @christos-eth.</li>
-<li>Security/iMessage: keep DM pairing-store identities out of group allowlist authorization (prevents cross-context command authorization). Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Security/Google Chat: deprecate <code>users/<email></code> allowlists (treat <code>users/...</code> as immutable user id only); keep raw email allowlists for usability. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Security/Google Chat: reject ambiguous shared-path webhook routing when multiple webhook targets verify successfully (prevents cross-account policy-context misrouting). Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Telegram/Security: require numeric Telegram sender IDs for allowlist authorization (reject <code>@username</code> principals), auto-resolve <code>@username</code> to IDs in <code>openclaw doctor --fix</code> (when possible), and warn in <code>openclaw security audit</code> when legacy configs contain usernames. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Telegram/Security: reject Telegram webhook startup when <code>webhookSecret</code> is missing or empty (prevents unauthenticated webhook request forgery). Thanks @yueyueL.</li>
-<li>Security/Windows: avoid shell invocation when spawning child processes to prevent cmd.exe metacharacter injection via untrusted CLI arguments (e.g. agent prompt text).</li>
-<li>Telegram: set webhook callback timeout handling to <code>onTimeout: "return"</code> (10s) so long-running update processing no longer emits webhook 500s and retry storms. (#16763) Thanks @chansearrington.</li>
-<li>Signal: preserve case-sensitive <code>group:</code> target IDs during normalization so mixed-case group IDs no longer fail with <code>Group not found</code>. (#16748) Thanks @repfigit.</li>
-<li>Feishu/Security: harden media URL fetching against SSRF and local file disclosure. (#16285) Thanks @mbelinky.</li>
-<li>Security/Agents: scope CLI process cleanup to owned child PIDs to avoid killing unrelated processes on shared hosts. Thanks @aether-ai-agent.</li>
-<li>Security/Agents: enforce workspace-root path bounds for <code>apply_patch</code> in non-sandbox mode to block traversal and symlink escape writes. Thanks @p80n-sec.</li>
-<li>Security/Agents: enforce symlink-escape checks for <code>apply_patch</code> delete hunks under <code>workspaceOnly</code>, while still allowing deleting the symlink itself. Thanks @p80n-sec.</li>
-<li>Security/Agents (macOS): prevent shell injection when writing Claude CLI keychain credentials. (#15924) Thanks @aether-ai-agent.</li>
-<li>macOS: hard-limit unkeyed <code>openclaw://agent</code> deep links and ignore <code>deliver</code> / <code>to</code> / <code>channel</code> unless a valid unattended key is provided. Thanks @Cillian-Collins.</li>
-<li>Scripts/Security: validate GitHub logins and avoid shell invocation in <code>scripts/update-clawtributors.ts</code> to prevent command injection via malicious commit records. Thanks @scanleale.</li>
-<li>Security: fix Chutes manual OAuth login state validation by requiring the full redirect URL (reject code-only pastes) (thanks @aether-ai-agent).</li>
-<li>Security/Gateway: harden tool-supplied <code>gatewayUrl</code> overrides by restricting them to loopback or the configured <code>gateway.remote.url</code>. Thanks @p80n-sec.</li>
-<li>Security/Gateway: block <code>system.execApprovals.*</code> via <code>node.invoke</code> (use <code>exec.approvals.node.*</code> instead). Thanks @christos-eth.</li>
-<li>Security/Gateway: reject oversized base64 chat attachments before decoding to avoid large allocations. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Security/Gateway: stop returning raw resolved config values in <code>skills.status</code> requirement checks (prevents operator.read clients from reading secrets). Thanks @simecek.</li>
-<li>Security/Net: fix SSRF guard bypass via full-form IPv4-mapped IPv6 literals (blocks loopback/private/metadata access). Thanks @yueyueL.</li>
-<li>Security/Browser: harden browser control file upload + download helpers to prevent path traversal / local file disclosure. Thanks @1seal.</li>
-<li>Security/Browser: block cross-origin mutating requests to loopback browser control routes (CSRF hardening). Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Security/Node Host: enforce <code>system.run</code> rawCommand/argv consistency to prevent allowlist/approval bypass. Thanks @christos-eth.</li>
-<li>Security/Exec approvals: prevent safeBins allowlist bypass via shell expansion (host exec allowlist mode only; not enabled by default). Thanks @christos-eth.</li>
-<li>Security/Exec: harden PATH handling by disabling project-local <code>node_modules/.bin</code> bootstrapping by default, disallowing node-host <code>PATH</code> overrides, and spawning ACP servers via the current executable by default. Thanks @akhmittra.</li>
-<li>Security/Tlon: harden Urbit URL fetching against SSRF by blocking private/internal hosts by default (opt-in: <code>channels.tlon.allowPrivateNetwork</code>). Thanks @p80n-sec.</li>
-<li>Security/Voice Call (Telnyx): require webhook signature verification when receiving inbound events; configs without <code>telnyx.publicKey</code> are now rejected unless <code>skipSignatureVerification</code> is enabled. Thanks @p80n-sec.</li>
-<li>Security/Voice Call: require valid Twilio webhook signatures even when ngrok free tier loopback compatibility mode is enabled. Thanks @p80n-sec.</li>
-<li>Security/Discovery: stop treating Bonjour TXT records as authoritative routing (prefer resolved service endpoints) and prevent discovery from overriding stored TLS pins; autoconnect now requires a previously trusted gateway. Thanks @simecek.</li>
+<li>Android/Nodes reliability: reject <code>facing=both</code> when <code>deviceId</code> is set to avoid mislabeled duplicate captures, allow notification <code>open</code>/<code>reply</code> on non-clearable entries while still gating dismiss, trigger listener rebind before notification actions, and scale invoke-result ack timeout to invoke budget for large clip payloads. (#28260) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Windows/Plugin install: avoid <code>spawn EINVAL</code> on Windows npm/npx invocations by resolving to <code>node</code> + npm CLI scripts instead of spawning <code>.cmd</code> directly. Landed from contributor PR #31147 by @codertony. Thanks @codertony.</li>
+<li>LINE/Voice transcription: classify M4A voice media as <code>audio/mp4</code> (not <code>video/mp4</code>) by checking the MPEG-4 <code>ftyp</code> major brand (<code>M4A </code> / <code>M4B </code>), restoring voice transcription for LINE voice messages. Landed from contributor PR #31151 by @scoootscooob. Thanks @scoootscooob.</li>
+<li>Slack/Announce target account routing: enable session-backed announce-target lookup for Slack so multi-account announces resolve the correct <code>accountId</code> instead of defaulting to bot-token context. Landed from contributor PR #31028 by @taw0002. Thanks @taw0002.</li>
+<li>Android/Voice screen TTS: stream assistant speech via ElevenLabs WebSocket in Talk Mode, stop cleanly on speaker mute/barge-in, and ignore stale out-of-order stream events. (#29521) Thanks @gregmousseau.</li>
+<li>Android/Photos permissions: declare Android 14+ selected-photo access permission (<code>READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED</code>) and align Android permission/settings paths with current minSdk behavior for more reliable permission state handling.</li>
+<li>Web UI/Cron: include configured agent model defaults/fallbacks in cron model suggestions so scheduled-job model autocomplete reflects configured models. (#29709) Thanks @Sid-Qin.</li>
+<li>Cron/Delivery: disable the agent messaging tool when <code>delivery.mode</code> is <code>"none"</code> so cron output is not sent to Telegram or other channels. (#21808) Thanks @lailoo.</li>
+<li>CLI/Cron: clarify <code>cron list</code> output by renaming <code>Agent</code> to <code>Agent ID</code> and adding a <code>Model</code> column for isolated agent-turn jobs. (#26259) Thanks @openperf.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Reply media attachments: send Feishu reply <code>mediaUrl</code>/<code>mediaUrls</code> payloads as attachments alongside text/streamed replies in the reply dispatcher, including legacy fallback when <code>mediaUrls</code> is empty. (#28959) Thanks @icesword0760.</li>
+<li>Slack/User-token resolution: normalize Slack account user-token sourcing through resolved account metadata (<code>SLACK_USER_TOKEN</code> env + config) so monitor reads, Slack actions, directory lookups, onboarding allow-from resolution, and capabilities probing consistently use the effective user token. (#28103) Thanks @Glucksberg.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Outbound session routing: stop assuming bare <code>oc_</code> identifiers are always group chats, honor explicit <code>dm:</code>/<code>group:</code> prefixes for <code>oc_</code> chat IDs, and default ambiguous bare <code>oc_</code> targets to direct routing to avoid DM session misclassification. (#10407) Thanks @Bermudarat.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Group session routing: add configurable group session scopes (<code>group</code>, <code>group_sender</code>, <code>group_topic</code>, <code>group_topic_sender</code>) with legacy <code>topicSessionMode=enabled</code> compatibility so Feishu group conversations can isolate sessions by sender/topic as configured. (#17798) Thanks @yfge.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Reply-in-thread routing: add <code>replyInThread</code> config (<code>disabled|enabled</code>) for group replies, propagate <code>reply_in_thread</code> across text/card/media/streaming sends, and align topic-scoped session routing so newly created reply threads stay on the same session root. (#27325) Thanks @kcinzgg.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Probe status caching: cache successful <code>probeFeishu()</code> bot-info results for 10 minutes (bounded cache with per-account keying) to reduce repeated status/onboarding probe API calls, while bypassing cache for failures and exceptions. (#28907) Thanks @Glucksberg.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Opus media send type: send <code>.opus</code> attachments with <code>msg_type: "audio"</code> (instead of <code>"media"</code>) so Feishu voice messages deliver correctly while <code>.mp4</code> remains <code>msg_type: "media"</code> and documents remain <code>msg_type: "file"</code>. (#28269) Thanks @Glucksberg.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Mobile video media type: treat inbound <code>message_type: "media"</code> as video-equivalent for media key extraction, placeholder inference, and media download resolution so mobile-app video sends ingest correctly. (#25502) Thanks @4ier.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Inbound sender fallback: fall back to <code>sender_id.user_id</code> when <code>sender_id.open_id</code> is missing on inbound events, and use ID-type-aware sender lookup so mobile-delivered messages keep stable sender identity/routing. (#26703) Thanks @NewdlDewdl.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Reply context metadata: include inbound <code>parent_id</code> and <code>root_id</code> as <code>ReplyToId</code>/<code>RootMessageId</code> in inbound context, and parse interactive-card quote bodies into readable text when fetching replied messages. (#18529) Thanks @qiangu.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Post embedded media: extract <code>media</code> tags from inbound rich-text (<code>post</code>) messages and download embedded video/audio files alongside existing embedded-image handling, with regression coverage. (#21786) Thanks @laopuhuluwa.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Local media sends: propagate <code>mediaLocalRoots</code> through Feishu outbound media sending into <code>loadWebMedia</code> so local path attachments work with post-CVE local-root enforcement. (#27884) Thanks @joelnishanth.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Group wildcard policy fallback: honor <code>channels.feishu.groups["*"]</code> when no explicit group match exists so unmatched groups inherit wildcard reply-policy settings instead of falling back to global defaults. (#29456) Thanks @WaynePika.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Inbound media regression coverage: add explicit tests for message resource type mapping (<code>image</code> stays <code>image</code>, non-image maps to <code>file</code>) to prevent reintroducing unsupported Feishu <code>type=audio</code> fetches. (#16311, #8746) Thanks @Yaxuan42.</li>
+<li>TTS/Voice bubbles: use opus output and enable <code>audioAsVoice</code> routing for Feishu and WhatsApp (in addition to Telegram) so supported channels receive voice-bubble playback instead of file-style audio attachments. (#27366) Thanks @smthfoxy.</li>
+<li>Telegram/Reply media context: include replied media files in inbound context when replying to media, defer reply-media downloads to debounce flush, gate reply-media fetch behind DM authorization, and preserve replied media when non-vision sticker fallback runs (including cached-sticker paths). (#28488) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Android/Nodes notification wake flow: enable Android <code>system.notify</code> default allowlist, emit <code>notifications.changed</code> events for posted/removed notifications (excluding OpenClaw app-owned notifications), canonicalize notification session keys before enqueue/wake routing, and skip heartbeat wakes when consecutive notification summaries dedupe. (#29440) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Telegram/Voice fallback reply chunking: apply reply reference, quote text, and inline buttons only to the first fallback text chunk when voice delivery is blocked, preventing over-quoted multi-chunk replies. Landed from contributor PR #31067 by @xdanger. Thanks @xdanger.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Multi-account + reply reliability: add <code>channels.feishu.defaultAccount</code> outbound routing support with schema validation, keep quoted-message extraction text-first (post/interactive/file placeholders instead of raw JSON), route Feishu video sends as <code>msg_type: "file"</code>, and avoid websocket event blocking by using non-blocking event handling in monitor dispatch. Landed from contributor PRs #29610, #30432, #30331, and #29501. Thanks @hclsys, @bmendonca3, @patrick-yingxi-pan, and @zwffff.</li>
+<li>Cron/Delivery: disable the agent messaging tool when <code>delivery.mode</code> is <code>"none"</code> so cron output is not sent to Telegram or other channels. (#21808) Thanks @lailoo.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Inbound rich-text parsing: preserve <code>share_chat</code> payload summaries when available and add explicit parsing for rich-text <code>code</code>/<code>code_block</code>/<code>pre</code> tags so forwarded and code-heavy messages keep useful context in agent input. (#28591) Thanks @kevinWangSheng.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Post markdown parsing: parse rich-text <code>post</code> payloads through a shared markdown-aware parser with locale-wrapper support, preserved mention/image metadata extraction, and inline/fenced code fidelity for agent input rendering. (#12755) Thanks @WilsonLiu95.</li>
+<li>Telegram/Outbound chunking: route oversize splitting through the shared outbound pipeline (including subagents), retry Telegram sends when escaped HTML exceeds limits, and preserve boundary whitespace when retry re-splitting rendered chunks so plain-text/transcript fidelity is retained. (#29342, #27317; follow-up to #27461) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Slack/Native commands: register Slack native status as <code>/agentstatus</code> (Slack-reserved <code>/status</code>) so manifest slash command registration stays valid while text <code>/status</code> still works. Landed from contributor PR #29032 by @maloqab. Thanks @maloqab.</li>
+<li>Android/Camera clip: remove <code>camera.clip</code> HTTP-upload fallback to base64 so clip transport is deterministic and fail-loud, and reject non-positive <code>maxWidth</code> values so invalid inputs fall back to the safe resize default. (#28229) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Android/Gateway canvas capability refresh: send <code>node.canvas.capability.refresh</code> with object <code>params</code> (<code>{}</code>) from Android node runtime so gateway object-schema validation accepts refresh retries and A2UI host recovery works after scoped capability expiry. (#28413) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Control UI origins: honor <code>gateway.controlUi.allowedOrigins: ["*"]</code> wildcard entries (including trimmed values) and lock behavior with regression tests. Landed from contributor PR #31058 by @byungsker. Thanks @byungsker.</li>
+<li>Web UI/Cron: include configured agent model defaults/fallbacks in cron model suggestions so scheduled-job model autocomplete reflects configured models. (#29709) Thanks @Sid-Qin.</li>
+<li>Agents/Sessions list transcript paths: handle missing/non-string/relative <code>sessions.list.path</code> values and per-agent <code>{agentId}</code> templates when deriving <code>transcriptPath</code>, so cross-agent session listings resolve to concrete agent session files instead of workspace-relative paths. (#24775) Thanks @martinfrancois.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Control UI CSP: allow required Google Fonts origins in Control UI CSP. (#29279) Thanks @Glucksberg and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>CLI/Install: add an npm-link fallback to fix CLI startup <code>Permission denied</code> failures (<code>exit 127</code>) on affected installs. (#17151) Thanks @sskyu and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Onboarding/Custom providers: improve verification reliability for slower local endpoints (for example Ollama) during setup. (#27380) Thanks @Sid-Qin.</li>
+<li>Plugins/NPM spec install: fix npm-spec plugin installs when <code>npm pack</code> output is empty by detecting newly created <code>.tgz</code> archives in the pack directory. (#21039) Thanks @graysurf and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Plugins/Install: clear stale install errors when an npm package is not found so follow-up install attempts report current state correctly. (#25073) Thanks @dalefrieswthat.</li>
+<li>Security/Feishu webhook ingress: bound unauthenticated webhook rate-limit state with stale-window pruning and a hard key cap to prevent unbounded pre-auth memory growth from rotating source keys. (#26050) Thanks @bmendonca3.</li>
+<li>Gateway/macOS supervised restart: actively <code>launchctl kickstart -k</code> during intentional supervised restarts to bypass LaunchAgent <code>ThrottleInterval</code> delays, and fall back to in-process restart when kickstart fails. Landed from contributor PR #29078 by @cathrynlavery. Thanks @cathrynlavery.</li>
+<li>Daemon/macOS TLS certs: default LaunchAgent service env <code>NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS</code> to <code>/etc/ssl/cert.pem</code> (while preserving explicit overrides) so HTTPS clients no longer fail with local-issuer errors under launchd. (#27915) Thanks @Lukavyi.</li>
+<li>Discord/Components wildcard handlers: use distinct internal registration sentinel IDs and parse those sentinels as wildcard keys so select/user/role/channel/mentionable/modal interactions are not dropped by raw customId dedupe paths. Landed from contributor PR #29459 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Reaction notifications: add <code>channels.feishu.reactionNotifications</code> (<code>off | own | all</code>, default <code>own</code>) so operators can disable reaction ingress or allow all verified reaction events (not only bot-authored message reactions). (#28529) Thanks @cowboy129.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Typing backoff: re-throw Feishu typing add/remove rate-limit and quota errors (<code>429</code>, <code>99991400</code>, <code>99991403</code>) and detect SDK non-throwing backoff responses so the typing keepalive circuit breaker can stop retries instead of looping indefinitely. (#28494) Thanks @guoqunabc.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Zalo runtime logging: replace direct <code>console.log/error</code> usage in Feishu typing-indicator paths and Zalo monitor paths with runtime-gated logger calls so verbosity controls are respected while preserving typing backoff behavior. (#18841) Thanks @Clawborn.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Group sender allowlist fallback: add global <code>channels.feishu.groupSenderAllowFrom</code> sender authorization for group chats, with per-group <code>groups.<id>.allowFrom</code> precedence and regression coverage for allow/block/precedence behavior. (#29174) Thanks @1MoreBuild.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Docx append/write ordering: insert converted Docx blocks sequentially (single-block creates) so Feishu append/write preserves markdown block order instead of returning shuffled sections in asynchronous batch inserts. (#26172, #26022) Thanks @echoVic.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Docx convert fallback chunking: recursively split oversized markdown chunks (including long no-heading sections) when <code>document.convert</code> hits content limits, while keeping fenced-code-aware split boundaries whenever possible. (#14402) Thanks @lml2468.</li>
+<li>Feishu/API quota controls: add <code>typingIndicator</code> and <code>resolveSenderNames</code> config flags (top-level and per-account) so operators can disable typing reactions and sender-name lookup requests while keeping default behavior unchanged. (#10513) Thanks @BigUncle.</li>
+<li>Feishu/System preview prompt leakage: stop enqueuing inbound Feishu message previews as system events so user preview text is not injected into later turns as trusted <code>System:</code> context. Landed from contributor PR #31209 by @stakeswky. Thanks @stakeswky.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Typing replay suppression: skip typing indicators for stale replayed inbound messages after compaction using message-age checks with second/millisecond timestamp normalization, preventing old-message reaction floods while preserving typing for fresh messages. Landed from contributor PR #30709 by @arkyu2077. Thanks @arkyu2077.</li>
+<li>Sessions/Internal routing: preserve established external <code>lastTo</code>/<code>lastChannel</code> routes for internal/non-deliverable turns, with added coverage for no-fallback internal routing behavior. Landed from contributor PR #30941 by @graysurf. Thanks @graysurf.</li>
+<li>Control UI/Debug log layout: render Debug Event Log payloads at full width to prevent payload JSON from being squeezed into a narrow side column. Landed from contributor PR #30978 by @stozo04. Thanks @stozo04.</li>
+<li>Auto-reply/NO_REPLY: strip <code>NO_REPLY</code> token from mixed-content messages instead of leaking raw control text to end users. Landed from contributor PR #31080 by @scoootscooob. Thanks @scoootscooob.</li>
+<li>Install/npm: fix npm global install deprecation warnings. (#28318) Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Update/Global npm: fallback to <code>--omit=optional</code> when global <code>npm update</code> fails so optional dependency install failures no longer abort update flows. (#24896) Thanks @xinhuagu and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Inbound metadata/Multi-account routing: include <code>account_id</code> in trusted inbound metadata so multi-account channel sessions can reliably disambiguate the receiving account in prompt context. Landed from contributor PR #30984 by @Stxle2. Thanks @Stxle2.</li>
+<li>Model directives/Auth profiles: split <code>/model</code> profile suffixes at the first <code>@</code> after the last slash so email-based auth profile IDs (for example OAuth profile IDs) resolve correctly. Landed from contributor PR #30932 by @haosenwang1018. Thanks @haosenwang1018.</li>
+<li>Cron/Delivery mode none: send explicit <code>delivery: { mode: "none" }</code> from cron editor for both add and update flows so previous announce delivery is actually cleared. Landed from contributor PR #31145 by @byungsker. Thanks @byungsker.</li>
+<li>Cron editor viewport: make the sticky cron edit form independently scrollable with viewport-bounded height so lower fields/actions are reachable on shorter screens. Landed from contributor PR #31133 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.</li>
+<li>Agents/Thinking fallback: when providers reject unsupported thinking levels without enumerating alternatives, retry with <code>think=off</code> to avoid hard failure during model/provider fallback chains. Landed from contributor PR #31002 by @yfge. Thanks @yfge.</li>
+<li>Ollama/Embedded runner base URL precedence: prioritize configured provider <code>baseUrl</code> over model defaults for embedded Ollama runs so Docker and remote-host setups avoid localhost fetch failures. (#30964) Thanks @stakeswky.</li>
+<li>Agents/Failover reason classification: avoid false rate-limit classification from incidental <code>tpm</code> substrings by matching TPM as a standalone token/phrase and keeping auth-context errors on the auth path. Landed from contributor PR #31007 by @HOYALIM. Thanks @HOYALIM.</li>
+<li>CLI/Cron: clarify <code>cron list</code> output by renaming <code>Agent</code> to <code>Agent ID</code> and adding a <code>Model</code> column for isolated agent-turn jobs. (#26259) Thanks @openperf.</li>
+<li>Gateway/WS: close repeated post-handshake <code>unauthorized role:*</code> request floods per connection and sample duplicate rejection logs, preventing a single misbehaving client from degrading gateway responsiveness. (#20168) Thanks @acy103, @vibecodooor, and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Auth: improve device-auth v2 migration diagnostics so operators get clearer guidance when legacy clients connect. (#28305) Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>CLI/Ollama config: allow <code>config set</code> for Ollama <code>apiKey</code> without predeclared provider config. (#29299) Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Ollama/Autodiscovery: harden autodiscovery and warning behavior. (#29201) Thanks @marcodelpin and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Ollama/Context window: unify context window handling across discovery, merge, and OpenAI-compatible transport paths. (#29205) Thanks @Sid-Qin, @jimmielightner, and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Agents/Ollama: demote empty-discovery logging from <code>warn</code> to <code>debug</code> to reduce noisy warnings in normal edge-case discovery flows. (#26379) Thanks @byungsker.</li>
+<li>fix(model): preserve reasoning in provider fallback resolution. (#29285) Fixes #25636. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Docker/Image permissions: normalize <code>/app/extensions</code>, <code>/app/.agent</code>, and <code>/app/.agents</code> to directory mode <code>755</code> and file mode <code>644</code> during image build so plugin discovery does not block inherited world-writable paths. (#30191) Fixes #30139. Thanks @edincampara.</li>
+<li>OpenAI Responses/Compaction: rewrite and unify the OpenAI Responses store patches to treat empty <code>baseUrl</code> as non-direct, honor <code>compat.supportsStore=false</code>, and auto-inject server-side compaction <code>context_management</code> for compatible direct OpenAI models (with per-model opt-out/threshold overrides). Landed from contributor PRs #16930 (@OiPunk), #22441 (@EdwardWu7), and #25088 (@MoerAI). Thanks @OiPunk, @EdwardWu7, and @MoerAI.</li>
+<li>Sandbox/Browser Docker: pass <code>OPENCLAW_BROWSER_NO_SANDBOX=1</code> to sandbox browser containers and bump sandbox browser security hash epoch so existing containers are recreated and pick up the env on upgrade. (#29879) Thanks @Lukavyi.</li>
+<li>Usage normalization: clamp negative prompt/input token values to zero (including <code>prompt_tokens</code> alias inputs) so <code>/usage</code> and TUI usage displays cannot show nonsensical negative counts. Landed from contributor PR #31211 by @scoootscooob. Thanks @scoootscooob.</li>
+<li>Secrets/Auth profiles: normalize inline SecretRef <code>token</code>/<code>key</code> values to canonical <code>tokenRef</code>/<code>keyRef</code> before persistence, and keep explicit <code>keyRef</code> precedence when inline refs are also present. Landed from contributor PR #31047 by @minupla. Thanks @minupla.</li>
+<li>Tools/Edit workspace boundary errors: preserve the real <code>Path escapes workspace root</code> failure path instead of surfacing a misleading access/file-not-found error when editing outside workspace roots. Landed from contributor PR #31015 by @haosenwang1018. Thanks @haosenwang1018.</li>
+<li>Browser/Open & navigate: accept <code>url</code> as an alias parameter for <code>open</code> and <code>navigate</code>. (#29260) Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Codex/Usage window: label weekly usage window as <code>Week</code> instead of <code>Day</code>. (#26267) Thanks @Sid-Qin.</li>
+<li>Signal/Sync message null-handling: treat <code>syncMessage</code> presence (including <code>null</code>) as sync envelope traffic so replayed sentTranscript payloads cannot bypass loop guards after daemon restart. Landed from contributor PR #31138 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.</li>
+<li>Infra/fs-safe: sanitize directory-read failures so raw <code>EISDIR</code> text never leaks to messaging surfaces, with regression tests for both root-scoped and direct safe reads. Landed from contributor PR #31205 by @polooooo. Thanks @polooooo.</li>
+<li>Sandbox/mkdirp boundary checks: allow directory-safe boundary validation for existing in-boundary subdirectories, preventing false <code>cannot create directories</code> failures in sandbox write mode. (#30610) Thanks @glitch418x.</li>
+<li>Security/Compaction audit: remove the post-compaction audit injection message. (#28507) Thanks @fuller-stack-dev and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Web tools/RFC2544 fake-IP compatibility: allow RFC2544 benchmark range (<code>198.18.0.0/15</code>) for trusted web-tool fetch endpoints so proxy fake-IP networking modes do not trigger false SSRF blocks. Landed from contributor PR #31176 by @sunkinux. Thanks @sunkinux.</li>
+<li>Telegram/Voice fallback reply chunking: apply reply reference, quote text, and inline buttons only to the first fallback text chunk when voice delivery is blocked, preventing over-quoted multi-chunk replies. Landed from contributor PR #31067 by @xdanger. Thanks @xdanger.</li>
+<li>Feishu/System preview prompt leakage: stop enqueuing inbound Feishu message previews as system events so user preview text is not injected into later turns as trusted <code>System:</code> context. Landed from contributor PR #31209 by @stakeswky. Thanks @stakeswky.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Multi-account + reply reliability: add <code>channels.feishu.defaultAccount</code> outbound routing support with schema validation, keep quoted-message extraction text-first (post/interactive/file placeholders instead of raw JSON), route Feishu video sends as <code>msg_type: "file"</code>, and avoid websocket event blocking by using non-blocking event handling in monitor dispatch. Landed from contributor PRs #29610, #30432, #30331, and #29501. Thanks @hclsys, @bmendonca3, @patrick-yingxi-pan, and @zwffff.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Typing replay suppression: skip typing indicators for stale replayed inbound messages after compaction using message-age checks with second/millisecond timestamp normalization, preventing old-message reaction floods while preserving typing for fresh messages. Landed from contributor PR #30709 by @arkyu2077. Thanks @arkyu2077.</li>
 </ul>
 <p><a href="https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md">View full changelog</a></p>
 ]]></description>
-            <enclosure url="https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/download/v2026.2.14/OpenClaw-2026.2.14.zip" length="22914034" type="application/octet-stream" sparkle:edSignature="lR3nuq46/akMIN8RFDpMkTE0VOVoDVG53Xts589LryMGEtUvJxRQDtHBXfx7ZvToTq6CFKG+L5Kq/4rUspMoAQ=="/>
+            <enclosure url="https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/download/v2026.3.1/OpenClaw-2026.3.1.zip" length="12804155" type="application/octet-stream" sparkle:edSignature="TF1otD4Vk3pG0iViX7mvix5DQEgAsk4JkSFvH7opjf9aawV16f29SUa2wRmiCFU6HEgyNgnGI/078O+A27eXCA=="/>
         </item>
         <item>
             <title>2026.2.15</title>
@@ -311,4 +311,4 @@
             <enclosure url="https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/download/v2026.2.26/OpenClaw-2026.2.26.zip" length="12796628" type="application/octet-stream" sparkle:edSignature="qqVJfkQS9Q4LCTlGtOyXzORWZWWnOkWyiJ6DVX27oPF8aeUlUyfHrmb51sFiNjSuCJC2xmJW1Mi1CAHl/I1pCw=="/>
         </item>
     </channel>
-</rss>
+</rss>

apps/android/README.md

@@ -156,8 +156,8 @@ pnpm openclaw gateway --port 18789 --verbose
 3) Approve pairing (on the gateway machine):
 
 ```bash
-openclaw nodes pending
-openclaw nodes approve <requestId>
+openclaw devices list
+openclaw devices approve <requestId>
 ```
 
 More details: `docs/platforms/android.md`.

apps/android/app/build.gradle.kts

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ android {
         minSdk = 31
         targetSdk = 36
         versionCode = 202603010
-        versionName = "2026.3.1"
+        versionName = "2026.3.2"
         ndk {
             // Support all major ABIs — native libs are tiny (~47 KB per ABI)
             abiFilters += listOf("armeabi-v7a", "arm64-v8a", "x86", "x86_64")
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ android {
     lint {
         disable +=
             setOf(
+                "AndroidGradlePluginVersion",
                 "GradleDependency",
                 "IconLauncherShape",
                 "NewerVersionAvailable",

apps/android/app/src/main/AndroidManifest.xml

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO" />
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.SEND_SMS" />
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_MEDIA_IMAGES" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED" />
     <uses-permission
         android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"
         android:maxSdkVersion="32" />

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/CameraCaptureManager.kt

@@ -33,10 +33,7 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.suspendCancellableCoroutine
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withTimeout
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
-import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
-import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
-import kotlinx.serialization.json.contentOrNull
 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream
 import java.io.File
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor
@@ -101,7 +98,7 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(private val context: Context) {
     withContext(Dispatchers.Main) {
       ensureCameraPermission()
       val owner = lifecycleOwner ?: throw IllegalStateException("UNAVAILABLE: camera not ready")
-      val params = parseParamsObject(paramsJson)
+      val params = parseJsonParamsObject(paramsJson)
       val facing = parseFacing(params) ?: "front"
       val quality = (parseQuality(params) ?: 0.95).coerceIn(0.1, 1.0)
       val maxWidth = parseMaxWidth(params) ?: 1600
@@ -167,7 +164,7 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(private val context: Context) {
     withContext(Dispatchers.Main) {
       ensureCameraPermission()
       val owner = lifecycleOwner ?: throw IllegalStateException("UNAVAILABLE: camera not ready")
-      val params = parseParamsObject(paramsJson)
+      val params = parseJsonParamsObject(paramsJson)
       val facing = parseFacing(params) ?: "front"
       val durationMs = (parseDurationMs(params) ?: 3_000).coerceIn(200, 60_000)
       val includeAudio = parseIncludeAudio(params) ?: true
@@ -293,20 +290,8 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(private val context: Context) {
     return rotated
   }
 
-  private fun parseParamsObject(paramsJson: String?): JsonObject? {
-    if (paramsJson.isNullOrBlank()) return null
-    return try {
-      Json.parseToJsonElement(paramsJson).asObjectOrNull()
-    } catch (_: Throwable) {
-      null
-    }
-  }
-
-  private fun readPrimitive(params: JsonObject?, key: String): JsonPrimitive? =
-    params?.get(key) as? JsonPrimitive
-
   private fun parseFacing(params: JsonObject?): String? {
-    val value = readPrimitive(params, "facing")?.contentOrNull?.trim()?.lowercase() ?: return null
+    val value = parseJsonString(params, "facing")?.trim()?.lowercase() ?: return null
     return when (value) {
       "front", "back" -> value
       else -> null
@@ -314,31 +299,21 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(private val context: Context) {
   }
 
   private fun parseQuality(params: JsonObject?): Double? =
-    readPrimitive(params, "quality")?.contentOrNull?.toDoubleOrNull()
+    parseJsonDouble(params, "quality")
 
   private fun parseMaxWidth(params: JsonObject?): Int? =
-    readPrimitive(params, "maxWidth")
-      ?.contentOrNull
-      ?.toIntOrNull()
+    parseJsonInt(params, "maxWidth")
       ?.takeIf { it > 0 }
 
   private fun parseDurationMs(params: JsonObject?): Int? =
-    readPrimitive(params, "durationMs")?.contentOrNull?.toIntOrNull()
+    parseJsonInt(params, "durationMs")
 
   private fun parseDeviceId(params: JsonObject?): String? =
-    readPrimitive(params, "deviceId")
-      ?.contentOrNull
+    parseJsonString(params, "deviceId")
       ?.trim()
       ?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
 
-  private fun parseIncludeAudio(params: JsonObject?): Boolean? {
-    val value = readPrimitive(params, "includeAudio")?.contentOrNull?.trim()?.lowercase()
-    return when (value) {
-      "true" -> true
-      "false" -> false
-      else -> null
-    }
-  }
+  private fun parseIncludeAudio(params: JsonObject?): Boolean? = parseJsonBooleanFlag(params, "includeAudio")
 
   private fun Context.mainExecutor(): Executor = ContextCompat.getMainExecutor(this)
 
@@ -359,6 +334,7 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(private val context: Context) {
       .build()
   }
 
+  @SuppressLint("UnsafeOptInUsageError")
   private fun cameraDeviceInfoOrNull(info: CameraInfo): CameraDeviceInfo? {
     val cameraId = cameraIdOrNull(info) ?: return null
     val lensFacing =
@@ -389,6 +365,7 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(private val context: Context) {
     )
   }
 
+  @SuppressLint("UnsafeOptInUsageError")
   private fun cameraIdOrNull(info: CameraInfo): String? =
     runCatching { Camera2CameraInfo.from(info).cameraId }.getOrNull()
 }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/CanvasController.kt

@@ -44,6 +44,14 @@ class CanvasController {
     return (q * 100.0).toInt().coerceIn(1, 100)
   }
 
+  private fun Bitmap.scaleForMaxWidth(maxWidth: Int?): Bitmap {
+    if (maxWidth == null || maxWidth <= 0 || width <= maxWidth) {
+      return this
+    }
+    val scaledHeight = (height.toDouble() * (maxWidth.toDouble() / width.toDouble())).toInt().coerceAtLeast(1)
+    return scale(maxWidth, scaledHeight)
+  }
+
   fun attach(webView: WebView) {
     this.webView = webView
     reload()
@@ -148,13 +156,7 @@ class CanvasController {
     withContext(Dispatchers.Main) {
       val wv = webView ?: throw IllegalStateException("no webview")
       val bmp = wv.captureBitmap()
-      val scaled =
-        if (maxWidth != null && maxWidth > 0 && bmp.width > maxWidth) {
-          val h = (bmp.height.toDouble() * (maxWidth.toDouble() / bmp.width.toDouble())).toInt().coerceAtLeast(1)
-          bmp.scale(maxWidth, h)
-        } else {
-          bmp
-        }
+      val scaled = bmp.scaleForMaxWidth(maxWidth)
 
       val out = ByteArrayOutputStream()
       scaled.compress(Bitmap.CompressFormat.PNG, 100, out)
@@ -165,13 +167,7 @@ class CanvasController {
     withContext(Dispatchers.Main) {
       val wv = webView ?: throw IllegalStateException("no webview")
       val bmp = wv.captureBitmap()
-      val scaled =
-        if (maxWidth != null && maxWidth > 0 && bmp.width > maxWidth) {
-          val h = (bmp.height.toDouble() * (maxWidth.toDouble() / bmp.width.toDouble())).toInt().coerceAtLeast(1)
-          bmp.scale(maxWidth, h)
-        } else {
-          bmp
-        }
+      val scaled = bmp.scaleForMaxWidth(maxWidth)
 
       val out = ByteArrayOutputStream()
       val (compressFormat, compressQuality) =

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/ContactsHandler.kt

@@ -248,30 +248,37 @@ private object SystemContactsDataSource : ContactsDataSource {
   }
 
   private fun loadPhones(resolver: ContentResolver, contactId: Long): List<String> {
-    val projection = arrayOf(ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.NUMBER)
-    resolver.query(
-      ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.CONTENT_URI,
-      projection,
-      "${ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.CONTACT_ID}=?",
-      arrayOf(contactId.toString()),
-      null,
-    ).use { cursor ->
-      if (cursor == null) return emptyList()
-      val out = LinkedHashSet<String>()
-      while (cursor.moveToNext()) {
-        val value = cursor.getString(0)?.trim().orEmpty()
-        if (value.isNotEmpty()) out += value
-      }
-      return out.toList()
-    }
+    return queryContactValues(
+      resolver = resolver,
+      contentUri = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.CONTENT_URI,
+      valueColumn = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.NUMBER,
+      contactIdColumn = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.CONTACT_ID,
+      contactId = contactId,
+    )
   }
 
   private fun loadEmails(resolver: ContentResolver, contactId: Long): List<String> {
-    val projection = arrayOf(ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.ADDRESS)
+    return queryContactValues(
+      resolver = resolver,
+      contentUri = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.CONTENT_URI,
+      valueColumn = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.ADDRESS,
+      contactIdColumn = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.CONTACT_ID,
+      contactId = contactId,
+    )
+  }
+
+  private fun queryContactValues(
+    resolver: ContentResolver,
+    contentUri: android.net.Uri,
+    valueColumn: String,
+    contactIdColumn: String,
+    contactId: Long,
+  ): List<String> {
+    val projection = arrayOf(valueColumn)
     resolver.query(
-      ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.CONTENT_URI,
+      contentUri,
       projection,
-      "${ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.CONTACT_ID}=?",
+      "$contactIdColumn=?",
       arrayOf(contactId.toString()),
       null,
     ).use { cursor ->

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/DeviceHandler.kt

@@ -136,12 +136,7 @@ class DeviceHandler(
       } else {
         hasPermission(Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE)
       }
-    val motionGranted =
-      if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 29) {
-        hasPermission(Manifest.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION)
-      } else {
-        true
-      }
+    val motionGranted = hasPermission(Manifest.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION)
     val notificationsGranted =
       if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 33) {
         hasPermission(Manifest.permission.POST_NOTIFICATIONS)
@@ -228,7 +223,7 @@ class DeviceHandler(
             "motion",
             permissionStateJson(
               granted = motionGranted,
-              promptableWhenDenied = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 29,
+              promptableWhenDenied = true,
             ),
           )
           // Screen capture on Android is interactive per-capture consent, not a sticky app permission.

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/DeviceNotificationListenerService.kt

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import android.app.RemoteInput
 import android.content.ComponentName
 import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
-import android.os.Build
 import android.service.notification.NotificationListenerService
 import android.service.notification.StatusBarNotification
+import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.buildJsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.put
@@ -34,6 +34,21 @@ data class DeviceNotificationEntry(
   val isClearable: Boolean,
 )
 
+internal fun DeviceNotificationEntry.toJsonObject(): JsonObject {
+  return buildJsonObject {
+    put("key", JsonPrimitive(key))
+    put("packageName", JsonPrimitive(packageName))
+    put("postTimeMs", JsonPrimitive(postTimeMs))
+    put("isOngoing", JsonPrimitive(isOngoing))
+    put("isClearable", JsonPrimitive(isClearable))
+    title?.let { put("title", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
+    text?.let { put("text", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
+    subText?.let { put("subText", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
+    category?.let { put("category", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
+    channelId?.let { put("channelId", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
+  }
+}
+
 data class DeviceNotificationSnapshot(
   val enabled: Boolean,
   val connected: Boolean,
@@ -234,9 +249,6 @@ class DeviceNotificationListenerService : NotificationListenerService() {
     }
 
     fun requestServiceRebind(context: Context) {
-      if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.N) {
-        return
-      }
       runCatching {
         NotificationListenerService.requestRebind(serviceComponent(context))
       }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/InvokeDispatcher.kt

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawDeviceCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawLocationCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawMotionCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawNotificationsCommand
-import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawPhotosCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawScreenCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawSmsCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawSystemCommand
@@ -146,7 +145,9 @@ class InvokeDispatcher(
       OpenClawSystemCommand.Notify.rawValue -> systemHandler.handleSystemNotify(paramsJson)
 
       // Photos command
-      OpenClawPhotosCommand.Latest.rawValue -> photosHandler.handlePhotosLatest(paramsJson)
+      ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawPhotosCommand.Latest.rawValue -> photosHandler.handlePhotosLatest(
+        paramsJson,
+      )
 
       // Contacts command
       OpenClawContactsCommand.Search.rawValue -> contactsHandler.handleContactsSearch(paramsJson)

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/MotionHandler.kt

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import android.hardware.Sensor
 import android.hardware.SensorEvent
 import android.hardware.SensorEventListener
 import android.hardware.SensorManager
-import android.os.Build
 import android.os.SystemClock
 import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
 import ai.openclaw.android.gateway.GatewaySession
@@ -85,7 +84,6 @@ private object SystemMotionDataSource : MotionDataSource {
   }
 
   override fun hasPermission(context: Context): Boolean {
-    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < 29) return true
     return ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(context, Manifest.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION) ==
       android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
   }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/NodeUtils.kt

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 package ai.openclaw.android.node
 
 import ai.openclaw.android.gateway.parseInvokeErrorFromThrowable
+import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonElement
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonNull
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
+import kotlinx.serialization.json.contentOrNull
 
 const val DEFAULT_SEAM_COLOR_ARGB: Long = 0xFF4F7A9A
 
@@ -21,6 +23,35 @@ fun String.toJsonString(): String {
 
 fun JsonElement?.asObjectOrNull(): JsonObject? = this as? JsonObject
 
+fun parseJsonParamsObject(paramsJson: String?): JsonObject? {
+  if (paramsJson.isNullOrBlank()) return null
+  return try {
+    Json.parseToJsonElement(paramsJson).asObjectOrNull()
+  } catch (_: Throwable) {
+    null
+  }
+}
+
+fun readJsonPrimitive(params: JsonObject?, key: String): JsonPrimitive? = params?.get(key) as? JsonPrimitive
+
+fun parseJsonInt(params: JsonObject?, key: String): Int? =
+  readJsonPrimitive(params, key)?.contentOrNull?.toIntOrNull()
+
+fun parseJsonDouble(params: JsonObject?, key: String): Double? =
+  readJsonPrimitive(params, key)?.contentOrNull?.toDoubleOrNull()
+
+fun parseJsonString(params: JsonObject?, key: String): String? =
+  readJsonPrimitive(params, key)?.contentOrNull
+
+fun parseJsonBooleanFlag(params: JsonObject?, key: String): Boolean? {
+  val value = readJsonPrimitive(params, key)?.contentOrNull?.trim()?.lowercase() ?: return null
+  return when (value) {
+    "true" -> true
+    "false" -> false
+    else -> null
+  }
+}
+
 fun JsonElement?.asStringOrNull(): String? =
   when (this) {
     is JsonNull -> null

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/NotificationsHandler.kt

@@ -131,20 +131,7 @@ class NotificationsHandler private constructor(
       put(
         "notifications",
         JsonArray(
-          snapshot.notifications.map { entry ->
-            buildJsonObject {
-              put("key", JsonPrimitive(entry.key))
-              put("packageName", JsonPrimitive(entry.packageName))
-              put("postTimeMs", JsonPrimitive(entry.postTimeMs))
-              put("isOngoing", JsonPrimitive(entry.isOngoing))
-              put("isClearable", JsonPrimitive(entry.isClearable))
-              entry.title?.let { put("title", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
-              entry.text?.let { put("text", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
-              entry.subText?.let { put("subText", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
-              entry.category?.let { put("category", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
-              entry.channelId?.let { put("channelId", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
-            }
-          },
+          snapshot.notifications.map { entry -> entry.toJsonObject() },
         ),
       )
     }.toString()

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/PhotosHandler.kt

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import android.os.Build
 import android.os.Bundle
 import android.provider.MediaStore
 import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
+import androidx.core.graphics.scale
 import ai.openclaw.android.gateway.GatewaySession
 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream
 import java.time.Instant
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ private object SystemPhotosDataSource : PhotosDataSource {
 
     if (decoded.width <= maxWidth) return decoded
     val targetHeight = max(1, ((decoded.height.toDouble() * maxWidth) / decoded.width).roundToInt())
-    return Bitmap.createScaledBitmap(decoded, maxWidth, targetHeight, true)
+    return decoded.scale(maxWidth, targetHeight, true)
   }
 
   private fun computeInSampleSize(width: Int, maxWidth: Int): Int {
@@ -198,7 +199,7 @@ private object SystemPhotosDataSource : PhotosDataSource {
       val nextWidth = max(240, (working.width * 0.75f).roundToInt())
       if (nextWidth >= working.width) return null
       val nextHeight = max(1, ((working.height.toDouble() * nextWidth) / working.width).roundToInt())
-      working = Bitmap.createScaledBitmap(working, nextWidth, nextHeight, true)
+      working = working.scale(nextWidth, nextHeight, true)
     }
     return null
   }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/ScreenRecordManager.kt

@@ -10,10 +10,7 @@ import ai.openclaw.android.ScreenCaptureRequester
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
-import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
-import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
-import kotlinx.serialization.json.contentOrNull
 import java.io.File
 import kotlin.math.roundToInt
 
@@ -39,7 +36,7 @@ class ScreenRecordManager(private val context: Context) {
             "SCREEN_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Screen Recording permission",
           )
 
-      val params = parseParamsObject(paramsJson)
+      val params = parseJsonParamsObject(paramsJson)
       val durationMs = (parseDurationMs(params) ?: 10_000).coerceIn(250, 60_000)
       val fps = (parseFps(params) ?: 10.0).coerceIn(1.0, 60.0)
       val fpsInt = fps.roundToInt().coerceIn(1, 60)
@@ -146,38 +143,19 @@ class ScreenRecordManager(private val context: Context) {
     }
   }
 
-  private fun parseParamsObject(paramsJson: String?): JsonObject? {
-    if (paramsJson.isNullOrBlank()) return null
-    return try {
-      Json.parseToJsonElement(paramsJson).asObjectOrNull()
-    } catch (_: Throwable) {
-      null
-    }
-  }
-
-  private fun readPrimitive(params: JsonObject?, key: String): JsonPrimitive? =
-    params?.get(key) as? JsonPrimitive
-
   private fun parseDurationMs(params: JsonObject?): Int? =
-    readPrimitive(params, "durationMs")?.contentOrNull?.toIntOrNull()
+    parseJsonInt(params, "durationMs")
 
   private fun parseFps(params: JsonObject?): Double? =
-    readPrimitive(params, "fps")?.contentOrNull?.toDoubleOrNull()
+    parseJsonDouble(params, "fps")
 
   private fun parseScreenIndex(params: JsonObject?): Int? =
-    readPrimitive(params, "screenIndex")?.contentOrNull?.toIntOrNull()
+    parseJsonInt(params, "screenIndex")
 
-  private fun parseIncludeAudio(params: JsonObject?): Boolean? {
-    val value = readPrimitive(params, "includeAudio")?.contentOrNull?.trim()?.lowercase()
-    return when (value) {
-      "true" -> true
-      "false" -> false
-      else -> null
-    }
-  }
+  private fun parseIncludeAudio(params: JsonObject?): Boolean? = parseJsonBooleanFlag(params, "includeAudio")
 
   private fun parseString(params: JsonObject?, key: String): String? =
-    readPrimitive(params, key)?.contentOrNull
+    parseJsonString(params, key)
 
   private fun estimateBitrate(width: Int, height: Int, fps: Int): Int {
     val pixels = width.toLong() * height.toLong()

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/SystemHandler.kt

@@ -67,9 +67,6 @@ private class AndroidSystemNotificationPoster(
   }
 
   private fun ensureChannel(priority: String?): String {
-    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
-      return NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_BASE_ID
-    }
     val normalizedPriority = priority.orEmpty().trim().lowercase()
     val (suffix, importance, name) =
       when (normalizedPriority) {

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/ui/OnboardingFlow.kt

@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextOverflow
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.sp
 import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
+import androidx.core.net.toUri
 import androidx.lifecycle.Lifecycle
 import androidx.lifecycle.LifecycleEventObserver
 import androidx.lifecycle.compose.LocalLifecycleOwner
@@ -242,7 +243,7 @@ fun OnboardingFlow(viewModel: MainViewModel, modifier: Modifier = Modifier) {
     remember(context) {
       hasMotionCapabilities(context)
     }
-  val motionPermissionRequired = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 29
+  val motionPermissionRequired = true
   val notificationsPermissionRequired = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 33
   val discoveryPermission =
     if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 33) {
@@ -1635,7 +1636,6 @@ private fun isNotificationListenerEnabled(context: Context): Boolean {
 }
 
 private fun canInstallUnknownApps(context: Context): Boolean {
-  if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < 26) return true
   return context.packageManager.canRequestPackageInstalls()
 }
 
@@ -1649,11 +1649,10 @@ private fun openNotificationListenerSettings(context: Context) {
 }
 
 private fun openUnknownAppSourcesSettings(context: Context) {
-  if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < 26) return
   val intent =
     Intent(
       Settings.ACTION_MANAGE_UNKNOWN_APP_SOURCES,
-      Uri.parse("package:${context.packageName}"),
+      "package:${context.packageName}".toUri(),
     ).addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK)
   runCatching {
     context.startActivity(intent)

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/ui/SettingsSheet.kt

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.text.font.FontWeight
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.sp
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
+import androidx.core.net.toUri
 import androidx.lifecycle.Lifecycle
 import androidx.lifecycle.LifecycleEventObserver
 import androidx.lifecycle.compose.LocalLifecycleOwner
@@ -171,7 +172,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
     } else {
       Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
     }
-  val motionPermissionRequired = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 29
+  val motionPermissionRequired = true
   val motionAvailable = remember(context) { hasMotionCapabilities(context) }
 
   var notificationsPermissionGranted by
@@ -424,7 +425,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
       item {
         ListItem(
-          modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+          modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
           colors = listItemColors,
           headlineContent = { Text("Microphone permission", style = mobileHeadline) },
           supportingContent = {
@@ -477,7 +478,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
     item {
       ListItem(
-        modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+        modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
         colors = listItemColors,
         headlineContent = { Text("Allow Camera", style = mobileHeadline) },
         supportingContent = { Text("Allows the gateway to request photos or short video clips (foreground only).", style = mobileCallout) },
@@ -510,7 +511,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
           else -> "Grant"
         }
       ListItem(
-        modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+        modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
         colors = listItemColors,
         headlineContent = { Text("SMS Permission", style = mobileHeadline) },
         supportingContent = {
@@ -561,7 +562,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
             "Grant"
           }
         ListItem(
-          modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+          modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
           colors = listItemColors,
           headlineContent = { Text("System Notifications", style = mobileHeadline) },
           supportingContent = {
@@ -589,7 +590,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
       item {
         ListItem(
-          modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+          modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
           colors = listItemColors,
           headlineContent = { Text("Notification Listener Access", style = mobileHeadline) },
           supportingContent = {
@@ -624,7 +625,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
       item {
         ListItem(
-          modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+          modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
           colors = listItemColors,
           headlineContent = { Text("Photos Permission", style = mobileHeadline) },
           supportingContent = {
@@ -655,7 +656,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
       item {
         ListItem(
-          modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+          modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
           colors = listItemColors,
           headlineContent = { Text("Contacts Permission", style = mobileHeadline) },
           supportingContent = {
@@ -686,7 +687,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
       item {
         ListItem(
-          modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+          modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
           colors = listItemColors,
           headlineContent = { Text("Calendar Permission", style = mobileHeadline) },
           supportingContent = {
@@ -724,7 +725,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
             else -> "Grant"
           }
         ListItem(
-          modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+          modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
           colors = listItemColors,
           headlineContent = { Text("Motion Permission", style = mobileHeadline) },
           supportingContent = {
@@ -768,7 +769,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
       item {
         ListItem(
-          modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+          modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
           colors = listItemColors,
           headlineContent = { Text("Install App Updates", style = mobileHeadline) },
           supportingContent = {
@@ -802,7 +803,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
         )
       }
       item {
-        Column(modifier = settingsRowModifier(), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(0.dp)) {
+        Column(modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(0.dp)) {
           ListItem(
             modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
             colors = listItemColors,
@@ -877,7 +878,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
     item {
       ListItem(
-        modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+        modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
         colors = listItemColors,
         headlineContent = { Text("Prevent Sleep", style = mobileHeadline) },
         supportingContent = { Text("Keeps the screen awake while OpenClaw is open.", style = mobileCallout) },
@@ -897,7 +898,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
     item {
       ListItem(
-        modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+        modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
         colors = listItemColors,
         headlineContent = { Text("Debug Canvas Status", style = mobileHeadline) },
         supportingContent = { Text("Show status text in the canvas when debug is enabled.", style = mobileCallout) },
@@ -927,8 +928,8 @@ private fun settingsTextFieldColors() =
     cursorColor = mobileAccent,
   )
 
-private fun settingsRowModifier() =
-  Modifier
+private fun Modifier.settingsRowModifier() =
+  this
     .fillMaxWidth()
     .border(width = 1.dp, color = mobileBorder, shape = RoundedCornerShape(14.dp))
     .background(Color.White, RoundedCornerShape(14.dp))
@@ -970,14 +971,10 @@ private fun openNotificationListenerSettings(context: Context) {
 }
 
 private fun openUnknownAppSourcesSettings(context: Context) {
-  if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < 26) {
-    openAppSettings(context)
-    return
-  }
   val intent =
     Intent(
       Settings.ACTION_MANAGE_UNKNOWN_APP_SOURCES,
-      Uri.parse("package:${context.packageName}"),
+      "package:${context.packageName}".toUri(),
     )
   runCatching {
     context.startActivity(intent)
@@ -997,7 +994,6 @@ private fun isNotificationListenerEnabled(context: Context): Boolean {
 }
 
 private fun canInstallUnknownApps(context: Context): Boolean {
-  if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < 26) return true
   return context.packageManager.canRequestPackageInstalls()
 }
 

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/ui/chat/Base64ImageState.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package ai.openclaw.android.ui.chat
+
+import android.graphics.BitmapFactory
+import android.util.Base64
+import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
+import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect
+import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
+import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableStateOf
+import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
+import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
+import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.ImageBitmap
+import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.asImageBitmap
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
+import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
+
+internal data class Base64ImageState(
+  val image: ImageBitmap?,
+  val failed: Boolean,
+)
+
+@Composable
+internal fun rememberBase64ImageState(base64: String): Base64ImageState {
+  var image by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf<ImageBitmap?>(null) }
+  var failed by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf(false) }
+
+  LaunchedEffect(base64) {
+    failed = false
+    image =
+      withContext(Dispatchers.Default) {
+        try {
+          val bytes = Base64.decode(base64, Base64.DEFAULT)
+          val bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(bytes, 0, bytes.size) ?: return@withContext null
+          bitmap.asImageBitmap()
+        } catch (_: Throwable) {
+          null
+        }
+      }
+    if (image == null) failed = true
+  }
+
+  return Base64ImageState(image = image, failed = failed)
+}

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/ui/chat/ChatMarkdown.kt

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 package ai.openclaw.android.ui.chat
 
-import android.graphics.BitmapFactory
-import android.util.Base64
 import androidx.compose.foundation.Image
 import androidx.compose.foundation.background
 import androidx.compose.foundation.border
@@ -20,15 +18,10 @@ import androidx.compose.foundation.rememberScrollState
 import androidx.compose.foundation.text.selection.SelectionContainer
 import androidx.compose.material3.Text
 import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
-import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect
-import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
-import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableStateOf
 import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
-import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
 import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.Color
-import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.asImageBitmap
 import androidx.compose.ui.layout.ContentScale
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.AnnotatedString
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.SpanStyle
@@ -47,8 +40,6 @@ import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileCaption1
 import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileCodeBg
 import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileCodeText
 import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileTextSecondary
-import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
-import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
 import org.commonmark.Extension
 import org.commonmark.ext.autolink.AutolinkExtension
 import org.commonmark.ext.gfm.strikethrough.Strikethrough
@@ -555,23 +546,8 @@ private data class ParsedDataImage(
 
 @Composable
 private fun InlineBase64Image(base64: String, mimeType: String?) {
-  var image by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf<androidx.compose.ui.graphics.ImageBitmap?>(null) }
-  var failed by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf(false) }
-
-  LaunchedEffect(base64) {
-    failed = false
-    image =
-      withContext(Dispatchers.Default) {
-        try {
-          val bytes = Base64.decode(base64, Base64.DEFAULT)
-          val bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(bytes, 0, bytes.size) ?: return@withContext null
-          bitmap.asImageBitmap()
-        } catch (_: Throwable) {
-          null
-        }
-      }
-    if (image == null) failed = true
-  }
+  val imageState = rememberBase64ImageState(base64)
+  val image = imageState.image
 
   if (image != null) {
     Image(
@@ -580,7 +556,7 @@ private fun InlineBase64Image(base64: String, mimeType: String?) {
       contentScale = ContentScale.Fit,
       modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
     )
-  } else if (failed) {
+  } else if (imageState.failed) {
     Text(
       text = "Image unavailable",
       modifier = Modifier.padding(vertical = 2.dp),

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/ui/chat/ChatMessageViews.kt

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 package ai.openclaw.android.ui.chat
 
-import android.graphics.BitmapFactory
-import android.util.Base64
 import androidx.compose.foundation.BorderStroke
 import androidx.compose.foundation.Image
 import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Arrangement
@@ -16,16 +14,11 @@ import androidx.compose.foundation.shape.RoundedCornerShape
 import androidx.compose.material3.Surface
 import androidx.compose.material3.Text
 import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
-import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect
-import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
-import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableStateOf
 import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
-import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
 import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.draw.alpha
 import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.Color
-import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.asImageBitmap
 import androidx.compose.ui.layout.ContentScale
 import androidx.compose.ui.platform.LocalContext
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.font.FontFamily
@@ -51,8 +44,6 @@ import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileTextSecondary
 import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileWarning
 import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileWarningSoft
 import java.util.Locale
-import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
-import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
 
 private data class ChatBubbleStyle(
   val alignEnd: Boolean,
@@ -241,23 +232,8 @@ private fun roleLabel(role: String): String {
 
 @Composable
 private fun ChatBase64Image(base64: String, mimeType: String?) {
-  var image by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf<androidx.compose.ui.graphics.ImageBitmap?>(null) }
-  var failed by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf(false) }
-
-  LaunchedEffect(base64) {
-    failed = false
-    image =
-      withContext(Dispatchers.Default) {
-        try {
-          val bytes = Base64.decode(base64, Base64.DEFAULT)
-          val bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(bytes, 0, bytes.size) ?: return@withContext null
-          bitmap.asImageBitmap()
-        } catch (_: Throwable) {
-          null
-        }
-      }
-    if (image == null) failed = true
-  }
+  val imageState = rememberBase64ImageState(base64)
+  val image = imageState.image
 
   if (image != null) {
     Surface(
@@ -273,7 +249,7 @@ private fun ChatBase64Image(base64: String, mimeType: String?) {
         modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
       )
     }
-  } else if (failed) {
+  } else if (imageState.failed) {
     Text("Unsupported attachment", style = mobileCaption1, color = mobileTextSecondary)
   }
 }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/voice/TalkModeManager.kt

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
 import ai.openclaw.android.gateway.GatewaySession
 import ai.openclaw.android.isCanonicalMainSessionKey
 import ai.openclaw.android.normalizeMainKey
-import android.os.Build
 import java.io.File
 import java.net.HttpURLConnection
 import java.net.URL
@@ -1316,43 +1315,28 @@ private const val defaultTalkProvider = "elevenlabs"
 
   private fun requestAudioFocusForTts(): Boolean {
     val am = context.getSystemService(Context.AUDIO_SERVICE) as? AudioManager ?: return true
-    return if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
-      val req = AudioFocusRequest.Builder(AudioManager.AUDIOFOCUS_GAIN_TRANSIENT_MAY_DUCK)
-        .setAudioAttributes(
-          AudioAttributes.Builder()
-            .setUsage(AudioAttributes.USAGE_MEDIA)
-            .setContentType(AudioAttributes.CONTENT_TYPE_SPEECH)
-            .build()
-        )
-        .setOnAudioFocusChangeListener(audioFocusListener)
-        .build()
-      audioFocusRequest = req
-      val result = am.requestAudioFocus(req)
-      Log.d(tag, "audio focus request result=$result")
-      result == AudioManager.AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_GRANTED || result == AudioManager.AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_DELAYED
-    } else {
-      @Suppress("DEPRECATION")
-      val result = am.requestAudioFocus(
-        audioFocusListener,
-        AudioManager.STREAM_MUSIC,
-        AudioManager.AUDIOFOCUS_GAIN_TRANSIENT_MAY_DUCK,
+    val req = AudioFocusRequest.Builder(AudioManager.AUDIOFOCUS_GAIN_TRANSIENT_MAY_DUCK)
+      .setAudioAttributes(
+        AudioAttributes.Builder()
+          .setUsage(AudioAttributes.USAGE_MEDIA)
+          .setContentType(AudioAttributes.CONTENT_TYPE_SPEECH)
+          .build()
       )
-      result == AudioManager.AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_GRANTED
-    }
+      .setOnAudioFocusChangeListener(audioFocusListener)
+      .build()
+    audioFocusRequest = req
+    val result = am.requestAudioFocus(req)
+    Log.d(tag, "audio focus request result=$result")
+    return result == AudioManager.AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_GRANTED || result == AudioManager.AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_DELAYED
   }
 
   private fun abandonAudioFocus() {
     val am = context.getSystemService(Context.AUDIO_SERVICE) as? AudioManager ?: return
-    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
-      audioFocusRequest?.let {
-        am.abandonAudioFocusRequest(it)
-        Log.d(tag, "audio focus abandoned")
-      }
-      audioFocusRequest = null
-    } else {
-      @Suppress("DEPRECATION")
-      am.abandonAudioFocus(audioFocusListener)
+    audioFocusRequest?.let {
+      am.abandonAudioFocusRequest(it)
+      Log.d(tag, "audio focus abandoned")
     }
+    audioFocusRequest = null
   }
 
   private fun cleanupPlayer() {

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/gateway/GatewaySessionInvokeTest.kt

@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@ package ai.openclaw.android.gateway
 import kotlinx.coroutines.CompletableDeferred
 import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Job
 import kotlinx.coroutines.SupervisorJob
 import kotlinx.coroutines.cancelAndJoin
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withTimeout
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withTimeoutOrNull
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
+import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.jsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.jsonPrimitive
 import okhttp3.Response
@@ -27,6 +29,10 @@ import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
 import org.robolectric.annotation.Config
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference
 
+private const val TEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 8_000L
+private const val CONNECT_CHALLENGE_FRAME =
+  """{"type":"event","event":"connect.challenge","payload":{"nonce":"android-test-nonce"}}"""
+
 private class InMemoryDeviceAuthStore : DeviceAuthTokenStore {
   private val tokens = mutableMapOf<String, String>()
 
@@ -37,530 +43,301 @@ private class InMemoryDeviceAuthStore : DeviceAuthTokenStore {
   }
 }
 
+private data class NodeHarness(
+  val session: GatewaySession,
+  val sessionJob: Job,
+)
+
+private data class InvokeScenarioResult(
+  val request: GatewaySession.InvokeRequest,
+  val resultParams: JsonObject,
+)
+
 @RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
 @Config(sdk = [34])
 class GatewaySessionInvokeTest {
   @Test
   fun nodeInvokeRequest_roundTripsInvokeResult() = runBlocking {
-    val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
-    val connected = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
-    val invokeRequest = CompletableDeferred<GatewaySession.InvokeRequest>()
-    val invokeResultParams = CompletableDeferred<String>()
     val handshakeOrigin = AtomicReference<String?>(null)
-    val lastDisconnect = AtomicReference("")
-    val server =
-      MockWebServer().apply {
-        dispatcher =
-          object : Dispatcher() {
-            override fun dispatch(request: RecordedRequest): MockResponse {
-              handshakeOrigin.compareAndSet(null, request.getHeader("Origin"))
-              return MockResponse().withWebSocketUpgrade(
-                object : WebSocketListener() {
-                  override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
-                    webSocket.send(
-                      """{"type":"event","event":"connect.challenge","payload":{"nonce":"android-test-nonce"}}""",
-                    )
-                  }
-
-                  override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
-                    val frame = json.parseToJsonElement(text).jsonObject
-                    if (frame["type"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content != "req") return
-                    val id = frame["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                    val method = frame["method"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                    when (method) {
-                      "connect" -> {
-                        webSocket.send(
-                          """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"snapshot":{"sessionDefaults":{"mainSessionKey":"main"}}}}""",
-                        )
-                        webSocket.send(
-                          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-1","nodeId":"node-1","command":"debug.ping","params":{"ping":"pong"},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
-                        )
-                      }
-                      "node.invoke.result" -> {
-                        if (!invokeResultParams.isCompleted) {
-                          invokeResultParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString().orEmpty())
-                        }
-                        webSocket.send("""{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"ok":true}}""")
-                        webSocket.close(1000, "done")
-                      }
-                    }
-                  }
-                },
-              )
-            }
-          }
-        start()
+    val result =
+      runInvokeScenario(
+        invokeEventFrame =
+          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-1","nodeId":"node-1","command":"debug.ping","params":{"ping":"pong"},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
+        onHandshake = { request -> handshakeOrigin.compareAndSet(null, request.getHeader("Origin")) },
+      ) {
+        GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""")
       }
 
-    val app = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
-    val sessionJob = SupervisorJob()
-    val deviceAuthStore = InMemoryDeviceAuthStore()
-    val session =
-      GatewaySession(
-        scope = CoroutineScope(sessionJob + Dispatchers.Default),
-        identityStore = DeviceIdentityStore(app),
-        deviceAuthStore = deviceAuthStore,
-        onConnected = { _, _, _ ->
-          if (!connected.isCompleted) connected.complete(Unit)
-        },
-        onDisconnected = { message ->
-          lastDisconnect.set(message)
-        },
-        onEvent = { _, _ -> },
-        onInvoke = { req ->
-          if (!invokeRequest.isCompleted) invokeRequest.complete(req)
-          GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""")
-        },
-      )
-
-    try {
-      session.connect(
-        endpoint =
-          GatewayEndpoint(
-            stableId = "manual|127.0.0.1|${server.port}",
-            name = "test",
-            host = "127.0.0.1",
-            port = server.port,
-            tlsEnabled = false,
-          ),
-        token = "test-token",
-        password = null,
-        options =
-          GatewayConnectOptions(
-            role = "node",
-            scopes = listOf("node:invoke"),
-            caps = emptyList(),
-            commands = emptyList(),
-            permissions = emptyMap(),
-            client =
-              GatewayClientInfo(
-                id = "openclaw-android-test",
-                displayName = "Android Test",
-                version = "1.0.0-test",
-                platform = "android",
-                mode = "node",
-                instanceId = "android-test-instance",
-                deviceFamily = "android",
-                modelIdentifier = "test",
-              ),
-          ),
-        tls = null,
-      )
-
-      val connectedWithinTimeout = withTimeoutOrNull(8_000) {
-        connected.await()
-        true
-      } == true
-      if (!connectedWithinTimeout) {
-        throw AssertionError("never connected; lastDisconnect=${lastDisconnect.get()}; requests=${server.requestCount}")
-      }
-      val req = withTimeout(8_000) { invokeRequest.await() }
-      val resultParamsJson = withTimeout(8_000) { invokeResultParams.await() }
-      val resultParams = json.parseToJsonElement(resultParamsJson).jsonObject
-
-      assertEquals("invoke-1", req.id)
-      assertEquals("node-1", req.nodeId)
-      assertEquals("debug.ping", req.command)
-      assertEquals("""{"ping":"pong"}""", req.paramsJson)
-      assertNull(handshakeOrigin.get())
-      assertEquals("invoke-1", resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-      assertEquals("node-1", resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-      assertEquals(true, resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
-      assertEquals(
-        true,
-        resultParams["payload"]?.jsonObject?.get("handled")?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict(),
-      )
-    } finally {
-      session.disconnect()
-      sessionJob.cancelAndJoin()
-      server.shutdown()
-    }
+    assertEquals("invoke-1", result.request.id)
+    assertEquals("node-1", result.request.nodeId)
+    assertEquals("debug.ping", result.request.command)
+    assertEquals("""{"ping":"pong"}""", result.request.paramsJson)
+    assertNull(handshakeOrigin.get())
+    assertEquals("invoke-1", result.resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+    assertEquals("node-1", result.resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+    assertEquals(true, result.resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
+    assertEquals(
+      true,
+      result.resultParams["payload"]?.jsonObject?.get("handled")?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict(),
+    )
   }
 
   @Test
   fun nodeInvokeRequest_usesParamsJsonWhenProvided() = runBlocking {
-    val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
-    val connected = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
-    val invokeRequest = CompletableDeferred<GatewaySession.InvokeRequest>()
-    val invokeResultParams = CompletableDeferred<String>()
-    val lastDisconnect = AtomicReference("")
-    val server =
-      MockWebServer().apply {
-        dispatcher =
-          object : Dispatcher() {
-            override fun dispatch(request: RecordedRequest): MockResponse {
-              return MockResponse().withWebSocketUpgrade(
-                object : WebSocketListener() {
-                  override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
-                    webSocket.send(
-                      """{"type":"event","event":"connect.challenge","payload":{"nonce":"android-test-nonce"}}""",
-                    )
-                  }
-
-                  override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
-                    val frame = json.parseToJsonElement(text).jsonObject
-                    if (frame["type"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content != "req") return
-                    val id = frame["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                    val method = frame["method"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                    when (method) {
-                      "connect" -> {
-                        webSocket.send(
-                          """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"snapshot":{"sessionDefaults":{"mainSessionKey":"main"}}}}""",
-                        )
-                        webSocket.send(
-                          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-2","nodeId":"node-2","command":"debug.raw","paramsJSON":"{\"raw\":true}","params":{"ignored":1},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
-                        )
-                      }
-                      "node.invoke.result" -> {
-                        if (!invokeResultParams.isCompleted) {
-                          invokeResultParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString().orEmpty())
-                        }
-                        webSocket.send("""{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"ok":true}}""")
-                        webSocket.close(1000, "done")
-                      }
-                    }
-                  }
-                },
-              )
-            }
-          }
-        start()
+    val result =
+      runInvokeScenario(
+        invokeEventFrame =
+          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-2","nodeId":"node-2","command":"debug.raw","paramsJSON":"{\"raw\":true}","params":{"ignored":1},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
+      ) {
+        GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""")
       }
 
-    val app = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
-    val sessionJob = SupervisorJob()
-    val deviceAuthStore = InMemoryDeviceAuthStore()
-    val session =
-      GatewaySession(
-        scope = CoroutineScope(sessionJob + Dispatchers.Default),
-        identityStore = DeviceIdentityStore(app),
-        deviceAuthStore = deviceAuthStore,
-        onConnected = { _, _, _ ->
-          if (!connected.isCompleted) connected.complete(Unit)
-        },
-        onDisconnected = { message ->
-          lastDisconnect.set(message)
-        },
-        onEvent = { _, _ -> },
-        onInvoke = { req ->
-          if (!invokeRequest.isCompleted) invokeRequest.complete(req)
-          GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""")
-        },
-      )
-
-    try {
-      session.connect(
-        endpoint =
-          GatewayEndpoint(
-            stableId = "manual|127.0.0.1|${server.port}",
-            name = "test",
-            host = "127.0.0.1",
-            port = server.port,
-            tlsEnabled = false,
-          ),
-        token = "test-token",
-        password = null,
-        options =
-          GatewayConnectOptions(
-            role = "node",
-            scopes = listOf("node:invoke"),
-            caps = emptyList(),
-            commands = emptyList(),
-            permissions = emptyMap(),
-            client =
-              GatewayClientInfo(
-                id = "openclaw-android-test",
-                displayName = "Android Test",
-                version = "1.0.0-test",
-                platform = "android",
-                mode = "node",
-                instanceId = "android-test-instance",
-                deviceFamily = "android",
-                modelIdentifier = "test",
-              ),
-          ),
-        tls = null,
-      )
-
-      val connectedWithinTimeout = withTimeoutOrNull(8_000) {
-        connected.await()
-        true
-      } == true
-      if (!connectedWithinTimeout) {
-        throw AssertionError("never connected; lastDisconnect=${lastDisconnect.get()}; requests=${server.requestCount}")
-      }
-
-      val req = withTimeout(8_000) { invokeRequest.await() }
-      val resultParamsJson = withTimeout(8_000) { invokeResultParams.await() }
-      val resultParams = json.parseToJsonElement(resultParamsJson).jsonObject
-
-      assertEquals("invoke-2", req.id)
-      assertEquals("node-2", req.nodeId)
-      assertEquals("debug.raw", req.command)
-      assertEquals("""{"raw":true}""", req.paramsJson)
-      assertEquals("invoke-2", resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-      assertEquals("node-2", resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-      assertEquals(true, resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
-    } finally {
-      session.disconnect()
-      sessionJob.cancelAndJoin()
-      server.shutdown()
-    }
+    assertEquals("invoke-2", result.request.id)
+    assertEquals("node-2", result.request.nodeId)
+    assertEquals("debug.raw", result.request.command)
+    assertEquals("""{"raw":true}""", result.request.paramsJson)
+    assertEquals("invoke-2", result.resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+    assertEquals("node-2", result.resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+    assertEquals(true, result.resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
   }
 
   @Test
   fun nodeInvokeRequest_mapsCodePrefixedErrorsIntoInvokeResult() = runBlocking {
-    val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
-    val connected = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
-    val invokeResultParams = CompletableDeferred<String>()
-    val lastDisconnect = AtomicReference("")
-    val server =
-      MockWebServer().apply {
-        dispatcher =
-          object : Dispatcher() {
-            override fun dispatch(request: RecordedRequest): MockResponse {
-              return MockResponse().withWebSocketUpgrade(
-                object : WebSocketListener() {
-                  override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
-                    webSocket.send(
-                      """{"type":"event","event":"connect.challenge","payload":{"nonce":"android-test-nonce"}}""",
-                    )
-                  }
-
-                  override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
-                    val frame = json.parseToJsonElement(text).jsonObject
-                    if (frame["type"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content != "req") return
-                    val id = frame["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                    val method = frame["method"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                    when (method) {
-                      "connect" -> {
-                        webSocket.send(
-                          """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"snapshot":{"sessionDefaults":{"mainSessionKey":"main"}}}}""",
-                        )
-                        webSocket.send(
-                          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-3","nodeId":"node-3","command":"camera.snap","params":{"facing":"front"},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
-                        )
-                      }
-                      "node.invoke.result" -> {
-                        if (!invokeResultParams.isCompleted) {
-                          invokeResultParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString().orEmpty())
-                        }
-                        webSocket.send("""{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"ok":true}}""")
-                        webSocket.close(1000, "done")
-                      }
-                    }
-                  }
-                },
-              )
-            }
-          }
-        start()
+    val result =
+      runInvokeScenario(
+        invokeEventFrame =
+          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-3","nodeId":"node-3","command":"camera.snap","params":{"facing":"front"},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
+      ) {
+        throw IllegalStateException("CAMERA_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Camera permission")
       }
 
-    val app = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
-    val sessionJob = SupervisorJob()
-    val deviceAuthStore = InMemoryDeviceAuthStore()
-    val session =
-      GatewaySession(
-        scope = CoroutineScope(sessionJob + Dispatchers.Default),
-        identityStore = DeviceIdentityStore(app),
-        deviceAuthStore = deviceAuthStore,
-        onConnected = { _, _, _ ->
-          if (!connected.isCompleted) connected.complete(Unit)
-        },
-        onDisconnected = { message ->
-          lastDisconnect.set(message)
-        },
-        onEvent = { _, _ -> },
-        onInvoke = {
-          throw IllegalStateException("CAMERA_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Camera permission")
-        },
-      )
-
-    try {
-      session.connect(
-        endpoint =
-          GatewayEndpoint(
-            stableId = "manual|127.0.0.1|${server.port}",
-            name = "test",
-            host = "127.0.0.1",
-            port = server.port,
-            tlsEnabled = false,
-          ),
-        token = "test-token",
-        password = null,
-        options =
-          GatewayConnectOptions(
-            role = "node",
-            scopes = listOf("node:invoke"),
-            caps = emptyList(),
-            commands = emptyList(),
-            permissions = emptyMap(),
-            client =
-              GatewayClientInfo(
-                id = "openclaw-android-test",
-                displayName = "Android Test",
-                version = "1.0.0-test",
-                platform = "android",
-                mode = "node",
-                instanceId = "android-test-instance",
-                deviceFamily = "android",
-                modelIdentifier = "test",
-              ),
-          ),
-        tls = null,
-      )
-
-      val connectedWithinTimeout = withTimeoutOrNull(8_000) {
-        connected.await()
-        true
-      } == true
-      if (!connectedWithinTimeout) {
-        throw AssertionError("never connected; lastDisconnect=${lastDisconnect.get()}; requests=${server.requestCount}")
-      }
-
-      val resultParamsJson = withTimeout(8_000) { invokeResultParams.await() }
-      val resultParams = json.parseToJsonElement(resultParamsJson).jsonObject
-
-      assertEquals("invoke-3", resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-      assertEquals("node-3", resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-      assertEquals(false, resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
-      assertEquals(
-        "CAMERA_PERMISSION_REQUIRED",
-        resultParams["error"]?.jsonObject?.get("code")?.jsonPrimitive?.content,
-      )
-      assertEquals(
-        "grant Camera permission",
-        resultParams["error"]?.jsonObject?.get("message")?.jsonPrimitive?.content,
-      )
-    } finally {
-      session.disconnect()
-      sessionJob.cancelAndJoin()
-      server.shutdown()
-    }
+    assertEquals("invoke-3", result.resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+    assertEquals("node-3", result.resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+    assertEquals(false, result.resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
+    assertEquals(
+      "CAMERA_PERMISSION_REQUIRED",
+      result.resultParams["error"]?.jsonObject?.get("code")?.jsonPrimitive?.content,
+    )
+    assertEquals(
+      "grant Camera permission",
+      result.resultParams["error"]?.jsonObject?.get("message")?.jsonPrimitive?.content,
+    )
   }
 
   @Test
   fun refreshNodeCanvasCapability_sendsObjectParamsAndUpdatesScopedUrl() = runBlocking {
-    val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
+    val json = testJson()
     val connected = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
     val refreshRequestParams = CompletableDeferred<String?>()
     val lastDisconnect = AtomicReference("")
-    val server =
-      MockWebServer().apply {
-        dispatcher =
-          object : Dispatcher() {
-            override fun dispatch(request: RecordedRequest): MockResponse {
-              return MockResponse().withWebSocketUpgrade(
-                object : WebSocketListener() {
-                  override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
-                    webSocket.send(
-                      """{"type":"event","event":"connect.challenge","payload":{"nonce":"android-test-nonce"}}""",
-                    )
-                  }
 
-                  override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
-                    val frame = json.parseToJsonElement(text).jsonObject
-                    if (frame["type"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content != "req") return
-                    val id = frame["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                    val method = frame["method"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                    when (method) {
-                      "connect" -> {
-                        webSocket.send(
-                          """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"canvasHostUrl":"http://127.0.0.1/__openclaw__/cap/old-cap","snapshot":{"sessionDefaults":{"mainSessionKey":"main"}}}}""",
-                        )
-                      }
-                      "node.canvas.capability.refresh" -> {
-                        if (!refreshRequestParams.isCompleted) {
-                          refreshRequestParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString())
-                        }
-                        webSocket.send(
-                          """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"canvasCapability":"new-cap"}}""",
-                        )
-                        webSocket.close(1000, "done")
-                      }
-                    }
-                  }
-                },
-              )
-            }
+    val server =
+      startGatewayServer(json) { webSocket, id, method, frame ->
+        when (method) {
+          "connect" -> {
+            webSocket.send(connectResponseFrame(id, canvasHostUrl = "http://127.0.0.1/__openclaw__/cap/old-cap"))
           }
-        start()
+          "node.canvas.capability.refresh" -> {
+            if (!refreshRequestParams.isCompleted) {
+              refreshRequestParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString())
+            }
+            webSocket.send(
+              """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"canvasCapability":"new-cap"}}""",
+            )
+            webSocket.close(1000, "done")
+          }
+        }
       }
 
-    val app = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
-    val sessionJob = SupervisorJob()
-    val deviceAuthStore = InMemoryDeviceAuthStore()
-    val session =
-      GatewaySession(
-        scope = CoroutineScope(sessionJob + Dispatchers.Default),
-        identityStore = DeviceIdentityStore(app),
-        deviceAuthStore = deviceAuthStore,
-        onConnected = { _, _, _ ->
-          if (!connected.isCompleted) connected.complete(Unit)
-        },
-        onDisconnected = { message ->
-          lastDisconnect.set(message)
-        },
-        onEvent = { _, _ -> },
-        onInvoke = { GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""") },
-      )
+    val harness =
+      createNodeHarness(
+        connected = connected,
+        lastDisconnect = lastDisconnect,
+      ) { GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""") }
 
     try {
-      session.connect(
-        endpoint =
-          GatewayEndpoint(
-            stableId = "manual|127.0.0.1|${server.port}",
-            name = "test",
-            host = "127.0.0.1",
-            port = server.port,
-            tlsEnabled = false,
-          ),
-        token = "test-token",
-        password = null,
-        options =
-          GatewayConnectOptions(
-            role = "node",
-            scopes = listOf("node:invoke"),
-            caps = emptyList(),
-            commands = emptyList(),
-            permissions = emptyMap(),
-            client =
-              GatewayClientInfo(
-                id = "openclaw-android-test",
-                displayName = "Android Test",
-                version = "1.0.0-test",
-                platform = "android",
-                mode = "node",
-                instanceId = "android-test-instance",
-                deviceFamily = "android",
-                modelIdentifier = "test",
-              ),
-          ),
-        tls = null,
-      )
+      connectNodeSession(harness.session, server.port)
+      awaitConnectedOrThrow(connected, lastDisconnect, server)
 
-      val connectedWithinTimeout = withTimeoutOrNull(8_000) {
-        connected.await()
-        true
-      } == true
-      if (!connectedWithinTimeout) {
-        throw AssertionError("never connected; lastDisconnect=${lastDisconnect.get()}; requests=${server.requestCount}")
-      }
-
-      val refreshed = session.refreshNodeCanvasCapability(timeoutMs = 8_000)
-      val refreshParamsJson = withTimeout(8_000) { refreshRequestParams.await() }
+      val refreshed = harness.session.refreshNodeCanvasCapability(timeoutMs = TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
+      val refreshParamsJson = withTimeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) { refreshRequestParams.await() }
 
       assertEquals(true, refreshed)
       assertEquals("{}", refreshParamsJson)
       assertEquals(
         "http://127.0.0.1:${server.port}/__openclaw__/cap/new-cap",
-        session.currentCanvasHostUrl(),
+        harness.session.currentCanvasHostUrl(),
       )
     } finally {
-      session.disconnect()
-      sessionJob.cancelAndJoin()
-      server.shutdown()
+      shutdownHarness(harness, server)
     }
   }
+
+  private fun testJson(): Json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
+
+  private fun createNodeHarness(
+    connected: CompletableDeferred<Unit>,
+    lastDisconnect: AtomicReference<String>,
+    onInvoke: (GatewaySession.InvokeRequest) -> GatewaySession.InvokeResult,
+  ): NodeHarness {
+    val app = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
+    val sessionJob = SupervisorJob()
+    val session =
+      GatewaySession(
+        scope = CoroutineScope(sessionJob + Dispatchers.Default),
+        identityStore = DeviceIdentityStore(app),
+        deviceAuthStore = InMemoryDeviceAuthStore(),
+        onConnected = { _, _, _ ->
+          if (!connected.isCompleted) connected.complete(Unit)
+        },
+        onDisconnected = { message ->
+          lastDisconnect.set(message)
+        },
+        onEvent = { _, _ -> },
+        onInvoke = onInvoke,
+      )
+
+    return NodeHarness(session = session, sessionJob = sessionJob)
+  }
+
+  private suspend fun connectNodeSession(session: GatewaySession, port: Int) {
+    session.connect(
+      endpoint =
+        GatewayEndpoint(
+          stableId = "manual|127.0.0.1|$port",
+          name = "test",
+          host = "127.0.0.1",
+          port = port,
+          tlsEnabled = false,
+        ),
+      token = "test-token",
+      password = null,
+      options =
+        GatewayConnectOptions(
+          role = "node",
+          scopes = listOf("node:invoke"),
+          caps = emptyList(),
+          commands = emptyList(),
+          permissions = emptyMap(),
+          client =
+            GatewayClientInfo(
+              id = "openclaw-android-test",
+              displayName = "Android Test",
+              version = "1.0.0-test",
+              platform = "android",
+              mode = "node",
+              instanceId = "android-test-instance",
+              deviceFamily = "android",
+              modelIdentifier = "test",
+            ),
+        ),
+      tls = null,
+    )
+  }
+
+  private suspend fun awaitConnectedOrThrow(
+    connected: CompletableDeferred<Unit>,
+    lastDisconnect: AtomicReference<String>,
+    server: MockWebServer,
+  ) {
+    val connectedWithinTimeout =
+      withTimeoutOrNull(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) {
+        connected.await()
+        true
+      } == true
+    if (!connectedWithinTimeout) {
+      throw AssertionError("never connected; lastDisconnect=${lastDisconnect.get()}; requests=${server.requestCount}")
+    }
+  }
+
+  private suspend fun shutdownHarness(harness: NodeHarness, server: MockWebServer) {
+    harness.session.disconnect()
+    harness.sessionJob.cancelAndJoin()
+    server.shutdown()
+  }
+
+  private suspend fun runInvokeScenario(
+    invokeEventFrame: String,
+    onHandshake: ((RecordedRequest) -> Unit)? = null,
+    onInvoke: (GatewaySession.InvokeRequest) -> GatewaySession.InvokeResult,
+  ): InvokeScenarioResult {
+    val json = testJson()
+    val connected = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
+    val invokeRequest = CompletableDeferred<GatewaySession.InvokeRequest>()
+    val invokeResultParams = CompletableDeferred<String>()
+    val lastDisconnect = AtomicReference("")
+    val server =
+      startGatewayServer(
+        json = json,
+        onHandshake = onHandshake,
+      ) { webSocket, id, method, frame ->
+        when (method) {
+          "connect" -> {
+            webSocket.send(connectResponseFrame(id))
+            webSocket.send(invokeEventFrame)
+          }
+          "node.invoke.result" -> {
+            if (!invokeResultParams.isCompleted) {
+              invokeResultParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString().orEmpty())
+            }
+            webSocket.send("""{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"ok":true}}""")
+            webSocket.close(1000, "done")
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    val harness =
+      createNodeHarness(
+        connected = connected,
+        lastDisconnect = lastDisconnect,
+      ) { req ->
+        if (!invokeRequest.isCompleted) invokeRequest.complete(req)
+        onInvoke(req)
+      }
+
+    try {
+      connectNodeSession(harness.session, server.port)
+      awaitConnectedOrThrow(connected, lastDisconnect, server)
+      val request = withTimeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) { invokeRequest.await() }
+      val resultParamsJson = withTimeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) { invokeResultParams.await() }
+      val resultParams = json.parseToJsonElement(resultParamsJson).jsonObject
+      return InvokeScenarioResult(request = request, resultParams = resultParams)
+    } finally {
+      shutdownHarness(harness, server)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private fun connectResponseFrame(id: String, canvasHostUrl: String? = null): String {
+    val canvas = canvasHostUrl?.let { "\"canvasHostUrl\":\"$it\"," } ?: ""
+    return """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{$canvas"snapshot":{"sessionDefaults":{"mainSessionKey":"main"}}}}"""
+  }
+
+  private fun startGatewayServer(
+    json: Json,
+    onHandshake: ((RecordedRequest) -> Unit)? = null,
+    onRequestFrame: (webSocket: WebSocket, id: String, method: String, frame: JsonObject) -> Unit,
+  ): MockWebServer =
+    MockWebServer().apply {
+      dispatcher =
+        object : Dispatcher() {
+          override fun dispatch(request: RecordedRequest): MockResponse {
+            onHandshake?.invoke(request)
+            return MockResponse().withWebSocketUpgrade(
+              object : WebSocketListener() {
+                override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
+                  webSocket.send(CONNECT_CHALLENGE_FRAME)
+                }
+
+                override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
+                  val frame = json.parseToJsonElement(text).jsonObject
+                  if (frame["type"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content != "req") return
+                  val id = frame["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
+                  val method = frame["method"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
+                  onRequestFrame(webSocket, id, method, frame)
+                }
+              },
+            )
+          }
+        }
+      start()
+    }
 }

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/CalendarHandlerTest.kt

@@ -9,12 +9,8 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
 import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Test
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
-import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
-import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
 
-@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
-class CalendarHandlerTest {
+class CalendarHandlerTest : NodeHandlerRobolectricTest() {
   @Test
   fun handleCalendarEvents_requiresPermission() {
     val handler = CalendarHandler.forTesting(appContext(), FakeCalendarDataSource(canRead = false))
@@ -83,8 +79,6 @@ class CalendarHandlerTest {
     assertFalse(result.ok)
     assertEquals("CALENDAR_NOT_FOUND", result.error?.code)
   }
-
-  private fun appContext(): Context = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
 }
 
 private class FakeCalendarDataSource(

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/ContactsHandlerTest.kt

@@ -9,12 +9,8 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
 import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Test
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
-import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
-import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
 
-@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
-class ContactsHandlerTest {
+class ContactsHandlerTest : NodeHandlerRobolectricTest() {
   @Test
   fun handleContactsSearch_requiresReadPermission() {
     val handler = ContactsHandler.forTesting(appContext(), FakeContactsDataSource(canRead = false))
@@ -92,8 +88,6 @@ class ContactsHandlerTest {
     assertEquals("Grace Hopper", contact.getValue("displayName").jsonPrimitive.content)
     assertEquals(1, source.addCalls)
   }
-
-  private fun appContext(): Context = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
 }
 
 private class FakeContactsDataSource(

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/InvokeCommandRegistryTest.kt

@@ -16,144 +16,106 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Test
 
 class InvokeCommandRegistryTest {
+  private val coreCapabilities =
+    setOf(
+      OpenClawCapability.Canvas.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Screen.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Device.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Notifications.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.System.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.AppUpdate.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Photos.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Contacts.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Calendar.rawValue,
+    )
+
+  private val optionalCapabilities =
+    setOf(
+      OpenClawCapability.Camera.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Location.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Sms.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.VoiceWake.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Motion.rawValue,
+    )
+
+  private val coreCommands =
+    setOf(
+      OpenClawDeviceCommand.Status.rawValue,
+      OpenClawDeviceCommand.Info.rawValue,
+      OpenClawDeviceCommand.Permissions.rawValue,
+      OpenClawDeviceCommand.Health.rawValue,
+      OpenClawNotificationsCommand.List.rawValue,
+      OpenClawNotificationsCommand.Actions.rawValue,
+      OpenClawSystemCommand.Notify.rawValue,
+      OpenClawPhotosCommand.Latest.rawValue,
+      OpenClawContactsCommand.Search.rawValue,
+      OpenClawContactsCommand.Add.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCalendarCommand.Events.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCalendarCommand.Add.rawValue,
+      "app.update",
+    )
+
+  private val optionalCommands =
+    setOf(
+      OpenClawCameraCommand.Snap.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCameraCommand.Clip.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCameraCommand.List.rawValue,
+      OpenClawLocationCommand.Get.rawValue,
+      OpenClawMotionCommand.Activity.rawValue,
+      OpenClawMotionCommand.Pedometer.rawValue,
+      OpenClawSmsCommand.Send.rawValue,
+    )
+
+  private val debugCommands = setOf("debug.logs", "debug.ed25519")
+
   @Test
   fun advertisedCapabilities_respectsFeatureAvailability() {
-    val capabilities =
-      InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCapabilities(
-        NodeRuntimeFlags(
-          cameraEnabled = false,
-          locationEnabled = false,
-          smsAvailable = false,
-          voiceWakeEnabled = false,
-          motionActivityAvailable = false,
-          motionPedometerAvailable = false,
-          debugBuild = false,
-        ),
-      )
+    val capabilities = InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCapabilities(defaultFlags())
 
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Canvas.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Screen.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Device.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Notifications.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.System.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.AppUpdate.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Camera.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Location.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Sms.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.VoiceWake.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Photos.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Contacts.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Calendar.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Motion.rawValue))
+    assertContainsAll(capabilities, coreCapabilities)
+    assertMissingAll(capabilities, optionalCapabilities)
   }
 
   @Test
   fun advertisedCapabilities_includesFeatureCapabilitiesWhenEnabled() {
     val capabilities =
       InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCapabilities(
-        NodeRuntimeFlags(
+        defaultFlags(
           cameraEnabled = true,
           locationEnabled = true,
           smsAvailable = true,
           voiceWakeEnabled = true,
           motionActivityAvailable = true,
           motionPedometerAvailable = true,
-          debugBuild = false,
         ),
       )
 
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Canvas.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Screen.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Device.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Notifications.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.System.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.AppUpdate.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Camera.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Location.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Sms.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.VoiceWake.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Photos.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Contacts.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Calendar.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Motion.rawValue))
+    assertContainsAll(capabilities, coreCapabilities + optionalCapabilities)
   }
 
   @Test
   fun advertisedCommands_respectsFeatureAvailability() {
-    val commands =
-      InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCommands(
-        NodeRuntimeFlags(
-          cameraEnabled = false,
-          locationEnabled = false,
-          smsAvailable = false,
-          voiceWakeEnabled = false,
-          motionActivityAvailable = false,
-          motionPedometerAvailable = false,
-          debugBuild = false,
-        ),
-      )
+    val commands = InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCommands(defaultFlags())
 
-    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.Snap.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.Clip.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.List.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawLocationCommand.Get.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Status.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Info.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Permissions.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Health.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawNotificationsCommand.List.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawNotificationsCommand.Actions.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawSystemCommand.Notify.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawPhotosCommand.Latest.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawContactsCommand.Search.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawContactsCommand.Add.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCalendarCommand.Events.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCalendarCommand.Add.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Activity.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Pedometer.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawSmsCommand.Send.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(commands.contains("debug.logs"))
-    assertFalse(commands.contains("debug.ed25519"))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains("app.update"))
+    assertContainsAll(commands, coreCommands)
+    assertMissingAll(commands, optionalCommands + debugCommands)
   }
 
   @Test
   fun advertisedCommands_includesFeatureCommandsWhenEnabled() {
     val commands =
       InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCommands(
-        NodeRuntimeFlags(
+        defaultFlags(
           cameraEnabled = true,
           locationEnabled = true,
           smsAvailable = true,
-          voiceWakeEnabled = false,
           motionActivityAvailable = true,
           motionPedometerAvailable = true,
           debugBuild = true,
         ),
       )
 
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.Snap.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.Clip.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.List.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawLocationCommand.Get.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Status.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Info.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Permissions.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Health.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawNotificationsCommand.List.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawNotificationsCommand.Actions.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawSystemCommand.Notify.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawPhotosCommand.Latest.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawContactsCommand.Search.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawContactsCommand.Add.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCalendarCommand.Events.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCalendarCommand.Add.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Activity.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Pedometer.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawSmsCommand.Send.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains("debug.logs"))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains("debug.ed25519"))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains("app.update"))
+    assertContainsAll(commands, coreCommands + optionalCommands + debugCommands)
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -174,4 +136,31 @@ class InvokeCommandRegistryTest {
     assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Activity.rawValue))
     assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Pedometer.rawValue))
   }
+
+  private fun defaultFlags(
+    cameraEnabled: Boolean = false,
+    locationEnabled: Boolean = false,
+    smsAvailable: Boolean = false,
+    voiceWakeEnabled: Boolean = false,
+    motionActivityAvailable: Boolean = false,
+    motionPedometerAvailable: Boolean = false,
+    debugBuild: Boolean = false,
+  ): NodeRuntimeFlags =
+    NodeRuntimeFlags(
+      cameraEnabled = cameraEnabled,
+      locationEnabled = locationEnabled,
+      smsAvailable = smsAvailable,
+      voiceWakeEnabled = voiceWakeEnabled,
+      motionActivityAvailable = motionActivityAvailable,
+      motionPedometerAvailable = motionPedometerAvailable,
+      debugBuild = debugBuild,
+    )
+
+  private fun assertContainsAll(actual: List<String>, expected: Set<String>) {
+    expected.forEach { value -> assertTrue(actual.contains(value)) }
+  }
+
+  private fun assertMissingAll(actual: List<String>, forbidden: Set<String>) {
+    forbidden.forEach { value -> assertFalse(actual.contains(value)) }
+  }
 }

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/MotionHandlerTest.kt

@@ -10,12 +10,8 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
 import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Test
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
-import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
-import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
 
-@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
-class MotionHandlerTest {
+class MotionHandlerTest : NodeHandlerRobolectricTest() {
   @Test
   fun handleMotionActivity_requiresPermission() =
     runTest {
@@ -86,8 +82,6 @@ class MotionHandlerTest {
       assertEquals("MOTION_UNAVAILABLE", result.error?.code)
       assertTrue(result.error?.message?.contains("PEDOMETER_RANGE_UNAVAILABLE") == true)
     }
-
-  private fun appContext(): Context = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
 }
 
 private class FakeMotionDataSource(

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/NodeHandlerRobolectricTest.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package ai.openclaw.android.node
+
+import android.content.Context
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
+import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
+
+@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
+abstract class NodeHandlerRobolectricTest {
+  protected fun appContext(): Context = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
+}

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/PhotosHandlerTest.kt

@@ -10,12 +10,8 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
 import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Test
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
-import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
-import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
 
-@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
-class PhotosHandlerTest {
+class PhotosHandlerTest : NodeHandlerRobolectricTest() {
   @Test
   fun handlePhotosLatest_requiresPermission() {
     val handler = PhotosHandler.forTesting(appContext(), FakePhotosDataSource(hasPermission = false))
@@ -63,8 +59,6 @@ class PhotosHandlerTest {
     assertEquals("jpeg", first.getValue("format").jsonPrimitive.content)
     assertEquals(640, first.getValue("width").jsonPrimitive.int)
   }
-
-  private fun appContext(): Context = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
 }
 
 private class FakePhotosDataSource(

apps/ios/ShareExtension/Info.plist

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 	<key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
 	<string>XPC!</string>
 	<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-	<string>2026.3.1</string>
+	<string>2026.3.2</string>
 	<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
 	<string>20260301</string>
 	<key>NSExtension</key>

apps/ios/Sources/Camera/CameraController.swift

@@ -52,46 +52,27 @@ actor CameraController {
 
         try await self.ensureAccess(for: .video)
 
-        let session = AVCaptureSession()
-        session.sessionPreset = .photo
-
-        guard let device = Self.pickCamera(facing: facing, deviceId: params.deviceId) else {
-            throw CameraError.cameraUnavailable
-        }
-
-        let input = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: device)
-        guard session.canAddInput(input) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add camera input")
-        }
-        session.addInput(input)
-
-        let output = AVCapturePhotoOutput()
-        guard session.canAddOutput(output) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add photo output")
-        }
-        session.addOutput(output)
-        output.maxPhotoQualityPrioritization = .quality
+        let prepared = try CameraCapturePipelineSupport.preparePhotoSession(
+            preferFrontCamera: facing == .front,
+            deviceId: params.deviceId,
+            pickCamera: { preferFrontCamera, deviceId in
+                Self.pickCamera(facing: preferFrontCamera ? .front : .back, deviceId: deviceId)
+            },
+            cameraUnavailableError: CameraError.cameraUnavailable,
+            mapSetupError: { setupError in
+                CameraError.captureFailed(setupError.localizedDescription)
+            })
+        let session = prepared.session
+        let output = prepared.output
 
         session.startRunning()
         defer { session.stopRunning() }
-        await Self.warmUpCaptureSession()
+        await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.warmUpCaptureSession()
         await Self.sleepDelayMs(delayMs)
 
-        let settings: AVCapturePhotoSettings = {
-            if output.availablePhotoCodecTypes.contains(.jpeg) {
-                return AVCapturePhotoSettings(format: [AVVideoCodecKey: AVVideoCodecType.jpeg])
-            }
-            return AVCapturePhotoSettings()
-        }()
-        settings.photoQualityPrioritization = .quality
-
-        var delegate: PhotoCaptureDelegate?
-        let rawData: Data = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            let d = PhotoCaptureDelegate(cont)
-            delegate = d
-            output.capturePhoto(with: settings, delegate: d)
+        let rawData = try await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.capturePhotoData(output: output) { continuation in
+            PhotoCaptureDelegate(continuation)
         }
-        withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
 
         let res = try PhotoCapture.transcodeJPEGForGateway(
             rawData: rawData,
@@ -121,63 +102,36 @@ actor CameraController {
             try await self.ensureAccess(for: .audio)
         }
 
-        let session = AVCaptureSession()
-        session.sessionPreset = .high
-
-        guard let camera = Self.pickCamera(facing: facing, deviceId: params.deviceId) else {
-            throw CameraError.cameraUnavailable
-        }
-        let cameraInput = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: camera)
-        guard session.canAddInput(cameraInput) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add camera input")
-        }
-        session.addInput(cameraInput)
-
-        if includeAudio {
-            guard let mic = AVCaptureDevice.default(for: .audio) else {
-                throw CameraError.microphoneUnavailable
-            }
-            let micInput = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: mic)
-            if session.canAddInput(micInput) {
-                session.addInput(micInput)
-            } else {
-                throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add microphone input")
-            }
-        }
-
-        let output = AVCaptureMovieFileOutput()
-        guard session.canAddOutput(output) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add movie output")
-        }
-        session.addOutput(output)
-        output.maxRecordedDuration = CMTime(value: Int64(durationMs), timescale: 1000)
-
-        session.startRunning()
-        defer { session.stopRunning() }
-        await Self.warmUpCaptureSession()
-
         let movURL = FileManager().temporaryDirectory
             .appendingPathComponent("openclaw-camera-\(UUID().uuidString).mov")
         let mp4URL = FileManager().temporaryDirectory
             .appendingPathComponent("openclaw-camera-\(UUID().uuidString).mp4")
-
         defer {
             try? FileManager().removeItem(at: movURL)
             try? FileManager().removeItem(at: mp4URL)
         }
 
-        var delegate: MovieFileDelegate?
-        let recordedURL: URL = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            let d = MovieFileDelegate(cont)
-            delegate = d
-            output.startRecording(to: movURL, recordingDelegate: d)
-        }
-        withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
-
-        // Transcode .mov -> .mp4 for easier downstream handling.
-        try await Self.exportToMP4(inputURL: recordedURL, outputURL: mp4URL)
-
-        let data = try Data(contentsOf: mp4URL)
+        let data = try await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.withWarmMovieSession(
+            preferFrontCamera: facing == .front,
+            deviceId: params.deviceId,
+            includeAudio: includeAudio,
+            durationMs: durationMs,
+            pickCamera: { preferFrontCamera, deviceId in
+                Self.pickCamera(facing: preferFrontCamera ? .front : .back, deviceId: deviceId)
+            },
+            cameraUnavailableError: CameraError.cameraUnavailable,
+            mapSetupError: Self.mapMovieSetupError) { output in
+                var delegate: MovieFileDelegate?
+                let recordedURL: URL = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
+                    let d = MovieFileDelegate(cont)
+                    delegate = d
+                    output.startRecording(to: movURL, recordingDelegate: d)
+                }
+                withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
+                // Transcode .mov -> .mp4 for easier downstream handling.
+                try await Self.exportToMP4(inputURL: recordedURL, outputURL: mp4URL)
+                return try Data(contentsOf: mp4URL)
+            }
         return (
             format: format.rawValue,
             base64: data.base64EncodedString(),
@@ -196,22 +150,7 @@ actor CameraController {
     }
 
     private func ensureAccess(for mediaType: AVMediaType) async throws {
-        let status = AVCaptureDevice.authorizationStatus(for: mediaType)
-        switch status {
-        case .authorized:
-            return
-        case .notDetermined:
-            let ok = await withCheckedContinuation(isolation: nil) { cont in
-                AVCaptureDevice.requestAccess(for: mediaType) { granted in
-                    cont.resume(returning: granted)
-                }
-            }
-            if !ok {
-                throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
-            }
-        case .denied, .restricted:
-            throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
-        @unknown default:
+        if !(await CameraAuthorization.isAuthorized(for: mediaType)) {
             throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
         }
     }
@@ -233,12 +172,15 @@ actor CameraController {
         return AVCaptureDevice.default(for: .video)
     }
 
+    private nonisolated static func mapMovieSetupError(_ setupError: CameraSessionConfigurationError) -> CameraError {
+        CameraCapturePipelineSupport.mapMovieSetupError(
+            setupError,
+            microphoneUnavailableError: .microphoneUnavailable,
+            captureFailed: { .captureFailed($0) })
+    }
+
     private nonisolated static func positionLabel(_ position: AVCaptureDevice.Position) -> String {
-        switch position {
-        case .front: "front"
-        case .back: "back"
-        default: "unspecified"
-        }
+        CameraCapturePipelineSupport.positionLabel(position)
     }
 
     private nonisolated static func discoverVideoDevices() -> [AVCaptureDevice] {
@@ -307,11 +249,6 @@ actor CameraController {
         }
     }
 
-    private nonisolated static func warmUpCaptureSession() async {
-        // A short delay after `startRunning()` significantly reduces "blank first frame" captures on some devices.
-        try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 150_000_000) // 150ms
-    }
-
     private nonisolated static func sleepDelayMs(_ delayMs: Int) async {
         guard delayMs > 0 else { return }
         let maxDelayMs = 10 * 1000

apps/ios/Sources/Contacts/ContactsService.swift

@@ -15,14 +15,7 @@ final class ContactsService: ContactsServicing {
     }
 
     func search(params: OpenClawContactsSearchParams) async throws -> OpenClawContactsSearchPayload {
-        let store = CNContactStore()
-        let status = CNContactStore.authorizationStatus(for: .contacts)
-        let authorized = await Self.ensureAuthorization(store: store, status: status)
-        guard authorized else {
-            throw NSError(domain: "Contacts", code: 1, userInfo: [
-                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "CONTACTS_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Contacts permission",
-            ])
-        }
+        let store = try await Self.authorizedStore()
 
         let limit = max(1, min(params.limit ?? 25, 200))
 
@@ -47,14 +40,7 @@ final class ContactsService: ContactsServicing {
     }
 
     func add(params: OpenClawContactsAddParams) async throws -> OpenClawContactsAddPayload {
-        let store = CNContactStore()
-        let status = CNContactStore.authorizationStatus(for: .contacts)
-        let authorized = await Self.ensureAuthorization(store: store, status: status)
-        guard authorized else {
-            throw NSError(domain: "Contacts", code: 1, userInfo: [
-                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "CONTACTS_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Contacts permission",
-            ])
-        }
+        let store = try await Self.authorizedStore()
 
         let givenName = params.givenName?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
         let familyName = params.familyName?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
@@ -127,6 +113,18 @@ final class ContactsService: ContactsServicing {
         }
     }
 
+    private static func authorizedStore() async throws -> CNContactStore {
+        let store = CNContactStore()
+        let status = CNContactStore.authorizationStatus(for: .contacts)
+        let authorized = await Self.ensureAuthorization(store: store, status: status)
+        guard authorized else {
+            throw NSError(domain: "Contacts", code: 1, userInfo: [
+                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "CONTACTS_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Contacts permission",
+            ])
+        }
+        return store
+    }
+
     private static func normalizeStrings(_ values: [String]?, lowercased: Bool = false) -> [String] {
         (values ?? [])
             .map { $0.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) }

apps/ios/Sources/Device/DeviceInfoHelper.swift

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import Darwin
 /// Shared device and platform info for Settings, gateway node payloads, and device status.
 enum DeviceInfoHelper {
     /// e.g. "iOS 18.0.0" or "iPadOS 18.0.0" by interface idiom. Use for gateway/device payloads.
+    @MainActor
     static func platformString() -> String {
         let v = ProcessInfo.processInfo.operatingSystemVersion
         let name = switch UIDevice.current.userInterfaceIdiom {
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ enum DeviceInfoHelper {
     }
 
     /// Device family for display: "iPad", "iPhone", or "iOS".
+    @MainActor
     static func deviceFamily() -> String {
         switch UIDevice.current.userInterfaceIdiom {
         case .pad:

apps/ios/Sources/Device/DeviceStatusService.swift

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import Foundation
 import OpenClawKit
 import UIKit
 
+@MainActor
 final class DeviceStatusService: DeviceStatusServicing {
     private let networkStatus: NetworkStatusService
 

apps/ios/Sources/Gateway/GatewayDiscoveryModel.swift

@@ -53,23 +53,17 @@ final class GatewayDiscoveryModel {
         self.appendDebugLog("start()")
 
         for domain in OpenClawBonjour.gatewayServiceDomains {
-            let params = NWParameters.tcp
-            params.includePeerToPeer = true
-            let browser = NWBrowser(
-                for: .bonjour(type: OpenClawBonjour.gatewayServiceType, domain: domain),
-                using: params)
-
-            browser.stateUpdateHandler = { [weak self] state in
-                Task { @MainActor in
+            let browser = GatewayDiscoveryBrowserSupport.makeBrowser(
+                serviceType: OpenClawBonjour.gatewayServiceType,
+                domain: domain,
+                queueLabelPrefix: "ai.openclaw.ios.gateway-discovery",
+                onState: { [weak self] state in
                     guard let self else { return }
                     self.statesByDomain[domain] = state
                     self.updateStatusText()
                     self.appendDebugLog("state[\(domain)]: \(Self.prettyState(state))")
-                }
-            }
-
-            browser.browseResultsChangedHandler = { [weak self] results, _ in
-                Task { @MainActor in
+                },
+                onResults: { [weak self] results in
                     guard let self else { return }
                     self.gatewaysByDomain[domain] = results.compactMap { result -> DiscoveredGateway? in
                         switch result.endpoint {
@@ -98,13 +92,10 @@ final class GatewayDiscoveryModel {
                         }
                     }
                     .sorted { $0.name.localizedCaseInsensitiveCompare($1.name) == .orderedAscending }
-
                     self.recomputeGateways()
-                }
-            }
+                })
 
             self.browsers[domain] = browser
-            browser.start(queue: DispatchQueue(label: "ai.openclaw.ios.gateway-discovery.\(domain)"))
         }
     }
 

apps/ios/Sources/Gateway/GatewayServiceResolver.swift

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import Foundation
+import OpenClawKit
 
 // NetService-based resolver for Bonjour services.
 // Used to resolve the service endpoint (SRV + A/AAAA) without trusting TXT for routing.
@@ -20,8 +21,7 @@ final class GatewayServiceResolver: NSObject, NetServiceDelegate {
     }
 
     func start(timeout: TimeInterval = 2.0) {
-        self.service.schedule(in: .main, forMode: .common)
-        self.service.resolve(withTimeout: timeout)
+        BonjourServiceResolverSupport.start(self.service, timeout: timeout)
     }
 
     func netServiceDidResolveAddress(_ sender: NetService) {
@@ -47,9 +47,6 @@ final class GatewayServiceResolver: NSObject, NetServiceDelegate {
     }
 
     private static func normalizeHost(_ raw: String?) -> String? {
-        let trimmed = raw?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
-        if trimmed.isEmpty { return nil }
-        return trimmed.hasSuffix(".") ? String(trimmed.dropLast()) : trimmed
+        BonjourServiceResolverSupport.normalizeHost(raw)
     }
 }
-

apps/ios/Sources/Info.plist

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 	<key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
 	<string>APPL</string>
 	<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-	<string>2026.3.1</string>
+	<string>2026.3.2</string>
 	<key>CFBundleURLTypes</key>
 	<array>
 		<dict>

apps/ios/Sources/Location/LocationService.swift

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import CoreLocation
 import Foundation
 
 @MainActor
-final class LocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate {
+final class LocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate, LocationServiceCommon {
     enum Error: Swift.Error {
         case timeout
         case unavailable
@@ -17,21 +17,18 @@ final class LocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate {
     private var significantLocationCallback: (@Sendable (CLLocation) -> Void)?
     private var isMonitoringSignificantChanges = false
 
+    var locationManager: CLLocationManager {
+        self.manager
+    }
+
+    var locationRequestContinuation: CheckedContinuation<CLLocation, Error>? {
+        get { self.locationContinuation }
+        set { self.locationContinuation = newValue }
+    }
+
     override init() {
         super.init()
-        self.manager.delegate = self
-        self.manager.desiredAccuracy = kCLLocationAccuracyBest
-    }
-
-    func authorizationStatus() -> CLAuthorizationStatus {
-        self.manager.authorizationStatus
-    }
-
-    func accuracyAuthorization() -> CLAccuracyAuthorization {
-        if #available(iOS 14.0, *) {
-            return self.manager.accuracyAuthorization
-        }
-        return .fullAccuracy
+        self.configureLocationManager()
     }
 
     func ensureAuthorization(mode: OpenClawLocationMode) async -> CLAuthorizationStatus {
@@ -62,25 +59,14 @@ final class LocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate {
         maxAgeMs: Int?,
         timeoutMs: Int?) async throws -> CLLocation
     {
-        let now = Date()
-        if let maxAgeMs,
-           let cached = self.manager.location,
-           now.timeIntervalSince(cached.timestamp) * 1000 <= Double(maxAgeMs)
-        {
-            return cached
-        }
-
-        self.manager.desiredAccuracy = Self.accuracyValue(desiredAccuracy)
-        let timeout = max(0, timeoutMs ?? 10000)
-        return try await self.withTimeout(timeoutMs: timeout) {
-            try await self.requestLocation()
-        }
-    }
-
-    private func requestLocation() async throws -> CLLocation {
-        try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            self.locationContinuation = cont
-            self.manager.requestLocation()
+        _ = params
+        return try await LocationCurrentRequest.resolve(
+            manager: self.manager,
+            desiredAccuracy: desiredAccuracy,
+            maxAgeMs: maxAgeMs,
+            timeoutMs: timeoutMs,
+            request: { try await self.requestLocationOnce() }) { timeoutMs, operation in
+                try await self.withTimeout(timeoutMs: timeoutMs, operation: operation)
         }
     }
 
@@ -97,24 +83,13 @@ final class LocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate {
         try await AsyncTimeout.withTimeoutMs(timeoutMs: timeoutMs, onTimeout: { Error.timeout }, operation: operation)
     }
 
-    private static func accuracyValue(_ accuracy: OpenClawLocationAccuracy) -> CLLocationAccuracy {
-        switch accuracy {
-        case .coarse:
-            kCLLocationAccuracyKilometer
-        case .balanced:
-            kCLLocationAccuracyHundredMeters
-        case .precise:
-            kCLLocationAccuracyBest
-        }
-    }
-
     func startLocationUpdates(
         desiredAccuracy: OpenClawLocationAccuracy,
         significantChangesOnly: Bool) -> AsyncStream<CLLocation>
     {
         self.stopLocationUpdates()
 
-        self.manager.desiredAccuracy = Self.accuracyValue(desiredAccuracy)
+        self.manager.desiredAccuracy = LocationCurrentRequest.accuracyValue(desiredAccuracy)
         self.manager.pausesLocationUpdatesAutomatically = true
         self.manager.allowsBackgroundLocationUpdates = true
 

apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel+Canvas.swift

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import Foundation
 import Network
+import OpenClawKit
 import os
 
 extension NodeAppModel {
@@ -11,24 +12,12 @@ extension NodeAppModel {
         guard let raw = await self.gatewaySession.currentCanvasHostUrl() else { return nil }
         let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
         guard !trimmed.isEmpty, let base = URL(string: trimmed) else { return nil }
-        if let host = base.host, Self.isLoopbackHost(host) {
+        if let host = base.host, LoopbackHost.isLoopback(host) {
             return nil
         }
         return base.appendingPathComponent("__openclaw__/a2ui/").absoluteString + "?platform=ios"
     }
 
-    private static func isLoopbackHost(_ host: String) -> Bool {
-        let normalized = host.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased()
-        if normalized.isEmpty { return true }
-        if normalized == "localhost" || normalized == "::1" || normalized == "0.0.0.0" {
-            return true
-        }
-        if normalized == "127.0.0.1" || normalized.hasPrefix("127.") {
-            return true
-        }
-        return false
-    }
-
     func showA2UIOnConnectIfNeeded() async {
         guard let a2uiUrl = await self.resolveA2UIHostURL() else {
             await MainActor.run {

apps/ios/Sources/Onboarding/GatewayOnboardingView.swift

@@ -41,15 +41,17 @@ private struct AutoDetectStep: View {
                     .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
             }
 
-            Section("Connection status") {
-                ConnectionStatusBox(
-                    statusLines: self.connectionStatusLines(),
-                    secondaryLine: self.connectStatusText)
-            }
+            gatewayConnectionStatusSection(
+                appModel: self.appModel,
+                gatewayController: self.gatewayController,
+                secondaryLine: self.connectStatusText)
 
             Section {
                 Button("Retry") {
-                    self.resetConnectionState()
+                    resetGatewayConnectionState(
+                        appModel: self.appModel,
+                        connectStatusText: &self.connectStatusText,
+                        connectingGatewayID: &self.connectingGatewayID)
                     self.triggerAutoConnect()
                 }
                 .disabled(self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
@@ -94,15 +96,6 @@ private struct AutoDetectStep: View {
         return nil
     }
 
-    private func connectionStatusLines() -> [String] {
-        ConnectionStatusBox.defaultLines(appModel: self.appModel, gatewayController: self.gatewayController)
-    }
-
-    private func resetConnectionState() {
-        self.appModel.disconnectGateway()
-        self.connectStatusText = nil
-        self.connectingGatewayID = nil
-    }
 }
 
 private struct ManualEntryStep: View {
@@ -162,11 +155,10 @@ private struct ManualEntryStep: View {
                     .autocorrectionDisabled()
             }
 
-            Section("Connection status") {
-                ConnectionStatusBox(
-                    statusLines: self.connectionStatusLines(),
-                    secondaryLine: self.connectStatusText)
-            }
+            gatewayConnectionStatusSection(
+                appModel: self.appModel,
+                gatewayController: self.gatewayController,
+                secondaryLine: self.connectStatusText)
 
             Section {
                 Button {
@@ -185,7 +177,10 @@ private struct ManualEntryStep: View {
                 .disabled(self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
 
                 Button("Retry") {
-                    self.resetConnectionState()
+                    resetGatewayConnectionState(
+                        appModel: self.appModel,
+                        connectStatusText: &self.connectStatusText,
+                        connectingGatewayID: &self.connectingGatewayID)
                     self.resetManualForm()
                 }
                 .disabled(self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
@@ -237,16 +232,6 @@ private struct ManualEntryStep: View {
         return Int(trimmed.filter { $0.isNumber })
     }
 
-    private func connectionStatusLines() -> [String] {
-        ConnectionStatusBox.defaultLines(appModel: self.appModel, gatewayController: self.gatewayController)
-    }
-
-    private func resetConnectionState() {
-        self.appModel.disconnectGateway()
-        self.connectStatusText = nil
-        self.connectingGatewayID = nil
-    }
-
     private func resetManualForm() {
         self.setupCode = ""
         self.setupStatusText = nil
@@ -317,6 +302,38 @@ private struct ManualEntryStep: View {
     // (GatewaySetupCode) decode raw setup codes.
 }
 
+private func gatewayConnectionStatusLines(
+    appModel: NodeAppModel,
+    gatewayController: GatewayConnectionController) -> [String]
+{
+    ConnectionStatusBox.defaultLines(appModel: appModel, gatewayController: gatewayController)
+}
+
+private func resetGatewayConnectionState(
+    appModel: NodeAppModel,
+    connectStatusText: inout String?,
+    connectingGatewayID: inout String?)
+{
+    appModel.disconnectGateway()
+    connectStatusText = nil
+    connectingGatewayID = nil
+}
+
+@ViewBuilder
+private func gatewayConnectionStatusSection(
+    appModel: NodeAppModel,
+    gatewayController: GatewayConnectionController,
+    secondaryLine: String?) -> some View
+{
+    Section("Connection status") {
+        ConnectionStatusBox(
+            statusLines: gatewayConnectionStatusLines(
+                appModel: appModel,
+                gatewayController: gatewayController),
+            secondaryLine: secondaryLine)
+    }
+}
+
 private struct ConnectionStatusBox: View {
     let statusLines: [String]
     let secondaryLine: String?

apps/ios/Sources/Onboarding/OnboardingWizardView.swift

@@ -489,21 +489,7 @@ struct OnboardingWizardView: View {
             TextField("Port", text: self.$manualPortText)
                 .keyboardType(.numberPad)
             Toggle("Use TLS", isOn: self.$manualTLS)
-
-            Button {
-                Task { await self.connectManual() }
-            } label: {
-                if self.connectingGatewayID == "manual" {
-                    HStack(spacing: 8) {
-                        ProgressView()
-                            .progressViewStyle(.circular)
-                        Text("Connecting…")
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    Text("Connect")
-                }
-            }
-            .disabled(!self.canConnectManual || self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
+            self.manualConnectButton
         } header: {
             Text("Developer Local")
         } footer: {
@@ -631,24 +617,27 @@ struct OnboardingWizardView: View {
             TextField("Discovery Domain (optional)", text: self.$discoveryDomain)
                 .textInputAutocapitalization(.never)
                 .autocorrectionDisabled()
-
-            Button {
-                Task { await self.connectManual() }
-            } label: {
-                if self.connectingGatewayID == "manual" {
-                    HStack(spacing: 8) {
-                        ProgressView()
-                            .progressViewStyle(.circular)
-                        Text("Connecting…")
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    Text("Connect")
-                }
-            }
-            .disabled(!self.canConnectManual || self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
+            self.manualConnectButton
         }
     }
 
+    private var manualConnectButton: some View {
+        Button {
+            Task { await self.connectManual() }
+        } label: {
+            if self.connectingGatewayID == "manual" {
+                HStack(spacing: 8) {
+                    ProgressView()
+                        .progressViewStyle(.circular)
+                    Text("Connecting…")
+                }
+            } else {
+                Text("Connect")
+            }
+        }
+        .disabled(!self.canConnectManual || self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
+    }
+
     private func handleScannedLink(_ link: GatewayConnectDeepLink) {
         self.manualHost = link.host
         self.manualPort = link.port

apps/ios/Sources/OpenClawApp.swift

@@ -456,11 +456,7 @@ enum WatchPromptNotificationBridge {
     ) async throws {
         try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { (continuation: CheckedContinuation<Void, Error>) in
             center.add(request) { error in
-                if let error {
-                    continuation.resume(throwing: error)
-                } else {
-                    continuation.resume(returning: ())
-                }
+                ThrowingContinuationSupport.resumeVoid(continuation, error: error)
             }
         }
     }

apps/ios/Sources/RootCanvas.swift

@@ -177,20 +177,7 @@ struct RootCanvas: View {
     }
 
     private var gatewayStatus: StatusPill.GatewayState {
-        if self.appModel.gatewayServerName != nil { return .connected }
-
-        let text = self.appModel.gatewayStatusText.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("connecting") ||
-            text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("reconnecting")
-        {
-            return .connecting
-        }
-
-        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("error") {
-            return .error
-        }
-
-        return .disconnected
+        GatewayStatusBuilder.build(appModel: self.appModel)
     }
 
     private func updateIdleTimer() {
@@ -343,82 +330,18 @@ private struct CanvasContent: View {
                     .transition(.move(edge: .top).combined(with: .opacity))
             }
         }
-        .confirmationDialog(
-            "Gateway",
+        .gatewayActionsDialog(
             isPresented: self.$showGatewayActions,
-            titleVisibility: .visible)
-        {
-            Button("Disconnect", role: .destructive) {
-                self.appModel.disconnectGateway()
-            }
-            Button("Open Settings") {
-                self.openSettings()
-            }
-            Button("Cancel", role: .cancel) {}
-        } message: {
-            Text("Disconnect from the gateway?")
-        }
+            onDisconnect: { self.appModel.disconnectGateway() },
+            onOpenSettings: { self.openSettings() })
     }
 
     private var statusActivity: StatusPill.Activity? {
-        // Status pill owns transient activity state so it doesn't overlap the connection indicator.
-        if self.appModel.isBackgrounded {
-            return StatusPill.Activity(
-                title: "Foreground required",
-                systemImage: "exclamationmark.triangle.fill",
-                tint: .orange)
-        }
-
-        let gatewayStatus = self.appModel.gatewayStatusText.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        let gatewayLower = gatewayStatus.lowercased()
-        if gatewayLower.contains("repair") {
-            return StatusPill.Activity(title: "Repairing…", systemImage: "wrench.and.screwdriver", tint: .orange)
-        }
-        if gatewayLower.contains("approval") || gatewayLower.contains("pairing") {
-            return StatusPill.Activity(title: "Approval pending", systemImage: "person.crop.circle.badge.clock")
-        }
-        // Avoid duplicating the primary gateway status ("Connecting…") in the activity slot.
-
-        if self.appModel.screenRecordActive {
-            return StatusPill.Activity(title: "Recording screen…", systemImage: "record.circle.fill", tint: .red)
-        }
-
-        if let cameraHUDText, !cameraHUDText.isEmpty, let cameraHUDKind {
-            let systemImage: String
-            let tint: Color?
-            switch cameraHUDKind {
-            case .photo:
-                systemImage = "camera.fill"
-                tint = nil
-            case .recording:
-                systemImage = "video.fill"
-                tint = .red
-            case .success:
-                systemImage = "checkmark.circle.fill"
-                tint = .green
-            case .error:
-                systemImage = "exclamationmark.triangle.fill"
-                tint = .red
-            }
-            return StatusPill.Activity(title: cameraHUDText, systemImage: systemImage, tint: tint)
-        }
-
-        if self.voiceWakeEnabled {
-            let voiceStatus = self.appModel.voiceWake.statusText
-            if voiceStatus.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("microphone permission") {
-                return StatusPill.Activity(title: "Mic permission", systemImage: "mic.slash", tint: .orange)
-            }
-            if voiceStatus == "Paused" {
-                // Talk mode intentionally pauses voice wake to release the mic. Don't spam the HUD for that case.
-                if self.appModel.talkMode.isEnabled {
-                    return nil
-                }
-                let suffix = self.appModel.isBackgrounded ? " (background)" : ""
-                return StatusPill.Activity(title: "Voice Wake paused\(suffix)", systemImage: "pause.circle.fill")
-            }
-        }
-
-        return nil
+        StatusActivityBuilder.build(
+            appModel: self.appModel,
+            voiceWakeEnabled: self.voiceWakeEnabled,
+            cameraHUDText: self.cameraHUDText,
+            cameraHUDKind: self.cameraHUDKind)
     }
 }
 

apps/ios/Sources/RootTabs.swift

@@ -70,38 +70,14 @@ struct RootTabs: View {
             self.toastDismissTask?.cancel()
             self.toastDismissTask = nil
         }
-        .confirmationDialog(
-            "Gateway",
+        .gatewayActionsDialog(
             isPresented: self.$showGatewayActions,
-            titleVisibility: .visible)
-        {
-            Button("Disconnect", role: .destructive) {
-                self.appModel.disconnectGateway()
-            }
-            Button("Open Settings") {
-                self.selectedTab = 2
-            }
-            Button("Cancel", role: .cancel) {}
-        } message: {
-            Text("Disconnect from the gateway?")
-        }
+            onDisconnect: { self.appModel.disconnectGateway() },
+            onOpenSettings: { self.selectedTab = 2 })
     }
 
     private var gatewayStatus: StatusPill.GatewayState {
-        if self.appModel.gatewayServerName != nil { return .connected }
-
-        let text = self.appModel.gatewayStatusText.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("connecting") ||
-            text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("reconnecting")
-        {
-            return .connecting
-        }
-
-        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("error") {
-            return .error
-        }
-
-        return .disconnected
+        GatewayStatusBuilder.build(appModel: self.appModel)
     }
 
     private var statusActivity: StatusPill.Activity? {

apps/ios/Sources/Screen/ScreenController.swift

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ final class ScreenController {
         if let url = URL(string: trimmed),
            !url.isFileURL,
            let host = url.host,
-           Self.isLoopbackHost(host)
+           LoopbackHost.isLoopback(host)
         {
             // Never try to load loopback URLs from a remote gateway.
             self.showDefaultCanvas()
@@ -87,25 +87,11 @@ final class ScreenController {
 
     func applyDebugStatusIfNeeded() {
         guard let webView = self.activeWebView else { return }
-        let enabled = self.debugStatusEnabled
-        let title = self.debugStatusTitle
-        let subtitle = self.debugStatusSubtitle
-        let js = """
-        (() => {
-          try {
-            const api = globalThis.__openclaw;
-            if (!api) return;
-            if (typeof api.setDebugStatusEnabled === 'function') {
-              api.setDebugStatusEnabled(\(enabled ? "true" : "false"));
-            }
-            if (!\(enabled ? "true" : "false")) return;
-            if (typeof api.setStatus === 'function') {
-              api.setStatus(\(Self.jsValue(title)), \(Self.jsValue(subtitle)));
-            }
-          } catch (_) {}
-        })()
-        """
-        webView.evaluateJavaScript(js) { _, _ in }
+        WebViewJavaScriptSupport.applyDebugStatus(
+            webView: webView,
+            enabled: self.debugStatusEnabled,
+            title: self.debugStatusTitle,
+            subtitle: self.debugStatusSubtitle)
     }
 
     func waitForA2UIReady(timeoutMs: Int) async -> Bool {
@@ -137,46 +123,11 @@ final class ScreenController {
                 NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "web view unavailable",
             ])
         }
-        return try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            webView.evaluateJavaScript(javaScript) { result, error in
-                if let error {
-                    cont.resume(throwing: error)
-                    return
-                }
-                if let result {
-                    cont.resume(returning: String(describing: result))
-                } else {
-                    cont.resume(returning: "")
-                }
-            }
-        }
+        return try await WebViewJavaScriptSupport.evaluateToString(webView: webView, javaScript: javaScript)
     }
 
     func snapshotPNGBase64(maxWidth: CGFloat? = nil) async throws -> String {
-        let config = WKSnapshotConfiguration()
-        if let maxWidth {
-            config.snapshotWidth = NSNumber(value: Double(maxWidth))
-        }
-        guard let webView = self.activeWebView else {
-            throw NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 3, userInfo: [
-                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "web view unavailable",
-            ])
-        }
-        let image: UIImage = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            webView.takeSnapshot(with: config) { image, error in
-                if let error {
-                    cont.resume(throwing: error)
-                    return
-                }
-                guard let image else {
-                    cont.resume(throwing: NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 2, userInfo: [
-                        NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "snapshot failed",
-                    ]))
-                    return
-                }
-                cont.resume(returning: image)
-            }
-        }
+        let image = try await self.snapshotImage(maxWidth: maxWidth)
         guard let data = image.pngData() else {
             throw NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 1, userInfo: [
                 NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "snapshot encode failed",
@@ -190,30 +141,7 @@ final class ScreenController {
         format: OpenClawCanvasSnapshotFormat,
         quality: Double? = nil) async throws -> String
     {
-        let config = WKSnapshotConfiguration()
-        if let maxWidth {
-            config.snapshotWidth = NSNumber(value: Double(maxWidth))
-        }
-        guard let webView = self.activeWebView else {
-            throw NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 3, userInfo: [
-                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "web view unavailable",
-            ])
-        }
-        let image: UIImage = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            webView.takeSnapshot(with: config) { image, error in
-                if let error {
-                    cont.resume(throwing: error)
-                    return
-                }
-                guard let image else {
-                    cont.resume(throwing: NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 2, userInfo: [
-                        NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "snapshot failed",
-                    ]))
-                    return
-                }
-                cont.resume(returning: image)
-            }
-        }
+        let image = try await self.snapshotImage(maxWidth: maxWidth)
 
         let data: Data?
         switch format {
@@ -231,6 +159,34 @@ final class ScreenController {
         return data.base64EncodedString()
     }
 
+    private func snapshotImage(maxWidth: CGFloat?) async throws -> UIImage {
+        let config = WKSnapshotConfiguration()
+        if let maxWidth {
+            config.snapshotWidth = NSNumber(value: Double(maxWidth))
+        }
+        guard let webView = self.activeWebView else {
+            throw NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 3, userInfo: [
+                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "web view unavailable",
+            ])
+        }
+        let image: UIImage = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
+            webView.takeSnapshot(with: config) { image, error in
+                if let error {
+                    cont.resume(throwing: error)
+                    return
+                }
+                guard let image else {
+                    cont.resume(throwing: NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 2, userInfo: [
+                        NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "snapshot failed",
+                    ]))
+                    return
+                }
+                cont.resume(returning: image)
+            }
+        }
+        return image
+    }
+
     func attachWebView(_ webView: WKWebView) {
         self.activeWebView = webView
         self.reload()
@@ -258,17 +214,6 @@ final class ScreenController {
         ext: "html",
         subdirectory: "CanvasScaffold")
 
-    private static func isLoopbackHost(_ host: String) -> Bool {
-        let normalized = host.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased()
-        if normalized.isEmpty { return true }
-        if normalized == "localhost" || normalized == "::1" || normalized == "0.0.0.0" {
-            return true
-        }
-        if normalized == "127.0.0.1" || normalized.hasPrefix("127.") {
-            return true
-        }
-        return false
-    }
     func isTrustedCanvasUIURL(_ url: URL) -> Bool {
         guard url.isFileURL else { return false }
         let std = url.standardizedFileURL
@@ -290,59 +235,8 @@ final class ScreenController {
         scrollView.bounces = allowScroll
     }
 
-    private static func jsValue(_ value: String?) -> String {
-        guard let value else { return "null" }
-        if let data = try? JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: [value]),
-           let encoded = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8),
-           encoded.count >= 2
-        {
-            return String(encoded.dropFirst().dropLast())
-        }
-        return "null"
-    }
-
     func isLocalNetworkCanvasURL(_ url: URL) -> Bool {
-        guard let scheme = url.scheme?.lowercased(), scheme == "http" || scheme == "https" else {
-            return false
-        }
-        guard let host = url.host?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines), !host.isEmpty else {
-            return false
-        }
-        if host == "localhost" { return true }
-        if host.hasSuffix(".local") { return true }
-        if host.hasSuffix(".ts.net") { return true }
-        if host.hasSuffix(".tailscale.net") { return true }
-        // Allow MagicDNS / LAN hostnames like "peters-mac-studio-1".
-        if !host.contains("."), !host.contains(":") { return true }
-        if let ipv4 = Self.parseIPv4(host) {
-            return Self.isLocalNetworkIPv4(ipv4)
-        }
-        return false
-    }
-
-    private static func parseIPv4(_ host: String) -> (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)? {
-        let parts = host.split(separator: ".", omittingEmptySubsequences: false)
-        guard parts.count == 4 else { return nil }
-        let bytes: [UInt8] = parts.compactMap { UInt8($0) }
-        guard bytes.count == 4 else { return nil }
-        return (bytes[0], bytes[1], bytes[2], bytes[3])
-    }
-
-    private static func isLocalNetworkIPv4(_ ip: (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)) -> Bool {
-        let (a, b, _, _) = ip
-        // 10.0.0.0/8
-        if a == 10 { return true }
-        // 172.16.0.0/12
-        if a == 172, (16...31).contains(Int(b)) { return true }
-        // 192.168.0.0/16
-        if a == 192, b == 168 { return true }
-        // 127.0.0.0/8
-        if a == 127 { return true }
-        // 169.254.0.0/16 (link-local)
-        if a == 169, b == 254 { return true }
-        // Tailscale: 100.64.0.0/10
-        if a == 100, (64...127).contains(Int(b)) { return true }
-        return false
+        LocalNetworkURLSupport.isLocalNetworkHTTPURL(url)
     }
 
     nonisolated static func parseA2UIActionBody(_ body: Any) -> [String: Any]? {

apps/ios/Sources/Screen/ScreenRecordService.swift

@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ final class ScreenRecordService: @unchecked Sendable {
             throw ScreenRecordError.invalidScreenIndex(idx)
         }
 
-        let durationMs = Self.clampDurationMs(durationMs)
-        let fps = Self.clampFps(fps)
+        let durationMs = CaptureRateLimits.clampDurationMs(durationMs)
+        let fps = CaptureRateLimits.clampFps(fps, maxFps: 30)
         let fpsInt = Int32(fps.rounded())
         let fpsValue = Double(fpsInt)
         let includeAudio = includeAudio ?? true
@@ -319,16 +319,6 @@ final class ScreenRecordService: @unchecked Sendable {
         }
     }
 
-    private nonisolated static func clampDurationMs(_ ms: Int?) -> Int {
-        let v = ms ?? 10000
-        return min(60000, max(250, v))
-    }
-
-    private nonisolated static func clampFps(_ fps: Double?) -> Double {
-        let v = fps ?? 10
-        if !v.isFinite { return 10 }
-        return min(30, max(1, v))
-    }
 }
 
 @MainActor
@@ -350,11 +340,11 @@ private func stopReplayKitCapture(_ completion: @escaping @Sendable (Error?) ->
 #if DEBUG
 extension ScreenRecordService {
     nonisolated static func _test_clampDurationMs(_ ms: Int?) -> Int {
-        self.clampDurationMs(ms)
+        CaptureRateLimits.clampDurationMs(ms)
     }
 
     nonisolated static func _test_clampFps(_ fps: Double?) -> Double {
-        self.clampFps(fps)
+        CaptureRateLimits.clampFps(fps, maxFps: 30)
     }
 }
 #endif

apps/ios/Sources/Services/NodeServiceProtocols.swift

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ protocol LocationServicing: Sendable {
     func stopMonitoringSignificantLocationChanges()
 }
 
+@MainActor
 protocol DeviceStatusServicing: Sendable {
     func status() async throws -> OpenClawDeviceStatusPayload
     func info() -> OpenClawDeviceInfoPayload

apps/ios/Sources/Status/GatewayActionsDialog.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import SwiftUI
+
+extension View {
+    func gatewayActionsDialog(
+        isPresented: Binding<Bool>,
+        onDisconnect: @escaping () -> Void,
+        onOpenSettings: @escaping () -> Void) -> some View
+    {
+        self.confirmationDialog(
+            "Gateway",
+            isPresented: isPresented,
+            titleVisibility: .visible)
+        {
+            Button("Disconnect", role: .destructive) {
+                onDisconnect()
+            }
+            Button("Open Settings") {
+                onOpenSettings()
+            }
+            Button("Cancel", role: .cancel) {}
+        } message: {
+            Text("Disconnect from the gateway?")
+        }
+    }
+}

apps/ios/Sources/Status/GatewayStatusBuilder.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum GatewayStatusBuilder {
+    @MainActor
+    static func build(appModel: NodeAppModel) -> StatusPill.GatewayState {
+        if appModel.gatewayServerName != nil { return .connected }
+
+        let text = appModel.gatewayStatusText.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("connecting") ||
+            text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("reconnecting")
+        {
+            return .connecting
+        }
+
+        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("error") {
+            return .error
+        }
+
+        return .disconnected
+    }
+}

apps/ios/Sources/Status/StatusGlassCard.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import SwiftUI
+
+private struct StatusGlassCardModifier: ViewModifier {
+    @Environment(\.colorSchemeContrast) private var contrast
+
+    let brighten: Bool
+    let verticalPadding: CGFloat
+    let horizontalPadding: CGFloat
+
+    func body(content: Content) -> some View {
+        content
+            .padding(.vertical, self.verticalPadding)
+            .padding(.horizontal, self.horizontalPadding)
+            .background {
+                RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
+                    .fill(.ultraThinMaterial)
+                    .overlay {
+                        RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
+                            .strokeBorder(
+                                .white.opacity(self.contrast == .increased ? 0.5 : (self.brighten ? 0.24 : 0.18)),
+                                lineWidth: self.contrast == .increased ? 1.0 : 0.5
+                            )
+                    }
+                    .shadow(color: .black.opacity(0.25), radius: 12, y: 6)
+            }
+    }
+}
+
+extension View {
+    func statusGlassCard(brighten: Bool, verticalPadding: CGFloat, horizontalPadding: CGFloat = 12) -> some View {
+        self.modifier(
+            StatusGlassCardModifier(
+                brighten: brighten,
+                verticalPadding: verticalPadding,
+                horizontalPadding: horizontalPadding
+            )
+        )
+    }
+}

apps/ios/Sources/Status/StatusPill.swift

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import SwiftUI
 struct StatusPill: View {
     @Environment(\.scenePhase) private var scenePhase
     @Environment(\.accessibilityReduceMotion) private var reduceMotion
-    @Environment(\.colorSchemeContrast) private var contrast
 
     enum GatewayState: Equatable {
         case connected
@@ -86,20 +85,7 @@ struct StatusPill: View {
                         .transition(.opacity.combined(with: .move(edge: .top)))
                 }
             }
-            .padding(.vertical, 8)
-            .padding(.horizontal, 12)
-            .background {
-                RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
-                    .fill(.ultraThinMaterial)
-                    .overlay {
-                        RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
-                            .strokeBorder(
-                                .white.opacity(self.contrast == .increased ? 0.5 : (self.brighten ? 0.24 : 0.18)),
-                                lineWidth: self.contrast == .increased ? 1.0 : 0.5
-                            )
-                    }
-                    .shadow(color: .black.opacity(0.25), radius: 12, y: 6)
-            }
+            .statusGlassCard(brighten: self.brighten, verticalPadding: 8)
         }
         .buttonStyle(.plain)
         .accessibilityLabel("Connection Status")

apps/ios/Sources/Status/VoiceWakeToast.swift

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 import SwiftUI
 
 struct VoiceWakeToast: View {
-    @Environment(\.colorSchemeContrast) private var contrast
-
     var command: String
     var brighten: Bool = false
 
@@ -18,20 +16,7 @@ struct VoiceWakeToast: View {
                 .lineLimit(1)
                 .truncationMode(.tail)
         }
-        .padding(.vertical, 10)
-        .padding(.horizontal, 12)
-        .background {
-            RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
-                .fill(.ultraThinMaterial)
-                .overlay {
-                    RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
-                        .strokeBorder(
-                            .white.opacity(self.contrast == .increased ? 0.5 : (self.brighten ? 0.24 : 0.18)),
-                            lineWidth: self.contrast == .increased ? 1.0 : 0.5
-                        )
-                }
-                .shadow(color: .black.opacity(0.25), radius: 12, y: 6)
-        }
+        .statusGlassCard(brighten: self.brighten, verticalPadding: 10)
         .accessibilityLabel("Voice Wake triggered")
         .accessibilityValue("Command: \(self.command)")
     }

apps/ios/Sources/Voice/VoiceWakeManager.swift

@@ -180,9 +180,7 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
 
         let micOk = await Self.requestMicrophonePermission()
         guard micOk else {
-            self.statusText = Self.permissionMessage(
-                kind: "Microphone",
-                status: AVAudioSession.sharedInstance().recordPermission)
+            self.statusText = Self.microphonePermissionMessage(kind: "Microphone")
             self.isListening = false
             return
         }
@@ -218,22 +216,7 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
         self.isEnabled = false
         self.isListening = false
         self.statusText = "Off"
-
-        self.tapDrainTask?.cancel()
-        self.tapDrainTask = nil
-        self.tapQueue?.clear()
-        self.tapQueue = nil
-
-        self.recognitionTask?.cancel()
-        self.recognitionTask = nil
-        self.recognitionRequest = nil
-
-        if self.audioEngine.isRunning {
-            self.audioEngine.stop()
-            self.audioEngine.inputNode.removeTap(onBus: 0)
-        }
-
-        try? AVAudioSession.sharedInstance().setActive(false, options: .notifyOthersOnDeactivation)
+        self.tearDownRecognitionPipeline()
     }
 
     /// Temporarily releases the microphone so other subsystems (e.g. camera video capture) can record audio.
@@ -243,22 +226,7 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
 
         self.isListening = false
         self.statusText = "Paused"
-
-        self.tapDrainTask?.cancel()
-        self.tapDrainTask = nil
-        self.tapQueue?.clear()
-        self.tapQueue = nil
-
-        self.recognitionTask?.cancel()
-        self.recognitionTask = nil
-        self.recognitionRequest = nil
-
-        if self.audioEngine.isRunning {
-            self.audioEngine.stop()
-            self.audioEngine.inputNode.removeTap(onBus: 0)
-        }
-
-        try? AVAudioSession.sharedInstance().setActive(false, options: .notifyOthersOnDeactivation)
+        self.tearDownRecognitionPipeline()
         return true
     }
 
@@ -312,6 +280,24 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
         }
     }
 
+    private func tearDownRecognitionPipeline() {
+        self.tapDrainTask?.cancel()
+        self.tapDrainTask = nil
+        self.tapQueue?.clear()
+        self.tapQueue = nil
+
+        self.recognitionTask?.cancel()
+        self.recognitionTask = nil
+        self.recognitionRequest = nil
+
+        if self.audioEngine.isRunning {
+            self.audioEngine.stop()
+            self.audioEngine.inputNode.removeTap(onBus: 0)
+        }
+
+        try? AVAudioSession.sharedInstance().setActive(false, options: .notifyOthersOnDeactivation)
+    }
+
     private nonisolated func makeRecognitionResultHandler() -> @Sendable (SFSpeechRecognitionResult?, Error?) -> Void {
         { [weak self] result, error in
             let transcript = result?.bestTranscription.formattedString
@@ -389,8 +375,7 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
     }
 
     private nonisolated static func requestMicrophonePermission() async -> Bool {
-        let session = AVAudioSession.sharedInstance()
-        switch session.recordPermission {
+        switch AVAudioApplication.shared.recordPermission {
         case .granted:
             return true
         case .denied:
@@ -402,12 +387,17 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
         }
 
         return await self.requestPermissionWithTimeout { completion in
-            AVAudioSession.sharedInstance().requestRecordPermission { ok in
-                completion(ok)
-            }
+            AVAudioApplication.requestRecordPermission(completionHandler: completion)
         }
     }
 
+    private nonisolated static func microphonePermissionMessage(kind: String) -> String {
+        let status = AVAudioApplication.shared.recordPermission
+        return self.deniedByDefaultPermissionMessage(
+            kind: kind,
+            isUndetermined: status == .undetermined)
+    }
+
     private nonisolated static func requestSpeechPermission() async -> Bool {
         let status = SFSpeechRecognizer.authorizationStatus()
         switch status {
@@ -429,7 +419,7 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
     }
 
     private nonisolated static func requestPermissionWithTimeout(
-        _ operation: @escaping @Sendable (@escaping (Bool) -> Void) -> Void) async -> Bool
+        _ operation: @escaping @Sendable (@escaping @Sendable (Bool) -> Void) -> Void) async -> Bool
     {
         do {
             return try await AsyncTimeout.withTimeout(
@@ -455,16 +445,7 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
         kind: String,
         status: AVAudioSession.RecordPermission) -> String
     {
-        switch status {
-        case .denied:
-            return "\(kind) permission denied"
-        case .undetermined:
-            return "\(kind) permission not granted"
-        case .granted:
-            return "\(kind) permission denied"
-        @unknown default:
-            return "\(kind) permission denied"
-        }
+        self.deniedByDefaultPermissionMessage(kind: kind, isUndetermined: status == .undetermined)
     }
 
     private static func permissionMessage(
@@ -484,6 +465,13 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
             return "\(kind) permission denied"
         }
     }
+
+    private static func deniedByDefaultPermissionMessage(kind: String, isUndetermined: Bool) -> String {
+        if isUndetermined {
+            return "\(kind) permission not granted"
+        }
+        return "\(kind) permission denied"
+    }
 }
 
 #if DEBUG

apps/ios/Tests/DeepLinkParserTests.swift

@@ -2,6 +2,36 @@ import OpenClawKit
 import Foundation
 import Testing
 
+private func setupCode(from payload: String) -> String {
+    Data(payload.utf8)
+        .base64EncodedString()
+        .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
+        .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
+        .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
+}
+
+private func agentAction(
+    message: String,
+    sessionKey: String? = nil,
+    thinking: String? = nil,
+    deliver: Bool = false,
+    to: String? = nil,
+    channel: String? = nil,
+    timeoutSeconds: Int? = nil,
+    key: String? = nil) -> DeepLinkRoute
+{
+    .agent(
+        .init(
+            message: message,
+            sessionKey: sessionKey,
+            thinking: thinking,
+            deliver: deliver,
+            to: to,
+            channel: channel,
+            timeoutSeconds: timeoutSeconds,
+            key: key))
+}
+
 @Suite struct DeepLinkParserTests {
     @Test func parseRejectsUnknownHost() {
         let url = URL(string: "openclaw://nope?message=hi")!
@@ -10,15 +40,7 @@ import Testing
 
     @Test func parseHostIsCaseInsensitive() {
         let url = URL(string: "openclaw://AGENT?message=Hello")!
-        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == .agent(.init(
-            message: "Hello",
-            sessionKey: nil,
-            thinking: nil,
-            deliver: false,
-            to: nil,
-            channel: nil,
-            timeoutSeconds: nil,
-            key: nil)))
+        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == agentAction(message: "Hello"))
     }
 
     @Test func parseRejectsNonOpenClawScheme() {
@@ -34,47 +56,29 @@ import Testing
     @Test func parseAgentLinkParsesCommonFields() {
         let url =
             URL(string: "openclaw://agent?message=Hello&deliver=1&sessionKey=node-test&thinking=low&timeoutSeconds=30")!
-        #expect(
-            DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == .agent(
-                .init(
-                    message: "Hello",
-                    sessionKey: "node-test",
-                    thinking: "low",
-                    deliver: true,
-                    to: nil,
-                    channel: nil,
-                    timeoutSeconds: 30,
-                    key: nil)))
+        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == agentAction(
+            message: "Hello",
+            sessionKey: "node-test",
+            thinking: "low",
+            deliver: true,
+            timeoutSeconds: 30))
     }
 
     @Test func parseAgentLinkParsesTargetRoutingFields() {
         let url =
             URL(
                 string: "openclaw://agent?message=Hello%20World&deliver=1&to=%2B15551234567&channel=whatsapp&key=secret")!
-        #expect(
-            DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == .agent(
-                .init(
-                    message: "Hello World",
-                    sessionKey: nil,
-                    thinking: nil,
-                    deliver: true,
-                    to: "+15551234567",
-                    channel: "whatsapp",
-                    timeoutSeconds: nil,
-                    key: "secret")))
+        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == agentAction(
+            message: "Hello World",
+            deliver: true,
+            to: "+15551234567",
+            channel: "whatsapp",
+            key: "secret"))
     }
 
     @Test func parseRejectsNegativeTimeoutSeconds() {
         let url = URL(string: "openclaw://agent?message=Hello&timeoutSeconds=-1")!
-        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == .agent(.init(
-            message: "Hello",
-            sessionKey: nil,
-            thinking: nil,
-            deliver: false,
-            to: nil,
-            channel: nil,
-            timeoutSeconds: nil,
-            key: nil)))
+        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == agentAction(message: "Hello"))
     }
 
     @Test func parseGatewayLinkParsesCommonFields() {
@@ -99,13 +103,7 @@ import Testing
 
     @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeParsesBase64UrlPayload() {
         let payload = #"{"url":"wss://gateway.example.com:443","token":"tok","password":"pw"}"#
-        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
-            .base64EncodedString()
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
-
-        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(setupCode(from: payload))
 
         #expect(link == .init(
             host: "gateway.example.com",
@@ -121,13 +119,7 @@ import Testing
 
     @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeDefaultsTo443ForWssWithoutPort() {
         let payload = #"{"url":"wss://gateway.example.com","token":"tok"}"#
-        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
-            .base64EncodedString()
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
-
-        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(setupCode(from: payload))
 
         #expect(link == .init(
             host: "gateway.example.com",
@@ -139,37 +131,19 @@ import Testing
 
     @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeRejectsInsecureNonLoopbackWs() {
         let payload = #"{"url":"ws://attacker.example:18789","token":"tok"}"#
-        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
-            .base64EncodedString()
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
-
-        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(setupCode(from: payload))
         #expect(link == nil)
     }
 
     @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeRejectsInsecurePrefixBypassHost() {
         let payload = #"{"url":"ws://127.attacker.example:18789","token":"tok"}"#
-        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
-            .base64EncodedString()
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
-
-        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(setupCode(from: payload))
         #expect(link == nil)
     }
 
     @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeAllowsLoopbackWs() {
         let payload = #"{"url":"ws://127.0.0.1:18789","token":"tok"}"#
-        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
-            .base64EncodedString()
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
-
-        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(setupCode(from: payload))
 
         #expect(link == .init(
             host: "127.0.0.1",

apps/ios/Tests/GatewayConnectionControllerTests.swift

@@ -4,31 +4,6 @@ import Testing
 import UIKit
 @testable import OpenClaw
 
-private func withUserDefaults<T>(_ updates: [String: Any?], _ body: () throws -> T) rethrows -> T {
-    let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
-    var snapshot: [String: Any?] = [:]
-    for key in updates.keys {
-        snapshot[key] = defaults.object(forKey: key)
-    }
-    for (key, value) in updates {
-        if let value {
-            defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
-        } else {
-            defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
-        }
-    }
-    defer {
-        for (key, value) in snapshot {
-            if let value {
-                defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
-            } else {
-                defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return try body()
-}
-
 @Suite(.serialized) struct GatewayConnectionControllerTests {
     @Test @MainActor func resolvedDisplayNameSetsDefaultWhenMissing() {
         let defaults = UserDefaults.standard

apps/ios/Tests/GatewayConnectionSecurityTests.swift

@@ -5,6 +5,32 @@ import Testing
 @testable import OpenClaw
 
 @Suite(.serialized) struct GatewayConnectionSecurityTests {
+    private func makeController() -> GatewayConnectionController {
+        GatewayConnectionController(appModel: NodeAppModel(), startDiscovery: false)
+    }
+
+    private func makeDiscoveredGateway(
+        stableID: String,
+        lanHost: String?,
+        tailnetDns: String?,
+        gatewayPort: Int?,
+        fingerprint: String?) -> GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway
+    {
+        let endpoint: NWEndpoint = .service(name: "Test", type: "_openclaw-gw._tcp", domain: "local.", interface: nil)
+        return GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway(
+            name: "Test",
+            endpoint: endpoint,
+            stableID: stableID,
+            debugID: "debug",
+            lanHost: lanHost,
+            tailnetDns: tailnetDns,
+            gatewayPort: gatewayPort,
+            canvasPort: nil,
+            tlsEnabled: true,
+            tlsFingerprintSha256: fingerprint,
+            cliPath: nil)
+    }
+
     private func clearTLSFingerprint(stableID: String) {
         let suite = UserDefaults(suiteName: "ai.openclaw.shared") ?? .standard
         suite.removeObject(forKey: "gateway.tls.\(stableID)")
@@ -17,22 +43,13 @@ import Testing
 
         GatewayTLSStore.saveFingerprint("11", stableID: stableID)
 
-        let endpoint: NWEndpoint = .service(name: "Test", type: "_openclaw-gw._tcp", domain: "local.", interface: nil)
-        let gateway = GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway(
-            name: "Test",
-            endpoint: endpoint,
+        let gateway = makeDiscoveredGateway(
             stableID: stableID,
-            debugID: "debug",
             lanHost: "evil.example.com",
             tailnetDns: "evil.example.com",
             gatewayPort: 12345,
-            canvasPort: nil,
-            tlsEnabled: true,
-            tlsFingerprintSha256: "22",
-            cliPath: nil)
-
-        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
-        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
+            fingerprint: "22")
+        let controller = makeController()
 
         let params = controller._test_resolveDiscoveredTLSParams(gateway: gateway, allowTOFU: true)
         #expect(params?.expectedFingerprint == "11")
@@ -44,22 +61,13 @@ import Testing
         defer { clearTLSFingerprint(stableID: stableID) }
         clearTLSFingerprint(stableID: stableID)
 
-        let endpoint: NWEndpoint = .service(name: "Test", type: "_openclaw-gw._tcp", domain: "local.", interface: nil)
-        let gateway = GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway(
-            name: "Test",
-            endpoint: endpoint,
+        let gateway = makeDiscoveredGateway(
             stableID: stableID,
-            debugID: "debug",
             lanHost: nil,
             tailnetDns: nil,
             gatewayPort: nil,
-            canvasPort: nil,
-            tlsEnabled: true,
-            tlsFingerprintSha256: "22",
-            cliPath: nil)
-
-        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
-        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
+            fingerprint: "22")
+        let controller = makeController()
 
         let params = controller._test_resolveDiscoveredTLSParams(gateway: gateway, allowTOFU: true)
         #expect(params?.expectedFingerprint == nil)
@@ -82,22 +90,13 @@ import Testing
         defaults.removeObject(forKey: "gateway.preferredStableID")
         defaults.set(stableID, forKey: "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID")
 
-        let endpoint: NWEndpoint = .service(name: "Test", type: "_openclaw-gw._tcp", domain: "local.", interface: nil)
-        let gateway = GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway(
-            name: "Test",
-            endpoint: endpoint,
+        let gateway = makeDiscoveredGateway(
             stableID: stableID,
-            debugID: "debug",
             lanHost: "test.local",
             tailnetDns: nil,
             gatewayPort: 18789,
-            canvasPort: nil,
-            tlsEnabled: true,
-            tlsFingerprintSha256: nil,
-            cliPath: nil)
-
-        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
-        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
+            fingerprint: nil)
+        let controller = makeController()
         controller._test_setGateways([gateway])
         controller._test_triggerAutoConnect()
 
@@ -105,8 +104,7 @@ import Testing
     }
 
     @Test @MainActor func manualConnectionsForceTLSForNonLoopbackHosts() async {
-        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
-        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
+        let controller = makeController()
 
         #expect(controller._test_resolveManualUseTLS(host: "gateway.example.com", useTLS: false) == true)
         #expect(controller._test_resolveManualUseTLS(host: "openclaw.local", useTLS: false) == true)
@@ -121,8 +119,7 @@ import Testing
     }
 
     @Test @MainActor func manualDefaultPortUses443OnlyForTailnetTLSHosts() async {
-        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
-        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
+        let controller = makeController()
 
         #expect(controller._test_resolveManualPort(host: "gateway.example.com", port: 0, useTLS: true) == 18789)
         #expect(controller._test_resolveManualPort(host: "device.sample.ts.net", port: 0, useTLS: true) == 443)

apps/ios/Tests/GatewaySettingsStoreTests.swift

@@ -14,6 +14,19 @@ private let instanceIdEntry = KeychainEntry(service: nodeService, account: "inst
 private let preferredGatewayEntry = KeychainEntry(service: gatewayService, account: "preferredStableID")
 private let lastGatewayEntry = KeychainEntry(service: gatewayService, account: "lastDiscoveredStableID")
 private let talkAcmeProviderEntry = KeychainEntry(service: talkService, account: "provider.apiKey.acme")
+private let bootstrapDefaultsKeys = [
+    "node.instanceId",
+    "gateway.preferredStableID",
+    "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID",
+]
+private let bootstrapKeychainEntries = [instanceIdEntry, preferredGatewayEntry, lastGatewayEntry]
+private let lastGatewayDefaultsKeys = [
+    "gateway.last.kind",
+    "gateway.last.host",
+    "gateway.last.port",
+    "gateway.last.tls",
+    "gateway.last.stableID",
+]
 
 private func snapshotDefaults(_ keys: [String]) -> [String: Any?] {
     let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
@@ -61,142 +74,112 @@ private func restoreKeychain(_ snapshot: [KeychainEntry: String?]) {
     applyKeychain(snapshot)
 }
 
+private func withBootstrapSnapshots(_ body: () -> Void) {
+    let defaultsSnapshot = snapshotDefaults(bootstrapDefaultsKeys)
+    let keychainSnapshot = snapshotKeychain(bootstrapKeychainEntries)
+    defer {
+        restoreDefaults(defaultsSnapshot)
+        restoreKeychain(keychainSnapshot)
+    }
+    body()
+}
+
+private func withLastGatewayDefaultsSnapshot(_ body: () -> Void) {
+    let snapshot = snapshotDefaults(lastGatewayDefaultsKeys)
+    defer { restoreDefaults(snapshot) }
+    body()
+}
+
 @Suite(.serialized) struct GatewaySettingsStoreTests {
     @Test func bootstrapCopiesDefaultsToKeychainWhenMissing() {
-        let defaultsKeys = [
-            "node.instanceId",
-            "gateway.preferredStableID",
-            "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID",
-        ]
-        let entries = [instanceIdEntry, preferredGatewayEntry, lastGatewayEntry]
-        let defaultsSnapshot = snapshotDefaults(defaultsKeys)
-        let keychainSnapshot = snapshotKeychain(entries)
-        defer {
-            restoreDefaults(defaultsSnapshot)
-            restoreKeychain(keychainSnapshot)
+        withBootstrapSnapshots {
+            applyDefaults([
+                "node.instanceId": "node-test",
+                "gateway.preferredStableID": "preferred-test",
+                "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID": "last-test",
+            ])
+            applyKeychain([
+                instanceIdEntry: nil,
+                preferredGatewayEntry: nil,
+                lastGatewayEntry: nil,
+            ])
+
+            GatewaySettingsStore.bootstrapPersistence()
+
+            #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: nodeService, account: "instanceId") == "node-test")
+            #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: gatewayService, account: "preferredStableID") == "preferred-test")
+            #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: gatewayService, account: "lastDiscoveredStableID") == "last-test")
         }
-
-        applyDefaults([
-            "node.instanceId": "node-test",
-            "gateway.preferredStableID": "preferred-test",
-            "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID": "last-test",
-        ])
-        applyKeychain([
-            instanceIdEntry: nil,
-            preferredGatewayEntry: nil,
-            lastGatewayEntry: nil,
-        ])
-
-        GatewaySettingsStore.bootstrapPersistence()
-
-        #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: nodeService, account: "instanceId") == "node-test")
-        #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: gatewayService, account: "preferredStableID") == "preferred-test")
-        #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: gatewayService, account: "lastDiscoveredStableID") == "last-test")
     }
 
     @Test func bootstrapCopiesKeychainToDefaultsWhenMissing() {
-        let defaultsKeys = [
-            "node.instanceId",
-            "gateway.preferredStableID",
-            "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID",
-        ]
-        let entries = [instanceIdEntry, preferredGatewayEntry, lastGatewayEntry]
-        let defaultsSnapshot = snapshotDefaults(defaultsKeys)
-        let keychainSnapshot = snapshotKeychain(entries)
-        defer {
-            restoreDefaults(defaultsSnapshot)
-            restoreKeychain(keychainSnapshot)
+        withBootstrapSnapshots {
+            applyDefaults([
+                "node.instanceId": nil,
+                "gateway.preferredStableID": nil,
+                "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID": nil,
+            ])
+            applyKeychain([
+                instanceIdEntry: "node-from-keychain",
+                preferredGatewayEntry: "preferred-from-keychain",
+                lastGatewayEntry: "last-from-keychain",
+            ])
+
+            GatewaySettingsStore.bootstrapPersistence()
+
+            let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
+            #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "node.instanceId") == "node-from-keychain")
+            #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "gateway.preferredStableID") == "preferred-from-keychain")
+            #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID") == "last-from-keychain")
         }
-
-        applyDefaults([
-            "node.instanceId": nil,
-            "gateway.preferredStableID": nil,
-            "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID": nil,
-        ])
-        applyKeychain([
-            instanceIdEntry: "node-from-keychain",
-            preferredGatewayEntry: "preferred-from-keychain",
-            lastGatewayEntry: "last-from-keychain",
-        ])
-
-        GatewaySettingsStore.bootstrapPersistence()
-
-        let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
-        #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "node.instanceId") == "node-from-keychain")
-        #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "gateway.preferredStableID") == "preferred-from-keychain")
-        #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID") == "last-from-keychain")
     }
 
     @Test func lastGateway_manualRoundTrip() {
-        let keys = [
-            "gateway.last.kind",
-            "gateway.last.host",
-            "gateway.last.port",
-            "gateway.last.tls",
-            "gateway.last.stableID",
-        ]
-        let snapshot = snapshotDefaults(keys)
-        defer { restoreDefaults(snapshot) }
+        withLastGatewayDefaultsSnapshot {
+            GatewaySettingsStore.saveLastGatewayConnectionManual(
+                host: "example.com",
+                port: 443,
+                useTLS: true,
+                stableID: "manual|example.com|443")
 
-        GatewaySettingsStore.saveLastGatewayConnectionManual(
-            host: "example.com",
-            port: 443,
-            useTLS: true,
-            stableID: "manual|example.com|443")
-
-        let loaded = GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection()
-        #expect(loaded == .manual(host: "example.com", port: 443, useTLS: true, stableID: "manual|example.com|443"))
+            let loaded = GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection()
+            #expect(loaded == .manual(host: "example.com", port: 443, useTLS: true, stableID: "manual|example.com|443"))
+        }
     }
 
     @Test func lastGateway_discoveredDoesNotPersistResolvedHostPort() {
-        let keys = [
-            "gateway.last.kind",
-            "gateway.last.host",
-            "gateway.last.port",
-            "gateway.last.tls",
-            "gateway.last.stableID",
-        ]
-        let snapshot = snapshotDefaults(keys)
-        defer { restoreDefaults(snapshot) }
+        withLastGatewayDefaultsSnapshot {
+            // Simulate a prior manual record that included host/port.
+            applyDefaults([
+                "gateway.last.host": "10.0.0.99",
+                "gateway.last.port": 18789,
+                "gateway.last.tls": true,
+                "gateway.last.stableID": "manual|10.0.0.99|18789",
+                "gateway.last.kind": "manual",
+            ])
 
-        // Simulate a prior manual record that included host/port.
-        applyDefaults([
-            "gateway.last.host": "10.0.0.99",
-            "gateway.last.port": 18789,
-            "gateway.last.tls": true,
-            "gateway.last.stableID": "manual|10.0.0.99|18789",
-            "gateway.last.kind": "manual",
-        ])
+            GatewaySettingsStore.saveLastGatewayConnectionDiscovered(stableID: "gw|abc", useTLS: true)
 
-        GatewaySettingsStore.saveLastGatewayConnectionDiscovered(stableID: "gw|abc", useTLS: true)
-
-        let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
-        #expect(defaults.object(forKey: "gateway.last.host") == nil)
-        #expect(defaults.object(forKey: "gateway.last.port") == nil)
-        #expect(GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection() == .discovered(stableID: "gw|abc", useTLS: true))
+            let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
+            #expect(defaults.object(forKey: "gateway.last.host") == nil)
+            #expect(defaults.object(forKey: "gateway.last.port") == nil)
+            #expect(GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection() == .discovered(stableID: "gw|abc", useTLS: true))
+        }
     }
 
     @Test func lastGateway_backCompat_manualLoadsWhenKindMissing() {
-        let keys = [
-            "gateway.last.kind",
-            "gateway.last.host",
-            "gateway.last.port",
-            "gateway.last.tls",
-            "gateway.last.stableID",
-        ]
-        let snapshot = snapshotDefaults(keys)
-        defer { restoreDefaults(snapshot) }
+        withLastGatewayDefaultsSnapshot {
+            applyDefaults([
+                "gateway.last.kind": nil,
+                "gateway.last.host": "example.org",
+                "gateway.last.port": 18789,
+                "gateway.last.tls": false,
+                "gateway.last.stableID": "manual|example.org|18789",
+            ])
 
-        applyDefaults([
-            "gateway.last.kind": nil,
-            "gateway.last.host": "example.org",
-            "gateway.last.port": 18789,
-            "gateway.last.tls": false,
-            "gateway.last.stableID": "manual|example.org|18789",
-        ])
-
-        let loaded = GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection()
-        #expect(loaded == .manual(host: "example.org", port: 18789, useTLS: false, stableID: "manual|example.org|18789"))
+            let loaded = GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection()
+            #expect(loaded == .manual(host: "example.org", port: 18789, useTLS: false, stableID: "manual|example.org|18789"))
+        }
     }
 
     @Test func talkProviderApiKey_genericRoundTrip() {

apps/ios/Tests/Info.plist

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 	<key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
 			<string>BNDL</string>
 			<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-			<string>2026.3.1</string>
+			<string>2026.3.2</string>
 			<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
 			<string>20260301</string>
 		</dict>

apps/ios/Tests/NodeAppModelInvokeTests.swift

@@ -4,31 +4,6 @@ import Testing
 import UIKit
 @testable import OpenClaw
 
-private func withUserDefaults<T>(_ updates: [String: Any?], _ body: () throws -> T) rethrows -> T {
-    let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
-    var snapshot: [String: Any?] = [:]
-    for key in updates.keys {
-        snapshot[key] = defaults.object(forKey: key)
-    }
-    for (key, value) in updates {
-        if let value {
-            defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
-        } else {
-            defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
-        }
-    }
-    defer {
-        for (key, value) in snapshot {
-            if let value {
-                defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
-            } else {
-                defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return try body()
-}
-
 private func makeAgentDeepLinkURL(
     message: String,
     deliver: Bool = false,

apps/ios/Tests/TestDefaultsSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import Foundation
+
+func withUserDefaults<T>(_ updates: [String: Any?], _ body: () throws -> T) rethrows -> T {
+    let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
+    var snapshot: [String: Any?] = [:]
+    for key in updates.keys {
+        snapshot[key] = defaults.object(forKey: key)
+    }
+    for (key, value) in updates {
+        if let value {
+            defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
+        } else {
+            defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
+        }
+    }
+    defer {
+        for (key, value) in snapshot {
+            if let value {
+                defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
+            } else {
+                defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return try body()
+}

apps/ios/Tests/VoiceWakeManagerExtractCommandTests.swift

@@ -3,6 +3,19 @@ import SwabbleKit
 import Testing
 @testable import OpenClaw
 
+private let openclawTranscript = "hey openclaw do thing"
+
+private func openclawSegments(postTriggerStart: TimeInterval) -> [WakeWordSegment] {
+    makeSegments(
+        transcript: openclawTranscript,
+        words: [
+            ("hey", 0.0, 0.1),
+            ("openclaw", 0.2, 0.1),
+            ("do", postTriggerStart, 0.1),
+            ("thing", postTriggerStart + 0.2, 0.1),
+        ])
+}
+
 @Suite struct VoiceWakeManagerExtractCommandTests {
     @Test func extractCommandReturnsNilWhenNoTriggerFound() {
         let transcript = "hello world"
@@ -13,17 +26,9 @@ import Testing
     }
 
     @Test func extractCommandTrimsTokensAndResult() {
-        let transcript = "hey openclaw do thing"
-        let segments = makeSegments(
-            transcript: transcript,
-            words: [
-                ("hey", 0.0, 0.1),
-                ("openclaw", 0.2, 0.1),
-                ("do", 0.9, 0.1),
-                ("thing", 1.1, 0.1),
-            ])
+        let segments = openclawSegments(postTriggerStart: 0.9)
         let cmd = VoiceWakeManager.extractCommand(
-            from: transcript,
+            from: openclawTranscript,
             segments: segments,
             triggers: ["  openclaw  "],
             minPostTriggerGap: 0.3)
@@ -31,17 +36,9 @@ import Testing
     }
 
     @Test func extractCommandReturnsNilWhenGapTooShort() {
-        let transcript = "hey openclaw do thing"
-        let segments = makeSegments(
-            transcript: transcript,
-            words: [
-                ("hey", 0.0, 0.1),
-                ("openclaw", 0.2, 0.1),
-                ("do", 0.35, 0.1),
-                ("thing", 0.5, 0.1),
-            ])
+        let segments = openclawSegments(postTriggerStart: 0.35)
         let cmd = VoiceWakeManager.extractCommand(
-            from: transcript,
+            from: openclawTranscript,
             segments: segments,
             triggers: ["openclaw"],
             minPostTriggerGap: 0.3)
@@ -57,17 +54,9 @@ import Testing
     }
 
     @Test func extractCommandIgnoresEmptyTriggers() {
-        let transcript = "hey openclaw do thing"
-        let segments = makeSegments(
-            transcript: transcript,
-            words: [
-                ("hey", 0.0, 0.1),
-                ("openclaw", 0.2, 0.1),
-                ("do", 0.9, 0.1),
-                ("thing", 1.1, 0.1),
-            ])
+        let segments = openclawSegments(postTriggerStart: 0.9)
         let cmd = VoiceWakeManager.extractCommand(
-            from: transcript,
+            from: openclawTranscript,
             segments: segments,
             triggers: ["", "   ", "openclaw"],
             minPostTriggerGap: 0.3)

apps/ios/WatchApp/Info.plist

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 	<key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
 	<string>APPL</string>
 	<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-	<string>2026.3.1</string>
+	<string>2026.3.2</string>
 	<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
 	<string>20260301</string>
 	<key>WKCompanionAppBundleIdentifier</key>

apps/ios/WatchExtension/Info.plist

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 	<key>CFBundleName</key>
 	<string>$(PRODUCT_NAME)</string>
 	<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-	<string>2026.3.1</string>
+	<string>2026.3.2</string>
 	<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
 	<string>20260301</string>
 	<key>NSExtension</key>

apps/ios/project.yml

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ options:
 settings:
   base:
     SWIFT_VERSION: "6.0"
+    ENABLE_APP_INTENTS_METADATA_GENERATION: NO
 
 packages:
   OpenClawKit:
@@ -80,9 +81,11 @@ targets:
         DEVELOPMENT_TEAM: "$(OPENCLAW_DEVELOPMENT_TEAM)"
         PRODUCT_BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER: "$(OPENCLAW_APP_BUNDLE_ID)"
         PROVISIONING_PROFILE_SPECIFIER: "$(OPENCLAW_APP_PROFILE)"
+        TARGETED_DEVICE_FAMILY: "1"
         SWIFT_VERSION: "6.0"
         SWIFT_STRICT_CONCURRENCY: complete
         ENABLE_APPINTENTS_METADATA: NO
+        ENABLE_APP_INTENTS_METADATA_GENERATION: NO
     info:
       path: Sources/Info.plist
       properties:
@@ -92,7 +95,7 @@ targets:
           - CFBundleURLName: ai.openclaw.ios
             CFBundleURLSchemes:
               - openclaw
-        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.3.1"
+        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.3.2"
         CFBundleVersion: "20260301"
         UILaunchScreen: {}
         UIApplicationSceneManifest:
@@ -140,6 +143,7 @@ targets:
         CODE_SIGN_STYLE: "$(OPENCLAW_CODE_SIGN_STYLE)"
         DEVELOPMENT_TEAM: "$(OPENCLAW_DEVELOPMENT_TEAM)"
         ENABLE_APPINTENTS_METADATA: NO
+        ENABLE_APP_INTENTS_METADATA_GENERATION: NO
         PRODUCT_BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER: "$(OPENCLAW_SHARE_BUNDLE_ID)"
         PROVISIONING_PROFILE_SPECIFIER: "$(OPENCLAW_SHARE_PROFILE)"
         SWIFT_VERSION: "6.0"
@@ -148,7 +152,7 @@ targets:
       path: ShareExtension/Info.plist
       properties:
         CFBundleDisplayName: OpenClaw Share
-        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.3.1"
+        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.3.2"
         CFBundleVersion: "20260301"
         NSExtension:
           NSExtensionPointIdentifier: com.apple.share-services
@@ -174,12 +178,13 @@ targets:
     settings:
       base:
         ENABLE_APPINTENTS_METADATA: NO
+        ENABLE_APP_INTENTS_METADATA_GENERATION: NO
         PRODUCT_BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER: "$(OPENCLAW_WATCH_APP_BUNDLE_ID)"
     info:
       path: WatchApp/Info.plist
       properties:
         CFBundleDisplayName: OpenClaw
-        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.3.1"
+        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.3.2"
         CFBundleVersion: "20260301"
         WKCompanionAppBundleIdentifier: "$(OPENCLAW_APP_BUNDLE_ID)"
         WKWatchKitApp: true
@@ -191,6 +196,7 @@ targets:
     sources:
       - path: WatchExtension/Sources
     dependencies:
+      - sdk: AppIntents.framework
       - sdk: WatchConnectivity.framework
       - sdk: UserNotifications.framework
     configFiles:
@@ -203,7 +209,7 @@ targets:
       path: WatchExtension/Info.plist
       properties:
         CFBundleDisplayName: OpenClaw
-        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.3.1"
+        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.3.2"
         CFBundleVersion: "20260301"
         NSExtension:
           NSExtensionAttributes:
@@ -229,6 +235,7 @@ targets:
         CODE_SIGN_STYLE: "$(OPENCLAW_CODE_SIGN_STYLE)"
         DEVELOPMENT_TEAM: "$(OPENCLAW_DEVELOPMENT_TEAM)"
         PRODUCT_BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER: ai.openclaw.ios.tests
+        ENABLE_APP_INTENTS_METADATA_GENERATION: NO
         SWIFT_VERSION: "6.0"
         SWIFT_STRICT_CONCURRENCY: complete
         TEST_HOST: "$(BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR)/OpenClaw.app/OpenClaw"
@@ -237,5 +244,5 @@ targets:
       path: Tests/Info.plist
       properties:
         CFBundleDisplayName: OpenClawTests
-        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.3.1"
+        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.3.2"
         CFBundleVersion: "20260301"

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/AgentWorkspaceConfig.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum AgentWorkspaceConfig {
+    static func workspace(from root: [String: Any]) -> String? {
+        let agents = root["agents"] as? [String: Any]
+        let defaults = agents?["defaults"] as? [String: Any]
+        return defaults?["workspace"] as? String
+    }
+
+    static func setWorkspace(in root: inout [String: Any], workspace: String?) {
+        var agents = root["agents"] as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
+        var defaults = agents["defaults"] as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
+        let trimmed = workspace?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+        if trimmed.isEmpty {
+            defaults.removeValue(forKey: "workspace")
+        } else {
+            defaults["workspace"] = trimmed
+        }
+        if defaults.isEmpty {
+            agents.removeValue(forKey: "defaults")
+        } else {
+            agents["defaults"] = defaults
+        }
+        if agents.isEmpty {
+            root.removeValue(forKey: "agents")
+        } else {
+            root["agents"] = agents
+        }
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/AudioInputDeviceObserver.swift

@@ -9,21 +9,7 @@ final class AudioInputDeviceObserver {
     private var defaultInputListener: AudioObjectPropertyListenerBlock?
 
     static func defaultInputDeviceUID() -> String? {
-        let systemObject = AudioObjectID(kAudioObjectSystemObject)
-        var address = AudioObjectPropertyAddress(
-            mSelector: kAudioHardwarePropertyDefaultInputDevice,
-            mScope: kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal,
-            mElement: kAudioObjectPropertyElementMain)
-        var deviceID = AudioObjectID(0)
-        var size = UInt32(MemoryLayout<AudioObjectID>.size)
-        let status = AudioObjectGetPropertyData(
-            systemObject,
-            &address,
-            0,
-            nil,
-            &size,
-            &deviceID)
-        guard status == noErr, deviceID != 0 else { return nil }
+        guard let deviceID = self.defaultInputDeviceID() else { return nil }
         return self.deviceUID(for: deviceID)
     }
 
@@ -63,6 +49,15 @@ final class AudioInputDeviceObserver {
     }
 
     static func defaultInputDeviceSummary() -> String {
+        guard let deviceID = self.defaultInputDeviceID() else {
+            return "defaultInput=unknown"
+        }
+        let uid = self.deviceUID(for: deviceID) ?? "unknown"
+        let name = self.deviceName(for: deviceID) ?? "unknown"
+        return "defaultInput=\(name) (\(uid))"
+    }
+
+    private static func defaultInputDeviceID() -> AudioObjectID? {
         let systemObject = AudioObjectID(kAudioObjectSystemObject)
         var address = AudioObjectPropertyAddress(
             mSelector: kAudioHardwarePropertyDefaultInputDevice,
@@ -77,12 +72,8 @@ final class AudioInputDeviceObserver {
             nil,
             &size,
             &deviceID)
-        guard status == noErr, deviceID != 0 else {
-            return "defaultInput=unknown"
-        }
-        let uid = self.deviceUID(for: deviceID) ?? "unknown"
-        let name = self.deviceName(for: deviceID) ?? "unknown"
-        return "defaultInput=\(name) (\(uid))"
+        guard status == noErr, deviceID != 0 else { return nil }
+        return deviceID
     }
 
     func start(onChange: @escaping @Sendable () -> Void) {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CameraCaptureService.swift

@@ -64,45 +64,33 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
 
         try await self.ensureAccess(for: .video)
 
-        let session = AVCaptureSession()
-        session.sessionPreset = .photo
-
-        guard let device = Self.pickCamera(facing: facing, deviceId: deviceId) else {
-            throw CameraError.cameraUnavailable
-        }
-
-        let input = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: device)
-        guard session.canAddInput(input) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add camera input")
-        }
-        session.addInput(input)
-
-        let output = AVCapturePhotoOutput()
-        guard session.canAddOutput(output) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add photo output")
-        }
-        session.addOutput(output)
-        output.maxPhotoQualityPrioritization = .quality
+        let prepared = try CameraCapturePipelineSupport.preparePhotoSession(
+            preferFrontCamera: facing == .front,
+            deviceId: deviceId,
+            pickCamera: { preferFrontCamera, deviceId in
+                Self.pickCamera(facing: preferFrontCamera ? .front : .back, deviceId: deviceId)
+            },
+            cameraUnavailableError: CameraError.cameraUnavailable,
+            mapSetupError: { setupError in
+                CameraError.captureFailed(setupError.localizedDescription)
+            })
+        let session = prepared.session
+        let device = prepared.device
+        let output = prepared.output
 
         session.startRunning()
         defer { session.stopRunning() }
-        await Self.warmUpCaptureSession()
+        await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.warmUpCaptureSession()
         await self.waitForExposureAndWhiteBalance(device: device)
         await self.sleepDelayMs(delayMs)
 
-        let settings: AVCapturePhotoSettings = {
-            if output.availablePhotoCodecTypes.contains(.jpeg) {
-                return AVCapturePhotoSettings(format: [AVVideoCodecKey: AVVideoCodecType.jpeg])
-            }
-            return AVCapturePhotoSettings()
-        }()
-        settings.photoQualityPrioritization = .quality
-
         var delegate: PhotoCaptureDelegate?
-        let rawData: Data = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            let d = PhotoCaptureDelegate(cont)
-            delegate = d
-            output.capturePhoto(with: settings, delegate: d)
+        let rawData: Data = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { continuation in
+            let captureDelegate = PhotoCaptureDelegate(continuation)
+            delegate = captureDelegate
+            output.capturePhoto(
+                with: CameraCapturePipelineSupport.makePhotoSettings(output: output),
+                delegate: captureDelegate)
         }
         withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
 
@@ -135,39 +123,19 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
             try await self.ensureAccess(for: .audio)
         }
 
-        let session = AVCaptureSession()
-        session.sessionPreset = .high
-
-        guard let camera = Self.pickCamera(facing: facing, deviceId: deviceId) else {
-            throw CameraError.cameraUnavailable
-        }
-        let cameraInput = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: camera)
-        guard session.canAddInput(cameraInput) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add camera input")
-        }
-        session.addInput(cameraInput)
-
-        if includeAudio {
-            guard let mic = AVCaptureDevice.default(for: .audio) else {
-                throw CameraError.microphoneUnavailable
-            }
-            let micInput = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: mic)
-            guard session.canAddInput(micInput) else {
-                throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add microphone input")
-            }
-            session.addInput(micInput)
-        }
-
-        let output = AVCaptureMovieFileOutput()
-        guard session.canAddOutput(output) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add movie output")
-        }
-        session.addOutput(output)
-        output.maxRecordedDuration = CMTime(value: Int64(durationMs), timescale: 1000)
-
-        session.startRunning()
+        let prepared = try await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.prepareWarmMovieSession(
+            preferFrontCamera: facing == .front,
+            deviceId: deviceId,
+            includeAudio: includeAudio,
+            durationMs: durationMs,
+            pickCamera: { preferFrontCamera, deviceId in
+                Self.pickCamera(facing: preferFrontCamera ? .front : .back, deviceId: deviceId)
+            },
+            cameraUnavailableError: CameraError.cameraUnavailable,
+            mapSetupError: Self.mapMovieSetupError)
+        let session = prepared.session
+        let output = prepared.output
         defer { session.stopRunning() }
-        await Self.warmUpCaptureSession()
 
         let tmpMovURL = FileManager().temporaryDirectory
             .appendingPathComponent("openclaw-camera-\(UUID().uuidString).mov")
@@ -180,7 +148,6 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
             return FileManager().temporaryDirectory
                 .appendingPathComponent("openclaw-camera-\(UUID().uuidString).mp4")
         }()
-
         // Ensure we don't fail exporting due to an existing file.
         try? FileManager().removeItem(at: outputURL)
 
@@ -192,28 +159,12 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
             output.startRecording(to: tmpMovURL, recordingDelegate: d)
         }
         withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
-
         try await Self.exportToMP4(inputURL: recordedURL, outputURL: outputURL)
         return (path: outputURL.path, durationMs: durationMs, hasAudio: includeAudio)
     }
 
     private func ensureAccess(for mediaType: AVMediaType) async throws {
-        let status = AVCaptureDevice.authorizationStatus(for: mediaType)
-        switch status {
-        case .authorized:
-            return
-        case .notDetermined:
-            let ok = await withCheckedContinuation(isolation: nil) { cont in
-                AVCaptureDevice.requestAccess(for: mediaType) { granted in
-                    cont.resume(returning: granted)
-                }
-            }
-            if !ok {
-                throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
-            }
-        case .denied, .restricted:
-            throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
-        @unknown default:
+        if !(await CameraAuthorization.isAuthorized(for: mediaType)) {
             throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
         }
     }
@@ -278,6 +229,13 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
         return min(60000, max(250, v))
     }
 
+    private nonisolated static func mapMovieSetupError(_ setupError: CameraSessionConfigurationError) -> CameraError {
+        CameraCapturePipelineSupport.mapMovieSetupError(
+            setupError,
+            microphoneUnavailableError: .microphoneUnavailable,
+            captureFailed: { .captureFailed($0) })
+    }
+
     private nonisolated static func exportToMP4(inputURL: URL, outputURL: URL) async throws {
         let asset = AVURLAsset(url: inputURL)
         guard let export = AVAssetExportSession(asset: asset, presetName: AVAssetExportPresetMediumQuality) else {
@@ -315,11 +273,6 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
         }
     }
 
-    private nonisolated static func warmUpCaptureSession() async {
-        // A short delay after `startRunning()` significantly reduces "blank first frame" captures on some devices.
-        try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 150_000_000) // 150ms
-    }
-
     private func waitForExposureAndWhiteBalance(device: AVCaptureDevice) async {
         let stepNs: UInt64 = 50_000_000
         let maxSteps = 30 // ~1.5s
@@ -338,11 +291,7 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
     }
 
     private nonisolated static func positionLabel(_ position: AVCaptureDevice.Position) -> String {
-        switch position {
-        case .front: "front"
-        case .back: "back"
-        default: "unspecified"
-        }
+        CameraCapturePipelineSupport.positionLabel(position)
     }
 }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CanvasA2UIActionMessageHandler.swift

@@ -109,40 +109,7 @@ final class CanvasA2UIActionMessageHandler: NSObject, WKScriptMessageHandler {
     }
 
     static func isLocalNetworkCanvasURL(_ url: URL) -> Bool {
-        guard let scheme = url.scheme?.lowercased(), scheme == "http" || scheme == "https" else {
-            return false
-        }
-        guard let host = url.host?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines), !host.isEmpty else {
-            return false
-        }
-        if host == "localhost" { return true }
-        if host.hasSuffix(".local") { return true }
-        if host.hasSuffix(".ts.net") { return true }
-        if host.hasSuffix(".tailscale.net") { return true }
-        if !host.contains("."), !host.contains(":") { return true }
-        if let ipv4 = Self.parseIPv4(host) {
-            return Self.isLocalNetworkIPv4(ipv4)
-        }
-        return false
-    }
-
-    static func parseIPv4(_ host: String) -> (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)? {
-        let parts = host.split(separator: ".", omittingEmptySubsequences: false)
-        guard parts.count == 4 else { return nil }
-        let bytes: [UInt8] = parts.compactMap { UInt8($0) }
-        guard bytes.count == 4 else { return nil }
-        return (bytes[0], bytes[1], bytes[2], bytes[3])
-    }
-
-    static func isLocalNetworkIPv4(_ ip: (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)) -> Bool {
-        let (a, b, _, _) = ip
-        if a == 10 { return true }
-        if a == 172, (16...31).contains(Int(b)) { return true }
-        if a == 192, b == 168 { return true }
-        if a == 127 { return true }
-        if a == 169, b == 254 { return true }
-        if a == 100, (64...127).contains(Int(b)) { return true }
-        return false
+        LocalNetworkURLSupport.isLocalNetworkHTTPURL(url)
     }
 
     // Formatting helpers live in OpenClawKit (`OpenClawCanvasA2UIAction`).

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CanvasFileWatcher.swift

@@ -1,24 +1,13 @@
 import Foundation
 
-final class CanvasFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable {
-    private let watcher: CoalescingFSEventsWatcher
+final class CanvasFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable, SimpleFileWatcherOwner {
+    let watcher: SimpleFileWatcher
 
     init(url: URL, onChange: @escaping () -> Void) {
-        self.watcher = CoalescingFSEventsWatcher(
+        self.watcher = SimpleFileWatcher(CoalescingFSEventsWatcher(
             paths: [url.path],
             queueLabel: "ai.openclaw.canvaswatcher",
-            onChange: onChange)
+            onChange: onChange))
     }
 
-    deinit {
-        self.stop()
-    }
-
-    func start() {
-        self.watcher.start()
-    }
-
-    func stop() {
-        self.watcher.stop()
-    }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CanvasWindowController+Testing.swift

@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ extension CanvasWindowController {
     }
 
     static func _testParseIPv4(_ host: String) -> (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)? {
-        CanvasA2UIActionMessageHandler.parseIPv4(host)
+        LoopbackHost.parseIPv4(host)
     }
 
     static func _testIsLocalNetworkIPv4(_ ip: (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)) -> Bool {
-        CanvasA2UIActionMessageHandler.isLocalNetworkIPv4(ip)
+        LoopbackHost.isLocalNetworkIPv4(ip)
     }
 
     static func _testIsLocalNetworkCanvasURL(_ url: URL) -> Bool {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CanvasWindowController.swift

@@ -274,25 +274,11 @@ final class CanvasWindowController: NSWindowController, WKNavigationDelegate, NS
     }
 
     func applyDebugStatusIfNeeded() {
-        let enabled = self.debugStatusEnabled
-        let title = Self.jsOptionalStringLiteral(self.debugStatusTitle)
-        let subtitle = Self.jsOptionalStringLiteral(self.debugStatusSubtitle)
-        let js = """
-        (() => {
-          try {
-            const api = globalThis.__openclaw;
-            if (!api) return;
-            if (typeof api.setDebugStatusEnabled === 'function') {
-              api.setDebugStatusEnabled(\(enabled ? "true" : "false"));
-            }
-            if (!\(enabled ? "true" : "false")) return;
-            if (typeof api.setStatus === 'function') {
-              api.setStatus(\(title), \(subtitle));
-            }
-          } catch (_) {}
-        })();
-        """
-        self.webView.evaluateJavaScript(js) { _, _ in }
+        WebViewJavaScriptSupport.applyDebugStatus(
+            webView: self.webView,
+            enabled: self.debugStatusEnabled,
+            title: self.debugStatusTitle,
+            subtitle: self.debugStatusSubtitle)
     }
 
     private func loadFile(_ url: URL) {
@@ -302,19 +288,7 @@ final class CanvasWindowController: NSWindowController, WKNavigationDelegate, NS
     }
 
     func eval(javaScript: String) async throws -> String {
-        try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            self.webView.evaluateJavaScript(javaScript) { result, error in
-                if let error {
-                    cont.resume(throwing: error)
-                    return
-                }
-                if let result {
-                    cont.resume(returning: String(describing: result))
-                } else {
-                    cont.resume(returning: "")
-                }
-            }
-        }
+        try await WebViewJavaScriptSupport.evaluateToString(webView: self.webView, javaScript: javaScript)
     }
 
     func snapshot(to outPath: String?) async throws -> String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ChannelsSettings+ChannelState.swift

@@ -9,6 +9,90 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
         self.store.snapshot?.decodeChannel(id, as: type)
     }
 
+    private func configuredChannelTint(configured: Bool, running: Bool, hasError: Bool, probeOk: Bool?) -> Color {
+        if !configured { return .secondary }
+        if hasError { return .orange }
+        if probeOk == false { return .orange }
+        if running { return .green }
+        return .orange
+    }
+
+    private func configuredChannelSummary(configured: Bool, running: Bool) -> String {
+        if !configured { return "Not configured" }
+        if running { return "Running" }
+        return "Configured"
+    }
+
+    private func appendProbeDetails(
+        lines: inout [String],
+        probeOk: Bool?,
+        probeStatus: Int?,
+        probeElapsedMs: Double?,
+        probeVersion: String? = nil,
+        probeError: String? = nil,
+        lastProbeAtMs: Double?,
+        lastError: String?)
+    {
+        if let probeOk {
+            if probeOk {
+                if let version = probeVersion, !version.isEmpty {
+                    lines.append("Version \(version)")
+                }
+                if let elapsed = probeElapsedMs {
+                    lines.append("Probe \(Int(elapsed))ms")
+                }
+            } else if let probeError, !probeError.isEmpty {
+                lines.append("Probe error: \(probeError)")
+            } else {
+                let code = probeStatus.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
+                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
+            }
+        }
+        if let last = self.date(fromMs: lastProbeAtMs) {
+            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
+        }
+        if let lastError, !lastError.isEmpty {
+            lines.append("Error: \(lastError)")
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func finishDetails(
+        lines: inout [String],
+        probeOk: Bool?,
+        probeStatus: Int?,
+        probeElapsedMs: Double?,
+        probeVersion: String? = nil,
+        probeError: String? = nil,
+        lastProbeAtMs: Double?,
+        lastError: String?) -> String?
+    {
+        self.appendProbeDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probeOk: probeOk,
+            probeStatus: probeStatus,
+            probeElapsedMs: probeElapsedMs,
+            probeVersion: probeVersion,
+            probeError: probeError,
+            lastProbeAtMs: lastProbeAtMs,
+            lastError: lastError)
+        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+    }
+
+    private func finishProbeDetails(
+        lines: inout [String],
+        probe: (ok: Bool?, status: Int?, elapsedMs: Double?),
+        lastProbeAtMs: Double?,
+        lastError: String?) -> String?
+    {
+        self.finishDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probeOk: probe.ok,
+            probeStatus: probe.status,
+            probeElapsedMs: probe.elapsedMs,
+            lastProbeAtMs: lastProbeAtMs,
+            lastError: lastError)
+    }
+
     var whatsAppTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("whatsapp", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.WhatsAppStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
@@ -23,51 +107,51 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
     var telegramTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("telegram", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.TelegramStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
-        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
-        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
-        if status.running { return .green }
-        return .orange
+        return self.configuredChannelTint(
+            configured: status.configured,
+            running: status.running,
+            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
     }
 
     var discordTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("discord", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.DiscordStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
-        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
-        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
-        if status.running { return .green }
-        return .orange
+        return self.configuredChannelTint(
+            configured: status.configured,
+            running: status.running,
+            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
     }
 
     var googlechatTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("googlechat", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.GoogleChatStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
-        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
-        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
-        if status.running { return .green }
-        return .orange
+        return self.configuredChannelTint(
+            configured: status.configured,
+            running: status.running,
+            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
     }
 
     var signalTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("signal", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.SignalStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
-        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
-        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
-        if status.running { return .green }
-        return .orange
+        return self.configuredChannelTint(
+            configured: status.configured,
+            running: status.running,
+            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
     }
 
     var imessageTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("imessage", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.IMessageStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
-        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
-        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
-        if status.running { return .green }
-        return .orange
+        return self.configuredChannelTint(
+            configured: status.configured,
+            running: status.running,
+            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
     }
 
     var whatsAppSummary: String {
@@ -82,41 +166,31 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
     var telegramSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("telegram", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.TelegramStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
-        if status.running { return "Running" }
-        return "Configured"
+        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
     }
 
     var discordSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("discord", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.DiscordStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
-        if status.running { return "Running" }
-        return "Configured"
+        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
     }
 
     var googlechatSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("googlechat", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.GoogleChatStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
-        if status.running { return "Running" }
-        return "Configured"
+        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
     }
 
     var signalSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("signal", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.SignalStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
-        if status.running { return "Running" }
-        return "Configured"
+        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
     }
 
     var imessageSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("imessage", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.IMessageStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
-        if status.running { return "Running" }
-        return "Configured"
+        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
     }
 
     var whatsAppDetails: String? {
@@ -168,18 +242,15 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
                 if let url = probe.webhook?.url, !url.isEmpty {
                     lines.append("Webhook: \(url)")
                 }
-            } else {
-                let code = probe.status.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
-                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
             }
         }
-        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
-            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
-        }
-        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
-        }
-        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+        return self.finishDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok,
+            probeStatus: status.probe?.status,
+            probeElapsedMs: nil,
+            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
+            lastError: status.lastError)
     }
 
     var discordDetails: String? {
@@ -189,26 +260,17 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
         if let source = status.tokenSource {
             lines.append("Token source: \(source)")
         }
-        if let probe = status.probe {
-            if probe.ok {
-                if let name = probe.bot?.username {
-                    lines.append("Bot: @\(name)")
-                }
-                if let elapsed = probe.elapsedMs {
-                    lines.append("Probe \(Int(elapsed))ms")
-                }
-            } else {
-                let code = probe.status.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
-                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
-            }
+        if let name = status.probe?.bot?.username, !name.isEmpty {
+            lines.append("Bot: @\(name)")
         }
-        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
-            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
-        }
-        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
-        }
-        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+        return self.finishProbeDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probe: (
+                ok: status.probe?.ok,
+                status: status.probe?.status,
+                elapsedMs: status.probe?.elapsedMs),
+            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
+            lastError: status.lastError)
     }
 
     var googlechatDetails: String? {
@@ -223,23 +285,14 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
             let label = audience.isEmpty ? audienceType : "\(audienceType) \(audience)"
             lines.append("Audience: \(label)")
         }
-        if let probe = status.probe {
-            if probe.ok {
-                if let elapsed = probe.elapsedMs {
-                    lines.append("Probe \(Int(elapsed))ms")
-                }
-            } else {
-                let code = probe.status.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
-                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
-            }
-        }
-        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
-            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
-        }
-        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
-        }
-        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+        return self.finishProbeDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probe: (
+                ok: status.probe?.ok,
+                status: status.probe?.status,
+                elapsedMs: status.probe?.elapsedMs),
+            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
+            lastError: status.lastError)
     }
 
     var signalDetails: String? {
@@ -247,26 +300,14 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
         else { return nil }
         var lines: [String] = []
         lines.append("Base URL: \(status.baseUrl)")
-        if let probe = status.probe {
-            if probe.ok {
-                if let version = probe.version, !version.isEmpty {
-                    lines.append("Version \(version)")
-                }
-                if let elapsed = probe.elapsedMs {
-                    lines.append("Probe \(Int(elapsed))ms")
-                }
-            } else {
-                let code = probe.status.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
-                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
-            }
-        }
-        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
-            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
-        }
-        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
-        }
-        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+        return self.finishDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok,
+            probeStatus: status.probe?.status,
+            probeElapsedMs: status.probe?.elapsedMs,
+            probeVersion: status.probe?.version,
+            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
+            lastError: status.lastError)
     }
 
     var imessageDetails: String? {
@@ -279,17 +320,14 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
         if let dbPath = status.dbPath, !dbPath.isEmpty {
             lines.append("DB: \(dbPath)")
         }
-        if let probe = status.probe, !probe.ok {
-            let err = probe.error ?? "probe failed"
-            lines.append("Probe error: \(err)")
-        }
-        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
-            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
-        }
-        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
-        }
-        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+        return self.finishDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok,
+            probeStatus: nil,
+            probeElapsedMs: nil,
+            probeError: status.probe?.error,
+            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
+            lastError: status.lastError)
     }
 
     var orderedChannels: [ChannelItem] {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ChannelsSettings+View.swift

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
     }
 
     private var sidebar: some View {
-        ScrollView {
+        SettingsSidebarScroll {
             LazyVStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 8) {
                 if !self.enabledChannels.isEmpty {
                     self.sidebarSectionHeader("Configured")
@@ -34,14 +34,7 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            .padding(.vertical, 10)
-            .padding(.horizontal, 10)
         }
-        .frame(minWidth: 220, idealWidth: 240, maxWidth: 280, maxHeight: .infinity, alignment: .topLeading)
-        .background(
-            RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous)
-                .fill(Color(nsColor: .windowBackgroundColor)))
-        .clipShape(RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous))
     }
 
     private var detail: some View {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ColorHexSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import SwiftUI
+
+enum ColorHexSupport {
+    static func color(fromHex raw: String?) -> Color? {
+        let trimmed = (raw ?? "").trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return nil }
+        let hex = trimmed.hasPrefix("#") ? String(trimmed.dropFirst()) : trimmed
+        guard hex.count == 6, let value = Int(hex, radix: 16) else { return nil }
+        let r = Double((value >> 16) & 0xFF) / 255.0
+        let g = Double((value >> 8) & 0xFF) / 255.0
+        let b = Double(value & 0xFF) / 255.0
+        return Color(red: r, green: g, blue: b)
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ConfigFileWatcher.swift

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import Foundation
 
-final class ConfigFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable {
+final class ConfigFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable, SimpleFileWatcherOwner {
     private let url: URL
     private let watchedDir: URL
     private let targetPath: String
     private let targetName: String
-    private let watcher: CoalescingFSEventsWatcher
+    let watcher: SimpleFileWatcher
 
     init(url: URL, onChange: @escaping () -> Void) {
         self.url = url
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ final class ConfigFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable {
         let watchedDirPath = self.watchedDir.path
         let targetPath = self.targetPath
         let targetName = self.targetName
-        self.watcher = CoalescingFSEventsWatcher(
+        self.watcher = SimpleFileWatcher(CoalescingFSEventsWatcher(
             paths: [watchedDirPath],
             queueLabel: "ai.openclaw.configwatcher",
             shouldNotify: { _, eventPaths in
@@ -28,18 +28,7 @@ final class ConfigFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable {
                 }
                 return false
             },
-            onChange: onChange)
+            onChange: onChange))
     }
 
-    deinit {
-        self.stop()
-    }
-
-    func start() {
-        self.watcher.start()
-    }
-
-    func stop() {
-        self.watcher.stop()
-    }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ConfigSettings.swift

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ extension ConfigSettings {
     }
 
     private var sidebar: some View {
-        ScrollView {
+        SettingsSidebarScroll {
             LazyVStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 8) {
                 if self.sections.isEmpty {
                     Text("No config sections available.")
@@ -86,14 +86,7 @@ extension ConfigSettings {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            .padding(.vertical, 10)
-            .padding(.horizontal, 10)
         }
-        .frame(minWidth: 220, idealWidth: 240, maxWidth: 280, maxHeight: .infinity, alignment: .topLeading)
-        .background(
-            RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous)
-                .fill(Color(nsColor: .windowBackgroundColor)))
-        .clipShape(RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous))
     }
 
     private var detail: some View {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ContextMenuCardView.swift

@@ -6,10 +6,6 @@ struct ContextMenuCardView: View {
     private let rows: [SessionRow]
     private let statusText: String?
     private let isLoading: Bool
-    private let paddingTop: CGFloat = 8
-    private let paddingBottom: CGFloat = 8
-    private let paddingTrailing: CGFloat = 10
-    private let paddingLeading: CGFloat = 20
     private let barHeight: CGFloat = 3
 
     init(
@@ -23,45 +19,32 @@ struct ContextMenuCardView: View {
     }
 
     var body: some View {
-        VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 6) {
-            HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline) {
-                Text("Context")
-                    .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-                Spacer(minLength: 10)
-                Text(self.subtitle)
-                    .font(.caption)
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-            }
-
-            if let statusText {
-                Text(statusText)
-                    .font(.caption)
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-            } else if self.rows.isEmpty, !self.isLoading {
-                Text("No active sessions")
-                    .font(.caption)
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-            } else {
-                VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 12) {
-                    if self.rows.isEmpty, self.isLoading {
-                        ForEach(0..<2, id: \.self) { _ in
-                            self.placeholderRow
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        ForEach(self.rows) { row in
-                            self.sessionRow(row)
+        MenuHeaderCard(
+            title: "Context",
+            subtitle: self.subtitle,
+            statusText: self.statusText,
+            paddingBottom: 8)
+        {
+            if self.statusText == nil {
+                if self.rows.isEmpty, !self.isLoading {
+                    Text("No active sessions")
+                        .font(.caption)
+                        .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                } else {
+                    VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 12) {
+                        if self.rows.isEmpty, self.isLoading {
+                            ForEach(0..<2, id: \.self) { _ in
+                                self.placeholderRow
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            ForEach(self.rows) { row in
+                                self.sessionRow(row)
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
-        .padding(.top, self.paddingTop)
-        .padding(.bottom, self.paddingBottom)
-        .padding(.leading, self.paddingLeading)
-        .padding(.trailing, self.paddingTrailing)
-        .frame(minWidth: 300, maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .leading)
-        .transaction { txn in txn.animation = nil }
     }
 
     private var subtitle: String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ControlChannel.swift

@@ -336,16 +336,8 @@ final class ControlChannel {
     }
 
     private func startEventStream() {
-        self.eventTask?.cancel()
-        self.eventTask = Task { [weak self] in
-            guard let self else { return }
-            let stream = await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe()
-            for await push in stream {
-                if Task.isCancelled { return }
-                await MainActor.run { [weak self] in
-                    self?.handle(push: push)
-                }
-            }
+        GatewayPushSubscription.restartTask(task: &self.eventTask) { [weak self] push in
+            self?.handle(push: push)
         }
     }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CronJobEditor+Helpers.swift

@@ -258,14 +258,6 @@ extension CronJobEditor {
     }
 
     func formatDuration(ms: Int) -> String {
-        if ms < 1000 { return "\(ms)ms" }
-        let s = Double(ms) / 1000.0
-        if s < 60 { return "\(Int(round(s)))s" }
-        let m = s / 60.0
-        if m < 60 { return "\(Int(round(m)))m" }
-        let h = m / 60.0
-        if h < 48 { return "\(Int(round(h)))h" }
-        let d = h / 24.0
-        return "\(Int(round(d)))d"
+        DurationFormattingSupport.conciseDuration(ms: ms)
     }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CronJobsStore.swift

@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ final class CronJobsStore {
     func start() {
         guard !self.isPreview else { return }
         guard self.eventTask == nil else { return }
-        self.startGatewaySubscription()
+        GatewayPushSubscription.restartTask(task: &self.eventTask) { [weak self] push in
+            self?.handle(push: push)
+        }
         self.pollTask = Task.detached { [weak self] in
             guard let self else { return }
             await self.refreshJobs()
@@ -142,20 +144,6 @@ final class CronJobsStore {
 
     // MARK: - Gateway events
 
-    private func startGatewaySubscription() {
-        self.eventTask?.cancel()
-        self.eventTask = Task { [weak self] in
-            guard let self else { return }
-            let stream = await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe()
-            for await push in stream {
-                if Task.isCancelled { return }
-                await MainActor.run { [weak self] in
-                    self?.handle(push: push)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     private func handle(push: GatewayPush) {
         switch push {
         case let .event(evt) where evt.event == "cron":

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CronSettings+Helpers.swift

@@ -31,15 +31,7 @@ extension CronSettings {
     }
 
     func formatDuration(ms: Int) -> String {
-        if ms < 1000 { return "\(ms)ms" }
-        let s = Double(ms) / 1000.0
-        if s < 60 { return "\(Int(round(s)))s" }
-        let m = s / 60.0
-        if m < 60 { return "\(Int(round(m)))m" }
-        let h = m / 60.0
-        if h < 48 { return "\(Int(round(h)))h" }
-        let d = h / 24.0
-        return "\(Int(round(d)))d"
+        DurationFormattingSupport.conciseDuration(ms: ms)
     }
 
     func nextRunLabel(_ date: Date, now: Date = .init()) -> String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/DevicePairingApprovalPrompter.swift

@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
     private var queue: [PendingRequest] = []
     var pendingCount: Int = 0
     var pendingRepairCount: Int = 0
-    private var activeAlert: NSAlert?
-    private var activeRequestId: String?
-    private var alertHostWindow: NSWindow?
+    private let alertState = PairingAlertState()
     private var resolvedByRequestId: Set<String> = []
 
     private struct PairingList: Codable {
@@ -55,48 +53,35 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
         }
     }
 
-    private struct PairingResolvedEvent: Codable {
-        let requestId: String
-        let deviceId: String
-        let decision: String
-        let ts: Double
-    }
-
-    private enum PairingResolution: String {
-        case approved
-        case rejected
-    }
+    private typealias PairingResolvedEvent = PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolvedEvent
 
     func start() {
-        guard self.task == nil else { return }
-        self.isStopping = false
-        self.task = Task { [weak self] in
-            guard let self else { return }
-            _ = try? await GatewayConnection.shared.refresh()
-            await self.loadPendingRequestsFromGateway()
-            let stream = await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe(bufferingNewest: 200)
-            for await push in stream {
-                if Task.isCancelled { return }
-                await MainActor.run { [weak self] in self?.handle(push: push) }
-            }
-        }
+        self.startPushTask()
+    }
+
+    private func startPushTask() {
+        PairingAlertSupport.startPairingPushTask(
+            task: &self.task,
+            isStopping: &self.isStopping,
+            loadPending: self.loadPendingRequestsFromGateway,
+            handlePush: self.handle(push:))
     }
 
     func stop() {
-        self.isStopping = true
-        self.endActiveAlert()
-        self.task?.cancel()
-        self.task = nil
-        self.queue.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
+        self.stopPushTask()
         self.updatePendingCounts()
-        self.isPresenting = false
-        self.activeRequestId = nil
-        self.alertHostWindow?.orderOut(nil)
-        self.alertHostWindow?.close()
-        self.alertHostWindow = nil
         self.resolvedByRequestId.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
     }
 
+    private func stopPushTask() {
+        PairingAlertSupport.stopPairingPrompter(
+            isStopping: &self.isStopping,
+            task: &self.task,
+            queue: &self.queue,
+            isPresenting: &self.isPresenting,
+            state: self.alertState)
+    }
+
     private func loadPendingRequestsFromGateway() async {
         do {
             let list: PairingList = try await GatewayConnection.shared.requestDecoded(method: .devicePairList)
@@ -127,44 +112,13 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
 
     private func presentAlert(for req: PendingRequest) {
         self.logger.info("presenting device pairing alert requestId=\(req.requestId, privacy: .public)")
-        NSApp.activate(ignoringOtherApps: true)
-
-        let alert = NSAlert()
-        alert.alertStyle = .warning
-        alert.messageText = "Allow device to connect?"
-        alert.informativeText = Self.describe(req)
-        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Later")
-        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Approve")
-        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Reject")
-        if #available(macOS 11.0, *), alert.buttons.indices.contains(2) {
-            alert.buttons[2].hasDestructiveAction = true
-        }
-
-        self.activeAlert = alert
-        self.activeRequestId = req.requestId
-        let hostWindow = self.requireAlertHostWindow()
-
-        let sheetSize = alert.window.frame.size
-        if let screen = hostWindow.screen ?? NSScreen.main {
-            let bounds = screen.visibleFrame
-            let x = bounds.midX - (sheetSize.width / 2)
-            let sheetOriginY = bounds.midY - (sheetSize.height / 2)
-            let hostY = sheetOriginY + sheetSize.height - hostWindow.frame.height
-            hostWindow.setFrameOrigin(NSPoint(x: x, y: hostY))
-        } else {
-            hostWindow.center()
-        }
-
-        hostWindow.makeKeyAndOrderFront(nil)
-        alert.beginSheetModal(for: hostWindow) { [weak self] response in
-            Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
-                guard let self else { return }
-                self.activeRequestId = nil
-                self.activeAlert = nil
-                await self.handleAlertResponse(response, request: req)
-                hostWindow.orderOut(nil)
-            }
-        }
+        PairingAlertSupport.presentPairingAlert(
+            request: req,
+            requestId: req.requestId,
+            messageText: "Allow device to connect?",
+            informativeText: Self.describe(req),
+            state: self.alertState,
+            onResponse: self.handleAlertResponse)
     }
 
     private func handleAlertResponse(_ response: NSApplication.ModalResponse, request: PendingRequest) async {
@@ -206,33 +160,27 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
     }
 
     private func approve(requestId: String) async -> Bool {
-        do {
+        await PairingAlertSupport.approveRequest(
+            requestId: requestId,
+            kind: "device",
+            logger: self.logger)
+        {
             try await GatewayConnection.shared.devicePairApprove(requestId: requestId)
-            self.logger.info("approved device pairing requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-            return true
-        } catch {
-            self.logger.error("approve failed requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-            self.logger.error("approve failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
-            return false
         }
     }
 
     private func reject(requestId: String) async {
-        do {
+        await PairingAlertSupport.rejectRequest(
+            requestId: requestId,
+            kind: "device",
+            logger: self.logger)
+        {
             try await GatewayConnection.shared.devicePairReject(requestId: requestId)
-            self.logger.info("rejected device pairing requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-        } catch {
-            self.logger.error("reject failed requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-            self.logger.error("reject failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
         }
     }
 
     private func endActiveAlert() {
-        PairingAlertSupport.endActiveAlert(activeAlert: &self.activeAlert, activeRequestId: &self.activeRequestId)
-    }
-
-    private func requireAlertHostWindow() -> NSWindow {
-        PairingAlertSupport.requireAlertHostWindow(alertHostWindow: &self.alertHostWindow)
+        PairingAlertSupport.endActiveAlert(state: self.alertState)
     }
 
     private func handle(push: GatewayPush) {
@@ -269,9 +217,10 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
     }
 
     private func handleResolved(_ resolved: PairingResolvedEvent) {
-        let resolution = resolved.decision == PairingResolution.approved.rawValue ? PairingResolution
-            .approved : .rejected
-        if let activeRequestId, activeRequestId == resolved.requestId {
+        let resolution = resolved.decision == PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolution.approved.rawValue
+            ? PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolution.approved
+            : PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolution.rejected
+        if let activeRequestId = self.alertState.activeRequestId, activeRequestId == resolved.requestId {
             self.resolvedByRequestId.insert(resolved.requestId)
             self.endActiveAlert()
             let decision = resolution.rawValue

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/DurationFormattingSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum DurationFormattingSupport {
+    static func conciseDuration(ms: Int) -> String {
+        if ms < 1000 { return "\(ms)ms" }
+        let s = Double(ms) / 1000.0
+        if s < 60 { return "\(Int(round(s)))s" }
+        let m = s / 60.0
+        if m < 60 { return "\(Int(round(m)))m" }
+        let h = m / 60.0
+        if h < 48 { return "\(Int(round(h)))h" }
+        let d = h / 24.0
+        return "\(Int(round(d)))d"
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecApprovals.swift

@@ -535,9 +535,11 @@ enum ExecApprovalsStore {
                 [.posixPermissions: self.secureStateDirPermissions],
                 ofItemAtPath: url.path)
         } catch {
+            let message =
+                "exec approvals state dir permission hardening failed: \(error.localizedDescription)"
             self.logger
                 .warning(
-                    "exec approvals state dir permission hardening failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
+                    "\(message, privacy: .public)")
         }
     }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecApprovalsGatewayPrompter.swift

@@ -19,15 +19,13 @@ final class ExecApprovalsGatewayPrompter {
     }
 
     func start() {
-        guard self.task == nil else { return }
-        self.task = Task { [weak self] in
+        SimpleTaskSupport.start(task: &self.task) { [weak self] in
             await self?.run()
         }
     }
 
     func stop() {
-        self.task?.cancel()
-        self.task = nil
+        SimpleTaskSupport.stop(task: &self.task)
     }
 
     private func run() async {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecApprovalsSocket.swift

@@ -73,6 +73,22 @@ private struct ExecHostResponse: Codable {
     var error: ExecHostError?
 }
 
+private func readLineFromHandle(_ handle: FileHandle, maxBytes: Int) throws -> String? {
+    var buffer = Data()
+    while buffer.count < maxBytes {
+        let chunk = try handle.read(upToCount: 4096) ?? Data()
+        if chunk.isEmpty { break }
+        buffer.append(chunk)
+        if buffer.contains(0x0A) { break }
+    }
+    guard let newlineIndex = buffer.firstIndex(of: 0x0A) else {
+        guard !buffer.isEmpty else { return nil }
+        return String(data: buffer, encoding: .utf8)
+    }
+    let lineData = buffer.subdata(in: 0..<newlineIndex)
+    return String(data: lineData, encoding: .utf8)
+}
+
 enum ExecApprovalsSocketClient {
     private struct TimeoutError: LocalizedError {
         var message: String
@@ -159,28 +175,12 @@ enum ExecApprovalsSocketClient {
         payload.append(0x0A)
         try handle.write(contentsOf: payload)
 
-        guard let line = try self.readLine(from: handle, maxBytes: 256_000),
+        guard let line = try readLineFromHandle(handle, maxBytes: 256_000),
               let lineData = line.data(using: .utf8)
         else { return nil }
         let response = try JSONDecoder().decode(ExecApprovalSocketDecision.self, from: lineData)
         return response.decision
     }
-
-    private static func readLine(from handle: FileHandle, maxBytes: Int) throws -> String? {
-        var buffer = Data()
-        while buffer.count < maxBytes {
-            let chunk = try handle.read(upToCount: 4096) ?? Data()
-            if chunk.isEmpty { break }
-            buffer.append(chunk)
-            if buffer.contains(0x0A) { break }
-        }
-        guard let newlineIndex = buffer.firstIndex(of: 0x0A) else {
-            guard !buffer.isEmpty else { return nil }
-            return String(data: buffer, encoding: .utf8)
-        }
-        let lineData = buffer.subdata(in: 0..<newlineIndex)
-        return String(data: lineData, encoding: .utf8)
-    }
 }
 
 @MainActor
@@ -781,7 +781,7 @@ private final class ExecApprovalsSocketServer: @unchecked Sendable {
                 try self.sendApprovalResponse(handle: handle, id: UUID().uuidString, decision: .deny)
                 return
             }
-            guard let line = try self.readLine(from: handle, maxBytes: 256_000),
+            guard let line = try readLineFromHandle(handle, maxBytes: 256_000),
                   let data = line.data(using: .utf8)
             else {
                 return
@@ -815,22 +815,6 @@ private final class ExecApprovalsSocketServer: @unchecked Sendable {
         }
     }
 
-    private func readLine(from handle: FileHandle, maxBytes: Int) throws -> String? {
-        var buffer = Data()
-        while buffer.count < maxBytes {
-            let chunk = try handle.read(upToCount: 4096) ?? Data()
-            if chunk.isEmpty { break }
-            buffer.append(chunk)
-            if buffer.contains(0x0A) { break }
-        }
-        guard let newlineIndex = buffer.firstIndex(of: 0x0A) else {
-            guard !buffer.isEmpty else { return nil }
-            return String(data: buffer, encoding: .utf8)
-        }
-        let lineData = buffer.subdata(in: 0..<newlineIndex)
-        return String(data: lineData, encoding: .utf8)
-    }
-
     private func sendApprovalResponse(
         handle: FileHandle,
         id: String,

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecEnvInvocationUnwrapper.swift

@@ -12,19 +12,6 @@ enum ExecCommandToken {
 enum ExecEnvInvocationUnwrapper {
     static let maxWrapperDepth = 4
 
-    private static let optionsWithValue = Set([
-        "-u",
-        "--unset",
-        "-c",
-        "--chdir",
-        "-s",
-        "--split-string",
-        "--default-signal",
-        "--ignore-signal",
-        "--block-signal",
-    ])
-    private static let flagOptions = Set(["-i", "--ignore-environment", "-0", "--null"])
-
     private static func isEnvAssignment(_ token: String) -> Bool {
         let pattern = #"^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*=.*"#
         return token.range(of: pattern, options: .regularExpression) != nil
@@ -55,11 +42,11 @@ enum ExecEnvInvocationUnwrapper {
             if token.hasPrefix("-"), token != "-" {
                 let lower = token.lowercased()
                 let flag = lower.split(separator: "=", maxSplits: 1).first.map(String.init) ?? lower
-                if self.flagOptions.contains(flag) {
+                if ExecEnvOptions.flagOnly.contains(flag) {
                     idx += 1
                     continue
                 }
-                if self.optionsWithValue.contains(flag) {
+                if ExecEnvOptions.withValue.contains(flag) {
                     if !lower.contains("=") {
                         expectsOptionValue = true
                     }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecEnvOptions.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum ExecEnvOptions {
+    static let withValue = Set([
+        "-u",
+        "--unset",
+        "-c",
+        "--chdir",
+        "-s",
+        "--split-string",
+        "--default-signal",
+        "--ignore-signal",
+        "--block-signal",
+    ])
+
+    static let flagOnly = Set(["-i", "--ignore-environment", "-0", "--null"])
+
+    static let inlineValuePrefixes = [
+        "-u",
+        "-c",
+        "-s",
+        "--unset=",
+        "--chdir=",
+        "--split-string=",
+        "--default-signal=",
+        "--ignore-signal=",
+        "--block-signal=",
+    ]
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecSystemRunCommandValidator.swift

@@ -39,30 +39,6 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
     private static let posixInlineCommandFlags = Set(["-lc", "-c", "--command"])
     private static let powershellInlineCommandFlags = Set(["-c", "-command", "--command"])
 
-    private static let envOptionsWithValue = Set([
-        "-u",
-        "--unset",
-        "-c",
-        "--chdir",
-        "-s",
-        "--split-string",
-        "--default-signal",
-        "--ignore-signal",
-        "--block-signal",
-    ])
-    private static let envFlagOptions = Set(["-i", "--ignore-environment", "-0", "--null"])
-    private static let envInlineValuePrefixes = [
-        "-u",
-        "-c",
-        "-s",
-        "--unset=",
-        "--chdir=",
-        "--split-string=",
-        "--default-signal=",
-        "--ignore-signal=",
-        "--block-signal=",
-    ]
-
     private struct EnvUnwrapResult {
         let argv: [String]
         let usesModifiers: Bool
@@ -113,7 +89,7 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
     }
 
     private static func hasEnvInlineValuePrefix(_ lowerToken: String) -> Bool {
-        self.envInlineValuePrefixes.contains { lowerToken.hasPrefix($0) }
+        ExecEnvOptions.inlineValuePrefixes.contains { lowerToken.hasPrefix($0) }
     }
 
     private static func unwrapEnvInvocationWithMetadata(_ argv: [String]) -> EnvUnwrapResult? {
@@ -148,12 +124,12 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
 
             let lower = token.lowercased()
             let flag = lower.split(separator: "=", maxSplits: 1).first.map(String.init) ?? lower
-            if self.envFlagOptions.contains(flag) {
+                if ExecEnvOptions.flagOnly.contains(flag) {
                 usesModifiers = true
                 idx += 1
                 continue
             }
-            if self.envOptionsWithValue.contains(flag) {
+                if ExecEnvOptions.withValue.contains(flag) {
                 usesModifiers = true
                 if !lower.contains("=") {
                     expectsOptionValue = true
@@ -301,10 +277,15 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
         return current
     }
 
-    private static func resolveInlineCommandTokenIndex(
+    private struct InlineCommandTokenMatch {
+        var tokenIndex: Int
+        var inlineCommand: String?
+    }
+
+    private static func findInlineCommandTokenMatch(
         _ argv: [String],
         flags: Set<String>,
-        allowCombinedC: Bool) -> Int?
+        allowCombinedC: Bool) -> InlineCommandTokenMatch?
     {
         var idx = 1
         while idx < argv.count {
@@ -318,21 +299,35 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
                 break
             }
             if flags.contains(lower) {
-                return idx + 1 < argv.count ? idx + 1 : nil
+                return InlineCommandTokenMatch(tokenIndex: idx, inlineCommand: nil)
             }
             if allowCombinedC, let inlineOffset = self.combinedCommandInlineOffset(token) {
                 let inline = String(token.dropFirst(inlineOffset))
                     .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-                if !inline.isEmpty {
-                    return idx
-                }
-                return idx + 1 < argv.count ? idx + 1 : nil
+                return InlineCommandTokenMatch(
+                    tokenIndex: idx,
+                    inlineCommand: inline.isEmpty ? nil : inline)
             }
             idx += 1
         }
         return nil
     }
 
+    private static func resolveInlineCommandTokenIndex(
+        _ argv: [String],
+        flags: Set<String>,
+        allowCombinedC: Bool) -> Int?
+    {
+        guard let match = self.findInlineCommandTokenMatch(argv, flags: flags, allowCombinedC: allowCombinedC) else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        if match.inlineCommand != nil {
+            return match.tokenIndex
+        }
+        let nextIndex = match.tokenIndex + 1
+        return nextIndex < argv.count ? nextIndex : nil
+    }
+
     private static func combinedCommandInlineOffset(_ token: String) -> Int? {
         let chars = Array(token.lowercased())
         guard chars.count >= 2, chars[0] == "-", chars[1] != "-" else {
@@ -371,30 +366,14 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
         flags: Set<String>,
         allowCombinedC: Bool) -> String?
     {
-        var idx = 1
-        while idx < argv.count {
-            let token = argv[idx].trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-            if token.isEmpty {
-                idx += 1
-                continue
-            }
-            let lower = token.lowercased()
-            if lower == "--" {
-                break
-            }
-            if flags.contains(lower) {
-                return self.trimmedNonEmpty(idx + 1 < argv.count ? argv[idx + 1] : nil)
-            }
-            if allowCombinedC, let inlineOffset = self.combinedCommandInlineOffset(token) {
-                let inline = String(token.dropFirst(inlineOffset))
-                if let inlineValue = self.trimmedNonEmpty(inline) {
-                    return inlineValue
-                }
-                return self.trimmedNonEmpty(idx + 1 < argv.count ? argv[idx + 1] : nil)
-            }
-            idx += 1
+        guard let match = self.findInlineCommandTokenMatch(argv, flags: flags, allowCombinedC: allowCombinedC) else {
+            return nil
         }
-        return nil
+        if let inlineCommand = match.inlineCommand {
+            return inlineCommand
+        }
+        let nextIndex = match.tokenIndex + 1
+        return self.trimmedNonEmpty(nextIndex < argv.count ? argv[nextIndex] : nil)
     }
 
     private static func extractCmdInlineCommand(_ argv: [String]) -> String? {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/GatewayDiscoveryMenu.swift

@@ -48,27 +48,11 @@ struct GatewayDiscoveryInlineList: View {
                                         .truncationMode(.middle)
                                 }
                                 Spacer(minLength: 0)
-                                if selected {
-                                    Image(systemName: "checkmark.circle.fill")
-                                        .foregroundStyle(Color.accentColor)
-                                } else {
-                                    Image(systemName: "arrow.right.circle")
-                                        .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-                                }
+                                SelectionStateIndicator(selected: selected)
                             }
-                            .padding(.horizontal, 10)
-                            .padding(.vertical, 8)
-                            .frame(maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .leading)
-                            .background(
-                                RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 10, style: .continuous)
-                                    .fill(self.rowBackground(
-                                        selected: selected,
-                                        hovered: self.hoveredGatewayID == gateway.id)))
-                            .overlay(
-                                RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 10, style: .continuous)
-                                    .strokeBorder(
-                                        selected ? Color.accentColor.opacity(0.45) : Color.clear,
-                                        lineWidth: 1))
+                            .openClawSelectableRowChrome(
+                                selected: selected,
+                                hovered: self.hoveredGatewayID == gateway.id)
                             .contentShape(Rectangle())
                         }
                         .buttonStyle(.plain)
@@ -106,12 +90,6 @@ struct GatewayDiscoveryInlineList: View {
         }
     }
 
-    private func rowBackground(selected: Bool, hovered: Bool) -> Color {
-        if selected { return Color.accentColor.opacity(0.12) }
-        if hovered { return Color.secondary.opacity(0.08) }
-        return Color.clear
-    }
-
     private func trimmed(_ value: String?) -> String {
         value?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
     }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/GatewayDiscoverySelectionSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import OpenClawDiscovery
+
+@MainActor
+enum GatewayDiscoverySelectionSupport {
+    static func applyRemoteSelection(
+        gateway: GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway,
+        state: AppState)
+    {
+        if state.remoteTransport == .direct {
+            state.remoteUrl = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.directUrl(for: gateway) ?? ""
+        } else {
+            state.remoteTarget = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.sshTarget(for: gateway) ?? ""
+        }
+        if let endpoint = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.serviceEndpoint(for: gateway) {
+            OpenClawConfigFile.setRemoteGatewayUrl(
+                host: endpoint.host,
+                port: endpoint.port)
+        } else {
+            OpenClawConfigFile.clearRemoteGatewayUrl()
+        }
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/GatewayEndpointStore.swift

@@ -347,21 +347,8 @@ actor GatewayEndpointStore {
 
     /// Explicit action: ensure the remote control tunnel is established and publish the resolved endpoint.
     func ensureRemoteControlTunnel() async throws -> UInt16 {
-        let mode = await self.deps.mode()
-        guard mode == .remote else {
-            throw NSError(
-                domain: "RemoteTunnel",
-                code: 1,
-                userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "Remote mode is not enabled"])
-        }
-        let root = OpenClawConfigFile.loadDict()
-        if GatewayRemoteConfig.resolveTransport(root: root) == .direct {
-            guard let url = GatewayRemoteConfig.resolveGatewayUrl(root: root) else {
-                throw NSError(
-                    domain: "GatewayEndpoint",
-                    code: 1,
-                    userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "gateway.remote.url missing or invalid"])
-            }
+        try await self.requireRemoteMode()
+        if let url = try self.resolveDirectRemoteURL() {
             guard let port = GatewayRemoteConfig.defaultPort(for: url),
                   let portInt = UInt16(exactly: port)
             else {
@@ -425,22 +412,9 @@ actor GatewayEndpointStore {
     }
 
     private func ensureRemoteConfig(detail: String) async throws -> GatewayConnection.Config {
-        let mode = await self.deps.mode()
-        guard mode == .remote else {
-            throw NSError(
-                domain: "RemoteTunnel",
-                code: 1,
-                userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "Remote mode is not enabled"])
-        }
+        try await self.requireRemoteMode()
 
-        let root = OpenClawConfigFile.loadDict()
-        if GatewayRemoteConfig.resolveTransport(root: root) == .direct {
-            guard let url = GatewayRemoteConfig.resolveGatewayUrl(root: root) else {
-                throw NSError(
-                    domain: "GatewayEndpoint",
-                    code: 1,
-                    userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "gateway.remote.url missing or invalid"])
-            }
+        if let url = try self.resolveDirectRemoteURL() {
             let token = self.deps.token()
             let password = self.deps.password()
             self.cancelRemoteEnsure()
@@ -491,6 +465,27 @@ actor GatewayEndpointStore {
         }
     }
 
+    private func requireRemoteMode() async throws {
+        guard await self.deps.mode() == .remote else {
+            throw NSError(
+                domain: "RemoteTunnel",
+                code: 1,
+                userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "Remote mode is not enabled"])
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func resolveDirectRemoteURL() throws -> URL? {
+        let root = OpenClawConfigFile.loadDict()
+        guard GatewayRemoteConfig.resolveTransport(root: root) == .direct else { return nil }
+        guard let url = GatewayRemoteConfig.resolveGatewayUrl(root: root) else {
+            throw NSError(
+                domain: "GatewayEndpoint",
+                code: 1,
+                userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "gateway.remote.url missing or invalid"])
+        }
+        return url
+    }
+
     private func removeSubscriber(_ id: UUID) {
         self.subscribers[id] = nil
     }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/GatewayLaunchAgentManager.swift

@@ -180,25 +180,11 @@ extension GatewayLaunchAgentManager {
     }
 
     private static func parseDaemonJson(from raw: String) -> ParsedDaemonJson? {
-        let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        guard let start = trimmed.firstIndex(of: "{"),
-              let end = trimmed.lastIndex(of: "}")
-        else {
-            return nil
-        }
-        let jsonText = String(trimmed[start...end])
-        guard let data = jsonText.data(using: .utf8) else { return nil }
-        guard let object = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as? [String: Any] else { return nil }
-        return ParsedDaemonJson(text: jsonText, object: object)
+        guard let parsed = JSONObjectExtractionSupport.extract(from: raw) else { return nil }
+        return ParsedDaemonJson(text: parsed.text, object: parsed.object)
     }
 
     private static func summarize(_ text: String) -> String? {
-        let lines = text
-            .split(whereSeparator: \.isNewline)
-            .map { $0.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) }
-            .filter { !$0.isEmpty }
-        guard let last = lines.last else { return nil }
-        let normalized = last.replacingOccurrences(of: "\\s+", with: " ", options: .regularExpression)
-        return normalized.count > 200 ? String(normalized.prefix(199)) + "…" : normalized
+        TextSummarySupport.summarizeLastLine(text)
     }
 }