fix: preserve inline code copy fidelity in web ui (#32346) (thanks @hclsys)

The parent `.chat-text` applies `overflow-wrap: anywhere; word-break: break-word;`
which forces long tokens (UUIDs, hashes) inside inline `<code>` to break across
visual lines. When copied, the browser injects spaces at those break points,
corrupting the pasted value.

Override with `overflow-wrap: normal; word-break: keep-all;` on inline `<code>`
selectors so tokens stay intact.

Fixes #32230

Signed-off-by: HCL <chenglunhu@gmail.com>

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -208,10 +208,6 @@ jobs:
         with:
           install-bun: "${{ matrix.runtime == 'bun' }}"
 
-      - name: Configure vitest JSON reports
-        if: (github.event_name != 'push' || matrix.runtime != 'bun') && matrix.task == 'test' && matrix.runtime == 'node'
-        run: echo "OPENCLAW_VITEST_REPORT_DIR=$RUNNER_TEMP/vitest-reports" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
-
       - name: Configure Node test resources
         if: (github.event_name != 'push' || matrix.runtime != 'bun') && matrix.task == 'test' && matrix.runtime == 'node'
         run: |
@@ -224,21 +220,6 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.runtime != 'bun' || github.event_name != 'push'
         run: ${{ matrix.command }}
 
-      - name: Summarize slowest tests
-        if: (github.event_name != 'push' || matrix.runtime != 'bun') && matrix.task == 'test' && matrix.runtime == 'node'
-        run: |
-          node scripts/vitest-slowest.mjs --dir "$OPENCLAW_VITEST_REPORT_DIR" --top 50 --out "$RUNNER_TEMP/vitest-slowest.md" > /dev/null
-          echo "Slowest test summary written to $RUNNER_TEMP/vitest-slowest.md"
-
-      - name: Upload vitest reports
-        if: (github.event_name != 'push' || matrix.runtime != 'bun') && matrix.task == 'test' && matrix.runtime == 'node'
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          name: vitest-reports-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.runtime }}
-          path: |
-            ${{ env.OPENCLAW_VITEST_REPORT_DIR }}
-            ${{ runner.temp }}/vitest-slowest.md
-
   # Types, lint, and format check.
   check:
     name: "check"
@@ -259,6 +240,9 @@ jobs:
       - name: Check types and lint and oxfmt
         run: pnpm check
 
+      - name: Strict TS build smoke
+        run: pnpm build:strict-smoke
+
       - name: Enforce safe external URL opening policy
         run: pnpm lint:ui:no-raw-window-open
 
@@ -513,28 +497,9 @@ jobs:
           echo "OPENCLAW_TEST_SHARDS=${{ matrix.shard_count }}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
           echo "OPENCLAW_TEST_SHARD_INDEX=${{ matrix.shard_index }}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
 
-      - name: Configure vitest JSON reports
-        if: matrix.task == 'test'
-        run: echo "OPENCLAW_VITEST_REPORT_DIR=$RUNNER_TEMP/vitest-reports" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
-
       - name: Run ${{ matrix.task }} (${{ matrix.runtime }})
         run: ${{ matrix.command }}
 
-      - name: Summarize slowest tests
-        if: matrix.task == 'test'
-        run: |
-          node scripts/vitest-slowest.mjs --dir "$OPENCLAW_VITEST_REPORT_DIR" --top 50 --out "$RUNNER_TEMP/vitest-slowest.md" > /dev/null
-          echo "Slowest test summary written to $RUNNER_TEMP/vitest-slowest.md"
-
-      - name: Upload vitest reports
-        if: matrix.task == 'test'
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          name: vitest-reports-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.runtime }}-shard${{ matrix.shard_index }}of${{ matrix.shard_count }}
-          path: |
-            ${{ env.OPENCLAW_VITEST_REPORT_DIR }}
-            ${{ runner.temp }}/vitest-slowest.md
-
   # Consolidated macOS job: runs TS tests + Swift lint/build/test sequentially
   # on a single runner. GitHub limits macOS concurrent jobs to 5 per org;
   # running 4 separate jobs per PR (as before) starved the queue. One job

.github/workflows/docker-release.yml

@@ -69,6 +69,27 @@ jobs:
             echo "EOF"
           } >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
+      - name: Resolve OCI labels (amd64)
+        id: labels
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          version="${GITHUB_SHA}"
+          if [[ "${GITHUB_REF}" == "refs/heads/main" ]]; then
+            version="main"
+          fi
+          if [[ "${GITHUB_REF}" == refs/tags/v* ]]; then
+            version="${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/v}"
+          fi
+          created="$(date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ)"
+          {
+            echo "value<<EOF"
+            echo "org.opencontainers.image.revision=${GITHUB_SHA}"
+            echo "org.opencontainers.image.version=${version}"
+            echo "org.opencontainers.image.created=${created}"
+            echo "EOF"
+          } >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
       - name: Build and push amd64 image
         id: build
         uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
@@ -76,6 +97,7 @@ jobs:
           context: .
           platforms: linux/amd64
           tags: ${{ steps.tags.outputs.value }}
+          labels: ${{ steps.labels.outputs.value }}
           cache-from: type=registry,ref=${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}-cache:amd64
           cache-to: type=registry,ref=${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}-cache:amd64,mode=max
           provenance: false
@@ -128,6 +150,27 @@ jobs:
             echo "EOF"
           } >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
+      - name: Resolve OCI labels (arm64)
+        id: labels
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          version="${GITHUB_SHA}"
+          if [[ "${GITHUB_REF}" == "refs/heads/main" ]]; then
+            version="main"
+          fi
+          if [[ "${GITHUB_REF}" == refs/tags/v* ]]; then
+            version="${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/v}"
+          fi
+          created="$(date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ)"
+          {
+            echo "value<<EOF"
+            echo "org.opencontainers.image.revision=${GITHUB_SHA}"
+            echo "org.opencontainers.image.version=${version}"
+            echo "org.opencontainers.image.created=${created}"
+            echo "EOF"
+          } >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
       - name: Build and push arm64 image
         id: build
         uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
@@ -135,6 +178,7 @@ jobs:
           context: .
           platforms: linux/arm64
           tags: ${{ steps.tags.outputs.value }}
+          labels: ${{ steps.labels.outputs.value }}
           cache-from: type=registry,ref=${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}-cache:arm64
           cache-to: type=registry,ref=${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}-cache:arm64,mode=max
           provenance: false

.gitignore

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ USER.md
 !.agent/workflows/
 /local/
 package-lock.json
-.claude/settings.local.json
+.claude/
 .agents/
 .agents
 .agent/

.pi/extensions/diff.ts

@@ -6,15 +6,7 @@
  */
 
 import type { ExtensionAPI } from "@mariozechner/pi-coding-agent";
-import { DynamicBorder } from "@mariozechner/pi-coding-agent";
-import {
-  Container,
-  Key,
-  matchesKey,
-  type SelectItem,
-  SelectList,
-  Text,
-} from "@mariozechner/pi-tui";
+import { showPagedSelectList } from "./ui/paged-select";
 
 interface FileInfo {
   status: string;
@@ -108,87 +100,17 @@ export default function (pi: ExtensionAPI) {
         }
       };
 
-      // Show file picker with SelectList
-      await ctx.ui.custom<void>((tui, theme, _kb, done) => {
-        const container = new Container();
-
-        // Top border
-        container.addChild(new DynamicBorder((s: string) => theme.fg("accent", s)));
-
-        // Title
-        container.addChild(new Text(theme.fg("accent", theme.bold(" Select file to diff")), 0, 0));
-
-        // Build select items with colored status
-        const items: SelectItem[] = files.map((f) => {
-          let statusColor: string;
-          switch (f.status) {
-            case "M":
-              statusColor = theme.fg("warning", f.status);
-              break;
-            case "A":
-              statusColor = theme.fg("success", f.status);
-              break;
-            case "D":
-              statusColor = theme.fg("error", f.status);
-              break;
-            case "?":
-              statusColor = theme.fg("muted", f.status);
-              break;
-            default:
-              statusColor = theme.fg("dim", f.status);
-          }
-          return {
-            value: f,
-            label: `${statusColor} ${f.file}`,
-          };
-        });
-
-        const visibleRows = Math.min(files.length, 15);
-        let currentIndex = 0;
-
-        const selectList = new SelectList(items, visibleRows, {
-          selectedPrefix: (t) => theme.fg("accent", t),
-          selectedText: (t) => t, // Keep existing colors
-          description: (t) => theme.fg("muted", t),
-          scrollInfo: (t) => theme.fg("dim", t),
-          noMatch: (t) => theme.fg("warning", t),
-        });
-        selectList.onSelect = (item) => {
+      const items = files.map((file) => ({
+        value: file,
+        label: `${file.status} ${file.file}`,
+      }));
+      await showPagedSelectList({
+        ctx,
+        title: " Select file to diff",
+        items,
+        onSelect: (item) => {
           void openSelected(item.value as FileInfo);
-        };
-        selectList.onCancel = () => done();
-        selectList.onSelectionChange = (item) => {
-          currentIndex = items.indexOf(item);
-        };
-        container.addChild(selectList);
-
-        // Help text
-        container.addChild(
-          new Text(theme.fg("dim", " ↑↓ navigate • ←→ page • enter open • esc close"), 0, 0),
-        );
-
-        // Bottom border
-        container.addChild(new DynamicBorder((s: string) => theme.fg("accent", s)));
-
-        return {
-          render: (w) => container.render(w),
-          invalidate: () => container.invalidate(),
-          handleInput: (data) => {
-            // Add paging with left/right
-            if (matchesKey(data, Key.left)) {
-              // Page up - clamp to 0
-              currentIndex = Math.max(0, currentIndex - visibleRows);
-              selectList.setSelectedIndex(currentIndex);
-            } else if (matchesKey(data, Key.right)) {
-              // Page down - clamp to last
-              currentIndex = Math.min(items.length - 1, currentIndex + visibleRows);
-              selectList.setSelectedIndex(currentIndex);
-            } else {
-              selectList.handleInput(data);
-            }
-            tui.requestRender();
-          },
-        };
+        },
       });
     },
   });

.pi/extensions/files.ts

@@ -6,15 +6,7 @@
  */
 
 import type { ExtensionAPI } from "@mariozechner/pi-coding-agent";
-import { DynamicBorder } from "@mariozechner/pi-coding-agent";
-import {
-  Container,
-  Key,
-  matchesKey,
-  type SelectItem,
-  SelectList,
-  Text,
-} from "@mariozechner/pi-tui";
+import { showPagedSelectList } from "./ui/paged-select";
 
 interface FileEntry {
   path: string;
@@ -113,82 +105,30 @@ export default function (pi: ExtensionAPI) {
         }
       };
 
-      // Show file picker with SelectList
-      await ctx.ui.custom<void>((tui, theme, _kb, done) => {
-        const container = new Container();
-
-        // Top border
-        container.addChild(new DynamicBorder((s: string) => theme.fg("accent", s)));
-
-        // Title
-        container.addChild(new Text(theme.fg("accent", theme.bold(" Select file to open")), 0, 0));
-
-        // Build select items with colored operations
-        const items: SelectItem[] = files.map((f) => {
-          const ops: string[] = [];
-          if (f.operations.has("read")) {
-            ops.push(theme.fg("muted", "R"));
-          }
-          if (f.operations.has("write")) {
-            ops.push(theme.fg("success", "W"));
-          }
-          if (f.operations.has("edit")) {
-            ops.push(theme.fg("warning", "E"));
-          }
-          const opsLabel = ops.join("");
-          return {
-            value: f,
-            label: `${opsLabel} ${f.path}`,
-          };
-        });
-
-        const visibleRows = Math.min(files.length, 15);
-        let currentIndex = 0;
-
-        const selectList = new SelectList(items, visibleRows, {
-          selectedPrefix: (t) => theme.fg("accent", t),
-          selectedText: (t) => t, // Keep existing colors
-          description: (t) => theme.fg("muted", t),
-          scrollInfo: (t) => theme.fg("dim", t),
-          noMatch: (t) => theme.fg("warning", t),
-        });
-        selectList.onSelect = (item) => {
-          void openSelected(item.value as FileEntry);
-        };
-        selectList.onCancel = () => done();
-        selectList.onSelectionChange = (item) => {
-          currentIndex = items.indexOf(item);
-        };
-        container.addChild(selectList);
-
-        // Help text
-        container.addChild(
-          new Text(theme.fg("dim", " ↑↓ navigate • ←→ page • enter open • esc close"), 0, 0),
-        );
-
-        // Bottom border
-        container.addChild(new DynamicBorder((s: string) => theme.fg("accent", s)));
-
+      const items = files.map((file) => {
+        const ops: string[] = [];
+        if (file.operations.has("read")) {
+          ops.push("R");
+        }
+        if (file.operations.has("write")) {
+          ops.push("W");
+        }
+        if (file.operations.has("edit")) {
+          ops.push("E");
+        }
         return {
-          render: (w) => container.render(w),
-          invalidate: () => container.invalidate(),
-          handleInput: (data) => {
-            // Add paging with left/right
-            if (matchesKey(data, Key.left)) {
-              // Page up - clamp to 0
-              currentIndex = Math.max(0, currentIndex - visibleRows);
-              selectList.setSelectedIndex(currentIndex);
-            } else if (matchesKey(data, Key.right)) {
-              // Page down - clamp to last
-              currentIndex = Math.min(items.length - 1, currentIndex + visibleRows);
-              selectList.setSelectedIndex(currentIndex);
-            } else {
-              selectList.handleInput(data);
-            }
-            tui.requestRender();
-          },
+          value: file,
+          label: `${ops.join("")} ${file.path}`,
         };
       });
+      await showPagedSelectList({
+        ctx,
+        title: " Select file to open",
+        items,
+        onSelect: (item) => {
+          void openSelected(item.value as FileEntry);
+        },
+      });
     },
   });
 }

.pi/extensions/prompt-url-widget.ts

@@ -114,6 +114,17 @@ export default function promptUrlWidgetExtension(pi: ExtensionAPI) {
     }
   };
 
+  const renderPromptMatch = (ctx: ExtensionContext, match: PromptMatch) => {
+    setWidget(ctx, match);
+    applySessionName(ctx, match);
+    void fetchGhMetadata(pi, match.kind, match.url).then((meta) => {
+      const title = meta?.title?.trim();
+      const authorText = formatAuthor(meta?.author);
+      setWidget(ctx, match, title, authorText);
+      applySessionName(ctx, match, title);
+    });
+  };
+
   pi.on("before_agent_start", async (event, ctx) => {
     if (!ctx.hasUI) {
       return;
@@ -123,14 +134,7 @@ export default function promptUrlWidgetExtension(pi: ExtensionAPI) {
       return;
     }
 
-    setWidget(ctx, match);
-    applySessionName(ctx, match);
-    void fetchGhMetadata(pi, match.kind, match.url).then((meta) => {
-      const title = meta?.title?.trim();
-      const authorText = formatAuthor(meta?.author);
-      setWidget(ctx, match, title, authorText);
-      applySessionName(ctx, match, title);
-    });
+    renderPromptMatch(ctx, match);
   });
 
   pi.on("session_switch", async (_event, ctx) => {
@@ -177,14 +181,7 @@ export default function promptUrlWidgetExtension(pi: ExtensionAPI) {
       return;
     }
 
-    setWidget(ctx, match);
-    applySessionName(ctx, match);
-    void fetchGhMetadata(pi, match.kind, match.url).then((meta) => {
-      const title = meta?.title?.trim();
-      const authorText = formatAuthor(meta?.author);
-      setWidget(ctx, match, title, authorText);
-      applySessionName(ctx, match, title);
-    });
+    renderPromptMatch(ctx, match);
   };
 
   pi.on("session_start", async (_event, ctx) => {

.pi/extensions/ui/paged-select.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import { DynamicBorder } from "@mariozechner/pi-coding-agent";
+import {
+  Container,
+  Key,
+  matchesKey,
+  type SelectItem,
+  SelectList,
+  Text,
+} from "@mariozechner/pi-tui";
+
+type CustomUiContext = {
+  ui: {
+    custom: <T>(
+      render: (
+        tui: { requestRender: () => void },
+        theme: {
+          fg: (tone: string, text: string) => string;
+          bold: (text: string) => string;
+        },
+        kb: unknown,
+        done: () => void,
+      ) => {
+        render: (width: number) => string;
+        invalidate: () => void;
+        handleInput: (data: string) => void;
+      },
+    ) => Promise<T>;
+  };
+};
+
+export async function showPagedSelectList(params: {
+  ctx: CustomUiContext;
+  title: string;
+  items: SelectItem[];
+  onSelect: (item: SelectItem) => void;
+}): Promise<void> {
+  await params.ctx.ui.custom<void>((tui, theme, _kb, done) => {
+    const container = new Container();
+
+    container.addChild(new DynamicBorder((s: string) => theme.fg("accent", s)));
+    container.addChild(new Text(theme.fg("accent", theme.bold(params.title)), 0, 0));
+
+    const visibleRows = Math.min(params.items.length, 15);
+    let currentIndex = 0;
+
+    const selectList = new SelectList(params.items, visibleRows, {
+      selectedPrefix: (text) => theme.fg("accent", text),
+      selectedText: (text) => text,
+      description: (text) => theme.fg("muted", text),
+      scrollInfo: (text) => theme.fg("dim", text),
+      noMatch: (text) => theme.fg("warning", text),
+    });
+    selectList.onSelect = (item) => params.onSelect(item);
+    selectList.onCancel = () => done();
+    selectList.onSelectionChange = (item) => {
+      currentIndex = params.items.indexOf(item);
+    };
+    container.addChild(selectList);
+
+    container.addChild(
+      new Text(theme.fg("dim", " ↑↓ navigate • ←→ page • enter open • esc close"), 0, 0),
+    );
+    container.addChild(new DynamicBorder((s: string) => theme.fg("accent", s)));
+
+    return {
+      render: (width) => container.render(width),
+      invalidate: () => container.invalidate(),
+      handleInput: (data) => {
+        if (matchesKey(data, Key.left)) {
+          currentIndex = Math.max(0, currentIndex - visibleRows);
+          selectList.setSelectedIndex(currentIndex);
+        } else if (matchesKey(data, Key.right)) {
+          currentIndex = Math.min(params.items.length - 1, currentIndex + visibleRows);
+          selectList.setSelectedIndex(currentIndex);
+        } else {
+          selectList.handleInput(data);
+        }
+        tui.requestRender();
+      },
+    };
+  });
+}

.pi/prompts/landpr.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Input
   - If ambiguous: ask.
 
 Do (end-to-end)
-Goal: PR must end in GitHub state = MERGED (never CLOSED). Use `gh pr merge` with `--rebase` or `--squash`.
+Goal: PR must end in GitHub state = MERGED (never CLOSED). Prefer `gh pr merge --squash`; use `--rebase` only when preserving commit history is required.
 
 1. Assign PR to self:
    - `gh pr edit <PR> --add-assignee @me`
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ Goal: PR must end in GitHub state = MERGED (never CLOSED). Use `gh pr merge` wit
    - Implement fixes + add/adjust tests
    - Update `CHANGELOG.md` and mention `#<PR>` + `@$contrib`
 9. Decide merge strategy:
-   - Rebase if we want to preserve commit history
-   - Squash if we want a single clean commit
+   - Squash (preferred): use when we want a single clean commit
+   - Rebase: use only when we explicitly want to preserve commit history
    - If unclear, ask
 10. Full gate (BEFORE commit):
     - `pnpm lint && pnpm build && pnpm test`
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ Goal: PR must end in GitHub state = MERGED (never CLOSED). Use `gh pr merge` wit
     ```
 
 13. Merge PR (must show MERGED on GitHub):
-    - Rebase: `gh pr merge <PR> --rebase`
-    - Squash: `gh pr merge <PR> --squash`
+    - Squash (preferred): `gh pr merge <PR> --squash`
+    - Rebase (history-preserving fallback): `gh pr merge <PR> --rebase`
     - Never `gh pr close` (closing is wrong)
 14. Sync main:
     - `git checkout main`

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,123 +2,475 @@
 
 Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 
-## 2026.2.27
+## 2026.3.2 (Unreleased)
 
 ### Changes
 
-- Web UI/i18n: add German (`de`) locale support and auto-render language options from supported locale constants in Overview settings. (#28495) thanks @dsantoreis.
-- Web UI/Cron i18n: localize cron page labels, filters, form help text, and validation/error messaging in English and zh-CN. (#29315)
-- Discord/Thread bindings: replace fixed TTL lifecycle with inactivity (`idleHours`, default 24h) plus optional hard `maxAgeHours` lifecycle controls, and add `/session idle` + `/session max-age` commands for focused thread-bound sessions. (#27845) Thanks @osolmaz.
-- Android/Nodes: add `camera.list`, `device.permissions`, `device.health`, and `notifications.actions` (`open`/`dismiss`/`reply`) on Android nodes, plus first-class node-tool actions for the new device/notification commands. (#28260) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Android/Nodes parity: add `system.notify`, `photos.latest`, `contacts.search`/`contacts.add`, `calendar.events`/`calendar.add`, and `motion.activity`/`motion.pedometer`, with motion sensor-aware command gating and improved activity sampling reliability. (#29398) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Android/Gateway capability refresh: add live Android capability integration coverage and node canvas capability refresh wiring, plus runtime hardening for A2UI readiness retries, scoped canvas URL normalization, debug diagnostics JSON, and JavaScript MIME delivery. (#28388) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Feishu/Doc permissions: support optional owner permission grant fields on `feishu_doc` create and report permission metadata only when the grant call succeeds, with regression coverage for success/failure/omitted-owner paths. (#28295) Thanks @zhoulongchao77.
-- Feishu/Docx tables + uploads: add `feishu_doc` actions for Docx table creation/cell writing (`create_table`, `write_table_cells`, `create_table_with_values`) and image/file uploads (`upload_image`, `upload_file`) with stricter create/upload error handling for missing `document_id` and placeholder cleanup failures. (#20304) Thanks @xuhao1.
-- Feishu/Reactions: add inbound `im.message.reaction.created_v1` handling, route verified reactions through synthetic inbound turns, and harden verification with timeout + fail-closed filtering so non-bot or unverified reactions are dropped. (#16716) Thanks @schumilin.
-- Feishu/Chat tooling: add `feishu_chat` tool actions for chat info and member queries, with configurable enablement under `channels.feishu.tools.chat`. (#14674)
-- Memory/LanceDB: support custom OpenAI `baseUrl` and embedding dimensions for LanceDB memory. (#17874) Thanks @rish2jain and @vincentkoc.
+- Models/MiniMax: add first-class `MiniMax-M2.5-highspeed` support across built-in provider catalogs, onboarding flows, and MiniMax OAuth plugin defaults, while keeping legacy `MiniMax-M2.5-Lightning` compatibility for existing configs.
+- Docs/Models: refresh MiniMax, Moonshot (Kimi), GLM/Z.AI model docs to align with latest defaults (`MiniMax-M2.5`, `MiniMax-M2.5-highspeed`, `moonshot/kimi-k2.5`, `zai/glm-5`) and keep Moonshot model lists synced from shared source data.
+- Memory/Ollama embeddings: add `memorySearch.provider = "ollama"` and `memorySearch.fallback = "ollama"` support, honor `models.providers.ollama` settings for memory embedding requests, and document Ollama embedding usage. (#26349) Thanks @nico-hoff.
+- Outbound adapters/plugins: add shared `sendPayload` support across direct-text-media, Discord, Slack, WhatsApp, Zalo, and Zalouser with multi-media iteration and chunk-aware text fallback. (#30144) Thanks @nohat.
+- Media understanding/audio echo: add optional `tools.media.audio.echoTranscript` + `echoFormat` to send a pre-agent transcript confirmation message to the originating chat, with echo disabled by default. (#32150) Thanks @AytuncYildizli.
+- Plugin runtime/STT: add `api.runtime.stt.transcribeAudioFile(...)` so extensions can transcribe local audio files through OpenClaw's configured media-understanding audio providers. (#22402) Thanks @benthecarman.
+- Plugin SDK/channel extensibility: expose `channelRuntime` on `ChannelGatewayContext` so external channel plugins can access shared runtime helpers (reply/routing/session/text/media/commands) without internal imports. (#25462) Thanks @guxiaobo.
+- Plugin runtime/events: expose `runtime.events.onAgentEvent` and `runtime.events.onSessionTranscriptUpdate` for extension-side subscriptions, and isolate transcript-listener failures so one faulty listener cannot break the entire update fanout. (#16044) Thanks @scifantastic.
+- Plugin runtime/system: expose `runtime.system.requestHeartbeatNow(...)` so extensions can wake targeted sessions immediately after enqueueing system events. (#19464) Thanks @AustinEral.
+- Plugin hooks/session lifecycle: include `sessionKey` in `session_start`/`session_end` hook events and contexts so plugins can correlate lifecycle callbacks with routing identity. (#26394) Thanks @tempeste.
+- Sessions/Attachments: add inline file attachment support for `sessions_spawn` (subagent runtime only) with base64/utf8 encoding, transcript content redaction, lifecycle cleanup, and configurable limits via `tools.sessions_spawn.attachments`. (#16761) Thanks @napetrov.
+- Tools/PDF analysis: add a first-class `pdf` tool with native Anthropic and Google PDF provider support, extraction fallback for non-native models, configurable defaults (`agents.defaults.pdfModel`, `pdfMaxBytesMb`, `pdfMaxPages`), and docs/tests covering routing, validation, and registration. (#31319) Thanks @tyler6204.
+- Zalo Personal plugin (`@openclaw/zalouser`): rebuilt channel runtime to use native `zca-js` integration in-process, removing external CLI transport usage and keeping QR/login + send/listen flows fully inside OpenClaw.
+- Telegram/DM streaming: use `sendMessageDraft` for private preview streaming, keep reasoning/answer preview lanes separated in DM reasoning-stream mode. (#31824) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Telegram/voice mention gating: add optional `disableAudioPreflight` on group/topic config to skip mention-detection preflight transcription for inbound voice notes where operators want text-only mention checks. (#23067) Thanks @yangnim21029.
+- Hooks/message lifecycle: add internal hook events `message:transcribed` and `message:preprocessed`, plus richer outbound `message:sent` context (`isGroup`, `groupId`) for group-conversation correlation and post-transcription automations. (#9859) Thanks @Drickon.
+- Telegram/Streaming defaults: default `channels.telegram.streaming` to `partial` (from `off`) so new Telegram setups get live preview streaming out of the box, with runtime fallback to message-edit preview when native drafts are unavailable.
+- CLI/Config validation: add `openclaw config validate` (with `--json`) to validate config files before gateway startup, and include detailed invalid-key paths in startup invalid-config errors. (#31220) thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- CLI/Banner taglines: add `cli.banner.taglineMode` (`random` | `default` | `off`) to control funny tagline behavior in startup output, with docs + FAQ guidance and regression tests for config override behavior.
+- Tools/Diffs: add PDF file output support and rendering quality customization controls (`fileQuality`, `fileScale`, `fileMaxWidth`) for generated diff artifacts, and document PDF as the preferred option when messaging channels compress images. (#31342) Thanks @gumadeiras.
+- README/Contributors: rank contributor avatars by composite score (commits + merged PRs + code LOC), excluding docs-only LOC to prevent bulk-generated files from inflating rankings. (#23970) Thanks @tyler6204.
+
+### Breaking
+
+- **BREAKING:** Plugin SDK removed `api.registerHttpHandler(...)`. Plugins must register explicit HTTP routes via `api.registerHttpRoute({ path, auth, match, handler })`, and dynamic webhook lifecycles should use `registerPluginHttpRoute(...)`.
+- **BREAKING:** Zalo Personal plugin (`@openclaw/zalouser`) no longer depends on external `zca`-compatible CLI binaries (`openzca`, `zca-cli`) for runtime send/listen/login; operators should use `openclaw channels login --channel zalouser` after upgrade to refresh sessions in the new JS-native path.
+- **BREAKING:** Onboarding now defaults `tools.profile` to `messaging` for new local installs (interactive + non-interactive). New setups no longer start with broad coding/system tools unless explicitly configured.
+- **BREAKING:** ACP dispatch now defaults to enabled unless explicitly disabled (`acp.dispatch.enabled=false`). If you need to pause ACP turn routing while keeping `/acp` controls, set `acp.dispatch.enabled=false`. Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai/tools/acp-agents
 
 ### Fixes
 
+- Sessions/idle reset correctness: preserve existing `updatedAt` during inbound metadata-only writes so idle-reset boundaries are not unintentionally refreshed before actual user turns. (#32379) Thanks @romeodiaz.
+- Slack/socket auth failure handling: fail fast on non-recoverable auth errors (`account_inactive`, `invalid_auth`, etc.) during startup and reconnect instead of retry-looping indefinitely, including `unable_to_socket_mode_start` error payload propagation. (#32377) Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- CLI/installer Node preflight: enforce Node.js `v22.12+` consistently in both `openclaw.mjs` runtime bootstrap and installer active-shell checks, with actionable nvm recovery guidance for mismatched shell PATH/defaults. (#32356) Thanks @jasonhargrove.
+- Web UI/inline code copy fidelity: disable forced mid-token wraps on inline `<code>` spans so copied UUID/hash/token strings preserve exact content instead of inserting line-break spaces. (#32346) Thanks @hclsys.
+- Gateway/message tool reliability: avoid false `Unknown channel` failures when `message.*` actions receive platform-specific channel ids by falling back to `toolContext.currentChannelProvider`, and prevent health-monitor restart thrash for channels that just (re)started by adding a per-channel startup-connect grace window. (from #32367) Thanks @MunemHashmi.
+- Discord/lifecycle startup status: push an immediate `connected` status snapshot when the gateway is already connected before lifecycle debug listeners attach, with abort-guarding to avoid contradictory status flips during pre-aborted startup. (#32336) Thanks @mitchmcalister.
+- Cron/isolated delivery target fallback: remove early unresolved-target return so cron delivery can flow through shared outbound target resolution (including per-channel `resolveDefaultTo` fallback) when `delivery.to` is omitted. (#32364) Thanks @hclsys.
+- WebChat/markdown tables: ensure GitHub-flavored markdown table parsing is explicitly enabled at render time and add horizontal overflow handling for wide tables, with regression coverage for table-only and mixed text+table content. (#32365) Thanks @BlueBirdBack.
+- Feishu/default account resolution: always honor explicit `channels.feishu.defaultAccount` during outbound account selection (including top-level-credential setups where the preferred id is not present in `accounts`), instead of silently falling back to another account id. (#32253) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Gemini schema sanitization: coerce malformed JSON Schema `properties` values (`null`, arrays, primitives) to `{}` before provider validation, preventing downstream strict-validator crashes on invalid plugin/tool schemas. (#32332) Thanks @webdevtodayjason.
+- Models/openai-completions developer-role compatibility: force `supportsDeveloperRole=false` for non-native endpoints, treat unparseable `baseUrl` values as non-native, and add regression coverage for empty/malformed baseUrl plus explicit-true override behavior. (#29479) thanks @akramcodez.
+- OpenAI/Responses WebSocket tool-call id hygiene: normalize blank/whitespace streamed tool-call ids before persistence, and block empty `function_call_output.call_id` payloads in the WS conversion path to avoid OpenAI 400 errors (`Invalid 'input[n].call_id': empty string`), with regression coverage for both inbound stream normalization and outbound payload guards.
+- Gateway/Control UI basePath webhook passthrough: let non-read methods under configured `controlUiBasePath` fall through to plugin routes (instead of returning Control UI 405), restoring webhook handlers behind basePath mounts. (#32311) Thanks @ademczuk.
+- CLI/Config validation and routing hardening: dedupe `openclaw config validate` failures to a single authoritative report, expose allowed-values metadata/hints across core Zod and plugin AJV validation (including `--json` fields), sanitize terminal-rendered validation text, and make command-path parsing root-option-aware across preaction/route/lazy registration (including routed `config get/unset` with split root options). Thanks @gumadeiras.
+- Models/config env propagation: apply `config.env.vars` before implicit provider discovery in models bootstrap so config-scoped credentials are visible to implicit provider resolution paths. (#32295) Thanks @hsiaoa.
+- Hooks/runtime stability: keep the internal hook handler registry on a `globalThis` singleton so hook registration/dispatch remains consistent when bundling emits duplicate module copies. (#32292) Thanks @Drickon.
+- Hooks/plugin context parity: ensure `llm_input` hooks in embedded attempts receive the same `trigger` and `channelId`-aware `hookCtx` used by the other hook phases, preserving channel/trigger-scoped plugin behavior. (#28623) Thanks @davidrudduck and @vincentkoc.
+- Restart sentinel formatting: avoid duplicate `Reason:` lines when restart message text already matches `stats.reason`, keeping restart notifications concise for users and downstream parsers. (#32083) Thanks @velamints2.
+- Voice-call/Twilio signature verification: retry signature validation across deterministic URL port variants (with/without port) to handle mixed Twilio signing behavior behind reverse proxies and non-standard ports. (#25140) Thanks @drvoss.
+- Hooks/webhook ACK compatibility: return `200` (instead of `202`) for successful `/hooks/agent` requests so providers that require `200` (for example Forward Email) accept dispatched agent hook deliveries. (#28204) Thanks @Glucksberg.
+- Voice-call/Twilio external outbound: auto-register webhook-first `outbound-api` calls (initiated outside OpenClaw) so media streams are accepted and call direction metadata stays accurate. (#31181) Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Voice-call/Twilio inbound greeting: run answered-call initial notify greeting for Twilio instead of skipping the manager speak path, with regression coverage for both Twilio and Plivo notify flows. (#29121) Thanks @xinhuagu.
+- Voice-call/stale call hydration: verify active calls with the provider before loading persisted in-progress calls so stale locally persisted records do not block or misroute new call handling after restarts. (#4325) Thanks @garnetlyx.
+- Feishu/topic session routing: use `thread_id` as topic session scope fallback when `root_id` is absent, keep first-turn topic keys stable across thread creation, and force thread replies when inbound events already carry topic/thread context. (#29788) Thanks @songyaolun.
+- Feishu/topic root replies: prefer `root_id` as outbound `replyTargetMessageId` when present, and parse millisecond `message_create_time` values correctly so topic replies anchor to the root message in grouped thread flows. (#29968) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Feishu/DM pairing reply target: send pairing challenge replies to `chat:<chat_id>` instead of `user:<sender_open_id>` so Lark/Feishu private chats with user-id-only sender payloads receive pairing messages reliably. (#31403) Thanks @stakeswky.
+- Feishu/Lark private DM routing: treat inbound `chat_type: "private"` as direct-message context for pairing/mention-forward/reaction synthetic handling so Lark private chats behave like Feishu p2p DMs. (#31400) Thanks @stakeswky.
+- Feishu/Sender lookup permissions: suppress user-facing grant prompts for stale non-existent scope errors (`contact:contact.base:readonly`) during best-effort sender-name resolution so inbound messages continue without repeated false permission notices. (#31761)
+- Sandbox/workspace mount permissions: make primary `/workspace` bind mounts read-only whenever `workspaceAccess` is not `rw` (including `none`) across both core sandbox container and sandbox browser create flows. (#32227) Thanks @guanyu-zhang.
+- Security audit/skills workspace hardening: add `skills.workspace.symlink_escape` warning in `openclaw security audit` when workspace `skills/**/SKILL.md` resolves outside the workspace root (for example symlink-chain drift), plus docs coverage in the security glossary.
+- Signal/message actions: allow `react` to fall back to `toolContext.currentMessageId` when `messageId` is omitted, matching Telegram behavior and unblocking agent-initiated reactions on inbound turns. (#32217) Thanks @dunamismax.
+- Discord/message actions: allow `react` to fall back to `toolContext.currentMessageId` when `messageId` is omitted, matching Telegram/Signal reaction ergonomics in inbound turns.
+- Gateway/OpenAI chat completions: honor `x-openclaw-message-channel` when building `agentCommand` input for `/v1/chat/completions`, preserving caller channel identity instead of forcing `webchat`. (#30462) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Secrets/exec resolver timeout defaults: use provider `timeoutMs` as the default inactivity (`noOutputTimeoutMs`) watchdog for exec secret providers, preventing premature no-output kills for resolvers that start producing output after 2s. (#32235) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Feishu/File upload filenames: percent-encode non-ASCII/special-character `file_name` values in Feishu multipart uploads so Chinese/symbol-heavy filenames are sent as proper attachments instead of plain text links. (#31179) Thanks @Kay-051.
+- Auto-reply/inline command cleanup: preserve newline structure when stripping inline `/status` and extracting inline slash commands by collapsing only horizontal whitespace, preventing paragraph flattening in multi-line replies. (#32224) Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- macOS/LaunchAgent security defaults: write `Umask=63` (octal `077`) into generated gateway launchd plists so post-update service reinstalls keep owner-only file permissions by default instead of falling back to system `022`. (#32022) Fixes #31905. Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Plugin SDK/runtime hardening: add package export verification in CI/release checks to catch missing runtime exports before publish-time regressions. (#28575) Thanks @Glucksberg.
+- Media understanding/provider HTTP proxy routing: pass a proxy-aware fetch function from `HTTPS_PROXY`/`HTTP_PROXY` env vars into audio/video provider calls (with graceful malformed-proxy fallback) so transcription/video requests honor configured outbound proxies. (#27093) Thanks @mcaxtr.
+- Media/MIME normalization: normalize parameterized/case-variant MIME strings in `kindFromMime` (for example `Audio/Ogg; codecs=opus`) so WhatsApp voice notes are classified as audio and routed through transcription correctly. (#32280) Thanks @Lucenx9.
+- Media/MIME channel parity: route Telegram/Signal/iMessage media-kind checks through normalized `kindFromMime` so mixed-case/parameterized MIME values classify consistently across message channels.
+- Media understanding/malformed attachment guards: harden attachment selection and decision summary formatting against non-array or malformed attachment payloads to prevent runtime crashes on invalid inbound metadata shapes. (#28024) Thanks @claw9267.
+- Media understanding/parakeet CLI output parsing: read `parakeet-mlx` transcripts from `--output-dir/<media-basename>.txt` when txt output is requested (or default), with stdout fallback for non-txt formats. (#9177) Thanks @mac-110.
+- Media understanding/audio transcription guard: skip tiny/empty audio files (<1024 bytes) before provider/CLI transcription to avoid noisy invalid-audio failures and preserve clean fallback behavior. (#8388) Thanks @Glucksberg.
+- OpenAI media capabilities: include `audio` in the OpenAI provider capability list so audio transcription models are eligible in media-understanding provider selection. (#12717) Thanks @openjay.
+- Security/Node exec approvals: preserve shell/dispatch-wrapper argv semantics during approval hardening so approved wrapper commands (for example `env sh -c ...`) cannot drift into a different runtime command shape, and add regression coverage for both approval-plan generation and approved runtime execution paths. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Node exec approvals: revalidate approval-bound `cwd` identity immediately before execution/forwarding and fail closed with an explicit denial when `cwd` drifts after approval hardening.
+- Security/ACP sandbox inheritance: enforce fail-closed runtime guardrails for `sessions_spawn` with `runtime="acp"` by rejecting ACP spawns from sandboxed requester sessions and rejecting `sandbox="require"` for ACP runtime, preventing sandbox-boundary bypass via host-side ACP initialization. (#32254) Thanks @tdjackey for reporting, and @dutifulbob for the fix.
+- Browser/Security output boundary hardening: replace check-then-rename output commits with root-bound fd-verified writes, unify install/skills canonical path-boundary checks, and add regression coverage for symlink-rebind race paths across browser output and shared fs-safe write flows. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/fs-safe write hardening: make `writeFileWithinRoot` use same-directory temp writes plus atomic rename, add post-write inode/hardlink revalidation with security warnings on boundary drift, and avoid truncating existing targets when final rename fails.
+- Security/Webhook request hardening: enforce auth-before-body parsing for BlueBubbles and Google Chat webhook handlers, add strict pre-auth body/time budgets for webhook auth paths (including LINE signature verification), and add shared in-flight/request guardrails plus regression tests/lint checks to prevent reintroducing unauthenticated slow-body DoS patterns. Thanks @GCXWLP for reporting.
+- Gateway/Security hardening: tie loopback-origin dev allowance to actual local socket clients (not Host header claims), add explicit warnings/metrics when `gateway.controlUi.dangerouslyAllowHostHeaderOriginFallback` accepts websocket origins, harden safe-regex detection for quantified ambiguous alternation patterns (for example `(a|aa)+`), and bound large regex-evaluation inputs for session-filter and log-redaction paths.
+- Security/Skills archive extraction: unify tar extraction safety checks across tar.gz and tar.bz2 install flows, enforce tar compressed-size limits, and fail closed if tar.bz2 archives change between preflight and extraction to prevent bypasses of entry-type/size guardrails. Thanks @GCXWLP for reporting.
+- Security/Web tools SSRF guard: keep DNS pinning for untrusted `web_fetch` and citation-redirect URL checks when proxy env vars are set, and require explicit dangerous opt-in before env-proxy routing can bypass pinned dispatch for trusted/operator-controlled endpoints. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Nodes camera URL downloads: bind node `camera.snap`/`camera.clip` URL payload downloads to the resolved node host, enforce fail-closed behavior when node `remoteIp` is unavailable, and use SSRF-guarded fetch with redirect host/protocol checks to prevent off-node fetch pivots. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Gateway/Security canonicalization hardening: decode plugin route path variants to canonical fixpoint (with bounded depth), fail closed on canonicalization anomalies, and enforce gateway auth for deeply encoded `/api/channels/*` variants to prevent alternate-path auth bypass through plugin handlers. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Prompt spoofing hardening: stop injecting queued runtime events into user-role prompt text, route them through trusted system-prompt context, and neutralize inbound spoof markers like `[System Message]` and line-leading `System:` in untrusted message content. (#30448)
+- Auto-reply/followup queue: avoid stale callback reuse across idle-window restarts by caching the followup runner only when a drain actually starts, preserving enqueue ordering after empty-finalize paths. (#31902) Thanks @Lanfei.
+- Auto-reply/reminder guard note suppression: when a turn makes reminder-like commitments but schedules no new cron jobs, suppress the unscheduled-reminder warning note only if an enabled cron already exists for the same session; keep warnings for unrelated sessions, disabled jobs, or unreadable cron store paths. (#32255) Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Cron/HEARTBEAT_OK summary leak: suppress fallback main-session enqueue for heartbeat/internal ack summaries in isolated announce mode so `HEARTBEAT_OK` noise never appears in user chat while real summaries still forward. (#32093) Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Cron/isolated announce heartbeat suppression: treat multi-payload runs as skippable when any payload is a heartbeat ack token and no payload has media, preventing internal narration + trailing `HEARTBEAT_OK` from being delivered to users. (#32131) Thanks @adhishthite.
+- Sessions/lock recovery: reclaim orphan legacy same-PID lock files missing `starttime` when no in-process lock ownership exists, avoiding false lock timeouts after PID reuse while preserving active lock safety checks. (#32081) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Sessions/store cache invalidation: reload cached session stores when file size changes within the same mtime tick by keying cache validation on a single file-stat snapshot (`mtimeMs` + `sizeBytes`), with regression coverage for same-tick rewrites. (#32191) Thanks @jalehman.
+- Config/raw redaction safety: preserve non-sensitive literals during raw redaction round-trips, scope SecretRef redaction to secret IDs (not structural fields like `source`/`provider`), and fall back to structured raw redaction when text replacement cannot restore the original config shape. (#32174) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Models/Codex usage labels: infer weekly secondary usage windows from reset cadence when API window seconds are ambiguously reported as 24h, so `openclaw models status` no longer mislabels weekly limits as daily. (#31938) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Config/backups hardening: enforce owner-only (`0600`) permissions on rotated config backups and clean orphan `.bak.*` files outside the managed backup ring, reducing credential leakage risk from stale or permissive backup artifacts. (#31718) Thanks @YUJIE2002.
+- Tests/Windows backup rotation: skip chmod-only backup permission assertions on Windows while retaining compose/rotation/prune coverage across platforms to avoid false CI failures from Windows non-POSIX mode semantics. (#32286) Thanks @jalehman.
+- WhatsApp/inbound self-message context: propagate inbound `fromMe` through the web inbox pipeline and annotate direct self messages as `(self)` in envelopes so agents can distinguish owner-authored turns from contact turns. (#32167) Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Webchat/silent token leak: filter assistant `NO_REPLY`-only transcript entries from `chat.history` responses and add client-side defense-in-depth guards in the chat controller so internal silent tokens never render as visible chat bubbles. (#32015) Consolidates overlap from #32183, #32082, #32045, #32052, #32172, and #32112. Thanks @ademczuk, @liuxiaopai-ai, @ningding97, @bmendonca3, and @x4v13r1120.
+- Exec approvals/allowlist matching: escape regex metacharacters in path-pattern literals (while preserving glob wildcards), preventing crashes on allowlisted executables like `/usr/bin/g++` and correctly matching mixed wildcard/literal token paths. (#32162) Thanks @stakeswky.
+- Agents/tool-result guard: always clear pending tool-call state on interruptions even when synthetic tool results are disabled, preventing orphaned tool-use transcripts that cause follow-up provider request failures. (#32120) Thanks @jnMetaCode.
+- Hooks/after_tool_call: include embedded session context (`sessionKey`, `agentId`) and fire the hook exactly once per tool execution by removing duplicate adapter-path dispatch in embedded runs. (#32201) Thanks @jbeno, @scoootscooob, @vincentkoc.
+- Hooks/session-scoped memory context: expose ephemeral `sessionId` in embedded plugin tool contexts and `before_tool_call`/`after_tool_call` hook contexts (including compaction and client-tool wiring) so plugins can isolate per-conversation state across `/new` and `/reset`. Related #31253 and #31304. Thanks @Sid-Qin and @Servo-AIpex.
+- Hooks/tool-call correlation: include `runId` and `toolCallId` in plugin tool hook payloads/context and scope tool start/adjusted-param tracking by run to prevent cross-run collisions in `before_tool_call` and `after_tool_call`. (#32360) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Webchat/stream finalization: persist streamed assistant text when final events omit `message`, while keeping final payload precedence and skipping empty stream buffers to prevent disappearing replies after tool turns. (#31920) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Cron/store migration: normalize legacy cron jobs with string `schedule` and top-level `command`/`timeout` fields into canonical schedule/payload/session-target shape on load, preventing schedule-error loops on old persisted stores. (#31926) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Gateway/Heartbeat model reload: treat `models.*` and `agents.defaults.model` config updates as heartbeat hot-reload triggers so heartbeat picks up model changes without a full gateway restart. (#32046) Thanks @stakeswky.
+- Gateway/Webchat NO_REPLY streaming: suppress assistant lead-fragment deltas that are prefixes of `NO_REPLY` and keep final-message buffering in sync, preventing partial `NO` leaks on silent-response runs while preserving legitimate short replies. (#32073) Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Tools/fsPolicy propagation: honor `tools.fs.workspaceOnly` for image/pdf local-root allowlists so non-sandbox media paths outside workspace are rejected when workspace-only mode is enabled. (#31882) Thanks @justinhuangcode.
+- Daemon/Homebrew runtime pinning: resolve Homebrew Cellar Node paths to stable Homebrew-managed symlinks (including versioned formulas like `node@22`) so gateway installs keep the intended runtime across brew upgrades. (#32185) Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Discord/audio preflight mentions: detect audio attachments via Discord `content_type` and gate preflight transcription on typed text (not media placeholders), so guild voice-note mentions are transcribed and matched correctly. (#32136) Thanks @jnMetaCode.
+- Memory/LanceDB embeddings: forward configured `embedding.dimensions` into OpenAI embeddings requests so vector size and API output dimensions stay aligned when dimensions are explicitly configured. (#32036) Thanks @scotthuang.
+- Failover/error classification: treat HTTP `529` (provider overloaded, common with Anthropic-compatible APIs) as `rate_limit` so model failover can engage instead of misclassifying the error path. (#31854) Thanks @bugkill3r.
+- Plugin command/runtime hardening: validate and normalize plugin command name/description at registration boundaries, and guard Telegram native menu normalization paths so malformed plugin command specs cannot crash startup (`trim` on undefined). (#31997) Fixes #31944. Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Plugins/hardlink install compatibility: allow bundled plugin manifests and entry files to load when installed via hardlink-based package managers (`pnpm`, `bun`) while keeping hardlink rejection enabled for non-bundled plugin sources. (#32119) Fixes #28175, #28404, #29455. Thanks @markfietje.
+- Web UI/config form: support SecretInput string-or-secret-ref unions in map `additionalProperties`, so provider API key fields stay editable instead of being marked unsupported. (#31866) Thanks @ningding97.
+- Plugins/install diagnostics: reject legacy plugin package shapes without `openclaw.extensions` and return an explicit upgrade hint with troubleshooting docs for repackaging. (#32055) Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Plugins/install fallback safety: resolve bare install specs to bundled plugin ids before npm lookup (for example `diffs` -> bundled `@openclaw/diffs`), keep npm fallback limited to true package-not-found errors, and continue rejecting non-plugin npm packages that fail manifest validation. (#32096) Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Browser/default profile selection: default `browser.defaultProfile` behavior now prefers `openclaw` (managed standalone CDP) when no explicit default is configured, while still auto-provisioning the `chrome` relay profile for explicit opt-in use. (#32031) Fixes #31907. Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Doctor/local memory provider checks: stop false-positive local-provider warnings when `provider=local` and no explicit `modelPath` is set by honoring default local model fallback while still warning when gateway probe reports local embeddings not ready. (#32014) Fixes #31998. Thanks @adhishthite.
+- Cron/session reaper reliability: move cron session reaper sweeps into `onTimer` `finally` and keep pruning active even when timer ticks fail early (for example cron store parse failures), preventing stale isolated run sessions from accumulating indefinitely. (#31996) Fixes #31946. Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Inbound metadata/direct relay context: restore direct-channel conversation metadata blocks for external channels (for example WhatsApp) while preserving webchat-direct suppression, so relay agents recover sender/message identifiers without reintroducing internal webchat metadata noise. (#31969) Fixes #29972. Thanks @Lucenx9.
+- Sandbox/Docker setup command parsing: accept `agents.*.sandbox.docker.setupCommand` as either a string or a string array, and normalize arrays to newline-delimited shell scripts so multi-step setup commands no longer concatenate without separators. (#31953) Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Gateway/Plugin HTTP route precedence: run explicit plugin HTTP routes before the Control UI SPA catch-all so registered plugin webhook/custom paths remain reachable, while unmatched paths still fall through to Control UI handling. (#31885) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Sandbox/Bootstrap context boundary hardening: reject symlink/hardlink alias bootstrap seed files that resolve outside the source workspace and switch post-compaction `AGENTS.md` context reads to boundary-verified file opens, preventing host file content from being injected via workspace aliasing. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Gateway/Node dangerous-command parity: include `sms.send` in default onboarding node `denyCommands`, share onboarding deny defaults with the gateway dangerous-command source of truth, and include `sms.send` in phone-control `/phone arm writes` handling so SMS follows the same break-glass flow as other dangerous node commands. Thanks @zpbrent.
+- Logging: use local time for logged timestamps instead of UTC, aligning log output with documented local timezone behavior and avoiding confusion during local diagnostics. (#28434) Thanks @liuy.
+- Gateway/Plugin HTTP hardening: require explicit `auth` for plugin route registration, add route ownership guards for duplicate `path+match` registrations, centralize plugin path matching/auth logic into dedicated modules, and share webhook target-route lifecycle wiring across channel monitors to avoid stale or conflicting registrations. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Agents/Subagents `sessions_spawn`: reject malformed `agentId` inputs before normalization (for example error-message/path-like strings) to prevent unintended synthetic agent IDs and ghost workspace/session paths; includes strict validation regression coverage. (#31381) Thanks @openperf.
+- Webchat/Feishu session continuation: preserve routable `OriginatingChannel`/`OriginatingTo` metadata from session delivery context in `chat.send`, and prefer provider-normalized channel when deciding cross-channel route dispatch so Webchat replies continue on the selected Feishu session instead of falling back to main/internal session routing. (#31573)
+- Pairing/AllowFrom account fallback: handle omitted `accountId` values in `readChannelAllowFromStore` and `readChannelAllowFromStoreSync` as `default`, while preserving legacy unscoped allowFrom merges for default-account flows. Thanks @Sid-Qin and @vincentkoc.
+- Control UI/Legacy browser compatibility: replace `toSorted`-dependent cron suggestion sorting in `app-render` with a compatibility helper so older browsers without `Array.prototype.toSorted` no longer white-screen. (#31775) Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Agents/Sandbox workdir mapping: map container workdir paths (for example `/workspace`) back to the host workspace before sandbox path validation so exec requests keep the intended directory in containerized runs instead of falling back to an unavailable host path. (#31841) Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Agents/Subagent announce cleanup: keep completion-message runs pending while descendants settle, add a 30 minute hard-expiry backstop to avoid indefinite pending state, and keep retry bookkeeping resumable across deferred wakes. (#23970) Thanks @tyler6204.
+- Gateway/Control UI method guard: allow POST requests to non-UI routes to fall through when no base path is configured, and add POST regression coverage for fallthrough and base-path 405 behavior. (#23970) Thanks @tyler6204.
+- Gateway/Control UI basePath POST handling: return 405 for `POST` on exact basePath routes (for example `/openclaw`) instead of redirecting, and add end-to-end regression coverage that root-mounted webhook POST paths still pass through to plugin handlers. (#31349) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Authentication: classify `permission_error` as `auth_permanent` for profile fallback. (#31324) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Gateway/Node browser proxy routing: honor `profile` from `browser.request` JSON body when query params omit it, while preserving query-profile precedence when both are present. (#28852) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Browser/Extension relay reconnect tolerance: keep `/json/version` and `/cdp` reachable during short MV3 worker disconnects when attached targets still exist, and retain clients across reconnect grace windows. (#30232) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Browser/Extension re-announce reliability: keep relay state in `connecting` when re-announce forwarding fails and extend debugger re-attach retries after navigation to reduce false attached states and post-nav disconnect loops. (#27630) Thanks @markmusson.
+- Browser/Extension navigation reattach: preserve debugger re-attachment when relay is temporarily disconnected by deferring relay attach events until reconnect/re-announce, reducing post-navigation tab loss. (#28725) Thanks @stone-jin.
+- Browser/Profile defaults: prefer `openclaw` profile over `chrome` in headless/no-sandbox environments unless an explicit `defaultProfile` is configured. (#14944) Thanks @BenediktSchackenberg.
+- Browser/Remote CDP ownership checks: skip local-process ownership errors for non-loopback remote CDP profiles when HTTP is reachable but the websocket handshake fails, and surface the remote websocket attach/retry path instead. (#15582) Landed from contributor (#28780) Thanks @stubbi, @bsormagec, @unblockedgamesstudio and @vincentkoc.
+- Browser/Profile attach-only override: support `browser.profiles.<name>.attachOnly` (fallback to global `browser.attachOnly`) so loopback proxy profiles can skip local launch/port-ownership checks without forcing attach-only mode for every profile. (#20595) Thanks @unblockedgamesstudio and @vincentkoc.
+- Browser/Act request compatibility: accept legacy flattened `action="act"` params (`kind/ref/text/...`) in addition to `request={...}` so browser act calls no longer fail with `request required`. (#15120) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Browser/Extension relay stale tabs: evict stale cached targets from `/json/list` when extension targets are destroyed/crashed or commands fail with missing target/session errors. (#6175) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- CLI/Browser start timeout: honor `openclaw browser --timeout <ms> start` and stop by removing the fixed 15000ms override so slower Chrome startups can use caller-provided timeouts. (#22412, #23427) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Browser/CDP status accuracy: require a successful `Browser.getVersion` response over the CDP websocket (not just socket-open) before reporting `cdpReady`, so stale idle command channels are surfaced as unhealthy. (#23427) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Browser/CDP startup diagnostics: include Chrome stderr output and a Linux no-sandbox hint in startup timeout errors so failed launches are easier to diagnose. (#29312) Thanks @veast.
+- Browser/CDP startup readiness: wait for CDP websocket readiness after launching Chrome and cleanly stop/reset when readiness never arrives, reducing follow-up `PortInUseError` races after `browser start`/`open`. (#29538) Thanks @AaronWander.
+- Browser/Managed tab cap: limit loopback managed `openclaw` page tabs to 8 via best-effort cleanup after tab opens to reduce long-running renderer buildup while preserving attach-only and remote profile behavior. (#29724) Thanks @pandego.
+- Browser/CDP proxy bypass: force direct loopback agent paths and scoped `NO_PROXY` expansion for localhost CDP HTTP/WS connections when proxy env vars are set, so browser relay/control still works behind global proxy settings. (#31469) Thanks @widingmarcus-cyber.
+- Browser/Gateway hardening: preserve env credentials for `OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_URL` / `CLAWDBOT_GATEWAY_URL` while treating explicit `--url` as override-only auth, and make container browser hardening flags optional with safer defaults for Docker/LXC stability. (#31504) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Windows/Spawn canonicalization: unify non-core Windows spawn handling across ACP client, QMD/mcporter memory paths, and sandbox Docker execution using the shared wrapper-resolution policy, with targeted regression coverage for `.cmd` shim unwrapping and shell fallback behavior. (#31750) Thanks @Takhoffman.
+- Sandbox/mkdirp boundary checks: allow existing in-boundary directories to pass mkdirp boundary validation when directory open probes return platform-specific I/O errors, with regression coverage for directory-safe fallback behavior. (#31547) Thanks @stakeswky.
+- Gateway/WS security: keep plaintext `ws://` loopback-only by default, with explicit break-glass private-network opt-in via `OPENCLAW_ALLOW_INSECURE_PRIVATE_WS=1`; align onboarding/client/call validation and tests to this strict-default policy. (#28670) Thanks @dashed, @vincentkoc.
+- Gateway/Subagent TLS pairing: allow authenticated local `gateway-client` backend self-connections to skip device pairing while still requiring pairing for non-local/direct-host paths, restoring `sessions_spawn` with `gateway.tls.enabled=true` in Docker/LAN setups. Fixes #30740. Thanks @Sid-Qin and @vincentkoc.
+- Sessions/Lock recovery: detect recycled Linux PIDs by comparing lock-file `starttime` with `/proc/<pid>/stat` starttime, so stale `.jsonl.lock` files are reclaimed immediately in containerized PID-reuse scenarios while preserving compatibility for older lock files. (#26443) Fixes #27252. Thanks @HirokiKobayashi-R and @vincentkoc.
+- Gateway/macOS LaunchAgent hardening: write `Umask=077` in generated gateway LaunchAgent plists so npm upgrades preserve owner-only default file permissions for gateway-created state files. (#31919) Fixes #31905. Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Synology Chat/webhook compatibility: accept JSON and alias payload fields, allow token resolution from body/query/header sources, and ACK webhook requests with `204` to avoid persistent `Processing...` states in Synology Chat clients. (#26635) Thanks @memphislee09-source.
+- OpenAI Codex OAuth/TLS prerequisites: add an OAuth TLS cert-chain preflight with actionable remediation for cert trust failures, and gate doctor TLS prerequisite probing to OpenAI Codex OAuth-configured installs (or explicit `doctor --deep`) to avoid unconditional outbound probe latency. (#32051) Thanks @alexfilatov.
+- Synology Chat/webhook ingress hardening: enforce bounded body reads (size + timeout) via shared request-body guards to prevent unauthenticated slow-body hangs before token validation. (#25831) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Synology Chat/reply delivery: resolve webhook usernames to Chat API `user_id` values for outbound chatbot replies, avoiding mismatches between webhook user IDs and `method=chatbot` recipient IDs in multi-account setups. (#23709) Thanks @druide67.
+- Synology Chat/gateway lifecycle: keep `startAccount` pending until abort for inactive and active account paths to prevent webhook route restart loops under gateway supervision. (#23074) Thanks @druide67.
+- Discord/dispatch + Slack formatting: restore parallel outbound dispatch across Discord channels with per-channel queues while preserving in-channel ordering, and run Slack preview/stream update text through mrkdwn normalization for consistent formatting. (#31927) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Telegram/inbound media filenames: preserve original `file_name` metadata for document/audio/video/animation downloads (with fetch/path fallbacks), so saved inbound attachments keep sender-provided names instead of opaque Telegram file paths. (#31837) Thanks @Kay-051.
+- Telegram/implicit mention forum handling: exclude Telegram forum system service messages (`forum_topic_*`, `general_forum_topic_*`) from reply-chain implicit mention detection so `requireMention` does not get bypassed inside bot-created topic lifecycle events. (#32262) Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Telegram/models picker callbacks: keep long model buttons selectable by falling back to compact callback payloads and resolving provider ids on selection (with provider re-prompt on ambiguity), avoiding Telegram 64-byte callback truncation failures. (#31857) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- WhatsApp/inbound self-message context: propagate inbound `fromMe` through the web inbox pipeline and annotate direct self messages as `(self)` in envelopes so agents can distinguish owner-authored turns from contact turns. (#32167) Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Slack/thread context payloads: only inject thread starter/history text on first thread turn for new sessions while preserving thread metadata, reducing repeated context-token bloat on long-lived thread sessions. (#32133) Thanks @sourman.
+- Slack/session routing: keep top-level channel messages in one shared session when `replyToMode=off`, while preserving thread-scoped keys for true thread replies and non-off modes. (#32193) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Slack/inbound debounce routing: isolate top-level non-DM message debounce keys by message timestamp to avoid cross-thread collisions, preserve DM batching, and flush pending top-level buffers before immediate non-debounce follow-ups to keep ordering stable. (#31951) Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- OpenRouter/x-ai compatibility: skip `reasoning.effort` injection for `x-ai/*` models (for example Grok) so OpenRouter requests no longer fail with invalid-arguments errors on unsupported reasoning params. (#32054) Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Mentions/Slack formatting hardening: add null-safe guards for runtime text normalization paths so malformed/undefined text payloads do not crash mention stripping or mrkdwn conversion. (#31865) Thanks @stone-jin.
+- Voice-call/webhook routing: require exact webhook path matches (instead of prefix matches) so lookalike paths cannot reach provider verification/dispatch logic. (#31930) Thanks @afurm.
+- Slack/Bolt startup compatibility: remove invalid `message.channels` and `message.groups` event registrations so Slack providers no longer crash on startup with Bolt 4.6+; channel/group traffic continues through the unified `message` handler (`channel_type`). (#32033) Thanks @mahopan.
+- Telegram: guard duplicate-token checks and gateway startup token normalization when account tokens are missing, preventing `token.trim()` crashes during status/start flows. (#31973) Thanks @ningding97.
+- Skills/sherpa-onnx-tts: run the `sherpa-onnx-tts` bin under ESM (replace CommonJS `require` imports) and add regression coverage to prevent `require is not defined in ES module scope` startup crashes. (#31965) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Feishu/Run channel fallback: prefer `Provider` over `Surface` when inferring queued run `messageProvider` fallback (when `OriginatingChannel` is missing), preventing Feishu turns from being mislabeled as `webchat` in mixed relay metadata contexts. (#31880) Fixes #31859. Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Zalo/Pairing auth tests: add webhook regression coverage asserting DM pairing-store reads/writes remain account-scoped, preventing cross-account authorization bleed in multi-account setups. (#26121) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Zalouser/Pairing auth tests: add account-scoped DM pairing-store regression coverage (`monitor.account-scope.test.ts`) to prevent cross-account allowlist bleed in multi-account setups. (#26672) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- macOS/PeekabooBridge: add compatibility socket symlinks for legacy `clawdbot`, `clawdis`, and `moltbot` Application Support socket paths so pre-rename clients can still connect. (#6033) Thanks @lumpinif and @vincentkoc.
+- Feishu/Duplicate replies: suppress same-target reply dispatch when message-tool sends use generic provider metadata (`provider: "message"`) and normalize `lark`/`feishu` provider aliases during duplicate-target checks, preventing double-delivery in Feishu sessions. (#31526)
+- Feishu/Plugin sdk compatibility: add safe webhook default fallbacks when loading Feishu monitor state so mixed-version installs no longer crash if older `openclaw/plugin-sdk` builds omit webhook default constants. (#31606)
+- Feishu/Inbound debounce: debounce rapid same-chat sender bursts into one ordered dispatch turn, skip already-processed retries when composing merged text, and preserve bot-mention intent across merged entries to reduce duplicate or late inbound handling. (#31548)
+- Feishu/Inbound ordering: serialize message handling per chat while preserving cross-chat concurrency to avoid same-chat race drops under bursty inbound traffic. (#31807)
+- Feishu/Dedup restart resilience: warm persistent dedup state into memory on monitor startup so retry events after gateway restart stay suppressed without requiring initial on-disk probe misses. (#31605)
+- Feishu/Typing notification suppression: skip typing keepalive reaction re-adds when the indicator is already active, preventing duplicate notification pings from repeated identical emoji adds. (#31580)
+- Feishu/Probe failure backoff: cache API and timeout probe failures for one minute per account key while preserving abort-aware probe timeouts, reducing repeated health-check retries during transient credential/network outages. (#29970)
+- BlueBubbles/Message metadata: harden send response ID extraction, include sender identity in DM context, and normalize inbound `message_id` selection to avoid duplicate ID metadata. (#23970) Thanks @tyler6204.
+- Docker/Image health checks: add Dockerfile `HEALTHCHECK` that probes gateway `GET /healthz` so container runtimes can mark unhealthy instances without requiring auth credentials in the probe command. (#11478) Thanks @U-C4N and @vincentkoc.
+- Docker/Sandbox bootstrap hardening: make `OPENCLAW_SANDBOX` opt-in parsing explicit (`1|true|yes|on`), support custom Docker socket paths via `OPENCLAW_DOCKER_SOCKET`, defer docker.sock exposure until sandbox prerequisites pass, and reset/roll back persisted sandbox mode to `off` when setup is skipped or partially fails to avoid stale broken sandbox state. (#29974) Thanks @jamtujest and @vincentkoc.
+- Daemon/systemd checks in containers: treat missing `systemctl` invocations (including `spawn systemctl ENOENT`/`EACCES`) as unavailable service state during `is-enabled` checks, preventing container flows from failing with `Gateway service check failed` before install/status handling can continue. (#26089) Thanks @sahilsatralkar and @vincentkoc.
+- Feishu/Send target prefixes: normalize explicit `group:`/`dm:` send targets and preserve explicit receive-id routing hints when resolving outbound Feishu targets. (#31594) Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Slack/Channel message subscriptions: register explicit `message.channels` and `message.groups` monitor handlers (alongside generic `message`) so channel/group event subscriptions are consumed even when Slack dispatches typed message event names. Fixes #31674.
+- Tests/Sandbox + archive portability: use junction-compatible directory-link setup on Windows and explicit file-symlink platform guards in symlink escape tests where unprivileged file symlinks are unavailable, reducing false Windows CI failures while preserving traversal checks on supported paths. (#28747) Thanks @arosstale.
+- Tests/Subagent announce: set `OPENCLAW_TEST_FAST=1` before importing `subagent-announce` format suites so module-level fast-mode constants are captured deterministically on Windows CI, preventing timeout flakes in nested completion announce coverage. (#31370) Thanks @zwffff.
+
+## 2026.3.1
+
+### Changes
+
+- OpenAI/Streaming transport: make `openai` Responses WebSocket-first by default (`transport: "auto"` with SSE fallback), add shared OpenAI WS stream/connection runtime wiring with per-session cleanup, and preserve server-side compaction payload mutation (`store` + `context_management`) on the WS path.
+- Gateway/Container probes: add built-in HTTP liveness/readiness endpoints (`/health`, `/healthz`, `/ready`, `/readyz`) for Docker/Kubernetes health checks, with fallback routing so existing handlers on those paths are not shadowed. (#31272) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Android/Nodes: add `camera.list`, `device.permissions`, `device.health`, and `notifications.actions` (`open`/`dismiss`/`reply`) on Android nodes, plus first-class node-tool actions for the new device/notification commands. (#28260) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Discord/Thread bindings: replace fixed TTL lifecycle with inactivity (`idleHours`, default 24h) plus optional hard `maxAgeHours` lifecycle controls, and add `/session idle` + `/session max-age` commands for focused thread-bound sessions. (#27845) Thanks @osolmaz.
+- Telegram/DM topics: add per-DM `direct` + topic config (allowlists, `dmPolicy`, `skills`, `systemPrompt`, `requireTopic`), route DM topics as distinct inbound/outbound sessions, and enforce topic-aware authorization/debounce for messages, callbacks, commands, and reactions. Landed from contributor PR #30579 by @kesor. Thanks @kesor.
+- Android/Gateway capability refresh: add live Android capability integration coverage and node canvas capability refresh wiring, plus runtime hardening for A2UI readiness retries, scoped canvas URL normalization, debug diagnostics JSON, and JavaScript MIME delivery. (#28388) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Android/Nodes parity: add `system.notify`, `photos.latest`, `contacts.search`/`contacts.add`, `calendar.events`/`calendar.add`, and `motion.activity`/`motion.pedometer`, with motion sensor-aware command gating and improved activity sampling reliability. (#29398) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Agents/Thinking defaults: set `adaptive` as the default thinking level for Anthropic Claude 4.6 models (including Bedrock Claude 4.6 refs) while keeping other reasoning-capable models at `low` unless explicitly configured.
+- Web UI/Cron i18n: localize cron page labels, filters, form help text, and validation/error messaging in English and zh-CN. (#29315) Thanks @BUGKillerKing.
+- CLI/Config: add `openclaw config file` to print the active config file path resolved from `OPENCLAW_CONFIG_PATH` or the default location. (#26256) thanks @cyb1278588254.
+- Feishu/Docx tables + uploads: add `feishu_doc` actions for Docx table creation/cell writing (`create_table`, `write_table_cells`, `create_table_with_values`) and image/file uploads (`upload_image`, `upload_file`) with stricter create/upload error handling for missing `document_id` and placeholder cleanup failures. (#20304) Thanks @xuhao1.
+- Feishu/Reactions: add inbound `im.message.reaction.created_v1` handling, route verified reactions through synthetic inbound turns, and harden verification with timeout + fail-closed filtering so non-bot or unverified reactions are dropped. (#16716) Thanks @schumilin.
+- Feishu/Chat tooling: add `feishu_chat` tool actions for chat info and member queries, with configurable enablement under `channels.feishu.tools.chat`. (#14674) Thanks @liuweifly.
+- Feishu/Doc permissions: support optional owner permission grant fields on `feishu_doc` create and report permission metadata only when the grant call succeeds, with regression coverage for success/failure/omitted-owner paths. (#28295) Thanks @zhoulongchao77.
+- Web UI/i18n: add German (`de`) locale support and auto-render language options from supported locale constants in Overview settings. (#28495) thanks @dsantoreis.
+- Tools/Diffs: add a new optional `diffs` plugin tool for read-only diff rendering from before/after text or unified patches, with gateway viewer URLs for canvas and PNG image output. Thanks @gumadeiras.
+- Memory/LanceDB: support custom OpenAI `baseUrl` and embedding dimensions for LanceDB memory. (#17874) Thanks @rish2jain and @vincentkoc.
+- ACP/ACPX streaming: pin ACPX plugin support to `0.1.15`, add configurable ACPX command/version probing, and streamline ACP stream delivery (`final_only` default + reduced tool-event noise) with matching runtime and test updates. (#30036) Thanks @osolmaz.
+- Shell env markers: set `OPENCLAW_SHELL` across shell-like runtimes (`exec`, `acp`, `acp-client`, `tui-local`) so shell startup/config rules can target OpenClaw contexts consistently, and document the markers in env/exec/acp/TUI docs. Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Cron/Heartbeat light bootstrap context: add opt-in lightweight bootstrap mode for automation runs (`--light-context` for cron agent turns and `agents.*.heartbeat.lightContext` for heartbeat), keeping only `HEARTBEAT.md` for heartbeat runs and skipping bootstrap-file injection for cron lightweight runs. (#26064) Thanks @jose-velez.
+- OpenAI/WebSocket warm-up: add optional OpenAI Responses WebSocket warm-up (`response.create` with `generate:false`), enable it by default for `openai/*`, and expose `params.openaiWsWarmup` for per-model enable/disable control.
+- Agents/Subagents runtime events: replace ad-hoc subagent completion system-message handoff with typed internal completion events (`task_completion`) that are rendered consistently across direct and queued announce paths, with gateway/CLI plumbing for structured `internalEvents`.
+
+### Breaking
+
+- **BREAKING:** Node exec approval payloads now require `systemRunPlan`. `host=node` approval requests without that plan are rejected.
+- **BREAKING:** Node `system.run` execution now pins path-token commands to the canonical executable path (`realpath`) in both allowlist and approval execution flows. Integrations/tests that asserted token-form argv (for example `tr`) must now accept canonical paths (for example `/usr/bin/tr`).
+
+### Fixes
+
+- Security/Feishu webhook ingress: bound unauthenticated webhook rate-limit state with stale-window pruning and a hard key cap to prevent unbounded pre-auth memory growth from rotating source keys. (#26050) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Security/Compaction audit: remove the post-compaction audit injection message. (#28507) Thanks @fuller-stack-dev and @vincentkoc.
+- Web tools/RFC2544 fake-IP compatibility: allow RFC2544 benchmark range (`198.18.0.0/15`) for trusted web-tool fetch endpoints so proxy fake-IP networking modes do not trigger false SSRF blocks. Landed from contributor PR #31176 by @sunkinux. Thanks @sunkinux.
+- Feishu/Sessions announce group targets: normalize `group:` and `channel:` Feishu targets to `chat_id` routing so `sessions_send` announce delivery no longer sends group chat IDs via `user_id` API params. Fixes #31426.
+- Windows/Plugin install: avoid `spawn EINVAL` on Windows npm/npx invocations by resolving to `node` + npm CLI scripts instead of spawning `.cmd` directly. Landed from contributor PR #31147 by @codertony. Thanks @codertony.
+- Web UI/Cron: include configured agent model defaults/fallbacks in cron model suggestions so scheduled-job model autocomplete reflects configured models. (#29709) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Cron/Delivery: disable the agent messaging tool when `delivery.mode` is `"none"` so cron output is not sent to Telegram or other channels. (#21808) Thanks @lailoo.
+- CLI/Cron: clarify `cron list` output by renaming `Agent` to `Agent ID` and adding a `Model` column for isolated agent-turn jobs. (#26259) Thanks @openperf.
+- Gateway/Control UI origins: honor `gateway.controlUi.allowedOrigins: ["*"]` wildcard entries (including trimmed values) and lock behavior with regression tests. Landed from contributor PR #31058 by @byungsker. Thanks @byungsker.
 - Agents/Sessions list transcript paths: handle missing/non-string/relative `sessions.list.path` values and per-agent `{agentId}` templates when deriving `transcriptPath`, so cross-agent session listings resolve to concrete agent session files instead of workspace-relative paths. (#24775) Thanks @martinfrancois.
+- Gateway/Control UI CSP: allow required Google Fonts origins in Control UI CSP. (#29279) Thanks @Glucksberg and @vincentkoc.
+- CLI/Install: add an npm-link fallback to fix CLI startup `Permission denied` failures (`exit 127`) on affected installs. (#17151) Thanks @sskyu and @vincentkoc.
+- Plugins/NPM spec install: fix npm-spec plugin installs when `npm pack` output is empty by detecting newly created `.tgz` archives in the pack directory. (#21039) Thanks @graysurf and @vincentkoc.
+- Plugins/Install: clear stale install errors when an npm package is not found so follow-up install attempts report current state correctly. (#25073) Thanks @dalefrieswthat.
+- Gateway/macOS supervised restart: actively `launchctl kickstart -k` during intentional supervised restarts to bypass LaunchAgent `ThrottleInterval` delays, and fall back to in-process restart when kickstart fails. Landed from contributor PR #29078 by @cathrynlavery. Thanks @cathrynlavery.
+- Sessions/Internal routing: preserve established external `lastTo`/`lastChannel` routes for internal/non-deliverable turns, with added coverage for no-fallback internal routing behavior. Landed from contributor PR #30941 by @graysurf. Thanks @graysurf.
+- Auto-reply/NO_REPLY: strip `NO_REPLY` token from mixed-content messages instead of leaking raw control text to end users. Landed from contributor PR #31080 by @scoootscooob. Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Inbound metadata/Multi-account routing: include `account_id` in trusted inbound metadata so multi-account channel sessions can reliably disambiguate the receiving account in prompt context. Landed from contributor PR #30984 by @Stxle2. Thanks @Stxle2.
+- Cron/Delivery mode none: send explicit `delivery: { mode: "none" }` from cron editor for both add and update flows so previous announce delivery is actually cleared. Landed from contributor PR #31145 by @byungsker. Thanks @byungsker.
+- Cron editor viewport: make the sticky cron edit form independently scrollable with viewport-bounded height so lower fields/actions are reachable on shorter screens. Landed from contributor PR #31133 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Agents/Thinking fallback: when providers reject unsupported thinking levels without enumerating alternatives, retry with `think=off` to avoid hard failure during model/provider fallback chains. Landed from contributor PR #31002 by @yfge. Thanks @yfge.
+- Agents/Failover reason classification: avoid false rate-limit classification from incidental `tpm` substrings by matching TPM as a standalone token/phrase and keeping auth-context errors on the auth path. Landed from contributor PR #31007 by @HOYALIM. Thanks @HOYALIM.
+- Gateway/WS: close repeated post-handshake `unauthorized role:*` request floods per connection and sample duplicate rejection logs, preventing a single misbehaving client from degrading gateway responsiveness. (#20168) Thanks @acy103, @vibecodooor, and @vincentkoc.
+- Gateway/Auth: improve device-auth v2 migration diagnostics so operators get clearer guidance when legacy clients connect. (#28305) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- CLI/Ollama config: allow `config set` for Ollama `apiKey` without predeclared provider config. (#29299) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Agents/Ollama: demote empty-discovery logging from `warn` to `debug` to reduce noisy warnings in normal edge-case discovery flows. (#26379) Thanks @byungsker.
+- Sandbox/Browser Docker: pass `OPENCLAW_BROWSER_NO_SANDBOX=1` to sandbox browser containers and bump sandbox browser security hash epoch so existing containers are recreated and pick up the env on upgrade. (#29879) Thanks @Lukavyi.
+- Tools/Edit workspace boundary errors: preserve the real `Path escapes workspace root` failure path instead of surfacing a misleading access/file-not-found error when editing outside workspace roots. Landed from contributor PR #31015 by @haosenwang1018. Thanks @haosenwang1018.
+- Browser/Open & navigate: accept `url` as an alias parameter for `open` and `navigate`. (#29260) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Sandbox/mkdirp boundary checks: allow directory-safe boundary validation for existing in-boundary subdirectories, preventing false `cannot create directories` failures in sandbox write mode. (#30610) Thanks @glitch418x.
+- Android/Nodes reliability: reject `facing=both` when `deviceId` is set to avoid mislabeled duplicate captures, allow notification `open`/`reply` on non-clearable entries while still gating dismiss, trigger listener rebind before notification actions, and scale invoke-result ack timeout to invoke budget for large clip payloads. (#28260) Thanks @obviyus.
+- LINE/Voice transcription: classify M4A voice media as `audio/mp4` (not `video/mp4`) by checking the MPEG-4 `ftyp` major brand (`M4A ` / `M4B `), restoring voice transcription for LINE voice messages. Landed from contributor PR #31151 by @scoootscooob. Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Slack/Announce target account routing: enable session-backed announce-target lookup for Slack so multi-account announces resolve the correct `accountId` instead of defaulting to bot-token context. Landed from contributor PR #31028 by @taw0002. Thanks @taw0002.
 - Android/Voice screen TTS: stream assistant speech via ElevenLabs WebSocket in Talk Mode, stop cleanly on speaker mute/barge-in, and ignore stale out-of-order stream events. (#29521) Thanks @gregmousseau.
-- Web UI/Cron: include configured agent model defaults/fallbacks in cron model suggestions so scheduled-job model autocomplete reflects configured models. (#29709)
-- CLI/Cron: clarify `cron list` output by renaming `Agent` to `Agent ID` and adding a `Model` column for isolated agent-turn jobs. (#26259)
-- Cron/Delivery: disable the agent messaging tool when `delivery.mode` is `"none"` so cron output is not sent to Telegram or other channels. (#21808)
-- Feishu/Reply media attachments: send Feishu reply `mediaUrl`/`mediaUrls` payloads as attachments alongside text/streamed replies in the reply dispatcher, including legacy fallback when `mediaUrls` is empty. (#28959)
-- Feishu/Reaction notifications: add `channels.feishu.reactionNotifications` (`off | own | all`, default `own`) so operators can disable reaction ingress or allow all verified reaction events (not only bot-authored message reactions). (#28529)
+- Android/Photos permissions: declare Android 14+ selected-photo access permission (`READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED`) and align Android permission/settings paths with current minSdk behavior for more reliable permission state handling.
+- Feishu/Reply media attachments: send Feishu reply `mediaUrl`/`mediaUrls` payloads as attachments alongside text/streamed replies in the reply dispatcher, including legacy fallback when `mediaUrls` is empty. (#28959) Thanks @icesword0760.
+- Slack/User-token resolution: normalize Slack account user-token sourcing through resolved account metadata (`SLACK_USER_TOKEN` env + config) so monitor reads, Slack actions, directory lookups, onboarding allow-from resolution, and capabilities probing consistently use the effective user token. (#28103) Thanks @Glucksberg.
 - Feishu/Outbound session routing: stop assuming bare `oc_` identifiers are always group chats, honor explicit `dm:`/`group:` prefixes for `oc_` chat IDs, and default ambiguous bare `oc_` targets to direct routing to avoid DM session misclassification. (#10407) Thanks @Bermudarat.
-- Feishu/Group session routing: add configurable group session scopes (`group`, `group_sender`, `group_topic`, `group_topic_sender`) with legacy `topicSessionMode=enabled` compatibility so Feishu group conversations can isolate sessions by sender/topic as configured. (#17798)
-- Feishu/Reply-in-thread routing: add `replyInThread` config (`disabled|enabled`) for group replies, propagate `reply_in_thread` across text/card/media/streaming sends, and align topic-scoped session routing so newly created reply threads stay on the same session root. (#27325)
-- Feishu/Typing backoff: re-throw Feishu typing add/remove rate-limit and quota errors (`429`, `99991400`, `99991403`) and detect SDK non-throwing backoff responses so the typing keepalive circuit breaker can stop retries instead of looping indefinitely. (#28494)
-- Feishu/Zalo runtime logging: replace direct `console.log/error` usage in Feishu typing-indicator paths and Zalo monitor paths with runtime-gated logger calls so verbosity controls are respected while preserving typing backoff behavior. (#18841) Thanks @Clawborn.
+- Feishu/Group session routing: add configurable group session scopes (`group`, `group_sender`, `group_topic`, `group_topic_sender`) with legacy `topicSessionMode=enabled` compatibility so Feishu group conversations can isolate sessions by sender/topic as configured. (#17798) Thanks @yfge.
+- Feishu/Reply-in-thread routing: add `replyInThread` config (`disabled|enabled`) for group replies, propagate `reply_in_thread` across text/card/media/streaming sends, and align topic-scoped session routing so newly created reply threads stay on the same session root. (#27325) Thanks @kcinzgg.
 - Feishu/Probe status caching: cache successful `probeFeishu()` bot-info results for 10 minutes (bounded cache with per-account keying) to reduce repeated status/onboarding probe API calls, while bypassing cache for failures and exceptions. (#28907) Thanks @Glucksberg.
 - Feishu/Opus media send type: send `.opus` attachments with `msg_type: "audio"` (instead of `"media"`) so Feishu voice messages deliver correctly while `.mp4` remains `msg_type: "media"` and documents remain `msg_type: "file"`. (#28269) Thanks @Glucksberg.
 - Feishu/Mobile video media type: treat inbound `message_type: "media"` as video-equivalent for media key extraction, placeholder inference, and media download resolution so mobile-app video sends ingest correctly. (#25502) Thanks @4ier.
 - Feishu/Inbound sender fallback: fall back to `sender_id.user_id` when `sender_id.open_id` is missing on inbound events, and use ID-type-aware sender lookup so mobile-delivered messages keep stable sender identity/routing. (#26703) Thanks @NewdlDewdl.
-- Feishu/Inbound rich-text parsing: preserve `share_chat` payload summaries when available and add explicit parsing for rich-text `code`/`code_block`/`pre` tags so forwarded and code-heavy messages keep useful context in agent input. (#28591) Thanks @kevinWangSheng.
-- Feishu/Post markdown parsing: parse rich-text `post` payloads through a shared markdown-aware parser with locale-wrapper support, preserved mention/image metadata extraction, and inline/fenced code fidelity for agent input rendering. (#12755)
-- Feishu/Reply context metadata: include inbound `parent_id` and `root_id` as `ReplyToId`/`RootMessageId` in inbound context, and parse interactive-card quote bodies into readable text when fetching replied messages. (#18529)
+- Feishu/Reply context metadata: include inbound `parent_id` and `root_id` as `ReplyToId`/`RootMessageId` in inbound context, and parse interactive-card quote bodies into readable text when fetching replied messages. (#18529) Thanks @qiangu.
 - Feishu/Post embedded media: extract `media` tags from inbound rich-text (`post`) messages and download embedded video/audio files alongside existing embedded-image handling, with regression coverage. (#21786) Thanks @laopuhuluwa.
 - Feishu/Local media sends: propagate `mediaLocalRoots` through Feishu outbound media sending into `loadWebMedia` so local path attachments work with post-CVE local-root enforcement. (#27884) Thanks @joelnishanth.
-- Feishu/Group sender allowlist fallback: add global `channels.feishu.groupSenderAllowFrom` sender authorization for group chats, with per-group `groups.<id>.allowFrom` precedence and regression coverage for allow/block/precedence behavior. (#29174) Thanks @1MoreBuild.
 - Feishu/Group wildcard policy fallback: honor `channels.feishu.groups["*"]` when no explicit group match exists so unmatched groups inherit wildcard reply-policy settings instead of falling back to global defaults. (#29456) Thanks @WaynePika.
+- Feishu/Inbound media regression coverage: add explicit tests for message resource type mapping (`image` stays `image`, non-image maps to `file`) to prevent reintroducing unsupported Feishu `type=audio` fetches. (#16311, #8746) Thanks @Yaxuan42.
+- TTS/Voice bubbles: use opus output and enable `audioAsVoice` routing for Feishu and WhatsApp (in addition to Telegram) so supported channels receive voice-bubble playback instead of file-style audio attachments. (#27366) Thanks @smthfoxy.
+- Telegram/Reply media context: include replied media files in inbound context when replying to media, defer reply-media downloads to debounce flush, gate reply-media fetch behind DM authorization, and preserve replied media when non-vision sticker fallback runs (including cached-sticker paths). (#28488) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Android/Nodes notification wake flow: enable Android `system.notify` default allowlist, emit `notifications.changed` events for posted/removed notifications (excluding OpenClaw app-owned notifications), canonicalize notification session keys before enqueue/wake routing, and skip heartbeat wakes when consecutive notification summaries dedupe. (#29440) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Telegram/Voice fallback reply chunking: apply reply reference, quote text, and inline buttons only to the first fallback text chunk when voice delivery is blocked, preventing over-quoted multi-chunk replies. Landed from contributor PR #31067 by @xdanger. Thanks @xdanger.
+- Feishu/Multi-account + reply reliability: add `channels.feishu.defaultAccount` outbound routing support with schema validation, keep quoted-message extraction text-first (post/interactive/file placeholders instead of raw JSON), route Feishu video sends as `msg_type: "file"`, and avoid websocket event blocking by using non-blocking event handling in monitor dispatch. Landed from contributor PRs #29610, #30432, #30331, and #29501. Thanks @hclsys, @bmendonca3, @patrick-yingxi-pan, and @zwffff.
+- Feishu/Inbound rich-text parsing: preserve `share_chat` payload summaries when available and add explicit parsing for rich-text `code`/`code_block`/`pre` tags so forwarded and code-heavy messages keep useful context in agent input. (#28591) Thanks @kevinWangSheng.
+- Feishu/Post markdown parsing: parse rich-text `post` payloads through a shared markdown-aware parser with locale-wrapper support, preserved mention/image metadata extraction, and inline/fenced code fidelity for agent input rendering. (#12755) Thanks @WilsonLiu95.
+- Telegram/Outbound chunking: route oversize splitting through the shared outbound pipeline (including subagents), retry Telegram sends when escaped HTML exceeds limits, and preserve boundary whitespace when retry re-splitting rendered chunks so plain-text/transcript fidelity is retained. (#29342, #27317; follow-up to #27461) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Slack/Native commands: register Slack native status as `/agentstatus` (Slack-reserved `/status`) so manifest slash command registration stays valid while text `/status` still works. Landed from contributor PR #29032 by @maloqab. Thanks @maloqab.
+- Android/Camera clip: remove `camera.clip` HTTP-upload fallback to base64 so clip transport is deterministic and fail-loud, and reject non-positive `maxWidth` values so invalid inputs fall back to the safe resize default. (#28229) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Android/Gateway canvas capability refresh: send `node.canvas.capability.refresh` with object `params` (`{}`) from Android node runtime so gateway object-schema validation accepts refresh retries and A2UI host recovery works after scoped capability expiry. (#28413) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Onboarding/Custom providers: improve verification reliability for slower local endpoints (for example Ollama) during setup. (#27380) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Daemon/macOS TLS certs: default LaunchAgent service env `NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS` to `/etc/ssl/cert.pem` (while preserving explicit overrides) so HTTPS clients no longer fail with local-issuer errors under launchd. (#27915) Thanks @Lukavyi.
+- Discord/Components wildcard handlers: use distinct internal registration sentinel IDs and parse those sentinels as wildcard keys so select/user/role/channel/mentionable/modal interactions are not dropped by raw customId dedupe paths. Landed from contributor PR #29459 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Feishu/Reaction notifications: add `channels.feishu.reactionNotifications` (`off | own | all`, default `own`) so operators can disable reaction ingress or allow all verified reaction events (not only bot-authored message reactions). (#28529) Thanks @cowboy129.
+- Feishu/Typing backoff: re-throw Feishu typing add/remove rate-limit and quota errors (`429`, `99991400`, `99991403`) and detect SDK non-throwing backoff responses so the typing keepalive circuit breaker can stop retries instead of looping indefinitely. (#28494) Thanks @guoqunabc.
+- Feishu/Zalo runtime logging: replace direct `console.log/error` usage in Feishu typing-indicator paths and Zalo monitor paths with runtime-gated logger calls so verbosity controls are respected while preserving typing backoff behavior. (#18841) Thanks @Clawborn.
+- Feishu/Group sender allowlist fallback: add global `channels.feishu.groupSenderAllowFrom` sender authorization for group chats, with per-group `groups.<id>.allowFrom` precedence and regression coverage for allow/block/precedence behavior. (#29174) Thanks @1MoreBuild.
 - Feishu/Docx append/write ordering: insert converted Docx blocks sequentially (single-block creates) so Feishu append/write preserves markdown block order instead of returning shuffled sections in asynchronous batch inserts. (#26172, #26022) Thanks @echoVic.
 - Feishu/Docx convert fallback chunking: recursively split oversized markdown chunks (including long no-heading sections) when `document.convert` hits content limits, while keeping fenced-code-aware split boundaries whenever possible. (#14402) Thanks @lml2468.
-- Feishu/Inbound media regression coverage: add explicit tests for message resource type mapping (`image` stays `image`, non-image maps to `file`) to prevent reintroducing unsupported Feishu `type=audio` fetches. (#16311, #8746) Thanks @Yaxuan42.
 - Feishu/API quota controls: add `typingIndicator` and `resolveSenderNames` config flags (top-level and per-account) so operators can disable typing reactions and sender-name lookup requests while keeping default behavior unchanged. (#10513) Thanks @BigUncle.
-- TTS/Voice bubbles: use opus output and enable `audioAsVoice` routing for Feishu and WhatsApp (in addition to Telegram) so supported channels receive voice-bubble playback instead of file-style audio attachments. (#27366) Thanks @smthfoxy.
-- Security/Feishu webhook ingress: bound unauthenticated webhook rate-limit state with stale-window pruning and a hard key cap to prevent unbounded pre-auth memory growth from rotating source keys. (#26050) Thanks @bmendonca3.
-- Security/Compaction audit: remove the post-compaction audit injection message. (#28507) Thanks @fuller-stack-dev and @vincentkoc.
-- Telegram/Reply media context: include replied media files in inbound context when replying to media, defer reply-media downloads to debounce flush, gate reply-media fetch behind DM authorization, and preserve replied media when non-vision sticker fallback runs (including cached-sticker paths). (#28488) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Telegram/Outbound chunking: route oversize splitting through the shared outbound pipeline (including subagents), retry Telegram sends when escaped HTML exceeds limits, and preserve boundary whitespace when retry re-splitting rendered chunks so plain-text/transcript fidelity is retained. (#29342, #27317; follow-up to #27461) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Gateway/WS: close repeated post-handshake `unauthorized role:*` request floods per connection and sample duplicate rejection logs, preventing a single misbehaving client from degrading gateway responsiveness. (#20168) Thanks @acy103, @vibecodooor, and @vincentkoc.
-- Gateway/macOS supervised restart: actively `launchctl kickstart -k` during intentional supervised restarts to bypass LaunchAgent `ThrottleInterval` delays, and fall back to in-process restart when kickstart fails. Landed from contributor PR #29078 by @cathrynlavery. Thanks @cathrynlavery.
-- Gateway/Auth: improve device-auth v2 migration diagnostics so operators get clearer guidance when legacy clients connect. (#28305) Thanks @vincentkoc.
-- Gateway/Control UI CSP: allow required Google Fonts origins in Control UI CSP. (#29279) Thanks @Glucksberg and @vincentkoc.
-- CLI/Install: add an npm-link fallback to fix CLI startup `Permission denied` failures (`exit 127`) on affected installs. (#17151) Thanks @sskyu and @vincentkoc.
-- CLI/Ollama config: allow `config set` for Ollama `apiKey` without predeclared provider config. (#29299) Thanks @vincentkoc.
-- Onboarding/Custom providers: improve verification reliability for slower local endpoints (for example Ollama) during setup. (#27380) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Feishu/System preview prompt leakage: stop enqueuing inbound Feishu message previews as system events so user preview text is not injected into later turns as trusted `System:` context. Landed from contributor PR #31209 by @stakeswky. Thanks @stakeswky.
+- Feishu/Typing replay suppression: skip typing indicators for stale replayed inbound messages after compaction using message-age checks with second/millisecond timestamp normalization, preventing old-message reaction floods while preserving typing for fresh messages. Landed from contributor PR #30709 by @arkyu2077. Thanks @arkyu2077.
+- Control UI/Debug log layout: render Debug Event Log payloads at full width to prevent payload JSON from being squeezed into a narrow side column. Landed from contributor PR #30978 by @stozo04. Thanks @stozo04.
+- Install/npm: fix npm global install deprecation warnings. (#28318) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Update/Global npm: fallback to `--omit=optional` when global `npm update` fails so optional dependency install failures no longer abort update flows. (#24896) Thanks @xinhuagu and @vincentkoc.
+- Model directives/Auth profiles: split `/model` profile suffixes at the first `@` after the last slash so email-based auth profile IDs (for example OAuth profile IDs) resolve correctly. Landed from contributor PR #30932 by @haosenwang1018. Thanks @haosenwang1018.
+- Ollama/Embedded runner base URL precedence: prioritize configured provider `baseUrl` over model defaults for embedded Ollama runs so Docker and remote-host setups avoid localhost fetch failures. (#30964) Thanks @stakeswky.
 - Ollama/Autodiscovery: harden autodiscovery and warning behavior. (#29201) Thanks @marcodelpin and @vincentkoc.
 - Ollama/Context window: unify context window handling across discovery, merge, and OpenAI-compatible transport paths. (#29205) Thanks @Sid-Qin, @jimmielightner, and @vincentkoc.
-- Agents/Ollama: demote empty-discovery logging from `warn` to `debug` to reduce noisy warnings in normal edge-case discovery flows. (#26379) Thanks @byungsker.
-- Install/npm: fix npm global install deprecation warnings. (#28318) Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - fix(model): preserve reasoning in provider fallback resolution. (#29285) Fixes #25636. Thanks @vincentkoc.
-- Browser/Open & navigate: accept `url` as an alias parameter for `open` and `navigate`. (#29260) Thanks @vincentkoc.
-- Sandbox/Browser Docker: pass `OPENCLAW_BROWSER_NO_SANDBOX=1` to sandbox browser containers and bump sandbox browser security hash epoch so existing containers are recreated and pick up the env on upgrade. (#29879) Thanks @Lukavyi.
-- Codex/Usage window: label weekly usage window as `Week` instead of `Day`. (#26267) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
-- Slack/Native commands: register Slack native status as `/agentstatus` (Slack-reserved `/status`) so manifest slash command registration stays valid while text `/status` still works. Landed from contributor PR #29032 by @maloqab. Thanks @maloqab.
-- Android/Nodes reliability: reject `facing=both` when `deviceId` is set to avoid mislabeled duplicate captures, allow notification `open`/`reply` on non-clearable entries while still gating dismiss, trigger listener rebind before notification actions, and scale invoke-result ack timeout to invoke budget for large clip payloads. (#28260) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Android/Camera clip: remove `camera.clip` HTTP-upload fallback to base64 so clip transport is deterministic and fail-loud, and reject non-positive `maxWidth` values so invalid inputs fall back to the safe resize default. (#28229) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Android/Nodes notification wake flow: enable Android `system.notify` default allowlist, emit `notifications.changed` events for posted/removed notifications (excluding OpenClaw app-owned notifications), canonicalize notification session keys before enqueue/wake routing, and skip heartbeat wakes when consecutive notification summaries dedupe. (#29440) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Android/Gateway canvas capability refresh: send `node.canvas.capability.refresh` with object `params` (`{}`) from Android node runtime so gateway object-schema validation accepts refresh retries and A2UI host recovery works after scoped capability expiry. (#28413) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Daemon/macOS TLS certs: default LaunchAgent service env `NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS` to `/etc/ssl/cert.pem` (while preserving explicit overrides) so HTTPS clients no longer fail with local-issuer errors under launchd. (#27915) Thanks @Lukavyi.
-- Update/Global npm: fallback to `--omit=optional` when global `npm update` fails so optional dependency install failures no longer abort update flows. (#24896) Thanks @xinhuagu and @vincentkoc.
-- Plugins/NPM spec install: fix npm-spec plugin installs when `npm pack` output is empty by detecting newly created `.tgz` archives in the pack directory. (#21039) Thanks @graysurf and @vincentkoc.
-- Plugins/Install: clear stale install errors when an npm package is not found so follow-up install attempts report current state correctly. (#25073) Thanks @dalefrieswthat.
+- Docker/Image permissions: normalize `/app/extensions`, `/app/.agent`, and `/app/.agents` to directory mode `755` and file mode `644` during image build so plugin discovery does not block inherited world-writable paths. (#30191) Fixes #30139. Thanks @edincampara.
 - OpenAI Responses/Compaction: rewrite and unify the OpenAI Responses store patches to treat empty `baseUrl` as non-direct, honor `compat.supportsStore=false`, and auto-inject server-side compaction `context_management` for compatible direct OpenAI models (with per-model opt-out/threshold overrides). Landed from contributor PRs #16930 (@OiPunk), #22441 (@EdwardWu7), and #25088 (@MoerAI). Thanks @OiPunk, @EdwardWu7, and @MoerAI.
+- Usage normalization: clamp negative prompt/input token values to zero (including `prompt_tokens` alias inputs) so `/usage` and TUI usage displays cannot show nonsensical negative counts. Landed from contributor PR #31211 by @scoootscooob. Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Secrets/Auth profiles: normalize inline SecretRef `token`/`key` values to canonical `tokenRef`/`keyRef` before persistence, and keep explicit `keyRef` precedence when inline refs are also present. Landed from contributor PR #31047 by @minupla. Thanks @minupla.
+- Codex/Usage window: label weekly usage window as `Week` instead of `Day`. (#26267) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Signal/Sync message null-handling: treat `syncMessage` presence (including `null`) as sync envelope traffic so replayed sentTranscript payloads cannot bypass loop guards after daemon restart. Landed from contributor PR #31138 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Infra/fs-safe: sanitize directory-read failures so raw `EISDIR` text never leaks to messaging surfaces, with regression tests for both root-scoped and direct safe reads. Landed from contributor PR #31205 by @polooooo. Thanks @polooooo.
 
 ## Unreleased
 
 ### Fixes
 
-- Slack/Bot attachment-only messages: when `allowBots: true`, bot messages with empty `text` now include non-forwarded attachment `text`/`fallback` content so webhook alerts are not silently dropped. (#27616)
-- Slack/Inbound media auth + HTML guard: keep Slack auth headers on forwarded shared attachment image downloads, and reject login/error HTML payloads (while allowing expected `.html` uploads) when resolving Slack media so auth failures do not silently pass as files. (#18642)
+- Feishu/Multi-account + reply reliability: add `channels.feishu.defaultAccount` outbound routing support with schema validation, prevent inbound preview text from leaking into prompt system events, keep quoted-message extraction text-first (post/interactive/file placeholders instead of raw JSON), route Feishu video sends as `msg_type: "file"`, and avoid websocket event blocking by using non-blocking event handling in monitor dispatch. Landed from contributor PRs #31209, #29610, #30432, #30331, and #29501. Thanks @stakeswky, @hclsys, @bmendonca3, @patrick-yingxi-pan, and @zwffff.
+- Feishu/Target routing + replies + dedupe: normalize provider-prefixed targets (`feishu:`/`lark:`), prefer configured `channels.feishu.defaultAccount` for tool execution, honor Feishu outbound `renderMode` in adapter text/caption sends, fall back to normal send when reply targets are withdrawn/deleted, and add synchronous in-memory dedupe guard for concurrent duplicate inbound events. Landed from contributor PRs #30428, #30438, #29958, #30444, and #29463. Thanks @bmendonca3 and @Yaxuan42.
+- Channels/Multi-account default routing: add optional `channels.<channel>.defaultAccount` default-selection support across message channels so omitted `accountId` routes to an explicit configured account instead of relying on implicit first-entry ordering (fallback behavior unchanged when unset).
+- Google Chat/Thread replies: set `messageReplyOption=REPLY_MESSAGE_FALLBACK_TO_NEW_THREAD` on threaded sends so replies attach to existing threads instead of silently failing thread placement. Landed from contributor PR #30965 by @novan. Thanks @novan.
+- Mattermost/Private channel policy routing: map Mattermost private channel type `P` to group chat type so `groupPolicy`/`groupAllowFrom` gates apply correctly instead of being treated as open public channels. Landed from contributor PR #30891 by @BlueBirdBack. Thanks @BlueBirdBack.
+- Models/Custom provider keys: trim custom provider map keys during normalization so image-capable models remain discoverable when provider keys are configured with leading/trailing whitespace. Landed from contributor PR #31202 by @stakeswky. Thanks @stakeswky.
+- Discord/Agent component interactions: accept Components v2 `cid` payloads alongside legacy `componentId`, and safely decode percent-encoded IDs without throwing on malformed `%` sequences. Landed from contributor PR #29013 by @Jacky1n7. Thanks @Jacky1n7.
+- Matrix/Directory room IDs: preserve original room-ID casing for direct `!roomId` group lookups (without `:server`) so allowlist checks do not fail on case-sensitive IDs. Landed from contributor PR #31201 by @williamos-dev. Thanks @williamos-dev.
+- Discord/Inbound media fallback: preserve attachment and sticker metadata when Discord CDN fetch/save fails by keeping URL-based media entries in context, with regression coverage for save failures and mixed success/failure ordering. Landed from contributor PR #28906 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Auto-reply/Block reply timeout path: normalize `onBlockReply(...)` execution through `Promise.resolve(...)` before timeout wrapping so mixed sync/async callbacks keep deterministic timeout behavior across strict TypeScript build paths. (#19779) Thanks @dalefrieswthat and @vincentkoc.
+- Cron/One-shot reschedule re-arm: allow completed `at` jobs to run again when rescheduled to a later time than `lastRunAtMs`, while keeping completed non-rescheduled one-shot jobs inactive. (#28915) Thanks @Glucksberg.
+- Docs/Docker images: clarify the official GHCR image source and tag guidance (`main`, `latest`, `<version>`), and document that `OPENCLAW_IMAGE` skips local image builds but still uses the repo-local compose/setup flow. (#27214, #31180) Fixes #15655. Thanks @ipl31.
+- Docs/Gateway Docker bind guidance: clarify bridge-network loopback behavior and require bind mode values (`auto`/`loopback`/`lan`/`tailnet`/`custom`) instead of host aliases in `gateway.bind`. (#28001) Thanks @Anandesh-Sharma and @vincentkoc.
+- Docker/Image base annotations: add OCI labels for base image plus source/documentation/license metadata, include revision/version/created labels in Docker release builds, and document annotation keys/release context in install docs. Fixes #27945. Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Agents/Model fallback: classify additional network transport errors (`ECONNREFUSED`, `ENETUNREACH`, `EHOSTUNREACH`, `ENETRESET`, `EAI_AGAIN`) as failover-worthy so fallback chains advance when primary providers are unreachable. Landed from contributor PR #19077 by @ayanesakura. Thanks @ayanesakura.
+- Agents/Copilot token refresh: refresh GitHub Copilot runtime API tokens after auth-expiry failures and re-run with the renewed token so long-running embedded/subagent turns do not fail on mid-session 401 expiry. Landed from contributor PR #8805 by @Arthur742Ramos. Thanks @Arthur742Ramos.
+- Agents/Subagents delivery params: reject unsupported `sessions_spawn` channel-delivery params (`target`, `channel`, `to`, `threadId`, `replyTo`, `transport`) with explicit input errors so delivery intent does not silently leak output to the parent conversation. (#31000)
+- Telegram/Multi-account fallback isolation: fail closed for non-default Telegram accounts when route resolution falls back to `matchedBy=default`, preventing cross-account DM/session contamination without explicit account bindings. (#31110)
+- Discord/Allowlist diagnostics: add debug logs for guild/channel allowlist drops so operators can quickly identify ignored inbound messages and required allowlist entries. Landed from contributor PR #30966 by @haosenwang1018. Thanks @haosenwang1018.
+- Discord/Ack reactions: add Discord-account-level `ackReactionScope` override and support explicit `off`/`none` values in shared config schemas to disable ack reactions per account. Landed from contributor PR #30400 by @BlueBirdBack. Thanks @BlueBirdBack.
+- Discord/Forum thread tags: support `appliedTags` on Discord thread-create actions and map to `applied_tags` for forum/media starter posts, with targeted thread-creation regression coverage. Landed from contributor PR #30358 by @pushkarsingh32. Thanks @pushkarsingh32.
+- Discord/Application ID fallback: parse bot application IDs from token prefixes without numeric precision loss and use token fallback only on transport/timeout failures when probing `/oauth2/applications/@me`. Landed from contributor PR #29695 by @dhananjai1729. Thanks @dhananjai1729.
+- Discord/EventQueue timeout config: expose per-account `channels.discord.accounts.<id>.eventQueue.listenerTimeout` (and related queue options) so long-running handlers can avoid Carbon listener timeout drops. Landed from contributor PR #28945 by @Glucksberg. Thanks @Glucksberg.
+- CLI/Cron run exit code: return exit code `0` only when `cron run` reports `{ ok: true, ran: true }`, and `1` for non-run/error outcomes so scripting/debugging reflects actual execution status. Landed from contributor PR #31121 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Cron/Failure delivery routing: add `failureAlert.mode` (`announce|webhook`) and `failureAlert.accountId` support, plus `cron.failureDestination` and per-job `delivery.failureDestination` routing with duplicate-target suppression, best-effort skip behavior, and global+job merge semantics. Landed from contributor PR #31059 by @kesor. Thanks @kesor.
+- CLI/JSON preflight output: keep `--json` command stdout machine-readable by suppressing doctor preflight note output while still running legacy migration/config doctor flow. (#24368) Thanks @altaywtf.
+- Nodes/Screen recording guardrails: cap `nodes` tool `screen_record` `durationMs` to 5 minutes at both schema-validation and runtime invocation layers to prevent long-running blocking captures from unbounded durations. Landed from contributor PR #31106 by @BlueBirdBack. Thanks @BlueBirdBack.
+- Telegram/Empty final replies: skip outbound send for null/undefined final text payloads without media so Telegram typing indicators do not linger on `text must be non-empty` errors, with added regression coverage for undefined final payload dispatch. Landed from contributor PRs #30969 by @haosenwang1018 and #30746 by @rylena. Thanks @haosenwang1018 and @rylena.
+- Telegram/Proxy dispatcher preservation: preserve proxy-aware global undici dispatcher behavior in Telegram network workarounds so proxy-backed Telegram + model traffic is not broken by dispatcher replacement. Landed from contributor PR #30367 by @Phineas1500. Thanks @Phineas1500.
+- Telegram/Media fetch IPv4 fallback: retry Telegram media fetches once with IPv4-first dispatcher settings when dual-stack connect errors (`ETIMEDOUT`/`ENETUNREACH`/`EHOSTUNREACH`) occur, improving reliability on broken IPv6 routes. Landed from contributor PR #30554 by @bosuksh. Thanks @bosuksh.
+- Telegram/DM topic session isolation: scope DM topic thread session keys by chat ID (`<chatId>:<threadId>`) and parse scoped thread IDs in outbound recovery so parallel DMs cannot collide on shared topic IDs. Landed from contributor PR #31064 by @0xble. Thanks @0xble.
+- Telegram/Group allowlist ordering: evaluate chat allowlist before sender allowlist enforcement so explicitly allowlisted groups are not fail-closed by empty sender allowlists. Landed from contributor PR #30680 by @openperf. Thanks @openperf.
+- Telegram/Multi-account group isolation: prevent channel-level `groups` config from leaking across Telegram accounts in multi-account setups, avoiding cross-account group routing drops. Landed from contributor PR #30677 by @YUJIE2002. Thanks @YUJIE2002.
+- Telegram/Voice caption overflow fallback: recover from `sendVoice` caption length errors by re-sending voice without caption and delivering text separately so replies are not lost. Landed from contributor PR #31131 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Telegram/Reply `first` chunking: apply `replyToMode: "first"` reply targets only to the first Telegram text/media/fallback chunk, avoiding multi-chunk over-quoting in split replies. Landed from contributor PR #31077 by @scoootscooob. Thanks @scoootscooob.
+- Feishu/Doc create permissions: remove caller-controlled owner fields from `feishu_doc` create and bind optional grant behavior to trusted Feishu requester context (`grant_to_requester`), preventing principal selection via tool arguments. (#31184) Thanks @Takhoffman.
+- Routing/Binding peer-kind parity: treat `peer.kind` `group` and `channel` as equivalent for binding scope matching (while keeping `direct` separate) so Slack/public channel bindings do not silently fall through. Landed from contributor PR #31135 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Cron/Store EBUSY fallback: retry `rename` on `EBUSY` and use `copyFile` fallback on Windows when replacing cron store files so busy-file contention no longer causes false write failures. (#16932) Thanks @sudhanva-chakra.
+- Cron/Isolated payload selection: ignore `isError` payloads when deriving summary/output/delivery payload fallbacks, while preserving error-only fallback behavior when no non-error payload exists. (#21454) Thanks @Diaspar4u.
+- Agents/FS workspace default: honor documented host file-tool default `tools.fs.workspaceOnly=false` when unset so host `write`/`edit` calls are not incorrectly workspace-restricted unless explicitly enabled. Landed from contributor PR #31128 by @SaucePackets. Thanks @SaucePackets.
+- Cron/Timer hot-loop guard: enforce a minimum timer re-arm delay when stale past-due jobs would otherwise trigger repeated `setTimeout(0)` loops, preventing event-loop saturation and log-flood behavior. (#29853) Thanks @FlamesCN.
+- Gateway/CLI session recovery: handle expired CLI session IDs gracefully by clearing stale session state and retrying without crashing gateway runs. Landed from contributor PR #31090 by @frankekn. Thanks @frankekn.
+- Onboarding/Docker token parity: use `OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_TOKEN` as the default gateway token in interactive and non-interactive onboarding when `--gateway-token` is not provided, so `docker-setup.sh` token env/config values stay aligned. (#22658) Fixes #22638. Thanks @Clawborn and @vincentkoc.
+- Slack/Subagent completion delivery: stop forcing bound conversation IDs into `threadId` so Slack completion announces do not send invalid `thread_ts` for DMs/top-level channels. Landed from contributor PR #31105 by @stakeswky. Thanks @stakeswky.
+- Signal/Loop protection: evaluate own-account detection before sync-message filtering (including UUID-only `accountUuid` configs) so `sentTranscript` sync events cannot bypass loop protection and self-reply loops. Landed from contributor PR #31093 by @kevinWangSheng. Thanks @kevinWangSheng.
+- Gateway/Control UI origins: support wildcard `"*"` in `gateway.controlUi.allowedOrigins` for trusted remote access setups. Landed from contributor PR #31088 by @frankekn. Thanks @frankekn.
+- Cron/Isolated CLI timeout ratio: avoid reusing persisted CLI session IDs on fresh isolated cron runs so the fresh watchdog profile is used and jobs do not abort at roughly one-third of configured `timeoutSeconds`. (#30140) Thanks @ningding97.
+- Cron/Session target guardrail: reject creating or patching `sessionTarget: "main"` cron jobs when `agentId` is not the default agent, preventing invalid cross-agent main-session bindings at write time. (#30217) Thanks @liaosvcaf.
+- Security/Audit: flag `gateway.controlUi.allowedOrigins=["*"]` as a high-risk configuration (severity based on bind exposure), and add a Feishu doc-tool warning that `owner_open_id` on `feishu_doc` create can grant document permissions.
+- Slack/download-file scoping: thread/channel-aware `download-file` actions now propagate optional scope context and reject downloads when Slack metadata definitively shows the file is outside the requested channel/thread, while preserving legacy behavior when share metadata is unavailable.
+- Security/Sandbox media reads: eliminate sandbox media TOCTOU symlink-retarget escapes by enforcing root-scoped boundary-safe reads at attachment/image load time and consolidating shared safe-read helpers across sandbox media callsites. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Sandbox media staging: block destination symlink escapes in `stageSandboxMedia` by replacing direct destination copies with root-scoped safe writes for both local and SCP-staged attachments, preventing out-of-workspace file overwrite through `media/inbound` alias traversal. This ships in the next npm release (`2026.3.2`). Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Node host/service auth env: include `OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_TOKEN` in `openclaw node install` service environments (with `CLAWDBOT_GATEWAY_TOKEN` compatibility fallback) so installed node services keep remote gateway token auth across restart/reboot. Fixes #31041. Thanks @OneStepAt4time for reporting, @byungsker, @liuxiaopai-ai, and @vincentkoc.
+- Security/Subagents sandbox inheritance: block sandboxed sessions from spawning cross-agent subagents that would run unsandboxed, preventing runtime sandbox downgrade via `sessions_spawn agentId`. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Workspace safe writes: harden `writeFileWithinRoot` against symlink-retarget TOCTOU races by opening existing files without truncation, creating missing files with exclusive create, deferring truncation until post-open identity+boundary validation, and removing out-of-root create artifacts on blocked races; added regression tests for truncate/create race paths. This ships in the next npm release (`2026.3.2`). Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Control UI/Cron editor: include `{ mode: "none" }` in `cron.update` patches when editing an existing job and selecting “Result delivery = None (internal)”, so saved jobs no longer keep stale announce delivery mode. Fixes #31075.
+- Telegram/Restart polling teardown: stop the Telegram bot instance when a polling cycle exits so in-process SIGUSR1 restarts fully tear down old long-poll loops before restart, reducing post-restart `getUpdates` 409 conflict storms. Fixes #31107. Landed from contributor PR #31141 by @liuxiaopai-ai. Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Security/Node metadata policy: harden node platform classification against Unicode confusables and switch unknown platform defaults to a conservative allowlist that excludes `system.run`/`system.which` unless explicitly allowlisted, preventing metadata canonicalization drift from broadening node command permissions. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Plugins/Discovery precedence: load bundled plugins before auto-discovered global extensions so bundled channel plugins win duplicate-ID resolution by default (explicit `plugins.load.paths` overrides remain highest precedence), with loader regression coverage. Landed from contributor PR #29710 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Discord/Reconnect integrity: release Discord message listener lane immediately while preserving serialized handler execution, add HELLO-stall resume-first recovery with bounded fresh-identify fallback after repeated stalls, and extend lifecycle/listener regression coverage for forced reconnect scenarios. Landed from contributor PR #29508 by @cgdusek. Thanks @cgdusek.
+- Matrix/Conduit compatibility: avoid blocking startup on non-resolving Matrix sync start, preserve startup error propagation, prevent duplicate monitor listener registration, remove unreliable 2-member DM heuristics, accept `!room` IDs without alias resolution, and add matrix monitor/client regression coverage. Landed from contributor PR #31023 by @efe-arv. Thanks @efe-arv.
+- Discord/Reconnect watchdog: add a shared armable transport stall-watchdog and wire Discord gateway lifecycle force-stop semantics for silent close/reconnect zombies, with gateway/lifecycle watchdog regression coverage and runtime status liveness updates. Follow-up to contributor PR #31025 by @theotarr and PR #30530 by @liuxiaopai-ai. Thanks @theotarr and @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Security/Skills: harden skill installer metadata parsing by rejecting unsafe installer specs (brew/node/go/uv/download) and constrain plugin-declared skill directories to the plugin root (including symlink-escape checks), with regression coverage.
+- Discord/DM command auth: unify DM allowlist + pairing-store authorization across message preflight and native command interactions so DM command gating is consistent for `open`/`pairing`/`allowlist` policies.
+- Sessions/Usage accounting: persist `cacheRead`/`cacheWrite` from the latest call snapshot (`lastCallUsage`) instead of accumulated multi-call totals, preventing inflated token/cost reporting in long tool/compaction runs. (#31005)
+- Sessions/Followup queue: always schedule followup drain even when unexpected runtime exceptions escape `runReplyAgent`, preventing silent stuck followup backlogs after failed turns. (#30627)
+- Sessions/DM scope migration: when `session.dmScope` is non-`main`, retire stale `agent:*:main` delivery routing metadata once the matching direct-chat peer session is active, preventing duplicate Telegram/DM announce deliveries from legacy main sessions after scope migration. (#31010)
+- Sessions/Compaction safety: add transcript-size forced pre-compaction memory flush (`agents.defaults.compaction.memoryFlush.forceFlushTranscriptBytes`, default 2MB) so long sessions recover without manual transcript deletion when token snapshots are stale. (#30655)
+- Diagnostics/Stuck session signal: add configurable stuck-session warning threshold via `diagnostics.stuckSessionWarnMs` (default 120000ms) to reduce false-positive warnings on long multi-tool turns. (#31032)
+- ACP/Harness thread spawn routing: force ACP harness thread creation through `sessions_spawn` (`runtime: "acp"`, `thread: true`) and explicitly forbid `message action=thread-create` for ACP harness requests, avoiding misrouted `Unknown channel` errors. (#30957) Thanks @dutifulbob.
+- Docs/ACP permissions: document the correct `permissionMode` default (`approve-reads`) and clarify non-interactive permission failure behavior/troubleshooting guidance. (#31044) Thanks @barronlroth.
+- Security/Logging utility hardening: remove `eval`-based command execution from `scripts/clawlog.sh`, switch to argv-safe command construction, and escape predicate literals for user-supplied search/category filters to block local command/predicate injection paths.
+- Security/ACPX Windows spawn hardening: resolve `.cmd/.bat` wrappers via PATH/PATHEXT and execute unwrapped Node/EXE entrypoints without shell parsing when possible, and enable strict fail-closed handling (`strictWindowsCmdWrapper`) by default for unresolvable wrappers on Windows (with explicit opt-out for compatibility). This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Inbound metadata stripping: tighten sentinel matching and JSON-fence validation for inbound metadata stripping so user-authored lookalike lines no longer trigger unintended metadata removal.
+- Security/Zalo webhook memory hardening: bound webhook security tracking state and normalize security keying to matched webhook paths (excluding attacker query-string churn) to prevent unauthenticated memory growth pressure on reachable webhook endpoints. Thanks @Somet2mes.
+- Security/Web search citation redirects: enforce strict SSRF defaults for Gemini citation redirect resolution so redirects to localhost/private/internal targets are blocked. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Channels/Command parsing parity: align command-body parsing fields with channel command-gating text for Slack, Signal, Microsoft Teams, Mattermost, and BlueBubbles to avoid mention-strip mismatches and inconsistent command detection.
+- CLI/Startup (Raspberry Pi + small hosts): speed up startup by avoiding unnecessary plugin preload on fast routes, adding root `--version` fast-path bootstrap bypass, parallelizing status JSON/non-JSON scans where safe, and enabling Node compile cache at startup with env override compatibility (`NODE_COMPILE_CACHE`, `NODE_DISABLE_COMPILE_CACHE`). (#5871) Thanks @BookCatKid and @vincentkoc for raising startup reports, and @lupuletic for related startup work in #27973.
+- Doctor/macOS state-dir safety: warn when OpenClaw state resolves inside iCloud Drive (`~/Library/Mobile Documents/com~apple~CloudDocs/...`) or `~/Library/CloudStorage/...`, because sync-backed paths can cause slower I/O and lock/sync races. (#31004) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Doctor/Linux state-dir safety: warn when OpenClaw state resolves to an `mmcblk*` mount source (SD or eMMC), because random I/O can be slower and media wear can increase under session and credential writes. (#31033) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- CLI/Startup follow-up: add root `--help` fast-path bootstrap bypass with strict root-only matching, lazily resolve CLI channel options only when commands need them, merge build-time startup metadata (`dist/cli-startup-metadata.json`) with runtime catalog discovery so dynamic catalogs are preserved, and add low-power Linux doctor hints for compile-cache placement and respawn tuning. (#30975) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Docker/Compose gateway targeting: run `openclaw-cli` in the `openclaw-gateway` service network namespace, require gateway startup ordering, pin Docker setup to `gateway.mode=local`, sync `gateway.bind` from `OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_BIND`, default optional `CLAUDE_*` compose vars to empty values to reduce automation warning noise, and harden `openclaw-cli` with `cap_drop` (`NET_RAW`, `NET_ADMIN`) + `no-new-privileges`. Docs now call out the shared trust boundary explicitly. (#12504) Thanks @bvanderdrift and @vincentkoc.
+- Telegram/Outbound API proxy env: keep the Node 22 `autoSelectFamily` global-dispatcher workaround while restoring env-proxy support by using `EnvHttpProxyAgent` so `HTTP_PROXY`/`HTTPS_PROXY` continue to apply to outbound requests. (#26207) Thanks @qsysbio-cjw for reporting and @rylena and @vincentkoc for work.
+- Browser/Security: fail closed on browser-control auth bootstrap errors; if auto-auth setup fails and no explicit token/password exists, browser control server startup now aborts instead of starting unauthenticated. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @ijxpwastaken.
+- Sandbox/noVNC hardening: increase observer password entropy, shorten observer token lifetime, and replace noVNC token redirect with a bootstrap page that keeps credentials out of `Location` query strings and adds strict no-cache/no-referrer headers.
+- Security/External content marker folding: expand Unicode angle-bracket homoglyph normalization in marker sanitization so additional guillemet, double-angle, tortoise-shell, flattened-parenthesis, and ornamental variants are folded before boundary replacement. (#30951) Thanks @benediktjohannes.
+- Docs/Slack manifest scopes: add missing DM/group-DM bot scopes (`im:read`, `im:write`, `mpim:read`, `mpim:write`) to the Slack app manifest example so DM setup guidance is complete. (#29999) Thanks @JcMinarro.
+- Slack/Onboarding token help: update setup text to include the “From manifest” app-creation path and current install wording for obtaining the `xoxb-` bot token. (#30846) Thanks @yzhong52.
+- Telegram/Thread fallback safety: when Telegram returns `message thread not found`, retry without `message_thread_id` only for DM-thread sends (not forum topics), and suppress first-attempt danger logs when retry succeeds. Landed from contributor PR #30892 by @liuxiaopai-ai. Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Slack/Bot attachment-only messages: when `allowBots: true`, bot messages with empty `text` now include non-forwarded attachment `text`/`fallback` content so webhook alerts are not silently dropped. (#27616) Thanks @lailoo.
+- Slack/Inbound media auth + HTML guard: keep Slack auth headers on forwarded shared attachment image downloads, and reject login/error HTML payloads (while allowing expected `.html` uploads) when resolving Slack media so auth failures do not silently pass as files. (#18642) Thanks @tumf.
 - Slack/Security ingress mismatch guard: drop slash-command and interaction payloads when app/team identifiers do not match the active Slack account context (including nested `team.id` interaction payloads), preventing cross-app or cross-workspace payload injection into system-event handling. (#29091) Thanks @Solvely-Colin.
-- Cron/Failure alerts: add configurable repeated-failure alerting with per-job overrides and Web UI cron editor support (`inherit|disabled|custom` with threshold/cooldown/channel/target fields). (#24789) Thanks xbrak.
+- Cron/Failure alerts: add configurable repeated-failure alerting with per-job overrides and Web UI cron editor support (`inherit|disabled|custom` with threshold/cooldown/channel/target fields). (#24789) Thanks @0xbrak.
 - Cron/Isolated model defaults: resolve isolated cron `subagents.model` (including object-form `primary`) through allowlist-aware model selection so isolated cron runs honor subagent model defaults unless explicitly overridden by job payload model. (#11474) Thanks @AnonO6.
 - Cron/Isolated sessions list: persist the intended pre-run model/provider on isolated cron session entries so `sessions_list` reflects payload/session model overrides even when runs fail before post-run telemetry persistence. (#21279) Thanks @altaywtf.
+- Cron tool/update flat params: recover top-level update patch fields when models omit the `patch` wrapper, and allow flattened update keys through tool input schema validation so `cron.update` no longer fails with `patch required` for valid flat payloads. (#23221)
+- Cron/Announce delivery status: keep isolated cron runs in `ok` state when execution succeeds but announce delivery fails (for example transient `pairing required`), while preserving `delivered=false` and delivery error context for visibility. (#31082) Thanks @YuzuruS.
+- Agents/Message tool scoping: include other configured channels in scoped `message` tool action enum + description so isolated/cron runs can discover and invoke cross-channel actions without schema validation failures. Landed from contributor PR #20840 by @altaywtf. Thanks @altaywtf.
 - Web UI/Chat sessions: add a cron-session visibility toggle in the session selector, fix cron-key detection across `cron:*` and `agent:*:cron:*` formats, and localize the new control labels/tooltips. (#26976) Thanks @ianderrington.
 - Web UI/Cron jobs: add schedule-kind and last-run-status filters to the Jobs list, with reset control and client-side filtering over loaded results. (#9510) Thanks @guxu11.
-- Cron/One-shot reliability: retry transient one-shot failures with bounded backoff and configurable retry policy before disabling. (#24435) Thanks .
-- Gateway/Cron auditability: add gateway info logs for successful cron create, update, and remove operations. (#25090) Thanks .
-- Cron/Schedule errors: notify users when a job is auto-disabled after repeated schedule computation failures. (#29098) Thanks .
-- Cron/Schedule errors: notify users when a job is auto-disabled after repeated schedule computation failures. (#29098) Thanks .
+- Web UI/Control UI WebSocket defaults: include normalized `gateway.controlUi.basePath` (or inferred nested route base path) in the default `gatewayUrl` so first-load dashboard connections work behind path-based reverse proxies. (#30228) Thanks @gittb.
+- Gateway/Control UI API routing: when `gateway.controlUi.basePath` is unset (default), stop serving Control UI SPA HTML for `/api` and `/api/*` so API paths fall through to normal gateway handlers/404 responses instead of `index.html`. (#30333) Fixes #30295. thanks @Sid-Qin.
+- Cron/One-shot reliability: retry transient one-shot failures with bounded backoff and configurable retry policy before disabling. (#24435) Thanks @hugenshen.
+- Gateway/Cron auditability: add gateway info logs for successful cron create, update, and remove operations. (#25090) Thanks @MoerAI.
+- Gateway/Tailscale onboarding origin allowlist: auto-add the detected Tailnet HTTPS origin during interactive configure/onboarding flows (including IPv6-safe origin formatting and binary-path reuse), so Tailscale serve/funnel Control UI access works without manual `allowedOrigins` edits. Landed from contributor PR #28960 by @Glucksberg. Thanks @Glucksberg.
+- Gateway/Upgrade migration for Control UI origins: seed `gateway.controlUi.allowedOrigins` on startup for legacy non-loopback configs (`lan`/`tailnet`/`custom`) when origins are missing or blank, preventing post-upgrade crash loops while preserving explicit existing policy. Landed from contributor PR #29394 by @synchronic1. Thanks @synchronic1.
+- Gateway/Plugin HTTP auth hardening: require gateway auth for protected plugin paths and explicit `registerHttpRoute` paths (while preserving wildcard-handler behavior for signature-auth webhooks), and run plugin handlers after built-in handlers for deterministic route precedence. Landed from contributor PR #29198 by @Mariana-Codebase. Thanks @Mariana-Codebase.
+- Gateway/Config patch guard: reject `config.patch` updates that set non-loopback `gateway.bind` while `gateway.tailscale.mode` is `serve`/`funnel`, preventing restart crash loops from invalid bind/tailscale combinations. Landed from contributor PR #30910 by @liuxiaopai-ai. Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Cron/Schedule errors: notify users when a job is auto-disabled after repeated schedule computation failures. (#29098) Thanks @ningding97.
+- Config/Legacy gateway bind aliases: normalize host-style `gateway.bind` values (`0.0.0.0`/`::`/`127.0.0.1`/`localhost`) to supported bind modes (`lan`/`loopback`) during legacy migration so older configs recover without manual edits. (#30080) Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai and @vincentkoc.
 - File tools/tilde paths: expand `~/...` against the user home directory before workspace-root checks in host file read/write/edit paths, while preserving root-boundary enforcement so outside-root targets remain blocked. (#29779) Thanks @Glucksberg.
-- Slack/HTTP mode startup: treat Slack HTTP accounts as configured when `botToken` + `signingSecret` are present (without requiring `appToken`) in channel config/runtime status so webhook mode is not silently skipped. (#30567)
-- Slack/Transient request errors: classify Slack request-error messages like `Client network socket disconnected before secure TLS connection was established` as transient in unhandled-rejection fatal detection, preventing temporary network drops from crash-looping the gateway. (#23169)
+- Slack/HTTP mode startup: treat Slack HTTP accounts as configured when `botToken` + `signingSecret` are present (without requiring `appToken`) in channel config/runtime status so webhook mode is not silently skipped. (#30567) Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
+- Slack/Transient request errors: classify Slack request-error messages like `Client network socket disconnected before secure TLS connection was established` as transient in unhandled-rejection fatal detection, preventing temporary network drops from crash-looping the gateway. (#23169) Thanks @graysurf.
 - Slack/Usage footer formatting: wrap session keys in inline code in full response-usage footers so Slack does not parse colon-delimited session segments as emoji shortcodes. (#30258) Thanks @pushkarsingh32.
-- Slack/Socket Mode slash startup: treat `app.options()` registration as best-effort and fall back to static arg menus when listener registration fails, preventing Slack monitor startup crash loops on receiver init edge cases. (#21715)
+- Slack/Thread session isolation: route channel/group top-level messages into thread-scoped sessions (`:thread:<ts>`) and read inbound `previousTimestamp` from the resolved thread session key, preventing cross-thread context bleed and stale timestamp lookups. (#10686) Thanks @pablohrcarvalho.
+- Slack/Socket Mode slash startup: treat `app.options()` registration as best-effort and fall back to static arg menus when listener registration fails, preventing Slack monitor startup crash loops on receiver init edge cases. (#21715) Thanks @Glucksberg.
 - Slack/Legacy streaming config: map boolean `channels.slack.streaming=false` to unified streaming mode `off` (with `nativeStreaming=false`) so legacy configs correctly disable draft preview/native streaming instead of defaulting to `partial`. (#25990) Thanks @chilu18.
 - Slack/Socket reconnect reliability: reconnect Socket Mode after disconnect/start failures using bounded exponential backoff with abort-aware waits, while preserving clean shutdown behavior and adding disconnect/error helper tests. (#27232) Thanks @pandego.
+- Memory/QMD update+embed output cap: discard captured stdout for `qmd update` and `qmd embed` runs (while keeping stderr diagnostics) so large index progress output no longer fails sync with `produced too much output` during boot/refresh. (#28900) Thanks @Glucksberg.
 - Onboarding/Custom providers: raise default custom-provider model context window to the runtime hard minimum (16k) and auto-heal existing custom model entries below that threshold during reconfiguration, preventing immediate `Model context window too small (4096 tokens)` failures. (#21653) Thanks @r4jiv007.
 - Web UI/Assistant text: strip internal `<relevant-memories>...</relevant-memories>` scaffolding from rendered assistant messages (while preserving code-fence literals), preventing memory-context leakage in chat output for models that echo internal blocks. (#29851) Thanks @Valkster70.
 - Dashboard/Sessions: allow authenticated Control UI clients to delete and patch sessions while still blocking regular webchat clients from session mutation RPCs, fixing Dashboard session delete failures. (#21264) Thanks @jskoiz.
 - TUI/Session model status: clear stale runtime model identity when model overrides change so `/model` updates are reflected immediately in `sessions.patch` responses and `sessions.list` status surfaces. (#28619) Thanks @lejean2000.
 - Agents/Session status: read thinking/verbose/reasoning levels from persisted session state in `session_status` output when resolved levels are not provided, so status reflects runtime toggles correctly. (#30129) Thanks @YuzuruS.
+- Agents/Tool-name recovery chain: normalize streamed alias/case tool names against the allowed set, preserve whitespace-only streamed placeholders to avoid collapsing to empty names, and repair/guard persisted blank `toolResult.toolName` values from matching tool calls to reduce repeated `Tool not found` loops in long sessions. Landed from contributor PRs #30620 and #30735 by @Sid-Qin, plus #30881 by @liuxiaopai-ai. Thanks @Sid-Qin and @liuxiaopai-ai.
 - TUI/SIGTERM shutdown: ignore `setRawMode EBADF` teardown errors during `SIGTERM` exit so long-running TUI sessions do not crash on terminal shutdown races, while still rethrowing unrelated stop errors. (#29430) Thanks @Cormazabal.
 - Memory/Hybrid recall: when strict hybrid scoring yields no hits, preserve keyword-backed matches using a text-weight floor so freshly indexed lexical canaries no longer disappear behind `minScore` filtering. (#29112) Thanks @ceo-nada.
 - Android/Notifications auth race: return `NOT_AUTHORIZED` when `POST_NOTIFICATIONS` is revoked between authorization precheck and delivery, instead of returning success while dropping the notification. (#30726) Thanks @obviyus.
 - Cron/Reminder session routing: preserve `job.sessionKey` for `sessionTarget="main"` runs so queued reminders wake and deliver in the originating scoped session/channel instead of being forced to the agent main session.
+- Cron/Timezone regression guard: add explicit schedule coverage for `0 8 * * *` with `Asia/Shanghai` to ensure `nextRunAtMs` never rolls back to a past year and always advances to the next valid occurrence. (#30351)
 - Agents/Sessions list transcript paths: resolve `sessions_list` `transcriptPath` via agent-aware session path options and ignore combined-store sentinel paths (`(multiple)`) so listed transcript paths always point to the state directory. (#28379) Thanks @fafuzuoluo.
 - Podman/Quadlet setup: fix `sed` escaping and UID mismatch in Podman Quadlet setup. (#26414) Thanks @KnHack and @vincentkoc.
 - Browser/Navigate: resolve the correct `targetId` in navigate responses after renderer swaps. (#25326) Thanks @stone-jin and @vincentkoc.
 - Agents/Ollama discovery: skip Ollama discovery when explicit models are configured. (#28827) Thanks @Kansodata and @vincentkoc.
 - Issues/triage labeling: consolidate bug intake to a single bug issue form with required bug-type classification (regression/crash/behavior), auto-apply matching subtype labels from issue form content, and retire the separate regression template to reduce misfiled issue types and improve queue filtering. Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - Android/Onboarding + voice reliability: request per-toggle onboarding permissions, update pairing guidance to `openclaw devices list/approve`, restore assistant speech playback in mic capture flow, cancel superseded in-flight speech (mute + per-reply token rotation), and keep `talk.config` loads retryable after transient failures. (#29796) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Feishu/Startup probes: serialize multi-account bot-info probes during monitor startup so large Feishu account sets do not burst `/open-apis/bot/v3/info`, bound startup probe latency/abort handling to avoid head-of-line stalls, and avoid triggering rate limits. (#26685, #29941) Thanks @bmendonca3.
 - FS/Sandbox workspace boundaries: add a dedicated `outside-workspace` safe-open error code for root-escape checks, and propagate specific outside-workspace messages across edit/browser/media consumers instead of generic not-found/invalid-path fallbacks. (#29715) Thanks @YuzuruS.
 - Config/Doctor group allowlist diagnostics: align `groupPolicy: "allowlist"` warnings with per-channel runtime semantics by excluding Google Chat sender-list checks and by warning when no-fallback channels (for example iMessage) omit `groupAllowFrom`, with regression coverage. (#28477) Thanks @tonydehnke.
-- Slack/Disabled channel startup: skip Slack monitor socket startup entirely when `channels.slack.enabled=false` (including configs that still contain valid tokens), preventing disabled accounts from opening websocket connections. (#30586)
+- Slack/Disabled channel startup: skip Slack monitor socket startup entirely when `channels.slack.enabled=false` (including configs that still contain valid tokens), preventing disabled accounts from opening websocket connections. (#30586) Thanks @liuxiaopai-ai.
 - Onboarding/Custom providers: use Azure OpenAI-specific verification auth/payload shape (`api-key`, deployment-path chat completions payload) when probing Azure endpoints so valid Azure custom-provider setup no longer fails preflight. (#29421) Thanks @kunalk16.
 - Feishu/Docx editing tools: add `feishu_doc` positional insert, table row/column operations, table-cell merge, and color-text updates; switch markdown write/append/insert to Descendant API insertion with large-document batching; and harden image uploads for data URI/base64/local-path inputs with strict validation and routing-safe upload metadata. (#29411) Thanks @Elarwei001.
 
@@ -144,7 +496,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Gemini OAuth/Auth flow: align OAuth project discovery metadata and endpoint fallback handling for Gemini CLI auth, including fallback coverage for environment-provided project IDs. (#16684) Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - Google Chat/Lifecycle: keep Google Chat `startAccount` pending until abort in webhook mode so startup is no longer interpreted as immediate exit, preventing auto-restart loops and webhook-target churn. (#27384) thanks @junsuwhy.
 - Temp dirs/Linux umask: force `0700` permissions after temp-dir creation and self-heal existing writable temp dirs before trust checks so `umask 0002` installs no longer crash-loop on startup. Landed from contributor PR #27860 by @stakeswky. (#27853) Thanks @stakeswky.
-- Nextcloud Talk/Lifecycle: keep `startAccount` pending until abort and stop the webhook monitor on shutdown, preventing `EADDRINUSE` restart loops when the gateway manages account lifecycle. (#27897)
+- Nextcloud Talk/Lifecycle: keep `startAccount` pending until abort and stop the webhook monitor on shutdown, preventing `EADDRINUSE` restart loops when the gateway manages account lifecycle. (#27897) Thanks @steipete.
 - Microsoft Teams/File uploads: acknowledge `fileConsent/invoke` immediately (`invokeResponse` before upload + file card send) so Teams no longer shows false "Something went wrong" timeout banners while upload completion continues asynchronously; includes updated async regression coverage. Landed from contributor PR #27641 by @scz2011.
 - Queue/Drain/Cron reliability: harden lane draining with guaranteed `draining` flag reset on synchronous pump failures, reject new queue enqueues during gateway restart drain windows (instead of silently killing accepted tasks), add `/stop` queued-backlog cutoff metadata with stale-message skipping (while avoiding cross-session native-stop cutoff bleed), and raise isolated cron `agentTurn` outer safety timeout to avoid false 10-minute timeout races against longer agent session timeouts. (#27407, #27332, #27427)
 - Typing/Main reply pipeline: always mark dispatch idle in `agent-runner` finalization so typing cleanup runs even when dispatcher `onIdle` does not fire, preventing stuck typing indicators after run completion. (#27250) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
@@ -161,7 +513,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Agents/Canvas default node resolution: when multiple connected canvas-capable nodes exist and no single `mac-*` candidate is selected, default to the first connected candidate instead of failing with `node required` for implicit-node canvas tool calls. Landed from contributor PR #27444 by @carbaj03. Thanks @carbaj03.
 - TUI/stream assembly: preserve streamed text across real tool-boundary drops without keeping stale streamed text when non-text blocks appear only in the final payload. Landed from contributor PR #27711 by @scz2011. (#27674)
 - Hooks/Internal `message:sent`: forward `sessionKey` on outbound sends from agent delivery, cron isolated delivery, gateway receipt acks, heartbeat sends, session-maintenance warnings, and restart-sentinel recovery so internal `message:sent` hooks consistently dispatch with session context, including `openclaw agent --deliver` runs resumed via `--session-id` (without explicit `--session-key`). Landed from contributor PR #27584 by @qualiobra. Thanks @qualiobra.
-- Pi image-token usage: stop re-injecting history image blocks each turn, process image references from the current prompt only, and prune already-answered user-image blocks in stored history to prevent runaway token growth. (#27602)
+- Pi image-token usage: stop re-injecting history image blocks each turn, process image references from the current prompt only, and prune already-answered user-image blocks in stored history to prevent runaway token growth. (#27602) Thanks @steipete.
 - BlueBubbles/SSRF: auto-allowlist the configured `serverUrl` hostname for attachment fetches so localhost/private-IP BlueBubbles setups are no longer false-blocked by default SSRF checks. Landed from contributor PR #27648 by @lailoo. (#27599) Thanks @taylorhou for reporting.
 - Agents/Compaction + onboarding safety: prevent destructive double-compaction by stripping stale assistant usage around compaction boundaries, skipping post-compaction custom metadata writes in the same attempt, and cancelling safeguard compaction when there are no real conversation messages to summarize; harden workspace/bootstrap detection for memory-backed workspaces; and change `openclaw onboard --reset` default scope to `config+creds+sessions` (workspace deletion now requires `--reset-scope full`). (#26458, #27314) Thanks @jaden-clovervnd, @Sid-Qin, and @widingmarcus-cyber for fix direction in #26502, #26529, and #27492.
 - NO_REPLY suppression: suppress `NO_REPLY` before Slack API send and in sub-agent announce completion flow so sentinel text no longer leaks into user channels. Landed from contributor PRs #27529 (by @Sid-Qin) and #27535 (rewritten minimal landing by maintainers). (#27387, #27531)
@@ -177,12 +529,13 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Browser/Extension relay shutdown: flush pending extension-request timers/rejections during relay `stop()` before socket/server teardown so in-flight extension waits do not survive shutdown windows. Landed from contributor PR #24142 by @kevinWangSheng.
 - Browser/Extension relay reconnect resilience: keep CDP clients alive across brief MV3 extension disconnect windows, wait briefly for extension reconnect before failing in-flight CDP commands, and only tear down relay target/client state after reconnect grace expires. Landed from contributor PR #27617 by @davidemanuelDEV.
 - Browser/Route decode hardening: guard malformed percent-encoding in relay target action routes and browser route-param decoding so crafted `%` paths return `400` instead of crashing/unhandled URI decode failures. Landed from contributor PR #11880 by @Yida-Dev.
+- Browser/Writable output path hardening: reject existing hardlinked writable targets, and finalize browser download/trace outputs via sibling temp files plus atomic rename to block hardlink-alias overwrite paths under browser temp roots.
 - Feishu/Inbound message metadata: include inbound `message_id` in `BodyForAgent` on a dedicated metadata line so agents can reliably correlate and act on media/message operations that require message IDs, with regression coverage. (#27253) thanks @xss925175263.
 - Feishu/Doc tools: route `feishu_doc` and `feishu_app_scopes` through the active agent account context (with explicit `accountId` override support) so multi-account agents no longer default to the first configured app, with regression coverage for context routing and explicit override behavior. (#27338) thanks @AaronL725.
 - LINE/Inline directives auth: gate directive parsing (`/model`, `/think`, `/verbose`, `/reasoning`, `/queue`) on resolved authorization (`command.isAuthorizedSender`) so `commands.allowFrom`-authorized LINE senders are not silently stripped when raw `CommandAuthorized` is unset. Landed from contributor PR #27248 by @kevinWangSheng. (#27240)
 - Onboarding/Gateway: seed default Control UI `allowedOrigins` for non-loopback binds during onboarding (`localhost`/`127.0.0.1` plus custom bind host) so fresh non-loopback setups do not fail startup due to missing origin policy. (#26157) thanks @stakeswky.
 - Docker/GCP onboarding: reduce first-build OOM risk by capping Node heap during `pnpm install`, reuse existing gateway token during `docker-setup.sh` reruns so `.env` stays aligned with config, auto-bootstrap Control UI allowed origins for non-loopback Docker binds, and add GCP docs guidance for tokenized dashboard links + pairing recovery commands. (#26253) Thanks @pandego.
-- CLI/Gateway `--force` in non-root Docker: recover from `lsof` permission failures (`EACCES`/`EPERM`) by falling back to `fuser` kill + probe-based port checks, so `openclaw gateway --force` works for default container `node` user flows. (#27941)
+- CLI/Gateway `--force` in non-root Docker: recover from `lsof` permission failures (`EACCES`/`EPERM`) by falling back to `fuser` kill + probe-based port checks, so `openclaw gateway --force` works for default container `node` user flows. (#27941) Thanks @steipete.
 - Gateway/Bind visibility: emit a startup warning when binding to non-loopback addresses so operators get explicit exposure guidance in runtime logs. (#25397) thanks @let5sne.
 - Sessions cleanup/Doctor: add `openclaw sessions cleanup --fix-missing` to prune store entries whose transcript files are missing, including doctor guidance and CLI coverage. Landed from contributor PR #27508 by @Sid-Qin. (#27422)
 - Doctor/State integrity: ignore metadata-only slash routing sessions when checking recent missing transcripts so `openclaw doctor` no longer reports false-positive transcript-missing warnings for `*:slash:*` keys. (#27375) thanks @gumadeiras.
@@ -200,7 +553,8 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Models/OpenAI Codex config schema parity: accept `openai-codex-responses` in the config model API schema and TypeScript `ModelApi` union, with regression coverage for config validation. Landed from contributor PR #27501 by @AytuncYildizli. Thanks @AytuncYildizli.
 - Agents/Models config: preserve agent-level provider `apiKey` and `baseUrl` during merge-mode `models.json` updates when agent values are present. (#27293) thanks @Sid-Qin.
 - Azure OpenAI Responses: force `store=true` for `azure-openai-responses` direct responses API calls to avoid multi-turn 400 failures. Landed from contributor PR #27499 by @polarbear-Yang. (#27497)
-- Security/Node exec approvals: require structured `commandArgv` approvals for `host=node`, enforce versioned `systemRunBindingV1` matching for argv/cwd/session/agent/env context with fail-closed behavior on missing/mismatched bindings, and add `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` to blocked host env keys. This ships in the next npm release (`2026.2.26`). Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Node exec approvals: require structured `commandArgv` approvals for `host=node`, enforce `systemRunBinding` matching for argv/cwd/session/agent/env context with fail-closed behavior on missing/mismatched bindings, and add `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` to blocked host env keys. This ships in the next npm release (`2026.2.26`). Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Command authorization: enforce sender authorization for natural-language abort triggers (`stop`-like text) and `/models` listings, preventing unauthorized session aborts and model-auth metadata disclosure. This ships in the next npm release (`2026.2.27`). Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
 - Security/Plugin channel HTTP auth: normalize protected `/api/channels` path checks against canonicalized request paths (case + percent-decoding + slash normalization), resolve encoded dot-segment traversal variants, and fail closed on malformed `%`-encoded channel prefixes so alternate-path variants cannot bypass gateway auth. This ships in the next npm release (`2026.2.26`). Thanks @zpbrent for reporting.
 - Security/Gateway node pairing: pin paired-device `platform`/`deviceFamily` metadata across reconnects and bind those fields into device-auth signatures, so reconnect metadata spoofing cannot expand node command allowlists without explicit repair pairing. This ships in the next npm release (`2026.2.26`). Thanks @76embiid21 for reporting.
 - Security/Sandbox path alias guard: reject broken symlink targets by resolving through existing ancestors and failing closed on out-of-root targets, preventing workspace-only `apply_patch` writes from escaping sandbox/workspace boundaries via dangling symlinks. This ships in the next npm release (`2026.2.26`). Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
@@ -244,25 +598,27 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Slack/Identity: thread agent outbound identity (`chat:write.customize` overrides) through the channel reply delivery path so per-agent username, icon URL, and icon emoji are applied to all Slack replies including media messages. (#27134) Thanks @hou-rong.
 - Slack/Threading: resolve `replyToMode` per incoming message using chat-type-aware account config (`replyToModeByChatType` and legacy `dm.replyToMode`) so DM/channel reply threading honors overrides instead of always using monitor startup defaults. (#24717) Thanks @dbachelder.
 - Slack/Threading: track bot participation in message threads (per account/channel/thread) so follow-up messages in those threads can be handled without requiring repeated @mentions, while preserving mention-gating behavior for unrelated threads. (#29165) Thanks @luijoc.
+- Slack/Threading: stop forcing tool-call reply mode to `all` based on `ThreadLabel` alone; now force thread reply mode only when an explicit thread target exists (`MessageThreadId`/`ReplyToId`), so DM `replyToModeByChatType.direct` overrides are honored outside real thread replies. (#26251) Thanks @dbachelder.
+- Slack/Threading: when `replyToMode="all"` auto-threads top-level Slack DMs, seed the thread session key from the message `ts` so the initial message and later replies share the same isolated `:thread:` session instead of falling back to base DM context. (#26849) Thanks @calder-sandy.
 - Agents/Subagents delivery: refactor subagent completion announce dispatch into an explicit queue/direct/fallback state machine, recover outbound channel-plugin resolution in cold/stale plugin-registry states across announce/message/gateway send paths, finalize cleanup bookkeeping when announce flow rejects, and treat Telegram sends without `message_id` as delivery failures (instead of false-success `"unknown"` IDs). (#26867, #25961, #26803, #25069, #26741) Thanks @SmithLabsLLC and @docaohieu2808.
-- Telegram/Webhook: pre-initialize webhook bots, switch webhook processing to callback-mode JSON handling, and preserve full near-limit payload reads under delayed handlers to prevent webhook request hangs and dropped updates. (#26156)
+- Telegram/Webhook: pre-initialize webhook bots, switch webhook processing to callback-mode JSON handling, and preserve full near-limit payload reads under delayed handlers to prevent webhook request hangs and dropped updates. (#26156) Thanks @steipete.
 - Slack/Session threads: prevent oversized parent-session inheritance from silently bricking new thread sessions, surface embedded context-overflow empty-result failures to users, and add configurable `session.parentForkMaxTokens` (default `100000`, `0` disables). (#26912) Thanks @markshields-tl.
 - Cron/Message multi-account routing: honor explicit `delivery.accountId` for isolated cron delivery resolution, and when `message.send` omits `accountId`, fall back to the sending agent's bound channel account instead of defaulting to the global account. (#27015, #26975) Thanks @lbo728 and @stakeswky.
 - Gateway/Message media roots: thread `agentId` through gateway `send` RPC and prefer explicit `agentId` over session/default resolution so non-default agent workspace media sends no longer fail with `LocalMediaAccessError`; added regression coverage for agent precedence and blank-agent fallback. (#23249) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
 - Followups/Routing: when explicit origin routing fails, allow same-channel fallback dispatch (while still blocking cross-channel fallback) so followup replies do not get dropped on transient origin-adapter failures. (#26109) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
-- Cron/Announce duplicate guard: track attempted announce/direct delivery separately from confirmed `delivered`, and suppress fallback main-session cron summaries when delivery was already attempted to avoid duplicate end-user sends in uncertain-ack paths. (#27018)
+- Cron/Announce duplicate guard: track attempted announce/direct delivery separately from confirmed `delivered`, and suppress fallback main-session cron summaries when delivery was already attempted to avoid duplicate end-user sends in uncertain-ack paths. (#27018) Thanks @steipete.
 - LINE/Lifecycle: keep LINE `startAccount` pending until abort so webhook startup is no longer misread as immediate channel exit, preventing restart-loop storms on LINE provider boot. (#26528) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
 - Discord/Gateway: capture and drain startup-time gateway `error` events before lifecycle listeners attach so early `Fatal Gateway error: 4014` closes surface as actionable intent guidance instead of uncaught gateway crashes. (#23832) Thanks @theotarr.
 - Discord/Inbound text: preserve embed `title` + `description` fallback text in message and forwarded snapshot parsing so embed titles are not silently dropped from agent input. (#26946) Thanks @stakeswky.
 - Slack/Inbound media fallback: deliver file-only messages even when Slack media downloads fail by adding a filename placeholder fallback, capping fallback names to the shared media-file limit, and normalizing empty filenames to `file` so attachment-only messages are not silently dropped. (#25181) Thanks @justinhuangcode.
-- Telegram/Preview cleanup: keep finalized text previews when a later assistant message is media-only (for example mixed text plus voice turns) by skipping finalized preview archival at assistant-message boundaries, preventing cleanup from deleting already-visible final text messages. (#27042)
+- Telegram/Preview cleanup: keep finalized text previews when a later assistant message is media-only (for example mixed text plus voice turns) by skipping finalized preview archival at assistant-message boundaries, preventing cleanup from deleting already-visible final text messages. (#27042) Thanks @steipete.
 - Telegram/Markdown spoilers: keep valid `||spoiler||` pairs while leaving unmatched trailing `||` delimiters as literal text, avoiding false all-or-nothing spoiler suppression. (#26105) Thanks @Sid-Qin.
 - Slack/Allowlist channels: match channel IDs case-insensitively during channel allowlist resolution so lowercase config keys (for example `c0abc12345`) correctly match Slack runtime IDs (`C0ABC12345`) under `groupPolicy: "allowlist"`, preventing silent channel-event drops. (#26878) Thanks @lbo728.
 - Discord/Typing indicator: prevent stuck typing indicators by sealing channel typing keepalive callbacks after idle/cleanup and ensuring Discord dispatch always marks typing idle even if preview-stream cleanup fails. (#26295) Thanks @ngutman.
 - Channels/Typing indicator: guard typing keepalive start callbacks after idle/cleanup close so post-close ticks cannot re-trigger stale typing indicators. (#26325) Thanks @win4r.
 - Followups/Typing indicator: ensure followup turns mark dispatch idle on every exit path (including `NO_REPLY`, empty payloads, and agent errors) so typing keepalive cleanup always runs and channel typing indicators do not get stuck after queued/silent followups. (#26881) Thanks @codexGW.
-- Voice-call/TTS tools: hide the `tts` tool when the message provider is `voice`, preventing voice-call runs from selecting self-playback TTS and falling into silent no-output loops. (#27025)
-- Agents/Tools: normalize non-standard plugin tool results that omit `content` so embedded runs no longer crash with `Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'filter')` after tool completion (including `tesseramemo_query`). (#27007)
+- Voice-call/TTS tools: hide the `tts` tool when the message provider is `voice`, preventing voice-call runs from selecting self-playback TTS and falling into silent no-output loops. (#27025) Thanks @steipete.
+- Agents/Tools: normalize non-standard plugin tool results that omit `content` so embedded runs no longer crash with `Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'filter')` after tool completion (including `tesseramemo_query`). (#27007) Thanks @steipete.
 - Agents/Tool-call dispatch: trim whitespace-padded tool names in both transcript repair and live streamed embedded-runner responses so exact-match tool lookup no longer fails with `Tool ... not found` for model outputs like `" read "`. (#27094) Thanks @openperf and @Sid-Qin.
 - Cron/Model overrides: when isolated `payload.model` is no longer allowlisted, fall back to default model selection instead of failing the job, while still returning explicit errors for invalid model strings. (#26717) Thanks @Youyou972.
 - Agents/Model fallback: keep explicit text + image fallback chains reachable even when `agents.defaults.models` allowlists are present, prefer explicit run `agentId` over session-key parsing for followup fallback override resolution (with session-key fallback), treat agent-level fallback overrides as configured in embedded runner preflight, and classify `model_cooldown` / `cooling down` errors as `rate_limit` so failover continues. (#11972, #24137, #17231)
@@ -319,7 +675,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 
 - Routing/Session isolation: harden followup routing so explicit cross-channel origin replies never fall back to the active dispatcher on route failure, preserve queued overflow summary routing metadata (`channel`/`to`/`thread`) across followup drain, and prefer originating channel context over internal provider tags for embedded followup runs. This prevents webchat/control-ui context from hijacking Discord-targeted replies in shared sessions. (#25864) Thanks @Gamedesigner.
 - Security/Routing: fail closed for shared-session cross-channel replies by binding outbound target resolution to the current turn’s source channel metadata (instead of stale session route fallbacks), and wire those turn-source fields through gateway + command delivery planners with regression coverage. (#24571) Thanks @brandonwise.
-- Heartbeat routing: prevent heartbeat leakage/spam into Discord and other direct-message destinations by blocking direct-chat heartbeat delivery targets and keeping blocked-delivery cron/exec prompts internal-only. (#25871)
+- Heartbeat routing: prevent heartbeat leakage/spam into Discord and other direct-message destinations by blocking direct-chat heartbeat delivery targets and keeping blocked-delivery cron/exec prompts internal-only. (#25871) Thanks @steipete.
 - Heartbeat defaults/prompts: switch the implicit heartbeat delivery target from `last` to `none` (opt-in for external delivery), and use internal-only cron/exec heartbeat prompt wording when delivery is disabled so background checks do not nudge user-facing relay behavior. (#25871, #24638, #25851)
 - Auto-reply/Heartbeat queueing: drop heartbeat runs when a session already has an active run instead of enqueueing a stale followup, preventing duplicate heartbeat response branches after queue drain. (#25610, #25606) Thanks @mcaxtr.
 - Cron/Heartbeat delivery: stop inheriting cached session `lastThreadId` for heartbeat-mode target resolution unless a thread/topic is explicitly requested, so announce-mode cron and heartbeat deliveries stay on top-level destinations instead of leaking into active conversation threads. (#25730) Thanks @markshields-tl.
@@ -352,7 +708,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Windows/Media safety checks: align async local-file identity validation with sync-safe-open behavior by treating win32 `dev=0` stats as unknown-device fallbacks (while keeping strict dev checks when both sides are non-zero), fixing false `Local media path is not safe to read` drops for local attachments/TTS/images. (#25708, #21989, #25699, #25878) Thanks @kevinWangSheng.
 - iMessage/Reasoning safety: harden iMessage echo suppression with outbound `messageId` matching (plus scoped text fallback), and enforce reasoning-payload suppression on routed outbound delivery paths to prevent hidden thinking text from being sent as user-visible channel messages. (#25897, #1649, #25757) Thanks @rmarr and @Iranb.
 - Providers/OpenRouter/Auth profiles: bypass auth-profile cooldown/disable windows for OpenRouter, so provider failures no longer put OpenRouter profiles into local cooldown and stale legacy cooldown markers are ignored in fallback and status selection paths. (#25892) Thanks @alexanderatallah for raising this and @vincentkoc for the fix.
-- Providers/Google reasoning: sanitize invalid negative `thinkingBudget` payloads for Gemini 3.1 requests by dropping `-1` budgets and mapping configured reasoning effort to `thinkingLevel`, preventing malformed reasoning payloads on `google-generative-ai`. (#25900)
+- Providers/Google reasoning: sanitize invalid negative `thinkingBudget` payloads for Gemini 3.1 requests by dropping `-1` budgets and mapping configured reasoning effort to `thinkingLevel`, preventing malformed reasoning payloads on `google-generative-ai`. (#25900) Thanks @steipete.
 - Providers/SiliconFlow: normalize `thinking="off"` to `thinking: null` for `Pro/*` model payloads to avoid provider-side 400 loops and misleading compaction retries. (#25435) Thanks @Zjianru.
 - Models/Bedrock auth: normalize additional Bedrock provider aliases (`bedrock`, `aws-bedrock`, `aws_bedrock`, `amazon bedrock`) to canonical `amazon-bedrock`, ensuring auth-mode resolution consistently selects AWS SDK fallback. (#25756) Thanks @fwhite13.
 - Models/Providers: preserve explicit user `reasoning` overrides when merging provider model config with built-in catalog metadata, so `reasoning: false` is no longer overwritten by catalog defaults. (#25314) Thanks @lbo728.
@@ -390,28 +746,8 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Security/Exec companion host: forward canonical `system.run` display text (not payload-only shell snippets) to the macOS exec host, and enforce rawCommand/argv consistency there for shell-wrapper positional-argv carriers and env-modifier preludes, preventing companion-side approval/display drift. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
 - Security/Exec approvals: fail closed when transparent dispatch-wrapper unwrapping exceeds the depth cap, so nested `/usr/bin/env` chains cannot bypass shell-wrapper approval gating in `allowlist` + `ask=on-miss` mode. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
 - Security/Exec: limit default safe-bin trusted directories to immutable system paths (`/bin`, `/usr/bin`) and require explicit opt-in (`tools.exec.safeBinTrustedDirs`) for package-manager/user bin paths (for example Homebrew), add security-audit findings for risky trusted-dir choices, warn at runtime when explicitly trusted dirs are group/world writable, and add doctor hints when configured `safeBins` resolve outside trusted dirs. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
-- Telegram/Media fetch: prioritize IPv4 before IPv6 in SSRF pinned DNS address ordering so media downloads still work on hosts with broken IPv6 routing. (#24295, #23975) Thanks @Glucksberg.
-- Telegram/Outbound API: replace Node 22's global undici dispatcher when applying Telegram `autoSelectFamily` decisions so outbound `fetch` calls inherit IPv4 fallback instead of staying pinned to stale dispatcher settings. (#25682, #25676) Thanks @lairtonlelis.
-- Agents/Billing classification: prevent long assistant/user-facing text from being rewritten as billing failures while preserving explicit `status/code/http 402` detection for oversized structured error payloads. (#25680, #25661) Thanks @lairtonlelis.
-- Telegram/Replies: when markdown formatting renders to empty HTML (for example syntax-only chunks in threaded replies), retry delivery with plain text, and fail loud when both formatted and plain payloads are empty to avoid false delivered states. (#25096, #25091) Thanks @Glucksberg.
-- Sessions/Tool-result guard: avoid generating synthetic `toolResult` entries for assistant turns that ended with `stopReason: "aborted"` or `"error"`, preventing orphaned tool-use IDs from triggering downstream API validation errors. (#25429) Thanks @mikaeldiakhate-cell.
 - Gateway/Sessions: preserve `modelProvider` on `sessions.reset` and avoid incorrect provider prefixes for legacy session models. (#25874) Thanks @lbo728.
-- Usage accounting: parse Moonshot/Kimi `cached_tokens` fields (including `prompt_tokens_details.cached_tokens`) into normalized cache-read usage metrics. (#25436) Thanks @Elarwei001.
-- Doctor/Sandbox: when sandbox mode is enabled but Docker is unavailable, surface a clear actionable warning (including failure impact and remediation) instead of a mild “skip checks” note. (#25438) Thanks @mcaxtr.
-- Config/Meta: accept numeric `meta.lastTouchedAt` timestamps and coerce them to ISO strings, preserving compatibility with agent edits that write `Date.now()` values. (#25491) Thanks @mcaxtr.
-- Auto-reply/Reset hooks: guarantee native `/new` and `/reset` flows emit command/reset hooks even on early-return command paths, with dedupe protection to avoid double hook emission. (#25459) Thanks @chilu18.
-- Hooks/Slug generator: resolve session slug model from the agent’s effective model (including defaults/fallback resolution) instead of raw agent-primary config only. (#25485) Thanks @SudeepMalipeddi.
-- Slack/DM routing: treat `D*` channel IDs as direct messages even when Slack sends an incorrect `channel_type`, preventing DM traffic from being misclassified as channel/group chats. (#25479) Thanks @mcaxtr.
-- Models/Providers: preserve explicit user `reasoning` overrides when merging provider model config with built-in catalog metadata, so `reasoning: false` is no longer overwritten by catalog defaults. (#25314) Thanks @lbo728.
-- Exec approvals: treat bare allowlist `*` as a true wildcard for parsed executables, including unresolved PATH lookups, so global opt-in allowlists work as configured. (#25250) Thanks @widingmarcus-cyber.
-- Gateway/Auth: allow trusted-proxy authenticated Control UI websocket sessions to skip device pairing when device identity is absent, preventing false `pairing required` failures behind trusted reverse proxies. (#25428) Thanks @SidQin-cyber.
-- Agents/Tool dispatch: await block-reply flush before tool execution starts so buffered block replies preserve message ordering around tool calls. (#25427) Thanks @SidQin-cyber.
 - Agents/Compaction: harden summarization prompts to preserve opaque identifiers verbatim (UUIDs, IDs, tokens, host/IP/port, URLs), reducing post-compaction identifier drift and hallucinated identifier reconstruction.
-- iOS/Signing: improve `scripts/ios-team-id.sh` for Xcode 16+ by falling back to Xcode-managed provisioning profiles, add actionable guidance when an Apple account exists but no Team ID can be resolved, and ignore Xcode `xcodebuild` output directories (`apps/ios/build`, `apps/shared/OpenClawKit/build`, `Swabble/build`). (#22773) Thanks @brianleach.
-- macOS/Menu bar: stop reusing the injector delegate for the "Usage cost (30 days)" submenu to prevent recursive submenu injection loops when opening cost history. (#25341) Thanks @yingchunbai.
-- Control UI/Chat images: route image-click opens through a shared safe-open helper (allowing only safe URL schemes) and open new tabs with opener isolation to block tabnabbing. (#18685, #25444, #25847) Thanks @Mariana-Codebase and @shakkernerd.
-- CLI/Doctor: correct stale recovery hints to use valid commands (`openclaw gateway status --deep` and `openclaw configure --section model`). (#24485) Thanks @chilu18.
-- CLI/Memory search: accept `--query <text>` for `openclaw memory search` (while keeping positional query support), and emit a clear error when neither form is provided. (#25904, #25857) Thanks @niceysam and @stakeswky.
 - Security/Sandbox: canonicalize bind-mount source paths via existing-ancestor realpath so symlink-parent + non-existent-leaf paths cannot bypass allowed-source-roots or blocked-path checks. Thanks @tdjackey.
 
 ## 2026.2.23
@@ -436,7 +772,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 
 - Security/Config: redact sensitive-looking dynamic catchall keys in `config.get` snapshots (for example `env.*` and `skills.entries.*.env.*`) and preserve round-trip restore behavior for those redacted sentinels. Thanks @merc1305.
 - Tests/Vitest: tier local parallel worker defaults by host memory, keep gateway serial by default on non-high-memory hosts, and document a low-profile fallback command for memory-constrained land/gate runs to prevent local OOMs. (#24719) Thanks @ngutman.
-- WhatsApp/Group policy: fix `groupAllowFrom` sender filtering when `groupPolicy: "allowlist"` is set without explicit `groups` — previously all group messages were blocked even for allowlisted senders. (#24670)
+- WhatsApp/Group policy: fix `groupAllowFrom` sender filtering when `groupPolicy: "allowlist"` is set without explicit `groups` — previously all group messages were blocked even for allowlisted senders. (#24670) Thanks @lailoo.
 - Agents/Context pruning: extend `cache-ttl` eligibility to Moonshot/Kimi and ZAI/GLM providers (including OpenRouter model refs), so `contextPruning.mode: "cache-ttl"` is no longer silently skipped for those sessions. (#24497) Thanks @lailoo.
 - Doctor/Memory: query gateway-side default-agent memory embedding readiness during `openclaw doctor` (instead of inferring from generic gateway health), and warn when the gateway memory probe is unavailable or not ready while keeping `openclaw configure` remediation guidance. (#22327) thanks @therk.
 - Sessions/Store: canonicalize inbound mixed-case session keys for metadata and route updates, and migrate legacy case-variant entries to a single lowercase key to prevent duplicate sessions and missing TUI/WebUI history. (#9561) Thanks @hillghost86.
@@ -465,10 +801,9 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Plugins/Install: when npm install returns 404 for bundled channel npm specs, fallback to bundled channel sources and complete install/enable persistence instead of failing plugin install. (#12849) Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - Gemini OAuth/Auth: resolve npm global shim install layouts while discovering Gemini CLI credentials, preventing false "Gemini CLI not found" onboarding/auth failures when shim paths are on `PATH`. (#27585) Thanks @ehgamemo and @vincentkoc.
 - Providers/Groq: avoid classifying Groq TPM limit errors as context overflow so throttling paths no longer trigger overflow recovery logic. (#16176) Thanks @dddabtc.
-- Gateway/WS: close repeated post-handshake `unauthorized role:*` request floods per connection and sample duplicate rejection logs, preventing a single misbehaving client from degrading gateway responsiveness. (#20168) Thanks @acy103, @vibecodooor, and @vincentkoc.
 - Gateway/Restart: treat child listener PIDs as owned by the service runtime PID during restart health checks to avoid false stale-process kills and restart timeouts on launchd/systemd. (#24696) Thanks @gumadeiras.
 - Config/Write: apply `unsetPaths` with immutable path-copy updates so config writes never mutate caller-provided objects, and harden `openclaw config get/set/unset` path traversal by rejecting prototype-key segments and inherited-property traversal. (#24134) thanks @frankekn.
-- Channels/WhatsApp: accept `channels.whatsapp.enabled` in config validation to match built-in channel auto-enable behavior, preventing `Unrecognized key: "enabled"` failures during channel setup. (#24263)
+- Channels/WhatsApp: accept `channels.whatsapp.enabled` in config validation to match built-in channel auto-enable behavior, preventing `Unrecognized key: "enabled"` failures during channel setup. (#24263) Thanks @steipete.
 - Security/Exec: detect obfuscated commands before exec allowlist decisions and require explicit approval for obfuscation patterns. (#8592) Thanks @CornBrother0x and @vincentkoc.
 - Security/ACP: harden ACP client permission auto-approval to require trusted core tool IDs, ignore untrusted `toolCall.kind` hints, and scope `read` auto-approval to the active working directory so unknown tool names and out-of-scope file reads always prompt. Thanks @nedlir for reporting.
 - Security/Skills: escape user-controlled prompt, filename, and output-path values in `openai-image-gen` HTML gallery generation to prevent stored XSS in generated `index.html` output. (#12538) Thanks @CornBrother0x.
@@ -489,7 +824,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Update/Core: add an optional built-in auto-updater for package installs (`update.auto.*`), default-off, with stable rollout delay+jitter and beta hourly cadence.
 - CLI/Update: add `openclaw update --dry-run` to preview channel/tag/target/restart actions without mutating config, installing, syncing plugins, or restarting.
 - Config/UI: add tag-aware settings filtering and broaden config labels/help copy so fields are easier to discover and understand in the dashboard config screen.
-- Channels/Synology Chat: add a native Synology Chat channel plugin with webhook ingress, direct-message routing, outbound send/media support, per-account config, and DM policy controls. (#23012)
+- Channels/Synology Chat: add a native Synology Chat channel plugin with webhook ingress, direct-message routing, outbound send/media support, per-account config, and DM policy controls. (#23012) Thanks @steipete.
 - iOS/Talk: prefetch TTS segments and suppress expected speech-cancellation errors for smoother talk playback. (#22833) Thanks @ngutman.
 - Memory/FTS: add Spanish and Portuguese stop-word filtering for query expansion in FTS-only search mode, improving conversational recall for both languages. Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - Memory/FTS: add Japanese-aware query expansion tokenization and stop-word filtering (including mixed-script terms like ASCII + katakana) for FTS-only search mode. Thanks @vincentkoc.
@@ -519,14 +854,14 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Agents/Moonshot: force `supportsDeveloperRole=false` for Moonshot-compatible `openai-completions` models (provider `moonshot` and Moonshot base URLs), so initial runs no longer send unsupported `developer` roles that trigger `ROLE_UNSPECIFIED` errors. (#21060, #22194) Thanks @ShengFuC.
 - Agents/Kimi: classify Moonshot `Your request exceeded model token limit` failures as context overflows so auto-compaction and user-facing overflow recovery trigger correctly instead of surfacing raw invalid-request errors. (#9562) Thanks @danilofalcao.
 - Providers/Moonshot: mark Kimi K2.5 as image-capable in implicit + onboarding model definitions, and refresh stale explicit provider capability fields (`input`/`reasoning`/context limits) from implicit catalogs so existing configs pick up Moonshot vision support without manual model rewrites. (#13135, #4459) Thanks @manikv12.
-- Agents/Transcript: enable consecutive-user turn merging for strict non-OpenAI `openai-completions` providers (for example Moonshot/Kimi), reducing `roles must alternate` ordering failures on OpenAI-compatible endpoints while preserving current OpenRouter/Opencode behavior. (#7693)
+- Agents/Transcript: enable consecutive-user turn merging for strict non-OpenAI `openai-completions` providers (for example Moonshot/Kimi), reducing `roles must alternate` ordering failures on OpenAI-compatible endpoints while preserving current OpenRouter/Opencode behavior. (#7693) Thanks @steipete.
 - Install/Discord Voice: make `@discordjs/opus` an optional dependency so `openclaw` install/update no longer hard-fails when native Opus builds fail, while keeping `opusscript` as the runtime fallback decoder for Discord voice flows. (#23737, #23733, #23703) Thanks @jeadland, @Sheetaa, and @Breakyman.
 - Docker/Setup: precreate `$OPENCLAW_CONFIG_DIR/identity` during `docker-setup.sh` so CLI commands that need device identity (for example `devices list`) avoid `EACCES ... /home/node/.openclaw/identity` failures on restrictive bind mounts. (#23948) Thanks @ackson-beep.
-- Exec/Background: stop applying the default exec timeout to background sessions (`background: true` or explicit `yieldMs`) when no explicit timeout is set, so long-running background jobs are no longer terminated at the default timeout boundary. (#23303)
+- Exec/Background: stop applying the default exec timeout to background sessions (`background: true` or explicit `yieldMs`) when no explicit timeout is set, so long-running background jobs are no longer terminated at the default timeout boundary. (#23303) Thanks @steipete.
 - Slack/Threading: sessions: keep parent-session forking and thread-history context active beyond first turn by removing first-turn-only gates in session init, thread-history fetch, and reply prompt context injection. (#23843, #23090) Thanks @vincentkoc and @Taskle.
 - Slack/Threading: respect `replyToMode` when Slack auto-populates top-level `thread_ts`, and ignore inline `replyToId` directive tags when `replyToMode` is `off` so thread forcing stays disabled unless explicitly configured. (#23839, #23320, #23513) Thanks @vincentkoc and @dorukardahan.
 - Slack/Extension: forward `message read` `threadId` to `readMessages` and use delivery-context `threadId` as outbound `thread_ts` fallback so extension replies/reads stay in the correct Slack thread. (#22216, #22485, #23836) Thanks @vincentkoc, @lan17 and @dorukardahan.
-- Slack/Upload: resolve bare user IDs (U-prefix) to DM channel IDs via `conversations.open` before calling `files.uploadV2`, which rejects non-channel IDs. `chat.postMessage` tolerates user IDs directly, but `files.uploadV2` → `completeUploadExternal` validates `channel_id` against `^[CGDZ][A-Z0-9]{8,}$`, causing `invalid_arguments` when agents reply with media to DM conversations.
+- Slack/Upload: resolve bare user IDs (U-prefix) to DM channel IDs via `conversations.open`, and replace `files.uploadV2` with Slack’s external 3-step upload flow (`files.getUploadURLExternal` → presigned upload POST → `files.completeUploadExternal`) to avoid `missing_scope`/`invalid_arguments` upload failures in DM and threaded media replies.
 - Webchat/Chat: apply assistant `final` payload messages directly to chat state so sent turns render without waiting for a full history refresh cycle. (#14928) Thanks @BradGroux.
 - Webchat/Chat: for out-of-band final events (for example tool-call side runs), append provided final assistant payloads directly instead of forcing a transient history reset. (#11139) Thanks @AkshayNavle.
 - Webchat/Performance: reload `chat.history` after final events only when the final payload lacks a renderable assistant message, avoiding expensive full-history refreshes on normal turns. (#20588) Thanks @amzzzzzzz.
@@ -542,7 +877,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Telegram/Webhook: add `channels.telegram.webhookPort` config support and pass it through plugin startup wiring to the monitor listener.
 - Browser/Extension Relay: refactor the MV3 worker to preserve debugger attachments across relay drops, auto-reconnect with bounded backoff+jitter, persist and rehydrate attached tab state via `chrome.storage.session`, recover from `target_closed` navigation detaches, guard stale socket handlers, enforce per-tab operation locks and per-request timeouts, and add lifecycle keepalive/badge refresh hooks (`alarms`, `webNavigation`). (#15099, #6175, #8468, #9807)
 - Browser/Relay: treat extension websocket as connected only when `OPEN`, allow reconnect when a stale `CLOSING/CLOSED` extension socket lingers, and guard stale socket message/close handlers so late events cannot clear active relay state; includes regression coverage for live-duplicate `409` rejection and immediate reconnect-after-close races. (#15099, #18698, #20688)
-- Browser/Remote CDP: extend stale-target recovery so `ensureTabAvailable()` now reuses the sole available tab for remote CDP profiles (same behavior as extension profiles) while preserving strict `tab not found` errors when multiple tabs exist; includes remote-profile regression tests. (#15989)
+- Browser/Remote CDP: extend stale-target recovery so `ensureTabAvailable()` now reuses the sole available tab for remote CDP profiles (same behavior as extension profiles) while preserving strict `tab not found` errors when multiple tabs exist; includes remote-profile regression tests. (#15989) Thanks @steipete.
 - Gateway/Pairing: treat `operator.admin` as satisfying other `operator.*` scope checks during device-auth verification so local CLI/TUI sessions stop entering pairing-required loops for pairing/approval-scoped commands. (#22062, #22193, #21191) Thanks @Botaccess, @jhartshorn, and @ctbritt.
 - Gateway/Pairing: auto-approve loopback `scope-upgrade` pairing requests (including device-token reconnects) so local clients do not disconnect on pairing-required scope elevation. (#23708) Thanks @widingmarcus-cyber.
 - Gateway/Scopes: include `operator.read` and `operator.write` in default operator connect scope bundles across CLI, Control UI, and macOS clients so write-scoped announce/sub-agent follow-up calls no longer hit `pairing required` disconnects on loopback gateways. (#22582) thanks @YuzuruS.
@@ -562,7 +897,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Cron/Timer: keep a watchdog recheck timer armed while `onTimer` is actively executing so the scheduler continues polling even if a due-run tick stalls for an extended period. (#23628) Thanks @dsgraves.
 - Cron/Run log: clean up settled per-path run-log write queue entries so long-running cron uptime does not retain stale promise bookkeeping in memory.
 - Cron/Run log: harden `cron.runs` run-log path resolution by rejecting path-separator `id`/`jobId` inputs and enforcing reads within the per-cron `runs/` directory.
-- Cron/Announce: when announce delivery target resolution fails (for example multiple configured channels with no explicit target), skip injecting fallback `Cron (error): ...` into the main session so runs fail cleanly without accidental last-route sends. (#24074)
+- Cron/Announce: when announce delivery target resolution fails (for example multiple configured channels with no explicit target), skip injecting fallback `Cron (error): ...` into the main session so runs fail cleanly without accidental last-route sends. (#24074) Thanks @Takhoffman.
 - Cron/Telegram: validate cron `delivery.to` with shared Telegram target parsing and resolve legacy `@username`/`t.me` targets to numeric IDs at send-time for deterministic delivery target writeback. (#21930) Thanks @kesor.
 - Telegram/Targets: normalize unprefixed topic-qualified targets through the shared parse/normalize path so valid `@channel:topic:<id>` and `<chatId>:topic:<id>` routes are recognized again. (#24166) Thanks @obviyus.
 - Cron/Isolation: force fresh session IDs for isolated cron runs so `sessionTarget="isolated"` executions never reuse prior run context. (#23470) Thanks @echoVic.
@@ -580,25 +915,25 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Security/Group policy: harden `channels.*.groups.*.toolsBySender` matching by requiring explicit sender-key types (`id:`, `e164:`, `username:`, `name:`), preventing cross-identifier collisions across mutable/display-name fields while keeping legacy untyped keys on a deprecated ID-only path. Thanks @jiseoung for reporting.
 - Channels/Group policy: fail closed when `groupPolicy: "allowlist"` is set without explicit `groups`, honor account-level `groupPolicy` overrides, and enforce `groupPolicy: "disabled"` as a hard group block. (#22215) Thanks @etereo.
 - Telegram/Discord extensions: propagate trusted `mediaLocalRoots` through extension outbound `sendMedia` options so extension direct-send media paths honor agent-scoped local-media allowlists. (#20029, #21903, #23227)
-- Agents/Exec: honor explicit agent context when resolving `tools.exec` defaults for runs with opaque/non-agent session keys, so per-agent `host/security/ask` policies are applied consistently. (#11832)
+- Agents/Exec: honor explicit agent context when resolving `tools.exec` defaults for runs with opaque/non-agent session keys, so per-agent `host/security/ask` policies are applied consistently. (#11832) Thanks @steipete.
 - CLI/Sessions: resolve implicit session-store path templates with the configured default agent ID so named-agent setups do not silently read/write stale `agent:main` session/auth stores. (#22685) Thanks @sene1337.
-- Doctor/Security: add an explicit warning that `approvals.exec.enabled=false` disables forwarding only, while enforcement remains driven by host-local `exec-approvals.json` policy. (#15047)
-- Sandbox/Docker: default sandbox container user to the workspace owner `uid:gid` when `agents.*.sandbox.docker.user` is unset, fixing non-root gateway file-tool permissions under capability-dropped containers. (#20979)
+- Doctor/Security: add an explicit warning that `approvals.exec.enabled=false` disables forwarding only, while enforcement remains driven by host-local `exec-approvals.json` policy. (#15047) Thanks @steipete.
+- Sandbox/Docker: default sandbox container user to the workspace owner `uid:gid` when `agents.*.sandbox.docker.user` is unset, fixing non-root gateway file-tool permissions under capability-dropped containers. (#20979) Thanks @steipete.
 - Plugins/Media sandbox: propagate trusted `mediaLocalRoots` through plugin action dispatch (including Discord/Telegram action adapters) so plugin send paths enforce the same agent-scoped local-media sandbox roots as core outbound sends. (#20258, #22718)
-- Agents/Workspace guard: map sandbox container-workdir file-tool paths (for example `/workspace/...` and `file:///workspace/...`) to host workspace roots before workspace-only validation, preventing false `Path escapes sandbox root` rejections for sandbox file tools. (#9560)
-- Gateway/Exec approvals: expire approval requests immediately when no approval-capable gateway clients are connected and no forwarding targets are available, avoiding delayed approvals after restarts/offline approver windows. (#22144)
+- Agents/Workspace guard: map sandbox container-workdir file-tool paths (for example `/workspace/...` and `file:///workspace/...`) to host workspace roots before workspace-only validation, preventing false `Path escapes sandbox root` rejections for sandbox file tools. (#9560) Thanks @steipete.
+- Gateway/Exec approvals: expire approval requests immediately when no approval-capable gateway clients are connected and no forwarding targets are available, avoiding delayed approvals after restarts/offline approver windows. (#22144) Thanks @steipete.
 - Security/Exec approvals: when approving wrapper commands with allow-always in allowlist mode, persist inner executable paths for known dispatch wrappers (`env`, `nice`, `nohup`, `stdbuf`, `timeout`) and fail closed (no persisted entry) when wrapper unwrapping is not safe, preventing wrapper-path approval bypasses. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
-- Node/macOS exec host: default headless macOS node `system.run` to local execution and only route through the companion app when `OPENCLAW_NODE_EXEC_HOST=app` is explicitly set, avoiding companion-app filesystem namespace mismatches during exec. (#23547)
+- Node/macOS exec host: default headless macOS node `system.run` to local execution and only route through the companion app when `OPENCLAW_NODE_EXEC_HOST=app` is explicitly set, avoiding companion-app filesystem namespace mismatches during exec. (#23547) Thanks @steipete.
 - Sandbox/Media: map container workspace paths (`/workspace/...` and `file:///workspace/...`) back to the host sandbox root for outbound media validation, preventing false deny errors for sandbox-generated local media. (#23083) Thanks @echo931.
 - Sandbox/Docker: apply custom bind mounts after workspace mounts and prioritize bind-source resolution on overlapping paths, so explicit workspace binds are no longer ignored. (#22669) Thanks @tasaankaeris.
 - Exec approvals/Forwarding: restore Discord text forwarding when component approvals are not configured, and carry request snapshots through resolve events so resolved notices still forward after cache misses/restarts. (#22988) Thanks @bubmiller.
 - Control UI/WebSocket: stop and clear the browser gateway client on UI teardown so remounts cannot leave orphan websocket clients that create duplicate active connections. (#23422) Thanks @floatinggball-design.
 - Control UI/WebSocket: send a stable per-tab `instanceId` in websocket connect frames so reconnect cycles keep a consistent client identity for diagnostics and presence tracking. (#23616) Thanks @zq58855371-ui.
 - Config/Memory: allow `"mistral"` in `agents.defaults.memorySearch.provider` and `agents.defaults.memorySearch.fallback` schema validation. (#14934) Thanks @ThomsenDrake.
-- Feishu/Commands: in group chats, command authorization now falls back to top-level `channels.feishu.allowFrom` when per-group `allowFrom` is not set, so `/command` no longer gets blocked by an unintended empty allowlist. (#23756)
+- Feishu/Commands: in group chats, command authorization now falls back to top-level `channels.feishu.allowFrom` when per-group `allowFrom` is not set, so `/command` no longer gets blocked by an unintended empty allowlist. (#23756) Thanks @steipete.
 - Dev tooling: prevent `CLAUDE.md` symlink target regressions by excluding CLAUDE symlink sentinels from `oxfmt` and marking them `-text` in `.gitattributes`, so formatter/EOL normalization cannot reintroduce trailing-newline targets. Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - Agents/Compaction: restore embedded compaction safeguard/context-pruning extension loading in production by wiring bundled extension factories into the resource loader instead of runtime file-path resolution. (#22349) Thanks @Glucksberg.
-- Feishu/Media: for inbound video messages that include both `file_key` (video) and `image_key` (thumbnail), prefer `file_key` when downloading media so video attachments are saved instead of silently failing on thumbnail keys. (#23633)
+- Feishu/Media: for inbound video messages that include both `file_key` (video) and `image_key` (thumbnail), prefer `file_key` when downloading media so video attachments are saved instead of silently failing on thumbnail keys. (#23633) Thanks @steipete.
 - Hooks/Loader: avoid redundant hook-module recompilation on gateway restart by skipping cache-busting for bundled hooks and using stable file metadata keys (`mtime+size`) for mutable workspace/managed/plugin hook imports. (#16953) Thanks @mudrii.
 - Hooks/Cron: suppress duplicate main-session events for delivered hook turns and mark `SILENT_REPLY_TOKEN` (`NO_REPLY`) early exits as delivered to prevent hook context pollution. (#20678) Thanks @JonathanWorks.
 - Providers/OpenRouter: inject `cache_control` on system prompts for OpenRouter Anthropic models to improve prompt-cache reuse. (#17473) Thanks @rrenamed.
@@ -722,6 +1057,8 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Security/Control UI avatars: harden `/avatar/:agentId` local avatar serving by rejecting symlink paths and requiring fd-level file identity + size checks before reads. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
 - Security/MSTeams media: enforce allowlist checks for SharePoint reference attachment URLs and redirect targets during Graph-backed media fetches so redirect chains cannot escape configured media host boundaries. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
 - Security/MSTeams media: route attachment auth-retry and Graph SharePoint download redirects through shared `safeFetch` so each hop is validated with allowlist + DNS/IP checks across the full redirect chain. (#23598) Thanks @Asm3r96 and @lewiswigmore.
+- Security/MSTeams auth redirect scoping: strip bearer auth on redirect hops outside `authAllowHosts` and gate SharePoint Graph auth-header injection by auth allowlist to prevent token bleed across redirect targets. (#25045) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- MSTeams/reply reliability: when Bot Framework revokes thread turn-context proxies (for example debounced flush paths), fall back to proactive messaging/typing and continue pending sends without duplicating already delivered messages. (#27224) Thanks @openperf.
 - Security/macOS discovery: fail closed for unresolved discovery endpoints by clearing stale remote selection values, use resolved service host only for SSH target derivation, and keep remote URL config aligned with resolved endpoint availability. (#21618) Thanks @bmendonca3.
 - Chat/Usage/TUI: strip synthetic inbound metadata blocks (including `Conversation info` and trailing `Untrusted context` channel metadata wrappers) from displayed conversation history so internal prompt context no longer leaks into user-visible logs.
 - CI/Tests: fix TypeScript case-table typing and lint assertion regressions so `pnpm check` passes again after Synology Chat landing. (#23012) Thanks @druide67.
@@ -827,8 +1164,6 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Gateway/Config: allow `gateway.customBindHost` in strict config validation when `gateway.bind="custom"` so valid custom bind-host configurations no longer fail startup. (#20318, fixes #20289) Thanks @MisterGuy420.
 - Gateway/Pairing: tolerate legacy paired devices missing `roles`/`scopes` metadata in websocket upgrade checks and backfill metadata on reconnect. (#21447, fixes #21236) Thanks @joshavant.
 - Gateway/Pairing/CLI: align read-scope compatibility in pairing/device-token checks and add local `openclaw devices` fallback recovery for loopback `pairing required` deadlocks, with explicit fallback notice to unblock approval bootstrap flows. (#21616) Thanks @shakkernerd.
-- Cron: honor `cron.maxConcurrentRuns` in the timer loop so due jobs can execute up to the configured parallelism instead of always running serially. (#11595) Thanks @Takhoffman.
-- Agents/Compaction: restore embedded compaction safeguard/context-pruning extension loading in production by wiring bundled extension factories into the resource loader instead of runtime file-path resolution. (#22349) Thanks @Glucksberg.
 - Agents/Subagents: restore announce-chain delivery to agent injection, defer nested announce output until descendant follow-up content is ready, and prevent descendant deferrals from consuming announce retry budget so deep chains do not drop final completions. (#22223) Thanks @tyler6204.
 - Agents/System Prompt: label allowlisted senders as authorized senders to avoid implying ownership. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.
 - Agents/Tool display: fix exec cwd suffix inference so `pushd ... && popd ... && <command>` does not keep stale `(in <dir>)` context in summaries. (#21925) Thanks @Lukavyi.
@@ -1201,7 +1536,6 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Browser/Agents: when browser control service is unavailable, return explicit non-retry guidance (instead of "try again") so models do not loop on repeated browser tool calls until timeout. (#17673) Thanks @austenstone.
 - Subagents: use child-run-based deterministic announce idempotency keys across direct and queued delivery paths (with legacy queued-item fallback) to prevent duplicate announce retries without collapsing distinct same-millisecond announces. (#17150) Thanks @widingmarcus-cyber.
 - Subagents/Models: preserve `agents.defaults.model.fallbacks` when subagent sessions carry a model override, so subagent runs fail over to configured fallback models instead of retrying only the overridden primary model.
-- Agents/Tools: scope the `message` tool schema to the active channel so Telegram uses `buttons` and Discord uses `components`. (#18215) Thanks @obviyus.
 - Telegram: omit `message_thread_id` for DM sends/draft previews and keep forum-topic handling (`id=1` general omitted, non-general kept), preventing DM failures with `400 Bad Request: message thread not found`. (#10942) Thanks @garnetlyx.
 - Telegram: replace inbound `<media:audio>` placeholder with successful preflight voice transcript in message body context, preventing placeholder-only prompt bodies for mention-gated voice messages. (#16789) Thanks @Limitless2023.
 - Telegram: retry inbound media `getFile` calls (3 attempts with backoff) and gracefully fall back to placeholder-only processing when retries fail, preventing dropped voice/media messages on transient Telegram network errors. (#16154) Thanks @yinghaosang.
@@ -1211,7 +1545,6 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Discord: ensure role allowlist matching uses raw role IDs for message routing authorization. Thanks @xinhuagu.
 - Discord: skip text-based exec approval forwarding in favor of Discord's component-based approval UI. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.
 - Web UI/Agents: hide `BOOTSTRAP.md` in the Agents Files list after onboarding is completed, avoiding confusing missing-file warnings for completed workspaces. (#17491) Thanks @gumadeiras.
-- Memory/QMD: scope managed collection names per agent and precreate glob-backed collection directories before registration, preventing cross-agent collection clobbering and startup ENOENT failures in fresh workspaces. (#17194) Thanks @jonathanadams96.
 - Gateway/Memory: initialize QMD startup sync for every configured agent (not just the default agent), so `memory.qmd.update.onBoot` is effective across multi-agent setups. (#17663) Thanks @HenryLoenwind.
 - Auto-reply/WhatsApp/TUI/Web: when a final assistant message is `NO_REPLY` and a messaging tool send succeeded, mirror the delivered messaging-tool text into session-visible assistant output so TUI/Web no longer show `NO_REPLY` placeholders. (#7010) Thanks @Morrowind-Xie.
 - Cron: infer `payload.kind="agentTurn"` for model-only `cron.update` payload patches, so partial agent-turn updates do not fail validation when `kind` is omitted. (#15664) Thanks @rodrigouroz.
@@ -1702,9 +2035,6 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - TTS: add missing OpenAI voices (ballad, cedar, juniper, marin, verse) to the allowlist so they are recognized instead of silently falling back to Edge TTS. (#2393)
 - Cron: scheduler reliability (timer drift, restart catch-up, lock contention, stale running markers). (#10776) Thanks @tyler6204.
 - Cron: store migration hardening (legacy field migration, parse error handling, explicit delivery mode persistence). (#10776) Thanks @tyler6204.
-- Memory: set Voyage embeddings `input_type` for improved retrieval. (#10818) Thanks @mcinteerj.
-- Memory/QMD: run boot refresh in background by default, add configurable QMD maintenance timeouts, retry QMD after fallback failures, and scope QMD queries to OpenClaw-managed collections. (#9690, #9705, #10042) Thanks @vignesh07.
-- Media understanding: recognize `.caf` audio attachments for transcription. (#10982) Thanks @succ985.
 - Telegram: auto-inject DM topic threadId in message tool + subagent announce. (#7235) Thanks @Lukavyi.
 - Security: require auth for Gateway canvas host and A2UI assets. (#9518) Thanks @coygeek.
 - Cron: fix scheduling and reminder delivery regressions; harden next-run recompute + timer re-arming + legacy schedule fields. (#9733, #9823, #9948, #9932) Thanks @tyler6204, @pycckuu, @j2h4u, @fujiwara-tofu-shop.
@@ -1822,7 +2152,6 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Security: guard skill installer downloads with SSRF checks (block private/localhost URLs).
 - Security/Gateway: require `operator.approvals` for in-chat `/approve` when invoked from gateway clients. Thanks @yueyueL.
 - Security: harden Windows exec allowlist; block cmd.exe bypass via single &. Thanks @simecek.
-- Discord: route autoThread replies to existing threads instead of the root channel. (#8302) Thanks @gavinbmoore, @thewilloftheshadow.
 - Media understanding: apply SSRF guardrails to provider fetches; allow private baseUrl overrides explicitly.
 - fix(voice-call): harden inbound allowlist; reject anonymous callers; require Telnyx publicKey for allowlist; token-gate Twilio media streams; cap webhook body size (thanks @simecek)
 - Onboarding: keep TUI flow exclusive (skip completion prompt + background Web UI seed); completion prompt now handled by install/update.
@@ -1892,62 +2221,10 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 
 ## 2026.1.31
 
-### Changes
-
-- Docs: onboarding/install/i18n/exec-approvals/Control UI/exe.dev/cacheRetention updates + misc nav/typos. (#3050, #3461, #4064, #4675, #4729, #4763, #5003, #5402, #5446, #5474, #5663, #5689, #5694, #5967, #6270, #6300, #6311, #6416, #6487, #6550, #6789)
-- Telegram: use shared pairing store. (#6127) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Agents: add OpenRouter app attribution headers. Thanks @alexanderatallah.
-- Agents: add system prompt safety guardrails. (#5445) Thanks @joshp123.
-- Agents: update pi-ai to 0.50.9 and rename cacheControlTtl -> cacheRetention (with back-compat mapping).
-- Agents: extend CreateAgentSessionOptions with systemPrompt/skills/contextFiles.
-- Agents: add tool policy conformance snapshot (no runtime behavior change). (#6011)
-- Auth: update MiniMax OAuth hint + portal auth note copy.
-- Discord: inherit thread parent bindings for routing. (#3892) Thanks @aerolalit.
-- Gateway: inject timestamps into agent and chat.send messages. (#3705) Thanks @conroywhitney, @CashWilliams.
-- Gateway: require TLS 1.3 minimum for TLS listeners. (#5970) Thanks @loganaden.
-- Web UI: refine chat layout + extend session active duration.
-- CI: add formal conformance + alias consistency checks. (#5723, #5807)
-
 ### Fixes
 
-- Security: guard remote media fetches with SSRF protections (block private/localhost, DNS pinning).
-- Updates: clean stale global install rename dirs and extend gateway update timeouts to avoid npm ENOTEMPTY failures.
 - Plugins: validate plugin/hook install paths and reject traversal-like names.
-- Telegram: add download timeouts for file fetches. (#6914) Thanks @hclsys.
-- Telegram: enforce thread specs for DM vs forum sends. (#6833) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Streaming: flush block streaming on paragraph boundaries for newline chunking. (#7014)
-- Streaming: stabilize partial streaming filters.
-- Auto-reply: avoid referencing workspace files in /new greeting prompt. (#5706) Thanks @bravostation.
-- Tools: align tool execute adapters/signatures (legacy + parameter order + arg normalization).
 - Tools: treat `"*"` tool allowlist entries as valid to avoid spurious unknown-entry warnings.
-- Skills: update session-logs paths from .clawdbot to .openclaw. (#4502)
-- Slack: harden media fetch limits and Slack file URL validation. (#6639) Thanks @davidiach.
-- Lint: satisfy curly rule after import sorting. (#6310)
-- Process: resolve Windows `spawn()` failures for npm-family CLIs by appending `.cmd` when needed. (#5815) Thanks @thejhinvirtuoso.
-- Discord: resolve PluralKit proxied senders for allowlists and labels. (#5838) Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.
-- Tlon: add timeout to SSE client fetch calls (CWE-400). (#5926)
-- Memory search: L2-normalize local embedding vectors to fix semantic search. (#5332)
-- Agents: align embedded runner + typings with pi-coding-agent API updates (pi 0.51.0).
-- Agents: ensure OpenRouter attribution headers apply in the embedded runner.
-- Agents: cap context window resolution for compaction safeguard. (#6187) Thanks @iamEvanYT.
-- System prompt: resolve overrides and hint using session_status for current date/time. (#1897, #1928, #2108, #3677)
-- Agents: fix Pi prompt template argument syntax. (#6543)
-- Subagents: fix announce failover race (always emit lifecycle end; timeout=0 means no-timeout). (#6621)
-- Teams: gate media auth retries.
-- Telegram: restore draft streaming partials. (#5543) Thanks @obviyus.
-- Onboarding: friendlier Windows onboarding message. (#6242) Thanks @shanselman.
-- TUI: prevent crash when searching with digits in the model selector.
-- Agents: wire before_tool_call plugin hook into tool execution. (#6570, #6660) Thanks @ryancnelson.
-- Browser: secure Chrome extension relay CDP sessions.
-- Docker: use container port for gateway command instead of host port. (#5110) Thanks @mise42.
-- Docker: start gateway CMD by default for container deployments. (#6635) Thanks @kaizen403.
-- fix(lobster): block arbitrary exec via lobsterPath/cwd injection (GHSA-4mhr-g7xj-cg8j). (#5335) Thanks @vignesh07.
-- Security: sanitize WhatsApp accountId to prevent path traversal. (#4610)
-- Security: restrict MEDIA path extraction to prevent LFI. (#4930)
-- Security: validate message-tool filePath/path against sandbox root. (#6398)
-- Security: block LD*/DYLD* env overrides for host exec. (#4896) Thanks @HassanFleyah.
-- Security: harden web tool content wrapping + file parsing safeguards. (#4058) Thanks @VACInc.
-- Security: enforce Twitch `allowFrom` allowlist gating (deny non-allowlisted senders). Thanks @MegaManSec.
 
 ## 2026.1.30
 
@@ -2678,7 +2955,6 @@ Thanks @AlexMikhalev, @CoreyH, @John-Rood, @KrauseFx, @MaudeBot, @Nachx639, @Nic
 
 - **BREAKING:** iOS minimum version is now 18.0 to support Textual markdown rendering in native chat. (#702)
 - **BREAKING:** Microsoft Teams is now a plugin; install `@openclaw/msteams` via `openclaw plugins install @openclaw/msteams`.
-- **BREAKING:** Channel auth now prefers config over env for Discord/Telegram/Matrix (env is fallback only). (#1040) — thanks @thewilloftheshadow.
 
 ### Changes
 
@@ -2687,7 +2963,6 @@ Thanks @AlexMikhalev, @CoreyH, @John-Rood, @KrauseFx, @MaudeBot, @Nachx639, @Nic
 - CLI/macOS: sync remote SSH target/identity to config and let `gateway status` auto-infer SSH targets (ssh-config aware).
 - Telegram: scope inline buttons with allowlist default + callback gating in DMs/groups.
 - Telegram: default reaction notifications to own.
-- Tools: improve `web_fetch` extraction using Readability (with fallback).
 - Heartbeat: tighten prompt guidance + suppress duplicate alerts for 24h. (#980) — thanks @voidserf.
 - Repo: ignore local identity files to avoid accidental commits. (#1001) — thanks @gerardward2007.
 - Sessions/Security: add `session.dmScope` for multi-user DM isolation and audit warnings. (#948) — thanks @Alphonse-arianee.
@@ -2727,7 +3002,6 @@ Thanks @AlexMikhalev, @CoreyH, @John-Rood, @KrauseFx, @MaudeBot, @Nachx639, @Nic
 - Sessions: keep per-session overrides when `/new` resets compaction counters. (#1050) — thanks @YuriNachos.
 - Skills: allow OpenAI image-gen helper to handle URL or base64 responses. (#1050) — thanks @YuriNachos.
 - WhatsApp: default response prefix only for self-chat, using identity name when set.
-- Signal/iMessage: bound transport readiness waits to 30s with periodic logging. (#1014) — thanks @Szpadel.
 - iMessage: treat missing `imsg rpc` support as fatal to avoid restart loops.
 - Auth: merge main auth profiles into per-agent stores for sub-agents and document inheritance. (#1013) — thanks @marcmarg.
 - Agents: avoid JSON Schema `format` collisions in tool params by renaming snapshot format fields. (#1013) — thanks @marcmarg.
@@ -2824,13 +3098,7 @@ Thanks @AlexMikhalev, @CoreyH, @John-Rood, @KrauseFx, @MaudeBot, @Nachx639, @Nic
 - Agents: make user time zone and 24-hour time explicit in the system prompt. (#859) — thanks @CashWilliams.
 - Agents: strip downgraded tool call text without eating adjacent replies and filter thinking-tag leaks. (#905) — thanks @erikpr1994.
 - Agents: cap tool call IDs for OpenAI/OpenRouter to avoid request rejections. (#875) — thanks @j1philli.
-- Agents: scrub tuple `items` schemas for Gemini tool calls. (#926, fixes #746) — thanks @grp06.
-- Agents: stabilize sub-agent announce status from runtime outcomes and normalize Result/Notes. (#835) — thanks @roshanasingh4.
-- Auth: normalize Claude Code CLI profile mode to oauth and auto-migrate config. (#855) — thanks @sebslight.
-- Embedded runner: suppress raw API error payloads from replies. (#924) — thanks @grp06.
-- Logging: tolerate `EIO` from console writes to avoid gateway crashes. (#925, fixes #878) — thanks @grp06.
 - Sandbox: restore `docker.binds` config validation and preserve configured PATH for `docker exec`. (#873) — thanks @akonyer.
-- Google: downgrade unsigned thinking blocks before send to avoid missing signature errors.
 
 #### macOS / Apps
 

Dockerfile

@@ -1,5 +1,18 @@
 FROM node:22-bookworm@sha256:cd7bcd2e7a1e6f72052feb023c7f6b722205d3fcab7bbcbd2d1bfdab10b1e935
 
+# OCI base-image metadata for downstream image consumers.
+# If you change these annotations, also update:
+# - docs/install/docker.md ("Base image metadata" section)
+# - https://docs.openclaw.ai/install/docker
+LABEL org.opencontainers.image.base.name="docker.io/library/node:22-bookworm" \
+  org.opencontainers.image.base.digest="sha256:cd7bcd2e7a1e6f72052feb023c7f6b722205d3fcab7bbcbd2d1bfdab10b1e935" \
+  org.opencontainers.image.source="https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw" \
+  org.opencontainers.image.url="https://openclaw.ai" \
+  org.opencontainers.image.documentation="https://docs.openclaw.ai/install/docker" \
+  org.opencontainers.image.licenses="MIT" \
+  org.opencontainers.image.title="OpenClaw" \
+  org.opencontainers.image.description="OpenClaw gateway and CLI runtime container image"
+
 # Install Bun (required for build scripts)
 RUN curl -fsSL https://bun.sh/install | bash
 ENV PATH="/root/.bun/bin:${PATH}"
@@ -44,8 +57,48 @@ RUN if [ -n "$OPENCLAW_INSTALL_BROWSER" ]; then \
       rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /var/cache/apt/archives/*; \
     fi
 
+# Optionally install Docker CLI for sandbox container management.
+# Build with: docker build --build-arg OPENCLAW_INSTALL_DOCKER_CLI=1 ...
+# Adds ~50MB. Only the CLI is installed — no Docker daemon.
+# Required for agents.defaults.sandbox to function in Docker deployments.
+ARG OPENCLAW_INSTALL_DOCKER_CLI=""
+ARG OPENCLAW_DOCKER_GPG_FINGERPRINT="9DC858229FC7DD38854AE2D88D81803C0EBFCD88"
+RUN if [ -n "$OPENCLAW_INSTALL_DOCKER_CLI" ]; then \
+      apt-get update && \
+      DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+        ca-certificates curl gnupg && \
+      install -m 0755 -d /etc/apt/keyrings && \
+      # Verify Docker apt signing key fingerprint before trusting it as a root key.
+      # Update OPENCLAW_DOCKER_GPG_FINGERPRINT when Docker rotates release keys.
+      curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/gpg -o /tmp/docker.gpg.asc && \
+      expected_fingerprint="$(printf '%s' "$OPENCLAW_DOCKER_GPG_FINGERPRINT" | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' | tr -d '[:space:]')" && \
+      actual_fingerprint="$(gpg --batch --show-keys --with-colons /tmp/docker.gpg.asc | awk -F: '$1 == \"fpr\" { print toupper($10); exit }')" && \
+      if [ -z "$actual_fingerprint" ] || [ "$actual_fingerprint" != "$expected_fingerprint" ]; then \
+        echo "ERROR: Docker apt key fingerprint mismatch (expected $expected_fingerprint, got ${actual_fingerprint:-<empty>})" >&2; \
+        exit 1; \
+      fi && \
+      gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg /tmp/docker.gpg.asc && \
+      rm -f /tmp/docker.gpg.asc && \
+      chmod a+r /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg && \
+      printf 'deb [arch=%s signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/debian bookworm stable\n' \
+        "$(dpkg --print-architecture)" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list && \
+      apt-get update && \
+      DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+        docker-ce-cli docker-compose-plugin && \
+      apt-get clean && \
+      rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /var/cache/apt/archives/*; \
+    fi
+
 USER node
 COPY --chown=node:node . .
+# Normalize copied plugin/agent paths so plugin safety checks do not reject
+# world-writable directories inherited from source file modes.
+RUN for dir in /app/extensions /app/.agent /app/.agents; do \
+      if [ -d "$dir" ]; then \
+        find "$dir" -type d -exec chmod 755 {} +; \
+        find "$dir" -type f -exec chmod 644 {} +; \
+      fi; \
+    done
 RUN pnpm build
 # Force pnpm for UI build (Bun may fail on ARM/Synology architectures)
 ENV OPENCLAW_PREFER_PNPM=1
@@ -66,7 +119,15 @@ USER node
 # Start gateway server with default config.
 # Binds to loopback (127.0.0.1) by default for security.
 #
-# For container platforms requiring external health checks:
-#   1. Set OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_TOKEN or OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_PASSWORD env var
-#   2. Override CMD: ["node","openclaw.mjs","gateway","--allow-unconfigured","--bind","lan"]
+# IMPORTANT: With Docker bridge networking (-p 18789:18789), loopback bind
+# makes the gateway unreachable from the host. Either:
+#   - Use --network host, OR
+#   - Override --bind to "lan" (0.0.0.0) and set auth credentials
+#
+# Built-in probe endpoints for container health checks:
+#   - GET /healthz (liveness) and GET /readyz (readiness)
+#   - aliases: /health and /ready
+# For external access from host/ingress, override bind to "lan" and set auth.
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=3m --timeout=10s --start-period=15s --retries=3 \
+  CMD node -e "fetch('http://127.0.0.1:18789/healthz').then((r)=>process.exit(r.ok?0:1)).catch(()=>process.exit(1))"
 CMD ["node", "openclaw.mjs", "gateway", "--allow-unconfigured"]

README.md

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 </p>
 
 **OpenClaw** is a _personal AI assistant_ you run on your own devices.
-It answers you on the channels you already use (WhatsApp, Telegram, Slack, Discord, Google Chat, Signal, iMessage, Microsoft Teams, WebChat), plus extension channels like BlueBubbles, Matrix, Zalo, and Zalo Personal. It can speak and listen on macOS/iOS/Android, and can render a live Canvas you control. The Gateway is just the control plane — the product is the assistant.
+It answers you on the channels you already use (WhatsApp, Telegram, Slack, Discord, Google Chat, Signal, iMessage, BlueBubbles, IRC, Microsoft Teams, Matrix, Feishu, LINE, Mattermost, Nextcloud Talk, Nostr, Synology Chat, Tlon, Twitch, Zalo, Zalo Personal, WebChat). It can speak and listen on macOS/iOS/Android, and can render a live Canvas you control. The Gateway is just the control plane — the product is the assistant.
 
 If you want a personal, single-user assistant that feels local, fast, and always-on, this is it.
 
@@ -32,15 +32,15 @@ New install? Start here: [Getting started](https://docs.openclaw.ai/start/gettin
 
 ## Sponsors
 
-| OpenAI                                                            | Blacksmith                                                                   | Convex                                                                |
-| ----------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| [![OpenAI](docs/assets/sponsors/openai.svg)](https://openai.com/) | [![Blacksmith](docs/assets/sponsors/blacksmith.svg)](https://blacksmith.sh/) | [![Convex](docs/assets/sponsors/convex.svg)](https://www.convex.dev/) |
+| OpenAI                                                            | Vercel                                                            | Blacksmith                                                                   | Convex                                                                |
+| ----------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [![OpenAI](docs/assets/sponsors/openai.svg)](https://openai.com/) | [![Vercel](docs/assets/sponsors/vercel.svg)](https://vercel.com/) | [![Blacksmith](docs/assets/sponsors/blacksmith.svg)](https://blacksmith.sh/) | [![Convex](docs/assets/sponsors/convex.svg)](https://www.convex.dev/) |
 
 **Subscriptions (OAuth):**
 
 - **[OpenAI](https://openai.com/)** (ChatGPT/Codex)
 
-Model note: while any model is supported, I strongly recommend **Anthropic Pro/Max (100/200) + Opus 4.6** for long‑context strength and better prompt‑injection resistance. See [Onboarding](https://docs.openclaw.ai/start/onboarding).
+Model note: while many providers/models are supported, for the best experience and lower prompt-injection risk use the strongest latest-generation model available to you. See [Onboarding](https://docs.openclaw.ai/start/onboarding).
 
 ## Models (selection + auth)
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ openclaw gateway --port 18789 --verbose
 # Send a message
 openclaw message send --to +1234567890 --message "Hello from OpenClaw"
 
-# Talk to the assistant (optionally deliver back to any connected channel: WhatsApp/Telegram/Slack/Discord/Google Chat/Signal/iMessage/BlueBubbles/Microsoft Teams/Matrix/Zalo/Zalo Personal/WebChat)
+# Talk to the assistant (optionally deliver back to any connected channel: WhatsApp/Telegram/Slack/Discord/Google Chat/Signal/iMessage/BlueBubbles/IRC/Microsoft Teams/Matrix/Feishu/LINE/Mattermost/Nextcloud Talk/Nostr/Synology Chat/Tlon/Twitch/Zalo/Zalo Personal/WebChat)
 openclaw agent --message "Ship checklist" --thinking high
 ```
 
@@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ Run `openclaw doctor` to surface risky/misconfigured DM policies.
 ## Highlights
 
 - **[Local-first Gateway](https://docs.openclaw.ai/gateway)** — single control plane for sessions, channels, tools, and events.
-- **[Multi-channel inbox](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels)** — WhatsApp, Telegram, Slack, Discord, Google Chat, Signal, BlueBubbles (iMessage), iMessage (legacy), Microsoft Teams, Matrix, Zalo, Zalo Personal, WebChat, macOS, iOS/Android.
+- **[Multi-channel inbox](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels)** — WhatsApp, Telegram, Slack, Discord, Google Chat, Signal, BlueBubbles (iMessage), iMessage (legacy), IRC, Microsoft Teams, Matrix, Feishu, LINE, Mattermost, Nextcloud Talk, Nostr, Synology Chat, Tlon, Twitch, Zalo, Zalo Personal, WebChat, macOS, iOS/Android.
 - **[Multi-agent routing](https://docs.openclaw.ai/gateway/configuration)** — route inbound channels/accounts/peers to isolated agents (workspaces + per-agent sessions).
-- **[Voice Wake](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/voicewake) + [Talk Mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/talk)** — always-on speech for macOS/iOS/Android with ElevenLabs.
+- **[Voice Wake](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/voicewake) + [Talk Mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/talk)** — wake words on macOS/iOS and continuous voice on Android (ElevenLabs + system TTS fallback).
 - **[Live Canvas](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/mac/canvas)** — agent-driven visual workspace with [A2UI](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/mac/canvas#canvas-a2ui).
 - **[First-class tools](https://docs.openclaw.ai/tools)** — browser, canvas, nodes, cron, sessions, and Discord/Slack actions.
 - **[Companion apps](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/macos)** — macOS menu bar app + iOS/Android [nodes](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes).
@@ -150,14 +150,14 @@ Run `openclaw doctor` to surface risky/misconfigured DM policies.
 
 ### Channels
 
-- [Channels](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels): [WhatsApp](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/whatsapp) (Baileys), [Telegram](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/telegram) (grammY), [Slack](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/slack) (Bolt), [Discord](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/discord) (discord.js), [Google Chat](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/googlechat) (Chat API), [Signal](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/signal) (signal-cli), [BlueBubbles](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/bluebubbles) (iMessage, recommended), [iMessage](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/imessage) (legacy imsg), [Microsoft Teams](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/msteams) (extension), [Matrix](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/matrix) (extension), [Zalo](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/zalo) (extension), [Zalo Personal](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/zalouser) (extension), [WebChat](https://docs.openclaw.ai/web/webchat).
+- [Channels](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels): [WhatsApp](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/whatsapp) (Baileys), [Telegram](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/telegram) (grammY), [Slack](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/slack) (Bolt), [Discord](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/discord) (discord.js), [Google Chat](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/googlechat) (Chat API), [Signal](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/signal) (signal-cli), [BlueBubbles](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/bluebubbles) (iMessage, recommended), [iMessage](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/imessage) (legacy imsg), [IRC](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/irc), [Microsoft Teams](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/msteams), [Matrix](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/matrix), [Feishu](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/feishu), [LINE](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/line), [Mattermost](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/mattermost), [Nextcloud Talk](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/nextcloud-talk), [Nostr](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/nostr), [Synology Chat](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/synology-chat), [Tlon](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/tlon), [Twitch](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/twitch), [Zalo](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/zalo), [Zalo Personal](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/zalouser), [WebChat](https://docs.openclaw.ai/web/webchat).
 - [Group routing](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels/group-messages): mention gating, reply tags, per-channel chunking and routing. Channel rules: [Channels](https://docs.openclaw.ai/channels).
 
 ### Apps + nodes
 
 - [macOS app](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/macos): menu bar control plane, [Voice Wake](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/voicewake)/PTT, [Talk Mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/talk) overlay, [WebChat](https://docs.openclaw.ai/web/webchat), debug tools, [remote gateway](https://docs.openclaw.ai/gateway/remote) control.
-- [iOS node](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/ios): [Canvas](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/mac/canvas), [Voice Wake](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/voicewake), [Talk Mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/talk), camera, screen recording, Bonjour pairing.
-- [Android node](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/android): [Canvas](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/mac/canvas), [Talk Mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/talk), camera, screen recording, optional SMS.
+- [iOS node](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/ios): [Canvas](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/mac/canvas), [Voice Wake](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/voicewake), [Talk Mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/talk), camera, screen recording, Bonjour + device pairing.
+- [Android node](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/android): Connect tab (setup code/manual), chat sessions, voice tab, [Canvas](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/mac/canvas), camera/screen recording, and Android device commands (notifications/location/SMS/photos/contacts/calendar/motion/app update).
 - [macOS node mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes): system.run/notify + canvas/camera exposure.
 
 ### Tools + automation
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ Run `openclaw doctor` to surface risky/misconfigured DM policies.
 ## How it works (short)
 
 ```
-WhatsApp / Telegram / Slack / Discord / Google Chat / Signal / iMessage / BlueBubbles / Microsoft Teams / Matrix / Zalo / Zalo Personal / WebChat
+WhatsApp / Telegram / Slack / Discord / Google Chat / Signal / iMessage / BlueBubbles / IRC / Microsoft Teams / Matrix / Feishu / LINE / Mattermost / Nextcloud Talk / Nostr / Synology Chat / Tlon / Twitch / Zalo / Zalo Personal / WebChat
                │
                ▼
 ┌───────────────────────────────┐
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ WhatsApp / Telegram / Slack / Discord / Google Chat / Signal / iMessage / BlueBu
 - **[Tailscale exposure](https://docs.openclaw.ai/gateway/tailscale)** — Serve/Funnel for the Gateway dashboard + WS (remote access: [Remote](https://docs.openclaw.ai/gateway/remote)).
 - **[Browser control](https://docs.openclaw.ai/tools/browser)** — openclaw‑managed Chrome/Chromium with CDP control.
 - **[Canvas + A2UI](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/mac/canvas)** — agent‑driven visual workspace (A2UI host: [Canvas/A2UI](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/mac/canvas#canvas-a2ui)).
-- **[Voice Wake](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/voicewake) + [Talk Mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/talk)** — always‑on speech and continuous conversation.
+- **[Voice Wake](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/voicewake) + [Talk Mode](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes/talk)** — wake words on macOS/iOS plus continuous voice on Android.
 - **[Nodes](https://docs.openclaw.ai/nodes)** — Canvas, camera snap/clip, screen record, `location.get`, notifications, plus macOS‑only `system.run`/`system.notify`.
 
 ## Tailscale access (Gateway dashboard)
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ Note: signed builds required for macOS permissions to stick across rebuilds (see
 
 ### iOS node (optional)
 
-- Pairs as a node via the Bridge.
+- Pairs as a node over the Gateway WebSocket (device pairing).
 - Voice trigger forwarding + Canvas surface.
 - Controlled via `openclaw nodes …`.
 
@@ -305,8 +305,8 @@ Runbook: [iOS connect](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/ios).
 
 ### Android node (optional)
 
-- Pairs via the same Bridge + pairing flow as iOS.
-- Exposes Canvas, Camera, and Screen capture commands.
+- Pairs as a WS node via device pairing (`openclaw devices ...`).
+- Exposes Connect/Chat/Voice tabs plus Canvas, Camera, Screen capture, and Android device command families.
 - Runbook: [Android connect](https://docs.openclaw.ai/platforms/android).
 
 ## Agent workspace + skills
@@ -502,54 +502,58 @@ Special thanks to Adam Doppelt for lobster.bot.
 Thanks to all clawtributors:
 
 <p align="left">
-  <a href="https://github.com/steipete"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/58493?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="steipete" title="steipete"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/sktbrd"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/116202536?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="sktbrd" title="sktbrd"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/cpojer"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/13352?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="cpojer" title="cpojer"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/joshp123"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1497361?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="joshp123" title="joshp123"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/mbelinky"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/132747814?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Mariano Belinky" title="Mariano Belinky"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Takhoffman"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/781889?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Takhoffman" title="Takhoffman"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/sebslight"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/19554889?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="sebslight" title="sebslight"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/tyler6204"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/64381258?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="tyler6204" title="tyler6204"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/quotentiroler"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/40643627?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="quotentiroler" title="quotentiroler"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/VeriteIgiraneza"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/69280208?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Verite Igiraneza" title="Verite Igiraneza"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/gumadeiras"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/5599352?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="gumadeiras" title="gumadeiras"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/bohdanpodvirnyi"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/31819391?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="bohdanpodvirnyi" title="bohdanpodvirnyi"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/vincentkoc"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/25068?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="vincentkoc" title="vincentkoc"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/iHildy"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/25069719?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="iHildy" title="iHildy"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/jaydenfyi"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/213395523?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="jaydenfyi" title="jaydenfyi"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Glucksberg"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/80581902?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Glucksberg" title="Glucksberg"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/joaohlisboa"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8200873?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="joaohlisboa" title="joaohlisboa"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/rodrigouroz"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/384037?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="rodrigouroz" title="rodrigouroz"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/mneves75"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2423436?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="mneves75" title="mneves75"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/BunsDev"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/68980965?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="BunsDev" title="BunsDev"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/MatthieuBizien"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/173090?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="MatthieuBizien" title="MatthieuBizien"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/MaudeBot"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/255777700?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="MaudeBot" title="MaudeBot"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/vignesh07"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1436853?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="vignesh07" title="vignesh07"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/smartprogrammer93"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/33181301?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="smartprogrammer93" title="smartprogrammer93"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/advaitpaliwal"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/66044327?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="advaitpaliwal" title="advaitpaliwal"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/HenryLoenwind"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1485873?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="HenryLoenwind" title="HenryLoenwind"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/rahthakor"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8470553?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="rahthakor" title="rahthakor"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/vrknetha"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/20596261?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="vrknetha" title="vrknetha"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/abdelsfane"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/32418586?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="abdelsfane" title="abdelsfane"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/radek-paclt"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/50451445?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="radek-paclt" title="radek-paclt"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/joshavant"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/830519?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="joshavant" title="joshavant"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/christianklotz"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/69443?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="christianklotz" title="christianklotz"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/mudrii"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/220262?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="mudrii" title="mudrii"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/zerone0x"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/39543393?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="zerone0x" title="zerone0x"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ranausmanai"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/257128159?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ranausmanai" title="ranausmanai"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/tobiasbischoff"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/711564?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Tobias Bischoff" title="Tobias Bischoff"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/heyhudson"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/258693705?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="heyhudson" title="heyhudson"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/czekaj"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1464539?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="czekaj" title="czekaj"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ethanpalm"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/56270045?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ethanpalm" title="ethanpalm"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/yinghaosang"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/261132136?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="yinghaosang" title="yinghaosang"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/nabbilkhan"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/203121263?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="nabbilkhan" title="nabbilkhan"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/mukhtharcm"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/56378562?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="mukhtharcm" title="mukhtharcm"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/aether-ai-agent"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/261339948?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="aether-ai-agent" title="aether-ai-agent"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/coygeek"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/65363919?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="coygeek" title="coygeek"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Mrseenz"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/101962919?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Mrseenz" title="Mrseenz"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/maxsumrall"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/628843?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="maxsumrall" title="maxsumrall"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/xadenryan"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/165437834?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="xadenryan" title="xadenryan"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/VACInc"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3279061?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="VACInc" title="VACInc"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/juanpablodlc"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/92012363?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="juanpablodlc" title="juanpablodlc"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/conroywhitney"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/249891?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="conroywhitney" title="conroywhitney"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/buerbaumer"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/44548809?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Harald Buerbaumer" title="Harald Buerbaumer"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/akoscz"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1360047?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="akoscz" title="akoscz"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Bridgerz"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/24499532?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Bridgerz" title="Bridgerz"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/hsrvc"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/129702169?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="hsrvc" title="hsrvc"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/magimetal"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/36491250?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="magimetal" title="magimetal"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/openclaw-bot"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/258178069?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="openclaw-bot" title="openclaw-bot"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/meaningfool"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2862331?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="meaningfool" title="meaningfool"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/JustasMonkev"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/59362982?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="JustasM" title="JustasM"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Phineas1500"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/41450967?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Phineas1500" title="Phineas1500"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ENCHIGO"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/38551565?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ENCHIGO" title="ENCHIGO"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/patelhiren"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/172098?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Hiren Patel" title="Hiren Patel"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/NicholasSpisak"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/129075147?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="NicholasSpisak" title="NicholasSpisak"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/claude"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/81847?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="claude" title="claude"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/jonisjongithub"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/86072337?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="jonisjongithub" title="jonisjongithub"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/theonejvo"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/125909656?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="theonejvo" title="theonejvo"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/AbhisekBasu1"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/40645221?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="abhisekbasu1" title="abhisekbasu1"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Ryan-Haines"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1855752?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Ryan Haines" title="Ryan Haines"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Blakeshannon"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/257822860?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Blakeshannon" title="Blakeshannon"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/jamesgroat"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2634024?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="jamesgroat" title="jamesgroat"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Marvae"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/11957602?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Marvae" title="Marvae"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/arosstale"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/117890364?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="arosstale" title="arosstale"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/shakkernerd"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/165377636?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="shakkernerd" title="shakkernerd"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/gejifeng"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17561857?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="gejifeng" title="gejifeng"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/divanoli"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/12023205?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="divanoli" title="divanoli"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ryan-crabbe"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/128659760?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ryan-crabbe" title="ryan-crabbe"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/nyanjou"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/258645604?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="nyanjou" title="nyanjou"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/theSamPadilla"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/35386211?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Sam Padilla" title="Sam Padilla"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/dantelex"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/631543?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="dantelex" title="dantelex"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/SocialNerd42069"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/118244303?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="SocialNerd42069" title="SocialNerd42069"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/solstead"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/168413654?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="solstead" title="solstead"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/natefikru"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/10344644?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="natefikru" title="natefikru"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/daveonkels"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/533642?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="daveonkels" title="daveonkels"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/xzq-xu"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/53989315?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="LeftX" title="LeftX"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Yida-Dev"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/92713555?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Yida-Dev" title="Yida-Dev"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/harhogefoo"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/11906529?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Masataka Shinohara" title="Masataka Shinohara"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/lewiswigmore"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/58551848?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Lewis" title="Lewis"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/riccardogiorato"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/4527364?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="riccardogiorato" title="riccardogiorato"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/lc0rp"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2609441?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="lc0rp" title="lc0rp"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/adam91holt"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/9592417?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="adam91holt" title="adam91holt"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/mousberg"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/57605064?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="mousberg" title="mousberg"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/BillChirico"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/13951316?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="BillChirico" title="BillChirico"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/shadril238"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/63901551?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="shadril238" title="shadril238"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/CharlieGreenman"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8540141?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="CharlieGreenman" title="CharlieGreenman"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/hougangdev"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/105773686?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="hougangdev" title="hougangdev"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Mellowambience"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/40958792?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Mars" title="Mars"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/orlyjamie"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/6668807?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="orlyjamie" title="orlyjamie"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/mcrolly"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/60803337?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="McRolly NWANGWU" title="McRolly NWANGWU"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/PeterShanxin"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/128674037?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="LI SHANXIN" title="LI SHANXIN"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/simonemacario"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2116609?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Simone Macario" title="Simone Macario"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/durenzidu"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/38130340?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="durenzidu" title="durenzidu"/></a>
-  <a href="https://github.com/JustYannicc"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/52761674?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="JustYannicc" title="JustYannicc"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Minidoracat"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/11269639?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Minidoracat" title="Minidoracat"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/magendary"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/30611068?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="magendary" title="magendary"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/jessy2027"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/89694096?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Jessy LANGE" title="Jessy LANGE"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/mteam88"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/84196639?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="mteam88" title="mteam88"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/brandonwise"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/21148772?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="brandonwise" title="brandonwise"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/hirefrank"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/183158?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="hirefrank" title="hirefrank"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/M00N7682"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/170746674?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="M00N7682" title="M00N7682"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/dbhurley"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/5251425?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="dbhurley" title="dbhurley"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/omniwired"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/322761?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Eng. Juan Combetto" title="Eng. Juan Combetto"/></a>
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-  <a href="https://github.com/dylanneve1"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/31746704?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="dylanneve1" title="dylanneve1"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/EmberCF"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/258471336?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="EmberCF" title="EmberCF"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ephraimm"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2803669?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ephraimm" title="ephraimm"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ereid7"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/27597719?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ereid7" title="ereid7"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/eternauta1337"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/550409?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="eternauta1337" title="eternauta1337"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/foeken"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/13864?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="foeken" title="foeken"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/gtsifrikas"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8904378?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="gtsifrikas" title="gtsifrikas"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/HazAT"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/363802?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="HazAT" title="HazAT"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/iamEvanYT"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/47493765?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="iamEvanYT" title="iamEvanYT"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ikari-pl"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/811702?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ikari-pl" title="ikari-pl"/></a>
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+  <a href="https://github.com/KnHack"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2346724?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Charlie Niño" title="Charlie Niño"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/17jmumford"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/36290330?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Jeremy Mumford" title="Jeremy Mumford"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Yeom-JinHo"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/81306489?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Yeom-JinHo" title="Yeom-JinHo"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/robaxelsen"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/13132899?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Rob Axelsen" title="Rob Axelsen"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/junjunjunbong"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/153147718?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="junwon" title="junwon"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/prathamdby"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/134331217?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Pratham Dubey" title="Pratham Dubey"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/amitbiswal007"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/108086198?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="amitbiswal007" title="amitbiswal007"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Slats24"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/42514321?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Slats" title="Slats"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/orenyomtov"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/168856?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Oren" title="Oren"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/parkertoddbrooks"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/585456?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Parker Todd Brooks" title="Parker Todd Brooks"/></a>
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+  <a href="https://github.com/sktbrd"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/116202536?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="sktbrd" title="sktbrd"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/larlyssa"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/13128869?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="larlyssa" title="larlyssa"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Mind-Dragon"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/262945885?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Mind-Dragon" title="Mind-Dragon"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/pcty-nextgen-service-account"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/112553441?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="pcty-nextgen-service-account" title="pcty-nextgen-service-account"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/tmchow"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/517103?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="tmchow" title="tmchow"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/uli-will-code"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/49715419?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="uli-will-code" title="uli-will-code"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/mgratch"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2238658?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Marc Gratch" title="Marc Gratch"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/JackyWay"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/53031570?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="JackyWay" title="JackyWay"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/aaronveklabs"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/225997828?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="aaronveklabs" title="aaronveklabs"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/CJWTRUST"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/235565898?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="CJWTRUST" title="CJWTRUST"/></a>
+  <a href="https://github.com/erik-agens"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/80908960?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="erik-agens" title="erik-agens"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/odnxe"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/403141?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="odnxe" title="odnxe"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/T5-AndyML"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/22801233?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="T5-AndyML" title="T5-AndyML"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/j1philli"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3744255?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Josh Phillips" title="Josh Phillips"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/mujiannan"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/46643837?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="mujiannan" title="mujiannan"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/marcodd23"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3519682?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Marco Di Dionisio" title="Marco Di Dionisio"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/RandyVentures"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/149904821?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Randy Torres" title="Randy Torres"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/afern247"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/34192856?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="afern247" title="afern247"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/0oAstro"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/79555780?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="0oAstro" title="0oAstro"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/alexanderatallah"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1011391?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="alexanderatallah" title="alexanderatallah"/></a>
+  <a href="https://github.com/testingabc321"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8577388?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="testingabc321" title="testingabc321"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/humanwritten"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/206531610?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="humanwritten" title="humanwritten"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/aaronn"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1653630?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="aaronn" title="aaronn"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/Alphonse-arianee"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/254457365?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="Alphonse-arianee" title="Alphonse-arianee"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/gtsifrikas"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8904378?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="gtsifrikas" title="gtsifrikas"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/hrdwdmrbl"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/554881?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="hrdwdmrbl" title="hrdwdmrbl"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/hugobarauna"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2719?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="hugobarauna" title="hugobarauna"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/jiulingyun"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/126459548?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="jiulingyun" title="jiulingyun"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/kitze"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1160594?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="kitze" title="kitze"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/loukotal"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/18210858?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="loukotal" title="loukotal"/></a>
+  <a href="https://github.com/MSch"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7475?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="MSch" title="MSch"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/odrobnik"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/333270?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="odrobnik" title="odrobnik"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/reeltimeapps"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/637338?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="reeltimeapps" title="reeltimeapps"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/rhjoh"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/105699450?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="rhjoh" title="rhjoh"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/ronak-guliani"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/23518228?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="ronak-guliani" title="ronak-guliani"/></a> <a href="https://github.com/snopoke"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/249606?v=4&s=48" width="48" height="48" alt="snopoke" title="snopoke"/></a>
 </p>

SECURITY.md

@@ -56,6 +56,9 @@ These are frequently reported but are typically closed with no code change:
 - Reports that assume per-user multi-tenant authorization on a shared gateway host/config.
 - Reports that only show differences in heuristic detection/parity (for example obfuscation-pattern detection on one exec path but not another, such as `node.invoke -> system.run` parity gaps) without demonstrating bypass of auth, approvals, allowlist enforcement, sandboxing, or other documented trust boundaries.
 - ReDoS/DoS claims that require trusted operator configuration input (for example catastrophic regex in `sessionFilter` or `logging.redactPatterns`) without a trust-boundary bypass.
+- Archive/install extraction claims that require pre-existing local filesystem priming in trusted state (for example planting symlink/hardlink aliases under destination directories such as skills/tools paths) without showing an untrusted path that can create/control that primitive.
+- Reports that depend on replacing or rewriting an already-approved executable path on a trusted host (same-path inode/content swap) without showing an untrusted path to perform that write.
+- Reports that depend on pre-existing symlinked skill/workspace filesystem state (for example symlink chains involving `skills/*/SKILL.md`) without showing an untrusted path that can create/control that state.
 - Missing HSTS findings on default local/loopback deployments.
 - Slack webhook signature findings when HTTP mode already uses signing-secret verification.
 - Discord inbound webhook signature findings for paths not used by this repo's Discord integration.
@@ -112,6 +115,9 @@ Plugins/extensions are part of OpenClaw's trusted computing base for a gateway.
 - Deployments where mutually untrusted/adversarial operators share one gateway host and config (for example, reports expecting per-operator isolation for `sessions.list`, `sessions.preview`, `chat.history`, or similar control-plane reads)
 - Prompt-injection-only attacks (without a policy/auth/sandbox boundary bypass)
 - Reports that require write access to trusted local state (`~/.openclaw`, workspace files like `MEMORY.md` / `memory/*.md`)
+- Reports where exploitability depends on attacker-controlled pre-existing symlink/hardlink filesystem state in trusted local paths (for example extraction/install target trees) unless a separate untrusted boundary bypass is shown that creates that state.
+- Reports whose only claim is sandbox/workspace read expansion through trusted local skill/workspace symlink state (for example `skills/*/SKILL.md` symlink chains) unless a separate untrusted boundary bypass is shown that creates/controls that state.
+- Reports whose only claim is post-approval executable identity drift on a trusted host via same-path file replacement/rewrite unless a separate untrusted boundary bypass is shown for that host write primitive.
 - Reports where the only demonstrated impact is an already-authorized sender intentionally invoking a local-action command (for example `/export-session` writing to an absolute host path) without bypassing auth, sandbox, or another documented boundary
 - Reports where the only claim is that a trusted-installed/enabled plugin can execute with gateway/host privileges (documented trust model behavior).
 - Any report whose only claim is that an operator-enabled `dangerous*`/`dangerously*` config option weakens defaults (these are explicit break-glass tradeoffs by design)
@@ -147,6 +153,8 @@ OpenClaw's security model is "personal assistant" (one trusted operator, potenti
 - The model/agent is **not** a trusted principal. Assume prompt/content injection can manipulate behavior.
 - Security boundaries come from host/config trust, auth, tool policy, sandboxing, and exec approvals.
 - Prompt injection by itself is not a vulnerability report unless it crosses one of those boundaries.
+- Hook/webhook-driven payloads should be treated as untrusted content; keep unsafe bypass flags disabled unless doing tightly scoped debugging (`hooks.gmail.allowUnsafeExternalContent`, `hooks.mappings[].allowUnsafeExternalContent`).
+- Weak model tiers are generally easier to prompt-inject. For tool-enabled or hook-driven agents, prefer strong modern model tiers and strict tool policy (for example `tools.profile: "messaging"` or stricter), plus sandboxing where possible.
 
 ## Gateway and Node trust concept
 
@@ -204,6 +212,14 @@ For threat model + hardening guidance (including `openclaw security audit --deep
 - `tools.fs.workspaceOnly: true` (optional): restricts `read`/`write`/`edit`/`apply_patch` paths and native prompt image auto-load paths to the workspace directory.
 - Avoid setting `tools.exec.applyPatch.workspaceOnly: false` unless you fully trust who can trigger tool execution.
 
+### Sub-agent delegation hardening
+
+- Keep `sessions_spawn` denied unless you explicitly need delegated runs.
+- Keep `agents.list[].subagents.allowAgents` narrow, and only include agents with sandbox settings you trust.
+- When delegation must stay sandboxed, call `sessions_spawn` with `sandbox: "require"` (default is `inherit`).
+  - `sandbox: "require"` rejects the spawn unless the target child runtime is sandboxed.
+  - This prevents a less-restricted session from delegating work into an unsandboxed child by mistake.
+
 ### Web Interface Safety
 
 OpenClaw's web interface (Gateway Control UI + HTTP endpoints) is intended for **local use only**.

appcast.xml

@@ -3,142 +3,142 @@
     <channel>
         <title>OpenClaw</title>
         <item>
-            <title>2026.2.14</title>
-            <pubDate>Sun, 15 Feb 2026 04:24:34 +0100</pubDate>
+            <title>2026.3.1</title>
+            <pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2026 04:40:59 +0000</pubDate>
             <link>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openclaw/openclaw/main/appcast.xml</link>
-            <sparkle:version>202602140</sparkle:version>
-            <sparkle:shortVersionString>2026.2.14</sparkle:shortVersionString>
+            <sparkle:version>2026030190</sparkle:version>
+            <sparkle:shortVersionString>2026.3.1</sparkle:shortVersionString>
             <sparkle:minimumSystemVersion>15.0</sparkle:minimumSystemVersion>
-            <description><![CDATA[<h2>OpenClaw 2026.2.14</h2>
+            <description><![CDATA[<h2>OpenClaw 2026.3.1</h2>
 <h3>Changes</h3>
 <ul>
-<li>Telegram: add poll sending via <code>openclaw message poll</code> (duration seconds, silent delivery, anonymity controls). (#16209) Thanks @robbyczgw-cla.</li>
-<li>Slack/Discord: add <code>dmPolicy</code> + <code>allowFrom</code> config aliases for DM access control; legacy <code>dm.policy</code> + <code>dm.allowFrom</code> keys remain supported and <code>openclaw doctor --fix</code> can migrate them.</li>
-<li>Discord: allow exec approval prompts to target channels or both DM+channel via <code>channels.discord.execApprovals.target</code>. (#16051) Thanks @leonnardo.</li>
-<li>Sandbox: add <code>sandbox.browser.binds</code> to configure browser-container bind mounts separately from exec containers. (#16230) Thanks @seheepeak.</li>
-<li>Discord: add debug logging for message routing decisions to improve <code>--debug</code> tracing. (#16202) Thanks @jayleekr.</li>
+<li>Agents/Thinking defaults: set <code>adaptive</code> as the default thinking level for Anthropic Claude 4.6 models (including Bedrock Claude 4.6 refs) while keeping other reasoning-capable models at <code>low</code> unless explicitly configured.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Container probes: add built-in HTTP liveness/readiness endpoints (<code>/health</code>, <code>/healthz</code>, <code>/ready</code>, <code>/readyz</code>) for Docker/Kubernetes health checks, with fallback routing so existing handlers on those paths are not shadowed. (#31272) Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Android/Nodes: add <code>camera.list</code>, <code>device.permissions</code>, <code>device.health</code>, and <code>notifications.actions</code> (<code>open</code>/<code>dismiss</code>/<code>reply</code>) on Android nodes, plus first-class node-tool actions for the new device/notification commands. (#28260) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Discord/Thread bindings: replace fixed TTL lifecycle with inactivity (<code>idleHours</code>, default 24h) plus optional hard <code>maxAgeHours</code> lifecycle controls, and add <code>/session idle</code> + <code>/session max-age</code> commands for focused thread-bound sessions. (#27845) Thanks @osolmaz.</li>
+<li>Telegram/DM topics: add per-DM <code>direct</code> + topic config (allowlists, <code>dmPolicy</code>, <code>skills</code>, <code>systemPrompt</code>, <code>requireTopic</code>), route DM topics as distinct inbound/outbound sessions, and enforce topic-aware authorization/debounce for messages, callbacks, commands, and reactions. Landed from contributor PR #30579 by @kesor. Thanks @kesor.</li>
+<li>Web UI/Cron i18n: localize cron page labels, filters, form help text, and validation/error messaging in English and zh-CN. (#29315) Thanks @BUGKillerKing.</li>
+<li>OpenAI/Streaming transport: make <code>openai</code> Responses WebSocket-first by default (<code>transport: "auto"</code> with SSE fallback), add shared OpenAI WS stream/connection runtime wiring with per-session cleanup, and preserve server-side compaction payload mutation (<code>store</code> + <code>context_management</code>) on the WS path.</li>
+<li>Android/Gateway capability refresh: add live Android capability integration coverage and node canvas capability refresh wiring, plus runtime hardening for A2UI readiness retries, scoped canvas URL normalization, debug diagnostics JSON, and JavaScript MIME delivery. (#28388) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Android/Nodes parity: add <code>system.notify</code>, <code>photos.latest</code>, <code>contacts.search</code>/<code>contacts.add</code>, <code>calendar.events</code>/<code>calendar.add</code>, and <code>motion.activity</code>/<code>motion.pedometer</code>, with motion sensor-aware command gating and improved activity sampling reliability. (#29398) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>CLI/Config: add <code>openclaw config file</code> to print the active config file path resolved from <code>OPENCLAW_CONFIG_PATH</code> or the default location. (#26256) thanks @cyb1278588254.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Docx tables + uploads: add <code>feishu_doc</code> actions for Docx table creation/cell writing (<code>create_table</code>, <code>write_table_cells</code>, <code>create_table_with_values</code>) and image/file uploads (<code>upload_image</code>, <code>upload_file</code>) with stricter create/upload error handling for missing <code>document_id</code> and placeholder cleanup failures. (#20304) Thanks @xuhao1.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Reactions: add inbound <code>im.message.reaction.created_v1</code> handling, route verified reactions through synthetic inbound turns, and harden verification with timeout + fail-closed filtering so non-bot or unverified reactions are dropped. (#16716) Thanks @schumilin.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Chat tooling: add <code>feishu_chat</code> tool actions for chat info and member queries, with configurable enablement under <code>channels.feishu.tools.chat</code>. (#14674) Thanks @liuweifly.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Doc permissions: support optional owner permission grant fields on <code>feishu_doc</code> create and report permission metadata only when the grant call succeeds, with regression coverage for success/failure/omitted-owner paths. (#28295) Thanks @zhoulongchao77.</li>
+<li>Web UI/i18n: add German (<code>de</code>) locale support and auto-render language options from supported locale constants in Overview settings. (#28495) thanks @dsantoreis.</li>
+<li>Tools/Diffs: add a new optional <code>diffs</code> plugin tool for read-only diff rendering from before/after text or unified patches, with gateway viewer URLs for canvas and PNG image output. Thanks @gumadeiras.</li>
+<li>Memory/LanceDB: support custom OpenAI <code>baseUrl</code> and embedding dimensions for LanceDB memory. (#17874) Thanks @rish2jain and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>ACP/ACPX streaming: pin ACPX plugin support to <code>0.1.15</code>, add configurable ACPX command/version probing, and streamline ACP stream delivery (<code>final_only</code> default + reduced tool-event noise) with matching runtime and test updates. (#30036) Thanks @osolmaz.</li>
+<li>Shell env markers: set <code>OPENCLAW_SHELL</code> across shell-like runtimes (<code>exec</code>, <code>acp</code>, <code>acp-client</code>, <code>tui-local</code>) so shell startup/config rules can target OpenClaw contexts consistently, and document the markers in env/exec/acp/TUI docs. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Cron/Heartbeat light bootstrap context: add opt-in lightweight bootstrap mode for automation runs (<code>--light-context</code> for cron agent turns and <code>agents.*.heartbeat.lightContext</code> for heartbeat), keeping only <code>HEARTBEAT.md</code> for heartbeat runs and skipping bootstrap-file injection for cron lightweight runs. (#26064) Thanks @jose-velez.</li>
+<li>OpenAI/WebSocket warm-up: add optional OpenAI Responses WebSocket warm-up (<code>response.create</code> with <code>generate:false</code>), enable it by default for <code>openai/*</code>, and expose <code>params.openaiWsWarmup</code> for per-model enable/disable control.</li>
+<li>Agents/Subagents runtime events: replace ad-hoc subagent completion system-message handoff with typed internal completion events (<code>task_completion</code>) that are rendered consistently across direct and queued announce paths, with gateway/CLI plumbing for structured <code>internalEvents</code>.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3>Breaking</h3>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>BREAKING:</strong> Node exec approval payloads now require <code>systemRunPlan</code>. <code>host=node</code> approval requests without that plan are rejected.</li>
+<li><strong>BREAKING:</strong> Node <code>system.run</code> execution now pins path-token commands to the canonical executable path (<code>realpath</code>) in both allowlist and approval execution flows. Integrations/tests that asserted token-form argv (for example <code>tr</code>) must now accept canonical paths (for example <code>/usr/bin/tr</code>).</li>
 </ul>
 <h3>Fixes</h3>
 <ul>
-<li>CLI/Plugins: ensure <code>openclaw message send</code> exits after successful delivery across plugin-backed channels so one-shot sends do not hang. (#16491) Thanks @yinghaosang.</li>
-<li>CLI/Plugins: run registered plugin <code>gateway_stop</code> hooks before <code>openclaw message</code> exits (success and failure paths), so plugin-backed channels can clean up one-shot CLI resources. (#16580) Thanks @gumadeiras.</li>
-<li>WhatsApp: honor per-account <code>dmPolicy</code> overrides (account-level settings now take precedence over channel defaults for inbound DMs). (#10082) Thanks @mcaxtr.</li>
-<li>Telegram: when <code>channels.telegram.commands.native</code> is <code>false</code>, exclude plugin commands from <code>setMyCommands</code> menu registration while keeping plugin slash handlers callable. (#15132) Thanks @Glucksberg.</li>
-<li>LINE: return 200 OK for Developers Console "Verify" requests (<code>{"events":[]}</code>) without <code>X-Line-Signature</code>, while still requiring signatures for real deliveries. (#16582) Thanks @arosstale.</li>
-<li>Cron: deliver text-only output directly when <code>delivery.to</code> is set so cron recipients get full output instead of summaries. (#16360) Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
-<li>Cron/Slack: preserve agent identity (name and icon) when cron jobs deliver outbound messages. (#16242) Thanks @robbyczgw-cla.</li>
-<li>Media: accept <code>MEDIA:</code>-prefixed paths (lenient whitespace) when loading outbound media to prevent <code>ENOENT</code> for tool-returned local media paths. (#13107) Thanks @mcaxtr.</li>
-<li>Agents: deliver tool result media (screenshots, images, audio) to channels regardless of verbose level. (#11735) Thanks @strelov1.</li>
-<li>Agents/Image tool: allow workspace-local image paths by including the active workspace directory in local media allowlists, and trust sandbox-validated paths in image loaders to prevent false "not under an allowed directory" rejections. (#15541)</li>
-<li>Agents/Image tool: propagate the effective workspace root into tool wiring so workspace-local image paths are accepted by default when running without an explicit <code>workspaceDir</code>. (#16722)</li>
-<li>BlueBubbles: include sender identity in group chat envelopes and pass clean message text to the agent prompt, aligning with iMessage/Signal formatting. (#16210) Thanks @zerone0x.</li>
-<li>CLI: fix lazy core command registration so top-level maintenance commands (<code>doctor</code>, <code>dashboard</code>, <code>reset</code>, <code>uninstall</code>) resolve correctly instead of exposing a non-functional <code>maintenance</code> placeholder command.</li>
-<li>CLI/Dashboard: when <code>gateway.bind=lan</code>, generate localhost dashboard URLs to satisfy browser secure-context requirements while preserving non-LAN bind behavior. (#16434) Thanks @BinHPdev.</li>
-<li>TUI/Gateway: resolve local gateway target URL from <code>gateway.bind</code> mode (tailnet/lan) instead of hardcoded localhost so <code>openclaw tui</code> connects when gateway is non-loopback. (#16299) Thanks @cortexuvula.</li>
-<li>TUI: honor explicit <code>--session <key></code> in <code>openclaw tui</code> even when <code>session.scope</code> is <code>global</code>, so named sessions no longer collapse into shared global history. (#16575) Thanks @cinqu.</li>
-<li>TUI: use available terminal width for session name display in searchable select lists. (#16238) Thanks @robbyczgw-cla.</li>
-<li>TUI: refactor searchable select list description layout and add regression coverage for ANSI-highlight width bounds.</li>
-<li>TUI: preserve in-flight streaming replies when a different run finalizes concurrently (avoid clearing active run or reloading history mid-stream). (#10704) Thanks @axschr73.</li>
-<li>TUI: keep pre-tool streamed text visible when later tool-boundary deltas temporarily omit earlier text blocks. (#6958) Thanks @KrisKind75.</li>
-<li>TUI: sanitize ANSI/control-heavy history text, redact binary-like lines, and split pathological long unbroken tokens before rendering to prevent startup crashes on binary attachment history. (#13007) Thanks @wilkinspoe.</li>
-<li>TUI: harden render-time sanitizer for narrow terminals by chunking moderately long unbroken tokens and adding fast-path sanitization guards to reduce overhead on normal text. (#5355) Thanks @tingxueren.</li>
-<li>TUI: render assistant body text in terminal default foreground (instead of fixed light ANSI color) so contrast remains readable on light themes such as Solarized Light. (#16750) Thanks @paymog.</li>
-<li>TUI/Hooks: pass explicit reset reason (<code>new</code> vs <code>reset</code>) through <code>sessions.reset</code> and emit internal command hooks for gateway-triggered resets so <code>/new</code> hook workflows fire in TUI/webchat.</li>
-<li>Cron: prevent <code>cron list</code>/<code>cron status</code> from silently skipping past-due recurring jobs by using maintenance recompute semantics. (#16156) Thanks @zerone0x.</li>
-<li>Cron: repair missing/corrupt <code>nextRunAtMs</code> for the updated job without globally recomputing unrelated due jobs during <code>cron update</code>. (#15750)</li>
-<li>Cron: skip missed-job replay on startup for jobs interrupted mid-run (stale <code>runningAtMs</code> markers), preventing restart loops for self-restarting jobs such as update tasks. (#16694) Thanks @sbmilburn.</li>
-<li>Discord: prefer gateway guild id when logging inbound messages so cached-miss guilds do not appear as <code>guild=dm</code>. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
-<li>Discord: treat empty per-guild <code>channels: {}</code> config maps as no channel allowlist (not deny-all), so <code>groupPolicy: "open"</code> guilds without explicit channel entries continue to receive messages. (#16714) Thanks @xqliu.</li>
-<li>Models/CLI: guard <code>models status</code> string trimming paths to prevent crashes from malformed non-string config values. (#16395) Thanks @BinHPdev.</li>
-<li>Gateway/Subagents: preserve queued announce items and summary state on delivery errors, retry failed announce drains, and avoid dropping unsent announcements on timeout/failure. (#16729) Thanks @Clawdette-Workspace.</li>
-<li>Gateway/Sessions: abort active embedded runs and clear queued session work before <code>sessions.reset</code>, returning unavailable if the run does not stop in time. (#16576) Thanks @Grynn.</li>
-<li>Sessions/Agents: harden transcript path resolution for mismatched agent context by preserving explicit store roots and adding safe absolute-path fallback to the correct agent sessions directory. (#16288) Thanks @robbyczgw-cla.</li>
-<li>Agents: add a safety timeout around embedded <code>session.compact()</code> to ensure stalled compaction runs settle and release blocked session lanes. (#16331) Thanks @BinHPdev.</li>
-<li>Agents: keep unresolved mutating tool failures visible until the same action retry succeeds, scope mutation-error surfacing to mutating calls (including <code>session_status</code> model changes), and dedupe duplicate failure warnings in outbound replies. (#16131) Thanks @Swader.</li>
-<li>Agents/Process/Bootstrap: preserve unbounded <code>process log</code> offset-only pagination (default tail applies only when both <code>offset</code> and <code>limit</code> are omitted) and enforce strict <code>bootstrapTotalMaxChars</code> budgeting across injected bootstrap content (including markers), skipping additional injection when remaining budget is too small. (#16539) Thanks @CharlieGreenman.</li>
-<li>Agents/Workspace: persist bootstrap onboarding state so partially initialized workspaces recover missing <code>BOOTSTRAP.md</code> once, while completed onboarding keeps BOOTSTRAP deleted even if runtime files are later recreated. Thanks @gumadeiras.</li>
-<li>Agents/Workspace: create <code>BOOTSTRAP.md</code> when core workspace files are seeded in partially initialized workspaces, while keeping BOOTSTRAP one-shot after onboarding deletion. (#16457) Thanks @robbyczgw-cla.</li>
-<li>Agents: classify external timeout aborts during compaction the same as internal timeouts, preventing unnecessary auth-profile rotation and preserving compaction-timeout snapshot fallback behavior. (#9855) Thanks @mverrilli.</li>
-<li>Agents: treat empty-stream provider failures (<code>request ended without sending any chunks</code>) as timeout-class failover signals, enabling auth-profile rotation/fallback and showing a friendly timeout message instead of raw provider errors. (#10210) Thanks @zenchantlive.</li>
-<li>Agents: treat <code>read</code> tool <code>file_path</code> arguments as valid in tool-start diagnostics to avoid false “read tool called without path” warnings when alias parameters are used. (#16717) Thanks @Stache73.</li>
-<li>Ollama/Agents: avoid forcing <code><final></code> tag enforcement for Ollama models, which could suppress all output as <code>(no output)</code>. (#16191) Thanks @Glucksberg.</li>
-<li>Plugins: suppress false duplicate plugin id warnings when the same extension is discovered via multiple paths (config/workspace/global vs bundled), while still warning on genuine duplicates. (#16222) Thanks @shadril238.</li>
-<li>Skills: watch <code>SKILL.md</code> only when refreshing skills snapshot to avoid file-descriptor exhaustion in large data trees. (#11325) Thanks @household-bard.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: make <code>memory status</code> read-only by skipping QMD boot update/embed side effects for status-only manager checks.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: keep original QMD failures when builtin fallback initialization fails (for example missing embedding API keys), instead of replacing them with fallback init errors.</li>
-<li>Memory/Builtin: keep <code>memory status</code> dirty reporting stable across invocations by deriving status-only manager dirty state from persisted index metadata instead of process-start defaults. (#10863) Thanks @BarryYangi.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: cap QMD command output buffering to prevent memory exhaustion from pathological <code>qmd</code> command output.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: parse qmd scope keys once per request to avoid repeated parsing in scope checks.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: query QMD index using exact docid matches before falling back to prefix lookup for better recall correctness and index efficiency.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: pass result limits to <code>search</code>/<code>vsearch</code> commands so QMD can cap results earlier.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: avoid reading full markdown files when a <code>from/lines</code> window is requested in QMD reads.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: skip rewriting unchanged session export markdown files during sync to reduce disk churn.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: make QMD result JSON parsing resilient to noisy command output by extracting the first JSON array from noisy <code>stdout</code>.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: treat prefixed <code>no results found</code> marker output as an empty result set in qmd JSON parsing. (#11302) Thanks @blazerui.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: avoid multi-collection <code>query</code> ranking corruption by running one <code>qmd query -c <collection></code> per managed collection and merging by best score (also used for <code>search</code>/<code>vsearch</code> fallback-to-query). (#16740) Thanks @volarian-vai.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD: detect null-byte <code>ENOTDIR</code> update failures, rebuild managed collections once, and retry update to self-heal corrupted collection metadata. (#12919) Thanks @jorgejhms.</li>
-<li>Memory/QMD/Security: add <code>rawKeyPrefix</code> support for QMD scope rules and preserve legacy <code>keyPrefix: "agent:..."</code> matching, preventing scoped deny bypass when operators match agent-prefixed session keys.</li>
-<li>Memory/Builtin: narrow memory watcher targets to markdown globs and ignore dependency/venv directories to reduce file-descriptor pressure during memory sync startup. (#11721) Thanks @rex05ai.</li>
-<li>Security/Memory-LanceDB: treat recalled memories as untrusted context (escape injected memory text + explicit non-instruction framing), skip likely prompt-injection payloads during auto-capture, and restrict auto-capture to user messages to reduce memory-poisoning risk. (#12524) Thanks @davidschmid24.</li>
-<li>Security/Memory-LanceDB: require explicit <code>autoCapture: true</code> opt-in (default is now disabled) to prevent automatic PII capture unless operators intentionally enable it. (#12552) Thanks @fr33d3m0n.</li>
-<li>Diagnostics/Memory: prune stale diagnostic session state entries and cap tracked session states to prevent unbounded in-memory growth on long-running gateways. (#5136) Thanks @coygeek and @vignesh07.</li>
-<li>Gateway/Memory: clean up <code>agentRunSeq</code> tracking on run completion/abort and enforce maintenance-time cap pruning to prevent unbounded sequence-map growth over long uptimes. (#6036) Thanks @coygeek and @vignesh07.</li>
-<li>Auto-reply/Memory: bound <code>ABORT_MEMORY</code> growth by evicting oldest entries and deleting reset (<code>false</code>) flags so abort state tracking cannot grow unbounded over long uptimes. (#6629) Thanks @coygeek and @vignesh07.</li>
-<li>Slack/Memory: bound thread-starter cache growth with TTL + max-size pruning to prevent long-running Slack gateways from accumulating unbounded thread cache state. (#5258) Thanks @coygeek and @vignesh07.</li>
-<li>Outbound/Memory: bound directory cache growth with max-size eviction and proactive TTL pruning to prevent long-running gateways from accumulating unbounded directory entries. (#5140) Thanks @coygeek and @vignesh07.</li>
-<li>Skills/Memory: remove disconnected nodes from remote-skills cache to prevent stale node metadata from accumulating over long uptimes. (#6760) Thanks @coygeek.</li>
-<li>Sandbox/Tools: make sandbox file tools bind-mount aware (including absolute container paths) and enforce read-only bind semantics for writes. (#16379) Thanks @tasaankaeris.</li>
-<li>Media/Security: allow local media reads from OpenClaw state <code>workspace/</code> and <code>sandboxes/</code> roots by default so generated workspace media can be delivered without unsafe global path bypasses. (#15541) Thanks @lanceji.</li>
-<li>Media/Security: harden local media allowlist bypasses by requiring an explicit <code>readFile</code> override when callers mark paths as validated, and reject filesystem-root <code>localRoots</code> entries. (#16739)</li>
-<li>Discord/Security: harden voice message media loading (SSRF + allowed-local-root checks) so tool-supplied paths/URLs cannot be used to probe internal URLs or read arbitrary local files.</li>
-<li>Security/BlueBubbles: require explicit <code>mediaLocalRoots</code> allowlists for local outbound media path reads to prevent local file disclosure. (#16322) Thanks @mbelinky.</li>
-<li>Security/BlueBubbles: reject ambiguous shared-path webhook routing when multiple webhook targets match the same guid/password.</li>
-<li>Security/BlueBubbles: harden BlueBubbles webhook auth behind reverse proxies by only accepting passwordless webhooks for direct localhost loopback requests (forwarded/proxied requests now require a password). Thanks @simecek.</li>
-<li>Feishu/Security: harden media URL fetching against SSRF and local file disclosure. (#16285) Thanks @mbelinky.</li>
-<li>Security/Zalo: reject ambiguous shared-path webhook routing when multiple webhook targets match the same secret.</li>
-<li>Security/Nostr: require loopback source and block cross-origin profile mutation/import attempts. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Security/Signal: harden signal-cli archive extraction during install to prevent path traversal outside the install root.</li>
-<li>Security/Hooks: restrict hook transform modules to <code>~/.openclaw/hooks/transforms</code> (prevents path traversal/escape module loads via config). Config note: <code>hooks.transformsDir</code> must now be within that directory. Thanks @akhmittra.</li>
-<li>Security/Hooks: ignore hook package manifest entries that point outside the package directory (prevents out-of-tree handler loads during hook discovery).</li>
-<li>Security/Archive: enforce archive extraction entry/size limits to prevent resource exhaustion from high-expansion ZIP/TAR archives. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Security/Media: reject oversized base64-backed input media before decoding to avoid large allocations. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Security/Media: stream and bound URL-backed input media fetches to prevent memory exhaustion from oversized responses. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Security/Skills: harden archive extraction for download-installed skills to prevent path traversal outside the target directory. Thanks @markmusson.</li>
-<li>Security/Slack: compute command authorization for DM slash commands even when <code>dmPolicy=open</code>, preventing unauthorized users from running privileged commands via DM. Thanks @christos-eth.</li>
-<li>Security/iMessage: keep DM pairing-store identities out of group allowlist authorization (prevents cross-context command authorization). Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Security/Google Chat: deprecate <code>users/<email></code> allowlists (treat <code>users/...</code> as immutable user id only); keep raw email allowlists for usability. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Security/Google Chat: reject ambiguous shared-path webhook routing when multiple webhook targets verify successfully (prevents cross-account policy-context misrouting). Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Telegram/Security: require numeric Telegram sender IDs for allowlist authorization (reject <code>@username</code> principals), auto-resolve <code>@username</code> to IDs in <code>openclaw doctor --fix</code> (when possible), and warn in <code>openclaw security audit</code> when legacy configs contain usernames. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Telegram/Security: reject Telegram webhook startup when <code>webhookSecret</code> is missing or empty (prevents unauthenticated webhook request forgery). Thanks @yueyueL.</li>
-<li>Security/Windows: avoid shell invocation when spawning child processes to prevent cmd.exe metacharacter injection via untrusted CLI arguments (e.g. agent prompt text).</li>
-<li>Telegram: set webhook callback timeout handling to <code>onTimeout: "return"</code> (10s) so long-running update processing no longer emits webhook 500s and retry storms. (#16763) Thanks @chansearrington.</li>
-<li>Signal: preserve case-sensitive <code>group:</code> target IDs during normalization so mixed-case group IDs no longer fail with <code>Group not found</code>. (#16748) Thanks @repfigit.</li>
-<li>Feishu/Security: harden media URL fetching against SSRF and local file disclosure. (#16285) Thanks @mbelinky.</li>
-<li>Security/Agents: scope CLI process cleanup to owned child PIDs to avoid killing unrelated processes on shared hosts. Thanks @aether-ai-agent.</li>
-<li>Security/Agents: enforce workspace-root path bounds for <code>apply_patch</code> in non-sandbox mode to block traversal and symlink escape writes. Thanks @p80n-sec.</li>
-<li>Security/Agents: enforce symlink-escape checks for <code>apply_patch</code> delete hunks under <code>workspaceOnly</code>, while still allowing deleting the symlink itself. Thanks @p80n-sec.</li>
-<li>Security/Agents (macOS): prevent shell injection when writing Claude CLI keychain credentials. (#15924) Thanks @aether-ai-agent.</li>
-<li>macOS: hard-limit unkeyed <code>openclaw://agent</code> deep links and ignore <code>deliver</code> / <code>to</code> / <code>channel</code> unless a valid unattended key is provided. Thanks @Cillian-Collins.</li>
-<li>Scripts/Security: validate GitHub logins and avoid shell invocation in <code>scripts/update-clawtributors.ts</code> to prevent command injection via malicious commit records. Thanks @scanleale.</li>
-<li>Security: fix Chutes manual OAuth login state validation by requiring the full redirect URL (reject code-only pastes) (thanks @aether-ai-agent).</li>
-<li>Security/Gateway: harden tool-supplied <code>gatewayUrl</code> overrides by restricting them to loopback or the configured <code>gateway.remote.url</code>. Thanks @p80n-sec.</li>
-<li>Security/Gateway: block <code>system.execApprovals.*</code> via <code>node.invoke</code> (use <code>exec.approvals.node.*</code> instead). Thanks @christos-eth.</li>
-<li>Security/Gateway: reject oversized base64 chat attachments before decoding to avoid large allocations. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Security/Gateway: stop returning raw resolved config values in <code>skills.status</code> requirement checks (prevents operator.read clients from reading secrets). Thanks @simecek.</li>
-<li>Security/Net: fix SSRF guard bypass via full-form IPv4-mapped IPv6 literals (blocks loopback/private/metadata access). Thanks @yueyueL.</li>
-<li>Security/Browser: harden browser control file upload + download helpers to prevent path traversal / local file disclosure. Thanks @1seal.</li>
-<li>Security/Browser: block cross-origin mutating requests to loopback browser control routes (CSRF hardening). Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
-<li>Security/Node Host: enforce <code>system.run</code> rawCommand/argv consistency to prevent allowlist/approval bypass. Thanks @christos-eth.</li>
-<li>Security/Exec approvals: prevent safeBins allowlist bypass via shell expansion (host exec allowlist mode only; not enabled by default). Thanks @christos-eth.</li>
-<li>Security/Exec: harden PATH handling by disabling project-local <code>node_modules/.bin</code> bootstrapping by default, disallowing node-host <code>PATH</code> overrides, and spawning ACP servers via the current executable by default. Thanks @akhmittra.</li>
-<li>Security/Tlon: harden Urbit URL fetching against SSRF by blocking private/internal hosts by default (opt-in: <code>channels.tlon.allowPrivateNetwork</code>). Thanks @p80n-sec.</li>
-<li>Security/Voice Call (Telnyx): require webhook signature verification when receiving inbound events; configs without <code>telnyx.publicKey</code> are now rejected unless <code>skipSignatureVerification</code> is enabled. Thanks @p80n-sec.</li>
-<li>Security/Voice Call: require valid Twilio webhook signatures even when ngrok free tier loopback compatibility mode is enabled. Thanks @p80n-sec.</li>
-<li>Security/Discovery: stop treating Bonjour TXT records as authoritative routing (prefer resolved service endpoints) and prevent discovery from overriding stored TLS pins; autoconnect now requires a previously trusted gateway. Thanks @simecek.</li>
+<li>Android/Nodes reliability: reject <code>facing=both</code> when <code>deviceId</code> is set to avoid mislabeled duplicate captures, allow notification <code>open</code>/<code>reply</code> on non-clearable entries while still gating dismiss, trigger listener rebind before notification actions, and scale invoke-result ack timeout to invoke budget for large clip payloads. (#28260) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Windows/Plugin install: avoid <code>spawn EINVAL</code> on Windows npm/npx invocations by resolving to <code>node</code> + npm CLI scripts instead of spawning <code>.cmd</code> directly. Landed from contributor PR #31147 by @codertony. Thanks @codertony.</li>
+<li>LINE/Voice transcription: classify M4A voice media as <code>audio/mp4</code> (not <code>video/mp4</code>) by checking the MPEG-4 <code>ftyp</code> major brand (<code>M4A </code> / <code>M4B </code>), restoring voice transcription for LINE voice messages. Landed from contributor PR #31151 by @scoootscooob. Thanks @scoootscooob.</li>
+<li>Slack/Announce target account routing: enable session-backed announce-target lookup for Slack so multi-account announces resolve the correct <code>accountId</code> instead of defaulting to bot-token context. Landed from contributor PR #31028 by @taw0002. Thanks @taw0002.</li>
+<li>Android/Voice screen TTS: stream assistant speech via ElevenLabs WebSocket in Talk Mode, stop cleanly on speaker mute/barge-in, and ignore stale out-of-order stream events. (#29521) Thanks @gregmousseau.</li>
+<li>Android/Photos permissions: declare Android 14+ selected-photo access permission (<code>READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED</code>) and align Android permission/settings paths with current minSdk behavior for more reliable permission state handling.</li>
+<li>Web UI/Cron: include configured agent model defaults/fallbacks in cron model suggestions so scheduled-job model autocomplete reflects configured models. (#29709) Thanks @Sid-Qin.</li>
+<li>Cron/Delivery: disable the agent messaging tool when <code>delivery.mode</code> is <code>"none"</code> so cron output is not sent to Telegram or other channels. (#21808) Thanks @lailoo.</li>
+<li>CLI/Cron: clarify <code>cron list</code> output by renaming <code>Agent</code> to <code>Agent ID</code> and adding a <code>Model</code> column for isolated agent-turn jobs. (#26259) Thanks @openperf.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Reply media attachments: send Feishu reply <code>mediaUrl</code>/<code>mediaUrls</code> payloads as attachments alongside text/streamed replies in the reply dispatcher, including legacy fallback when <code>mediaUrls</code> is empty. (#28959) Thanks @icesword0760.</li>
+<li>Slack/User-token resolution: normalize Slack account user-token sourcing through resolved account metadata (<code>SLACK_USER_TOKEN</code> env + config) so monitor reads, Slack actions, directory lookups, onboarding allow-from resolution, and capabilities probing consistently use the effective user token. (#28103) Thanks @Glucksberg.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Outbound session routing: stop assuming bare <code>oc_</code> identifiers are always group chats, honor explicit <code>dm:</code>/<code>group:</code> prefixes for <code>oc_</code> chat IDs, and default ambiguous bare <code>oc_</code> targets to direct routing to avoid DM session misclassification. (#10407) Thanks @Bermudarat.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Group session routing: add configurable group session scopes (<code>group</code>, <code>group_sender</code>, <code>group_topic</code>, <code>group_topic_sender</code>) with legacy <code>topicSessionMode=enabled</code> compatibility so Feishu group conversations can isolate sessions by sender/topic as configured. (#17798) Thanks @yfge.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Reply-in-thread routing: add <code>replyInThread</code> config (<code>disabled|enabled</code>) for group replies, propagate <code>reply_in_thread</code> across text/card/media/streaming sends, and align topic-scoped session routing so newly created reply threads stay on the same session root. (#27325) Thanks @kcinzgg.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Probe status caching: cache successful <code>probeFeishu()</code> bot-info results for 10 minutes (bounded cache with per-account keying) to reduce repeated status/onboarding probe API calls, while bypassing cache for failures and exceptions. (#28907) Thanks @Glucksberg.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Opus media send type: send <code>.opus</code> attachments with <code>msg_type: "audio"</code> (instead of <code>"media"</code>) so Feishu voice messages deliver correctly while <code>.mp4</code> remains <code>msg_type: "media"</code> and documents remain <code>msg_type: "file"</code>. (#28269) Thanks @Glucksberg.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Mobile video media type: treat inbound <code>message_type: "media"</code> as video-equivalent for media key extraction, placeholder inference, and media download resolution so mobile-app video sends ingest correctly. (#25502) Thanks @4ier.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Inbound sender fallback: fall back to <code>sender_id.user_id</code> when <code>sender_id.open_id</code> is missing on inbound events, and use ID-type-aware sender lookup so mobile-delivered messages keep stable sender identity/routing. (#26703) Thanks @NewdlDewdl.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Reply context metadata: include inbound <code>parent_id</code> and <code>root_id</code> as <code>ReplyToId</code>/<code>RootMessageId</code> in inbound context, and parse interactive-card quote bodies into readable text when fetching replied messages. (#18529) Thanks @qiangu.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Post embedded media: extract <code>media</code> tags from inbound rich-text (<code>post</code>) messages and download embedded video/audio files alongside existing embedded-image handling, with regression coverage. (#21786) Thanks @laopuhuluwa.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Local media sends: propagate <code>mediaLocalRoots</code> through Feishu outbound media sending into <code>loadWebMedia</code> so local path attachments work with post-CVE local-root enforcement. (#27884) Thanks @joelnishanth.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Group wildcard policy fallback: honor <code>channels.feishu.groups["*"]</code> when no explicit group match exists so unmatched groups inherit wildcard reply-policy settings instead of falling back to global defaults. (#29456) Thanks @WaynePika.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Inbound media regression coverage: add explicit tests for message resource type mapping (<code>image</code> stays <code>image</code>, non-image maps to <code>file</code>) to prevent reintroducing unsupported Feishu <code>type=audio</code> fetches. (#16311, #8746) Thanks @Yaxuan42.</li>
+<li>TTS/Voice bubbles: use opus output and enable <code>audioAsVoice</code> routing for Feishu and WhatsApp (in addition to Telegram) so supported channels receive voice-bubble playback instead of file-style audio attachments. (#27366) Thanks @smthfoxy.</li>
+<li>Telegram/Reply media context: include replied media files in inbound context when replying to media, defer reply-media downloads to debounce flush, gate reply-media fetch behind DM authorization, and preserve replied media when non-vision sticker fallback runs (including cached-sticker paths). (#28488) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Android/Nodes notification wake flow: enable Android <code>system.notify</code> default allowlist, emit <code>notifications.changed</code> events for posted/removed notifications (excluding OpenClaw app-owned notifications), canonicalize notification session keys before enqueue/wake routing, and skip heartbeat wakes when consecutive notification summaries dedupe. (#29440) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Telegram/Voice fallback reply chunking: apply reply reference, quote text, and inline buttons only to the first fallback text chunk when voice delivery is blocked, preventing over-quoted multi-chunk replies. Landed from contributor PR #31067 by @xdanger. Thanks @xdanger.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Multi-account + reply reliability: add <code>channels.feishu.defaultAccount</code> outbound routing support with schema validation, keep quoted-message extraction text-first (post/interactive/file placeholders instead of raw JSON), route Feishu video sends as <code>msg_type: "file"</code>, and avoid websocket event blocking by using non-blocking event handling in monitor dispatch. Landed from contributor PRs #29610, #30432, #30331, and #29501. Thanks @hclsys, @bmendonca3, @patrick-yingxi-pan, and @zwffff.</li>
+<li>Cron/Delivery: disable the agent messaging tool when <code>delivery.mode</code> is <code>"none"</code> so cron output is not sent to Telegram or other channels. (#21808) Thanks @lailoo.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Inbound rich-text parsing: preserve <code>share_chat</code> payload summaries when available and add explicit parsing for rich-text <code>code</code>/<code>code_block</code>/<code>pre</code> tags so forwarded and code-heavy messages keep useful context in agent input. (#28591) Thanks @kevinWangSheng.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Post markdown parsing: parse rich-text <code>post</code> payloads through a shared markdown-aware parser with locale-wrapper support, preserved mention/image metadata extraction, and inline/fenced code fidelity for agent input rendering. (#12755) Thanks @WilsonLiu95.</li>
+<li>Telegram/Outbound chunking: route oversize splitting through the shared outbound pipeline (including subagents), retry Telegram sends when escaped HTML exceeds limits, and preserve boundary whitespace when retry re-splitting rendered chunks so plain-text/transcript fidelity is retained. (#29342, #27317; follow-up to #27461) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Slack/Native commands: register Slack native status as <code>/agentstatus</code> (Slack-reserved <code>/status</code>) so manifest slash command registration stays valid while text <code>/status</code> still works. Landed from contributor PR #29032 by @maloqab. Thanks @maloqab.</li>
+<li>Android/Camera clip: remove <code>camera.clip</code> HTTP-upload fallback to base64 so clip transport is deterministic and fail-loud, and reject non-positive <code>maxWidth</code> values so invalid inputs fall back to the safe resize default. (#28229) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Android/Gateway canvas capability refresh: send <code>node.canvas.capability.refresh</code> with object <code>params</code> (<code>{}</code>) from Android node runtime so gateway object-schema validation accepts refresh retries and A2UI host recovery works after scoped capability expiry. (#28413) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Control UI origins: honor <code>gateway.controlUi.allowedOrigins: ["*"]</code> wildcard entries (including trimmed values) and lock behavior with regression tests. Landed from contributor PR #31058 by @byungsker. Thanks @byungsker.</li>
+<li>Web UI/Cron: include configured agent model defaults/fallbacks in cron model suggestions so scheduled-job model autocomplete reflects configured models. (#29709) Thanks @Sid-Qin.</li>
+<li>Agents/Sessions list transcript paths: handle missing/non-string/relative <code>sessions.list.path</code> values and per-agent <code>{agentId}</code> templates when deriving <code>transcriptPath</code>, so cross-agent session listings resolve to concrete agent session files instead of workspace-relative paths. (#24775) Thanks @martinfrancois.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Control UI CSP: allow required Google Fonts origins in Control UI CSP. (#29279) Thanks @Glucksberg and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>CLI/Install: add an npm-link fallback to fix CLI startup <code>Permission denied</code> failures (<code>exit 127</code>) on affected installs. (#17151) Thanks @sskyu and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Onboarding/Custom providers: improve verification reliability for slower local endpoints (for example Ollama) during setup. (#27380) Thanks @Sid-Qin.</li>
+<li>Plugins/NPM spec install: fix npm-spec plugin installs when <code>npm pack</code> output is empty by detecting newly created <code>.tgz</code> archives in the pack directory. (#21039) Thanks @graysurf and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Plugins/Install: clear stale install errors when an npm package is not found so follow-up install attempts report current state correctly. (#25073) Thanks @dalefrieswthat.</li>
+<li>Security/Feishu webhook ingress: bound unauthenticated webhook rate-limit state with stale-window pruning and a hard key cap to prevent unbounded pre-auth memory growth from rotating source keys. (#26050) Thanks @bmendonca3.</li>
+<li>Gateway/macOS supervised restart: actively <code>launchctl kickstart -k</code> during intentional supervised restarts to bypass LaunchAgent <code>ThrottleInterval</code> delays, and fall back to in-process restart when kickstart fails. Landed from contributor PR #29078 by @cathrynlavery. Thanks @cathrynlavery.</li>
+<li>Daemon/macOS TLS certs: default LaunchAgent service env <code>NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS</code> to <code>/etc/ssl/cert.pem</code> (while preserving explicit overrides) so HTTPS clients no longer fail with local-issuer errors under launchd. (#27915) Thanks @Lukavyi.</li>
+<li>Discord/Components wildcard handlers: use distinct internal registration sentinel IDs and parse those sentinels as wildcard keys so select/user/role/channel/mentionable/modal interactions are not dropped by raw customId dedupe paths. Landed from contributor PR #29459 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Reaction notifications: add <code>channels.feishu.reactionNotifications</code> (<code>off | own | all</code>, default <code>own</code>) so operators can disable reaction ingress or allow all verified reaction events (not only bot-authored message reactions). (#28529) Thanks @cowboy129.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Typing backoff: re-throw Feishu typing add/remove rate-limit and quota errors (<code>429</code>, <code>99991400</code>, <code>99991403</code>) and detect SDK non-throwing backoff responses so the typing keepalive circuit breaker can stop retries instead of looping indefinitely. (#28494) Thanks @guoqunabc.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Zalo runtime logging: replace direct <code>console.log/error</code> usage in Feishu typing-indicator paths and Zalo monitor paths with runtime-gated logger calls so verbosity controls are respected while preserving typing backoff behavior. (#18841) Thanks @Clawborn.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Group sender allowlist fallback: add global <code>channels.feishu.groupSenderAllowFrom</code> sender authorization for group chats, with per-group <code>groups.<id>.allowFrom</code> precedence and regression coverage for allow/block/precedence behavior. (#29174) Thanks @1MoreBuild.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Docx append/write ordering: insert converted Docx blocks sequentially (single-block creates) so Feishu append/write preserves markdown block order instead of returning shuffled sections in asynchronous batch inserts. (#26172, #26022) Thanks @echoVic.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Docx convert fallback chunking: recursively split oversized markdown chunks (including long no-heading sections) when <code>document.convert</code> hits content limits, while keeping fenced-code-aware split boundaries whenever possible. (#14402) Thanks @lml2468.</li>
+<li>Feishu/API quota controls: add <code>typingIndicator</code> and <code>resolveSenderNames</code> config flags (top-level and per-account) so operators can disable typing reactions and sender-name lookup requests while keeping default behavior unchanged. (#10513) Thanks @BigUncle.</li>
+<li>Feishu/System preview prompt leakage: stop enqueuing inbound Feishu message previews as system events so user preview text is not injected into later turns as trusted <code>System:</code> context. Landed from contributor PR #31209 by @stakeswky. Thanks @stakeswky.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Typing replay suppression: skip typing indicators for stale replayed inbound messages after compaction using message-age checks with second/millisecond timestamp normalization, preventing old-message reaction floods while preserving typing for fresh messages. Landed from contributor PR #30709 by @arkyu2077. Thanks @arkyu2077.</li>
+<li>Sessions/Internal routing: preserve established external <code>lastTo</code>/<code>lastChannel</code> routes for internal/non-deliverable turns, with added coverage for no-fallback internal routing behavior. Landed from contributor PR #30941 by @graysurf. Thanks @graysurf.</li>
+<li>Control UI/Debug log layout: render Debug Event Log payloads at full width to prevent payload JSON from being squeezed into a narrow side column. Landed from contributor PR #30978 by @stozo04. Thanks @stozo04.</li>
+<li>Auto-reply/NO_REPLY: strip <code>NO_REPLY</code> token from mixed-content messages instead of leaking raw control text to end users. Landed from contributor PR #31080 by @scoootscooob. Thanks @scoootscooob.</li>
+<li>Install/npm: fix npm global install deprecation warnings. (#28318) Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Update/Global npm: fallback to <code>--omit=optional</code> when global <code>npm update</code> fails so optional dependency install failures no longer abort update flows. (#24896) Thanks @xinhuagu and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Inbound metadata/Multi-account routing: include <code>account_id</code> in trusted inbound metadata so multi-account channel sessions can reliably disambiguate the receiving account in prompt context. Landed from contributor PR #30984 by @Stxle2. Thanks @Stxle2.</li>
+<li>Model directives/Auth profiles: split <code>/model</code> profile suffixes at the first <code>@</code> after the last slash so email-based auth profile IDs (for example OAuth profile IDs) resolve correctly. Landed from contributor PR #30932 by @haosenwang1018. Thanks @haosenwang1018.</li>
+<li>Cron/Delivery mode none: send explicit <code>delivery: { mode: "none" }</code> from cron editor for both add and update flows so previous announce delivery is actually cleared. Landed from contributor PR #31145 by @byungsker. Thanks @byungsker.</li>
+<li>Cron editor viewport: make the sticky cron edit form independently scrollable with viewport-bounded height so lower fields/actions are reachable on shorter screens. Landed from contributor PR #31133 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.</li>
+<li>Agents/Thinking fallback: when providers reject unsupported thinking levels without enumerating alternatives, retry with <code>think=off</code> to avoid hard failure during model/provider fallback chains. Landed from contributor PR #31002 by @yfge. Thanks @yfge.</li>
+<li>Ollama/Embedded runner base URL precedence: prioritize configured provider <code>baseUrl</code> over model defaults for embedded Ollama runs so Docker and remote-host setups avoid localhost fetch failures. (#30964) Thanks @stakeswky.</li>
+<li>Agents/Failover reason classification: avoid false rate-limit classification from incidental <code>tpm</code> substrings by matching TPM as a standalone token/phrase and keeping auth-context errors on the auth path. Landed from contributor PR #31007 by @HOYALIM. Thanks @HOYALIM.</li>
+<li>CLI/Cron: clarify <code>cron list</code> output by renaming <code>Agent</code> to <code>Agent ID</code> and adding a <code>Model</code> column for isolated agent-turn jobs. (#26259) Thanks @openperf.</li>
+<li>Gateway/WS: close repeated post-handshake <code>unauthorized role:*</code> request floods per connection and sample duplicate rejection logs, preventing a single misbehaving client from degrading gateway responsiveness. (#20168) Thanks @acy103, @vibecodooor, and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Auth: improve device-auth v2 migration diagnostics so operators get clearer guidance when legacy clients connect. (#28305) Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>CLI/Ollama config: allow <code>config set</code> for Ollama <code>apiKey</code> without predeclared provider config. (#29299) Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Ollama/Autodiscovery: harden autodiscovery and warning behavior. (#29201) Thanks @marcodelpin and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Ollama/Context window: unify context window handling across discovery, merge, and OpenAI-compatible transport paths. (#29205) Thanks @Sid-Qin, @jimmielightner, and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Agents/Ollama: demote empty-discovery logging from <code>warn</code> to <code>debug</code> to reduce noisy warnings in normal edge-case discovery flows. (#26379) Thanks @byungsker.</li>
+<li>fix(model): preserve reasoning in provider fallback resolution. (#29285) Fixes #25636. Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Docker/Image permissions: normalize <code>/app/extensions</code>, <code>/app/.agent</code>, and <code>/app/.agents</code> to directory mode <code>755</code> and file mode <code>644</code> during image build so plugin discovery does not block inherited world-writable paths. (#30191) Fixes #30139. Thanks @edincampara.</li>
+<li>OpenAI Responses/Compaction: rewrite and unify the OpenAI Responses store patches to treat empty <code>baseUrl</code> as non-direct, honor <code>compat.supportsStore=false</code>, and auto-inject server-side compaction <code>context_management</code> for compatible direct OpenAI models (with per-model opt-out/threshold overrides). Landed from contributor PRs #16930 (@OiPunk), #22441 (@EdwardWu7), and #25088 (@MoerAI). Thanks @OiPunk, @EdwardWu7, and @MoerAI.</li>
+<li>Sandbox/Browser Docker: pass <code>OPENCLAW_BROWSER_NO_SANDBOX=1</code> to sandbox browser containers and bump sandbox browser security hash epoch so existing containers are recreated and pick up the env on upgrade. (#29879) Thanks @Lukavyi.</li>
+<li>Usage normalization: clamp negative prompt/input token values to zero (including <code>prompt_tokens</code> alias inputs) so <code>/usage</code> and TUI usage displays cannot show nonsensical negative counts. Landed from contributor PR #31211 by @scoootscooob. Thanks @scoootscooob.</li>
+<li>Secrets/Auth profiles: normalize inline SecretRef <code>token</code>/<code>key</code> values to canonical <code>tokenRef</code>/<code>keyRef</code> before persistence, and keep explicit <code>keyRef</code> precedence when inline refs are also present. Landed from contributor PR #31047 by @minupla. Thanks @minupla.</li>
+<li>Tools/Edit workspace boundary errors: preserve the real <code>Path escapes workspace root</code> failure path instead of surfacing a misleading access/file-not-found error when editing outside workspace roots. Landed from contributor PR #31015 by @haosenwang1018. Thanks @haosenwang1018.</li>
+<li>Browser/Open & navigate: accept <code>url</code> as an alias parameter for <code>open</code> and <code>navigate</code>. (#29260) Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Codex/Usage window: label weekly usage window as <code>Week</code> instead of <code>Day</code>. (#26267) Thanks @Sid-Qin.</li>
+<li>Signal/Sync message null-handling: treat <code>syncMessage</code> presence (including <code>null</code>) as sync envelope traffic so replayed sentTranscript payloads cannot bypass loop guards after daemon restart. Landed from contributor PR #31138 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.</li>
+<li>Infra/fs-safe: sanitize directory-read failures so raw <code>EISDIR</code> text never leaks to messaging surfaces, with regression tests for both root-scoped and direct safe reads. Landed from contributor PR #31205 by @polooooo. Thanks @polooooo.</li>
+<li>Sandbox/mkdirp boundary checks: allow directory-safe boundary validation for existing in-boundary subdirectories, preventing false <code>cannot create directories</code> failures in sandbox write mode. (#30610) Thanks @glitch418x.</li>
+<li>Security/Compaction audit: remove the post-compaction audit injection message. (#28507) Thanks @fuller-stack-dev and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Web tools/RFC2544 fake-IP compatibility: allow RFC2544 benchmark range (<code>198.18.0.0/15</code>) for trusted web-tool fetch endpoints so proxy fake-IP networking modes do not trigger false SSRF blocks. Landed from contributor PR #31176 by @sunkinux. Thanks @sunkinux.</li>
+<li>Telegram/Voice fallback reply chunking: apply reply reference, quote text, and inline buttons only to the first fallback text chunk when voice delivery is blocked, preventing over-quoted multi-chunk replies. Landed from contributor PR #31067 by @xdanger. Thanks @xdanger.</li>
+<li>Feishu/System preview prompt leakage: stop enqueuing inbound Feishu message previews as system events so user preview text is not injected into later turns as trusted <code>System:</code> context. Landed from contributor PR #31209 by @stakeswky. Thanks @stakeswky.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Multi-account + reply reliability: add <code>channels.feishu.defaultAccount</code> outbound routing support with schema validation, keep quoted-message extraction text-first (post/interactive/file placeholders instead of raw JSON), route Feishu video sends as <code>msg_type: "file"</code>, and avoid websocket event blocking by using non-blocking event handling in monitor dispatch. Landed from contributor PRs #29610, #30432, #30331, and #29501. Thanks @hclsys, @bmendonca3, @patrick-yingxi-pan, and @zwffff.</li>
+<li>Feishu/Typing replay suppression: skip typing indicators for stale replayed inbound messages after compaction using message-age checks with second/millisecond timestamp normalization, preventing old-message reaction floods while preserving typing for fresh messages. Landed from contributor PR #30709 by @arkyu2077. Thanks @arkyu2077.</li>
 </ul>
 <p><a href="https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md">View full changelog</a></p>
 ]]></description>
-            <enclosure url="https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/download/v2026.2.14/OpenClaw-2026.2.14.zip" length="22914034" type="application/octet-stream" sparkle:edSignature="lR3nuq46/akMIN8RFDpMkTE0VOVoDVG53Xts589LryMGEtUvJxRQDtHBXfx7ZvToTq6CFKG+L5Kq/4rUspMoAQ=="/>
+            <enclosure url="https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/download/v2026.3.1/OpenClaw-2026.3.1.zip" length="12804155" type="application/octet-stream" sparkle:edSignature="TF1otD4Vk3pG0iViX7mvix5DQEgAsk4JkSFvH7opjf9aawV16f29SUa2wRmiCFU6HEgyNgnGI/078O+A27eXCA=="/>
         </item>
         <item>
             <title>2026.2.15</title>
@@ -311,4 +311,4 @@
             <enclosure url="https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/download/v2026.2.26/OpenClaw-2026.2.26.zip" length="12796628" type="application/octet-stream" sparkle:edSignature="qqVJfkQS9Q4LCTlGtOyXzORWZWWnOkWyiJ6DVX27oPF8aeUlUyfHrmb51sFiNjSuCJC2xmJW1Mi1CAHl/I1pCw=="/>
         </item>
     </channel>
-</rss>
+</rss>

apps/android/README.md

@@ -156,8 +156,8 @@ pnpm openclaw gateway --port 18789 --verbose
 3) Approve pairing (on the gateway machine):
 
 ```bash
-openclaw nodes pending
-openclaw nodes approve <requestId>
+openclaw devices list
+openclaw devices approve <requestId>
 ```
 
 More details: `docs/platforms/android.md`.

apps/android/app/build.gradle.kts

@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ android {
         applicationId = "ai.openclaw.android"
         minSdk = 31
         targetSdk = 36
-        versionCode = 202602270
-        versionName = "2026.2.27"
+        versionCode = 202603010
+        versionName = "2026.3.2"
         ndk {
             // Support all major ABIs — native libs are tiny (~47 KB per ABI)
             abiFilters += listOf("armeabi-v7a", "arm64-v8a", "x86", "x86_64")
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ android {
     lint {
         disable +=
             setOf(
+                "AndroidGradlePluginVersion",
                 "GradleDependency",
                 "IconLauncherShape",
                 "NewerVersionAvailable",

apps/android/app/src/main/AndroidManifest.xml

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO" />
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.SEND_SMS" />
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_MEDIA_IMAGES" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED" />
     <uses-permission
         android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"
         android:maxSdkVersion="32" />

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/CameraCaptureManager.kt

@@ -33,10 +33,7 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.suspendCancellableCoroutine
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withTimeout
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
-import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
-import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
-import kotlinx.serialization.json.contentOrNull
 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream
 import java.io.File
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor
@@ -101,7 +98,7 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(private val context: Context) {
     withContext(Dispatchers.Main) {
       ensureCameraPermission()
       val owner = lifecycleOwner ?: throw IllegalStateException("UNAVAILABLE: camera not ready")
-      val params = parseParamsObject(paramsJson)
+      val params = parseJsonParamsObject(paramsJson)
       val facing = parseFacing(params) ?: "front"
       val quality = (parseQuality(params) ?: 0.95).coerceIn(0.1, 1.0)
       val maxWidth = parseMaxWidth(params) ?: 1600
@@ -167,7 +164,7 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(private val context: Context) {
     withContext(Dispatchers.Main) {
       ensureCameraPermission()
       val owner = lifecycleOwner ?: throw IllegalStateException("UNAVAILABLE: camera not ready")
-      val params = parseParamsObject(paramsJson)
+      val params = parseJsonParamsObject(paramsJson)
       val facing = parseFacing(params) ?: "front"
       val durationMs = (parseDurationMs(params) ?: 3_000).coerceIn(200, 60_000)
       val includeAudio = parseIncludeAudio(params) ?: true
@@ -293,20 +290,8 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(private val context: Context) {
     return rotated
   }
 
-  private fun parseParamsObject(paramsJson: String?): JsonObject? {
-    if (paramsJson.isNullOrBlank()) return null
-    return try {
-      Json.parseToJsonElement(paramsJson).asObjectOrNull()
-    } catch (_: Throwable) {
-      null
-    }
-  }
-
-  private fun readPrimitive(params: JsonObject?, key: String): JsonPrimitive? =
-    params?.get(key) as? JsonPrimitive
-
   private fun parseFacing(params: JsonObject?): String? {
-    val value = readPrimitive(params, "facing")?.contentOrNull?.trim()?.lowercase() ?: return null
+    val value = parseJsonString(params, "facing")?.trim()?.lowercase() ?: return null
     return when (value) {
       "front", "back" -> value
       else -> null
@@ -314,31 +299,21 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(private val context: Context) {
   }
 
   private fun parseQuality(params: JsonObject?): Double? =
-    readPrimitive(params, "quality")?.contentOrNull?.toDoubleOrNull()
+    parseJsonDouble(params, "quality")
 
   private fun parseMaxWidth(params: JsonObject?): Int? =
-    readPrimitive(params, "maxWidth")
-      ?.contentOrNull
-      ?.toIntOrNull()
+    parseJsonInt(params, "maxWidth")
       ?.takeIf { it > 0 }
 
   private fun parseDurationMs(params: JsonObject?): Int? =
-    readPrimitive(params, "durationMs")?.contentOrNull?.toIntOrNull()
+    parseJsonInt(params, "durationMs")
 
   private fun parseDeviceId(params: JsonObject?): String? =
-    readPrimitive(params, "deviceId")
-      ?.contentOrNull
+    parseJsonString(params, "deviceId")
       ?.trim()
       ?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
 
-  private fun parseIncludeAudio(params: JsonObject?): Boolean? {
-    val value = readPrimitive(params, "includeAudio")?.contentOrNull?.trim()?.lowercase()
-    return when (value) {
-      "true" -> true
-      "false" -> false
-      else -> null
-    }
-  }
+  private fun parseIncludeAudio(params: JsonObject?): Boolean? = parseJsonBooleanFlag(params, "includeAudio")
 
   private fun Context.mainExecutor(): Executor = ContextCompat.getMainExecutor(this)
 
@@ -359,6 +334,7 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(private val context: Context) {
       .build()
   }
 
+  @SuppressLint("UnsafeOptInUsageError")
   private fun cameraDeviceInfoOrNull(info: CameraInfo): CameraDeviceInfo? {
     val cameraId = cameraIdOrNull(info) ?: return null
     val lensFacing =
@@ -389,6 +365,7 @@ class CameraCaptureManager(private val context: Context) {
     )
   }
 
+  @SuppressLint("UnsafeOptInUsageError")
   private fun cameraIdOrNull(info: CameraInfo): String? =
     runCatching { Camera2CameraInfo.from(info).cameraId }.getOrNull()
 }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/CanvasController.kt

@@ -44,6 +44,14 @@ class CanvasController {
     return (q * 100.0).toInt().coerceIn(1, 100)
   }
 
+  private fun Bitmap.scaleForMaxWidth(maxWidth: Int?): Bitmap {
+    if (maxWidth == null || maxWidth <= 0 || width <= maxWidth) {
+      return this
+    }
+    val scaledHeight = (height.toDouble() * (maxWidth.toDouble() / width.toDouble())).toInt().coerceAtLeast(1)
+    return scale(maxWidth, scaledHeight)
+  }
+
   fun attach(webView: WebView) {
     this.webView = webView
     reload()
@@ -148,13 +156,7 @@ class CanvasController {
     withContext(Dispatchers.Main) {
       val wv = webView ?: throw IllegalStateException("no webview")
       val bmp = wv.captureBitmap()
-      val scaled =
-        if (maxWidth != null && maxWidth > 0 && bmp.width > maxWidth) {
-          val h = (bmp.height.toDouble() * (maxWidth.toDouble() / bmp.width.toDouble())).toInt().coerceAtLeast(1)
-          bmp.scale(maxWidth, h)
-        } else {
-          bmp
-        }
+      val scaled = bmp.scaleForMaxWidth(maxWidth)
 
       val out = ByteArrayOutputStream()
       scaled.compress(Bitmap.CompressFormat.PNG, 100, out)
@@ -165,13 +167,7 @@ class CanvasController {
     withContext(Dispatchers.Main) {
       val wv = webView ?: throw IllegalStateException("no webview")
       val bmp = wv.captureBitmap()
-      val scaled =
-        if (maxWidth != null && maxWidth > 0 && bmp.width > maxWidth) {
-          val h = (bmp.height.toDouble() * (maxWidth.toDouble() / bmp.width.toDouble())).toInt().coerceAtLeast(1)
-          bmp.scale(maxWidth, h)
-        } else {
-          bmp
-        }
+      val scaled = bmp.scaleForMaxWidth(maxWidth)
 
       val out = ByteArrayOutputStream()
       val (compressFormat, compressQuality) =

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/ContactsHandler.kt

@@ -248,30 +248,37 @@ private object SystemContactsDataSource : ContactsDataSource {
   }
 
   private fun loadPhones(resolver: ContentResolver, contactId: Long): List<String> {
-    val projection = arrayOf(ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.NUMBER)
-    resolver.query(
-      ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.CONTENT_URI,
-      projection,
-      "${ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.CONTACT_ID}=?",
-      arrayOf(contactId.toString()),
-      null,
-    ).use { cursor ->
-      if (cursor == null) return emptyList()
-      val out = LinkedHashSet<String>()
-      while (cursor.moveToNext()) {
-        val value = cursor.getString(0)?.trim().orEmpty()
-        if (value.isNotEmpty()) out += value
-      }
-      return out.toList()
-    }
+    return queryContactValues(
+      resolver = resolver,
+      contentUri = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.CONTENT_URI,
+      valueColumn = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.NUMBER,
+      contactIdColumn = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.CONTACT_ID,
+      contactId = contactId,
+    )
   }
 
   private fun loadEmails(resolver: ContentResolver, contactId: Long): List<String> {
-    val projection = arrayOf(ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.ADDRESS)
+    return queryContactValues(
+      resolver = resolver,
+      contentUri = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.CONTENT_URI,
+      valueColumn = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.ADDRESS,
+      contactIdColumn = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.CONTACT_ID,
+      contactId = contactId,
+    )
+  }
+
+  private fun queryContactValues(
+    resolver: ContentResolver,
+    contentUri: android.net.Uri,
+    valueColumn: String,
+    contactIdColumn: String,
+    contactId: Long,
+  ): List<String> {
+    val projection = arrayOf(valueColumn)
     resolver.query(
-      ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.CONTENT_URI,
+      contentUri,
       projection,
-      "${ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.CONTACT_ID}=?",
+      "$contactIdColumn=?",
       arrayOf(contactId.toString()),
       null,
     ).use { cursor ->

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/DeviceHandler.kt

@@ -136,12 +136,7 @@ class DeviceHandler(
       } else {
         hasPermission(Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE)
       }
-    val motionGranted =
-      if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 29) {
-        hasPermission(Manifest.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION)
-      } else {
-        true
-      }
+    val motionGranted = hasPermission(Manifest.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION)
     val notificationsGranted =
       if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 33) {
         hasPermission(Manifest.permission.POST_NOTIFICATIONS)
@@ -228,7 +223,7 @@ class DeviceHandler(
             "motion",
             permissionStateJson(
               granted = motionGranted,
-              promptableWhenDenied = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 29,
+              promptableWhenDenied = true,
             ),
           )
           // Screen capture on Android is interactive per-capture consent, not a sticky app permission.

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/DeviceNotificationListenerService.kt

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import android.app.RemoteInput
 import android.content.ComponentName
 import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
-import android.os.Build
 import android.service.notification.NotificationListenerService
 import android.service.notification.StatusBarNotification
+import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.buildJsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.put
@@ -34,6 +34,21 @@ data class DeviceNotificationEntry(
   val isClearable: Boolean,
 )
 
+internal fun DeviceNotificationEntry.toJsonObject(): JsonObject {
+  return buildJsonObject {
+    put("key", JsonPrimitive(key))
+    put("packageName", JsonPrimitive(packageName))
+    put("postTimeMs", JsonPrimitive(postTimeMs))
+    put("isOngoing", JsonPrimitive(isOngoing))
+    put("isClearable", JsonPrimitive(isClearable))
+    title?.let { put("title", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
+    text?.let { put("text", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
+    subText?.let { put("subText", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
+    category?.let { put("category", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
+    channelId?.let { put("channelId", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
+  }
+}
+
 data class DeviceNotificationSnapshot(
   val enabled: Boolean,
   val connected: Boolean,
@@ -234,9 +249,6 @@ class DeviceNotificationListenerService : NotificationListenerService() {
     }
 
     fun requestServiceRebind(context: Context) {
-      if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.N) {
-        return
-      }
       runCatching {
         NotificationListenerService.requestRebind(serviceComponent(context))
       }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/InvokeDispatcher.kt

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawDeviceCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawLocationCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawMotionCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawNotificationsCommand
-import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawPhotosCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawScreenCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawSmsCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawSystemCommand
@@ -146,7 +145,9 @@ class InvokeDispatcher(
       OpenClawSystemCommand.Notify.rawValue -> systemHandler.handleSystemNotify(paramsJson)
 
       // Photos command
-      OpenClawPhotosCommand.Latest.rawValue -> photosHandler.handlePhotosLatest(paramsJson)
+      ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawPhotosCommand.Latest.rawValue -> photosHandler.handlePhotosLatest(
+        paramsJson,
+      )
 
       // Contacts command
       OpenClawContactsCommand.Search.rawValue -> contactsHandler.handleContactsSearch(paramsJson)

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/MotionHandler.kt

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import android.hardware.Sensor
 import android.hardware.SensorEvent
 import android.hardware.SensorEventListener
 import android.hardware.SensorManager
-import android.os.Build
 import android.os.SystemClock
 import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
 import ai.openclaw.android.gateway.GatewaySession
@@ -85,7 +84,6 @@ private object SystemMotionDataSource : MotionDataSource {
   }
 
   override fun hasPermission(context: Context): Boolean {
-    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < 29) return true
     return ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(context, Manifest.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION) ==
       android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
   }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/NodeUtils.kt

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 package ai.openclaw.android.node
 
 import ai.openclaw.android.gateway.parseInvokeErrorFromThrowable
+import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonElement
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonNull
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
+import kotlinx.serialization.json.contentOrNull
 
 const val DEFAULT_SEAM_COLOR_ARGB: Long = 0xFF4F7A9A
 
@@ -21,6 +23,35 @@ fun String.toJsonString(): String {
 
 fun JsonElement?.asObjectOrNull(): JsonObject? = this as? JsonObject
 
+fun parseJsonParamsObject(paramsJson: String?): JsonObject? {
+  if (paramsJson.isNullOrBlank()) return null
+  return try {
+    Json.parseToJsonElement(paramsJson).asObjectOrNull()
+  } catch (_: Throwable) {
+    null
+  }
+}
+
+fun readJsonPrimitive(params: JsonObject?, key: String): JsonPrimitive? = params?.get(key) as? JsonPrimitive
+
+fun parseJsonInt(params: JsonObject?, key: String): Int? =
+  readJsonPrimitive(params, key)?.contentOrNull?.toIntOrNull()
+
+fun parseJsonDouble(params: JsonObject?, key: String): Double? =
+  readJsonPrimitive(params, key)?.contentOrNull?.toDoubleOrNull()
+
+fun parseJsonString(params: JsonObject?, key: String): String? =
+  readJsonPrimitive(params, key)?.contentOrNull
+
+fun parseJsonBooleanFlag(params: JsonObject?, key: String): Boolean? {
+  val value = readJsonPrimitive(params, key)?.contentOrNull?.trim()?.lowercase() ?: return null
+  return when (value) {
+    "true" -> true
+    "false" -> false
+    else -> null
+  }
+}
+
 fun JsonElement?.asStringOrNull(): String? =
   when (this) {
     is JsonNull -> null

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/NotificationsHandler.kt

@@ -131,20 +131,7 @@ class NotificationsHandler private constructor(
       put(
         "notifications",
         JsonArray(
-          snapshot.notifications.map { entry ->
-            buildJsonObject {
-              put("key", JsonPrimitive(entry.key))
-              put("packageName", JsonPrimitive(entry.packageName))
-              put("postTimeMs", JsonPrimitive(entry.postTimeMs))
-              put("isOngoing", JsonPrimitive(entry.isOngoing))
-              put("isClearable", JsonPrimitive(entry.isClearable))
-              entry.title?.let { put("title", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
-              entry.text?.let { put("text", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
-              entry.subText?.let { put("subText", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
-              entry.category?.let { put("category", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
-              entry.channelId?.let { put("channelId", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
-            }
-          },
+          snapshot.notifications.map { entry -> entry.toJsonObject() },
         ),
       )
     }.toString()

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/PhotosHandler.kt

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import android.os.Build
 import android.os.Bundle
 import android.provider.MediaStore
 import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
+import androidx.core.graphics.scale
 import ai.openclaw.android.gateway.GatewaySession
 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream
 import java.time.Instant
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ private object SystemPhotosDataSource : PhotosDataSource {
 
     if (decoded.width <= maxWidth) return decoded
     val targetHeight = max(1, ((decoded.height.toDouble() * maxWidth) / decoded.width).roundToInt())
-    return Bitmap.createScaledBitmap(decoded, maxWidth, targetHeight, true)
+    return decoded.scale(maxWidth, targetHeight, true)
   }
 
   private fun computeInSampleSize(width: Int, maxWidth: Int): Int {
@@ -198,7 +199,7 @@ private object SystemPhotosDataSource : PhotosDataSource {
       val nextWidth = max(240, (working.width * 0.75f).roundToInt())
       if (nextWidth >= working.width) return null
       val nextHeight = max(1, ((working.height.toDouble() * nextWidth) / working.width).roundToInt())
-      working = Bitmap.createScaledBitmap(working, nextWidth, nextHeight, true)
+      working = working.scale(nextWidth, nextHeight, true)
     }
     return null
   }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/ScreenRecordManager.kt

@@ -10,10 +10,7 @@ import ai.openclaw.android.ScreenCaptureRequester
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
-import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
-import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
-import kotlinx.serialization.json.contentOrNull
 import java.io.File
 import kotlin.math.roundToInt
 
@@ -39,7 +36,7 @@ class ScreenRecordManager(private val context: Context) {
             "SCREEN_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Screen Recording permission",
           )
 
-      val params = parseParamsObject(paramsJson)
+      val params = parseJsonParamsObject(paramsJson)
       val durationMs = (parseDurationMs(params) ?: 10_000).coerceIn(250, 60_000)
       val fps = (parseFps(params) ?: 10.0).coerceIn(1.0, 60.0)
       val fpsInt = fps.roundToInt().coerceIn(1, 60)
@@ -146,38 +143,19 @@ class ScreenRecordManager(private val context: Context) {
     }
   }
 
-  private fun parseParamsObject(paramsJson: String?): JsonObject? {
-    if (paramsJson.isNullOrBlank()) return null
-    return try {
-      Json.parseToJsonElement(paramsJson).asObjectOrNull()
-    } catch (_: Throwable) {
-      null
-    }
-  }
-
-  private fun readPrimitive(params: JsonObject?, key: String): JsonPrimitive? =
-    params?.get(key) as? JsonPrimitive
-
   private fun parseDurationMs(params: JsonObject?): Int? =
-    readPrimitive(params, "durationMs")?.contentOrNull?.toIntOrNull()
+    parseJsonInt(params, "durationMs")
 
   private fun parseFps(params: JsonObject?): Double? =
-    readPrimitive(params, "fps")?.contentOrNull?.toDoubleOrNull()
+    parseJsonDouble(params, "fps")
 
   private fun parseScreenIndex(params: JsonObject?): Int? =
-    readPrimitive(params, "screenIndex")?.contentOrNull?.toIntOrNull()
+    parseJsonInt(params, "screenIndex")
 
-  private fun parseIncludeAudio(params: JsonObject?): Boolean? {
-    val value = readPrimitive(params, "includeAudio")?.contentOrNull?.trim()?.lowercase()
-    return when (value) {
-      "true" -> true
-      "false" -> false
-      else -> null
-    }
-  }
+  private fun parseIncludeAudio(params: JsonObject?): Boolean? = parseJsonBooleanFlag(params, "includeAudio")
 
   private fun parseString(params: JsonObject?, key: String): String? =
-    readPrimitive(params, key)?.contentOrNull
+    parseJsonString(params, key)
 
   private fun estimateBitrate(width: Int, height: Int, fps: Int): Int {
     val pixels = width.toLong() * height.toLong()

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/SystemHandler.kt

@@ -67,9 +67,6 @@ private class AndroidSystemNotificationPoster(
   }
 
   private fun ensureChannel(priority: String?): String {
-    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
-      return NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_BASE_ID
-    }
     val normalizedPriority = priority.orEmpty().trim().lowercase()
     val (suffix, importance, name) =
       when (normalizedPriority) {

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/ui/OnboardingFlow.kt

@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextOverflow
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.sp
 import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
+import androidx.core.net.toUri
 import androidx.lifecycle.Lifecycle
 import androidx.lifecycle.LifecycleEventObserver
 import androidx.lifecycle.compose.LocalLifecycleOwner
@@ -242,7 +243,7 @@ fun OnboardingFlow(viewModel: MainViewModel, modifier: Modifier = Modifier) {
     remember(context) {
       hasMotionCapabilities(context)
     }
-  val motionPermissionRequired = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 29
+  val motionPermissionRequired = true
   val notificationsPermissionRequired = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 33
   val discoveryPermission =
     if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 33) {
@@ -1635,7 +1636,6 @@ private fun isNotificationListenerEnabled(context: Context): Boolean {
 }
 
 private fun canInstallUnknownApps(context: Context): Boolean {
-  if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < 26) return true
   return context.packageManager.canRequestPackageInstalls()
 }
 
@@ -1649,11 +1649,10 @@ private fun openNotificationListenerSettings(context: Context) {
 }
 
 private fun openUnknownAppSourcesSettings(context: Context) {
-  if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < 26) return
   val intent =
     Intent(
       Settings.ACTION_MANAGE_UNKNOWN_APP_SOURCES,
-      Uri.parse("package:${context.packageName}"),
+      "package:${context.packageName}".toUri(),
     ).addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK)
   runCatching {
     context.startActivity(intent)

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/ui/SettingsSheet.kt

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.text.font.FontWeight
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.sp
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
+import androidx.core.net.toUri
 import androidx.lifecycle.Lifecycle
 import androidx.lifecycle.LifecycleEventObserver
 import androidx.lifecycle.compose.LocalLifecycleOwner
@@ -171,7 +172,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
     } else {
       Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
     }
-  val motionPermissionRequired = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 29
+  val motionPermissionRequired = true
   val motionAvailable = remember(context) { hasMotionCapabilities(context) }
 
   var notificationsPermissionGranted by
@@ -424,7 +425,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
       item {
         ListItem(
-          modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+          modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
           colors = listItemColors,
           headlineContent = { Text("Microphone permission", style = mobileHeadline) },
           supportingContent = {
@@ -477,7 +478,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
     item {
       ListItem(
-        modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+        modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
         colors = listItemColors,
         headlineContent = { Text("Allow Camera", style = mobileHeadline) },
         supportingContent = { Text("Allows the gateway to request photos or short video clips (foreground only).", style = mobileCallout) },
@@ -510,7 +511,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
           else -> "Grant"
         }
       ListItem(
-        modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+        modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
         colors = listItemColors,
         headlineContent = { Text("SMS Permission", style = mobileHeadline) },
         supportingContent = {
@@ -561,7 +562,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
             "Grant"
           }
         ListItem(
-          modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+          modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
           colors = listItemColors,
           headlineContent = { Text("System Notifications", style = mobileHeadline) },
           supportingContent = {
@@ -589,7 +590,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
       item {
         ListItem(
-          modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+          modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
           colors = listItemColors,
           headlineContent = { Text("Notification Listener Access", style = mobileHeadline) },
           supportingContent = {
@@ -624,7 +625,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
       item {
         ListItem(
-          modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+          modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
           colors = listItemColors,
           headlineContent = { Text("Photos Permission", style = mobileHeadline) },
           supportingContent = {
@@ -655,7 +656,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
       item {
         ListItem(
-          modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+          modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
           colors = listItemColors,
           headlineContent = { Text("Contacts Permission", style = mobileHeadline) },
           supportingContent = {
@@ -686,7 +687,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
       item {
         ListItem(
-          modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+          modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
           colors = listItemColors,
           headlineContent = { Text("Calendar Permission", style = mobileHeadline) },
           supportingContent = {
@@ -724,7 +725,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
             else -> "Grant"
           }
         ListItem(
-          modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+          modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
           colors = listItemColors,
           headlineContent = { Text("Motion Permission", style = mobileHeadline) },
           supportingContent = {
@@ -768,7 +769,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
       item {
         ListItem(
-          modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+          modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
           colors = listItemColors,
           headlineContent = { Text("Install App Updates", style = mobileHeadline) },
           supportingContent = {
@@ -802,7 +803,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
         )
       }
       item {
-        Column(modifier = settingsRowModifier(), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(0.dp)) {
+        Column(modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(0.dp)) {
           ListItem(
             modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
             colors = listItemColors,
@@ -877,7 +878,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
     item {
       ListItem(
-        modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+        modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
         colors = listItemColors,
         headlineContent = { Text("Prevent Sleep", style = mobileHeadline) },
         supportingContent = { Text("Keeps the screen awake while OpenClaw is open.", style = mobileCallout) },
@@ -897,7 +898,7 @@ fun SettingsSheet(viewModel: MainViewModel) {
       }
     item {
       ListItem(
-        modifier = settingsRowModifier(),
+        modifier = Modifier.settingsRowModifier(),
         colors = listItemColors,
         headlineContent = { Text("Debug Canvas Status", style = mobileHeadline) },
         supportingContent = { Text("Show status text in the canvas when debug is enabled.", style = mobileCallout) },
@@ -927,8 +928,8 @@ private fun settingsTextFieldColors() =
     cursorColor = mobileAccent,
   )
 
-private fun settingsRowModifier() =
-  Modifier
+private fun Modifier.settingsRowModifier() =
+  this
     .fillMaxWidth()
     .border(width = 1.dp, color = mobileBorder, shape = RoundedCornerShape(14.dp))
     .background(Color.White, RoundedCornerShape(14.dp))
@@ -970,14 +971,10 @@ private fun openNotificationListenerSettings(context: Context) {
 }
 
 private fun openUnknownAppSourcesSettings(context: Context) {
-  if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < 26) {
-    openAppSettings(context)
-    return
-  }
   val intent =
     Intent(
       Settings.ACTION_MANAGE_UNKNOWN_APP_SOURCES,
-      Uri.parse("package:${context.packageName}"),
+      "package:${context.packageName}".toUri(),
     )
   runCatching {
     context.startActivity(intent)
@@ -997,7 +994,6 @@ private fun isNotificationListenerEnabled(context: Context): Boolean {
 }
 
 private fun canInstallUnknownApps(context: Context): Boolean {
-  if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < 26) return true
   return context.packageManager.canRequestPackageInstalls()
 }
 

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/ui/chat/Base64ImageState.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package ai.openclaw.android.ui.chat
+
+import android.graphics.BitmapFactory
+import android.util.Base64
+import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
+import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect
+import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
+import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableStateOf
+import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
+import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
+import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.ImageBitmap
+import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.asImageBitmap
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
+import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
+
+internal data class Base64ImageState(
+  val image: ImageBitmap?,
+  val failed: Boolean,
+)
+
+@Composable
+internal fun rememberBase64ImageState(base64: String): Base64ImageState {
+  var image by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf<ImageBitmap?>(null) }
+  var failed by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf(false) }
+
+  LaunchedEffect(base64) {
+    failed = false
+    image =
+      withContext(Dispatchers.Default) {
+        try {
+          val bytes = Base64.decode(base64, Base64.DEFAULT)
+          val bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(bytes, 0, bytes.size) ?: return@withContext null
+          bitmap.asImageBitmap()
+        } catch (_: Throwable) {
+          null
+        }
+      }
+    if (image == null) failed = true
+  }
+
+  return Base64ImageState(image = image, failed = failed)
+}

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/ui/chat/ChatMarkdown.kt

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 package ai.openclaw.android.ui.chat
 
-import android.graphics.BitmapFactory
-import android.util.Base64
 import androidx.compose.foundation.Image
 import androidx.compose.foundation.background
 import androidx.compose.foundation.border
@@ -20,15 +18,10 @@ import androidx.compose.foundation.rememberScrollState
 import androidx.compose.foundation.text.selection.SelectionContainer
 import androidx.compose.material3.Text
 import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
-import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect
-import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
-import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableStateOf
 import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
-import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
 import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.Color
-import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.asImageBitmap
 import androidx.compose.ui.layout.ContentScale
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.AnnotatedString
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.SpanStyle
@@ -47,8 +40,6 @@ import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileCaption1
 import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileCodeBg
 import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileCodeText
 import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileTextSecondary
-import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
-import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
 import org.commonmark.Extension
 import org.commonmark.ext.autolink.AutolinkExtension
 import org.commonmark.ext.gfm.strikethrough.Strikethrough
@@ -555,23 +546,8 @@ private data class ParsedDataImage(
 
 @Composable
 private fun InlineBase64Image(base64: String, mimeType: String?) {
-  var image by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf<androidx.compose.ui.graphics.ImageBitmap?>(null) }
-  var failed by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf(false) }
-
-  LaunchedEffect(base64) {
-    failed = false
-    image =
-      withContext(Dispatchers.Default) {
-        try {
-          val bytes = Base64.decode(base64, Base64.DEFAULT)
-          val bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(bytes, 0, bytes.size) ?: return@withContext null
-          bitmap.asImageBitmap()
-        } catch (_: Throwable) {
-          null
-        }
-      }
-    if (image == null) failed = true
-  }
+  val imageState = rememberBase64ImageState(base64)
+  val image = imageState.image
 
   if (image != null) {
     Image(
@@ -580,7 +556,7 @@ private fun InlineBase64Image(base64: String, mimeType: String?) {
       contentScale = ContentScale.Fit,
       modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
     )
-  } else if (failed) {
+  } else if (imageState.failed) {
     Text(
       text = "Image unavailable",
       modifier = Modifier.padding(vertical = 2.dp),

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/ui/chat/ChatMessageViews.kt

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 package ai.openclaw.android.ui.chat
 
-import android.graphics.BitmapFactory
-import android.util.Base64
 import androidx.compose.foundation.BorderStroke
 import androidx.compose.foundation.Image
 import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Arrangement
@@ -16,16 +14,11 @@ import androidx.compose.foundation.shape.RoundedCornerShape
 import androidx.compose.material3.Surface
 import androidx.compose.material3.Text
 import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
-import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect
-import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
-import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableStateOf
 import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
-import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
 import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.draw.alpha
 import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.Color
-import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.asImageBitmap
 import androidx.compose.ui.layout.ContentScale
 import androidx.compose.ui.platform.LocalContext
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.font.FontFamily
@@ -51,8 +44,6 @@ import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileTextSecondary
 import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileWarning
 import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileWarningSoft
 import java.util.Locale
-import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
-import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
 
 private data class ChatBubbleStyle(
   val alignEnd: Boolean,
@@ -241,23 +232,8 @@ private fun roleLabel(role: String): String {
 
 @Composable
 private fun ChatBase64Image(base64: String, mimeType: String?) {
-  var image by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf<androidx.compose.ui.graphics.ImageBitmap?>(null) }
-  var failed by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf(false) }
-
-  LaunchedEffect(base64) {
-    failed = false
-    image =
-      withContext(Dispatchers.Default) {
-        try {
-          val bytes = Base64.decode(base64, Base64.DEFAULT)
-          val bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(bytes, 0, bytes.size) ?: return@withContext null
-          bitmap.asImageBitmap()
-        } catch (_: Throwable) {
-          null
-        }
-      }
-    if (image == null) failed = true
-  }
+  val imageState = rememberBase64ImageState(base64)
+  val image = imageState.image
 
   if (image != null) {
     Surface(
@@ -273,7 +249,7 @@ private fun ChatBase64Image(base64: String, mimeType: String?) {
         modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
       )
     }
-  } else if (failed) {
+  } else if (imageState.failed) {
     Text("Unsupported attachment", style = mobileCaption1, color = mobileTextSecondary)
   }
 }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/voice/TalkModeManager.kt

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
 import ai.openclaw.android.gateway.GatewaySession
 import ai.openclaw.android.isCanonicalMainSessionKey
 import ai.openclaw.android.normalizeMainKey
-import android.os.Build
 import java.io.File
 import java.net.HttpURLConnection
 import java.net.URL
@@ -1316,43 +1315,28 @@ private const val defaultTalkProvider = "elevenlabs"
 
   private fun requestAudioFocusForTts(): Boolean {
     val am = context.getSystemService(Context.AUDIO_SERVICE) as? AudioManager ?: return true
-    return if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
-      val req = AudioFocusRequest.Builder(AudioManager.AUDIOFOCUS_GAIN_TRANSIENT_MAY_DUCK)
-        .setAudioAttributes(
-          AudioAttributes.Builder()
-            .setUsage(AudioAttributes.USAGE_MEDIA)
-            .setContentType(AudioAttributes.CONTENT_TYPE_SPEECH)
-            .build()
-        )
-        .setOnAudioFocusChangeListener(audioFocusListener)
-        .build()
-      audioFocusRequest = req
-      val result = am.requestAudioFocus(req)
-      Log.d(tag, "audio focus request result=$result")
-      result == AudioManager.AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_GRANTED || result == AudioManager.AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_DELAYED
-    } else {
-      @Suppress("DEPRECATION")
-      val result = am.requestAudioFocus(
-        audioFocusListener,
-        AudioManager.STREAM_MUSIC,
-        AudioManager.AUDIOFOCUS_GAIN_TRANSIENT_MAY_DUCK,
+    val req = AudioFocusRequest.Builder(AudioManager.AUDIOFOCUS_GAIN_TRANSIENT_MAY_DUCK)
+      .setAudioAttributes(
+        AudioAttributes.Builder()
+          .setUsage(AudioAttributes.USAGE_MEDIA)
+          .setContentType(AudioAttributes.CONTENT_TYPE_SPEECH)
+          .build()
       )
-      result == AudioManager.AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_GRANTED
-    }
+      .setOnAudioFocusChangeListener(audioFocusListener)
+      .build()
+    audioFocusRequest = req
+    val result = am.requestAudioFocus(req)
+    Log.d(tag, "audio focus request result=$result")
+    return result == AudioManager.AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_GRANTED || result == AudioManager.AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_DELAYED
   }
 
   private fun abandonAudioFocus() {
     val am = context.getSystemService(Context.AUDIO_SERVICE) as? AudioManager ?: return
-    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
-      audioFocusRequest?.let {
-        am.abandonAudioFocusRequest(it)
-        Log.d(tag, "audio focus abandoned")
-      }
-      audioFocusRequest = null
-    } else {
-      @Suppress("DEPRECATION")
-      am.abandonAudioFocus(audioFocusListener)
+    audioFocusRequest?.let {
+      am.abandonAudioFocusRequest(it)
+      Log.d(tag, "audio focus abandoned")
     }
+    audioFocusRequest = null
   }
 
   private fun cleanupPlayer() {

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/gateway/GatewaySessionInvokeTest.kt

@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@ package ai.openclaw.android.gateway
 import kotlinx.coroutines.CompletableDeferred
 import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Job
 import kotlinx.coroutines.SupervisorJob
 import kotlinx.coroutines.cancelAndJoin
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withTimeout
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withTimeoutOrNull
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
+import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.jsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.jsonPrimitive
 import okhttp3.Response
@@ -27,6 +29,10 @@ import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
 import org.robolectric.annotation.Config
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference
 
+private const val TEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 8_000L
+private const val CONNECT_CHALLENGE_FRAME =
+  """{"type":"event","event":"connect.challenge","payload":{"nonce":"android-test-nonce"}}"""
+
 private class InMemoryDeviceAuthStore : DeviceAuthTokenStore {
   private val tokens = mutableMapOf<String, String>()
 
@@ -37,530 +43,301 @@ private class InMemoryDeviceAuthStore : DeviceAuthTokenStore {
   }
 }
 
+private data class NodeHarness(
+  val session: GatewaySession,
+  val sessionJob: Job,
+)
+
+private data class InvokeScenarioResult(
+  val request: GatewaySession.InvokeRequest,
+  val resultParams: JsonObject,
+)
+
 @RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
 @Config(sdk = [34])
 class GatewaySessionInvokeTest {
   @Test
   fun nodeInvokeRequest_roundTripsInvokeResult() = runBlocking {
-    val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
-    val connected = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
-    val invokeRequest = CompletableDeferred<GatewaySession.InvokeRequest>()
-    val invokeResultParams = CompletableDeferred<String>()
     val handshakeOrigin = AtomicReference<String?>(null)
-    val lastDisconnect = AtomicReference("")
-    val server =
-      MockWebServer().apply {
-        dispatcher =
-          object : Dispatcher() {
-            override fun dispatch(request: RecordedRequest): MockResponse {
-              handshakeOrigin.compareAndSet(null, request.getHeader("Origin"))
-              return MockResponse().withWebSocketUpgrade(
-                object : WebSocketListener() {
-                  override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
-                    webSocket.send(
-                      """{"type":"event","event":"connect.challenge","payload":{"nonce":"android-test-nonce"}}""",
-                    )
-                  }
-
-                  override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
-                    val frame = json.parseToJsonElement(text).jsonObject
-                    if (frame["type"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content != "req") return
-                    val id = frame["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                    val method = frame["method"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                    when (method) {
-                      "connect" -> {
-                        webSocket.send(
-                          """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"snapshot":{"sessionDefaults":{"mainSessionKey":"main"}}}}""",
-                        )
-                        webSocket.send(
-                          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-1","nodeId":"node-1","command":"debug.ping","params":{"ping":"pong"},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
-                        )
-                      }
-                      "node.invoke.result" -> {
-                        if (!invokeResultParams.isCompleted) {
-                          invokeResultParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString().orEmpty())
-                        }
-                        webSocket.send("""{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"ok":true}}""")
-                        webSocket.close(1000, "done")
-                      }
-                    }
-                  }
-                },
-              )
-            }
-          }
-        start()
+    val result =
+      runInvokeScenario(
+        invokeEventFrame =
+          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-1","nodeId":"node-1","command":"debug.ping","params":{"ping":"pong"},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
+        onHandshake = { request -> handshakeOrigin.compareAndSet(null, request.getHeader("Origin")) },
+      ) {
+        GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""")
       }
 
-    val app = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
-    val sessionJob = SupervisorJob()
-    val deviceAuthStore = InMemoryDeviceAuthStore()
-    val session =
-      GatewaySession(
-        scope = CoroutineScope(sessionJob + Dispatchers.Default),
-        identityStore = DeviceIdentityStore(app),
-        deviceAuthStore = deviceAuthStore,
-        onConnected = { _, _, _ ->
-          if (!connected.isCompleted) connected.complete(Unit)
-        },
-        onDisconnected = { message ->
-          lastDisconnect.set(message)
-        },
-        onEvent = { _, _ -> },
-        onInvoke = { req ->
-          if (!invokeRequest.isCompleted) invokeRequest.complete(req)
-          GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""")
-        },
-      )
-
-    try {
-      session.connect(
-        endpoint =
-          GatewayEndpoint(
-            stableId = "manual|127.0.0.1|${server.port}",
-            name = "test",
-            host = "127.0.0.1",
-            port = server.port,
-            tlsEnabled = false,
-          ),
-        token = "test-token",
-        password = null,
-        options =
-          GatewayConnectOptions(
-            role = "node",
-            scopes = listOf("node:invoke"),
-            caps = emptyList(),
-            commands = emptyList(),
-            permissions = emptyMap(),
-            client =
-              GatewayClientInfo(
-                id = "openclaw-android-test",
-                displayName = "Android Test",
-                version = "1.0.0-test",
-                platform = "android",
-                mode = "node",
-                instanceId = "android-test-instance",
-                deviceFamily = "android",
-                modelIdentifier = "test",
-              ),
-          ),
-        tls = null,
-      )
-
-      val connectedWithinTimeout = withTimeoutOrNull(8_000) {
-        connected.await()
-        true
-      } == true
-      if (!connectedWithinTimeout) {
-        throw AssertionError("never connected; lastDisconnect=${lastDisconnect.get()}; requests=${server.requestCount}")
-      }
-      val req = withTimeout(8_000) { invokeRequest.await() }
-      val resultParamsJson = withTimeout(8_000) { invokeResultParams.await() }
-      val resultParams = json.parseToJsonElement(resultParamsJson).jsonObject
-
-      assertEquals("invoke-1", req.id)
-      assertEquals("node-1", req.nodeId)
-      assertEquals("debug.ping", req.command)
-      assertEquals("""{"ping":"pong"}""", req.paramsJson)
-      assertNull(handshakeOrigin.get())
-      assertEquals("invoke-1", resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-      assertEquals("node-1", resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-      assertEquals(true, resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
-      assertEquals(
-        true,
-        resultParams["payload"]?.jsonObject?.get("handled")?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict(),
-      )
-    } finally {
-      session.disconnect()
-      sessionJob.cancelAndJoin()
-      server.shutdown()
-    }
+    assertEquals("invoke-1", result.request.id)
+    assertEquals("node-1", result.request.nodeId)
+    assertEquals("debug.ping", result.request.command)
+    assertEquals("""{"ping":"pong"}""", result.request.paramsJson)
+    assertNull(handshakeOrigin.get())
+    assertEquals("invoke-1", result.resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+    assertEquals("node-1", result.resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+    assertEquals(true, result.resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
+    assertEquals(
+      true,
+      result.resultParams["payload"]?.jsonObject?.get("handled")?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict(),
+    )
   }
 
   @Test
   fun nodeInvokeRequest_usesParamsJsonWhenProvided() = runBlocking {
-    val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
-    val connected = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
-    val invokeRequest = CompletableDeferred<GatewaySession.InvokeRequest>()
-    val invokeResultParams = CompletableDeferred<String>()
-    val lastDisconnect = AtomicReference("")
-    val server =
-      MockWebServer().apply {
-        dispatcher =
-          object : Dispatcher() {
-            override fun dispatch(request: RecordedRequest): MockResponse {
-              return MockResponse().withWebSocketUpgrade(
-                object : WebSocketListener() {
-                  override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
-                    webSocket.send(
-                      """{"type":"event","event":"connect.challenge","payload":{"nonce":"android-test-nonce"}}""",
-                    )
-                  }
-
-                  override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
-                    val frame = json.parseToJsonElement(text).jsonObject
-                    if (frame["type"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content != "req") return
-                    val id = frame["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                    val method = frame["method"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                    when (method) {
-                      "connect" -> {
-                        webSocket.send(
-                          """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"snapshot":{"sessionDefaults":{"mainSessionKey":"main"}}}}""",
-                        )
-                        webSocket.send(
-                          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-2","nodeId":"node-2","command":"debug.raw","paramsJSON":"{\"raw\":true}","params":{"ignored":1},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
-                        )
-                      }
-                      "node.invoke.result" -> {
-                        if (!invokeResultParams.isCompleted) {
-                          invokeResultParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString().orEmpty())
-                        }
-                        webSocket.send("""{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"ok":true}}""")
-                        webSocket.close(1000, "done")
-                      }
-                    }
-                  }
-                },
-              )
-            }
-          }
-        start()
+    val result =
+      runInvokeScenario(
+        invokeEventFrame =
+          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-2","nodeId":"node-2","command":"debug.raw","paramsJSON":"{\"raw\":true}","params":{"ignored":1},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
+      ) {
+        GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""")
       }
 
-    val app = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
-    val sessionJob = SupervisorJob()
-    val deviceAuthStore = InMemoryDeviceAuthStore()
-    val session =
-      GatewaySession(
-        scope = CoroutineScope(sessionJob + Dispatchers.Default),
-        identityStore = DeviceIdentityStore(app),
-        deviceAuthStore = deviceAuthStore,
-        onConnected = { _, _, _ ->
-          if (!connected.isCompleted) connected.complete(Unit)
-        },
-        onDisconnected = { message ->
-          lastDisconnect.set(message)
-        },
-        onEvent = { _, _ -> },
-        onInvoke = { req ->
-          if (!invokeRequest.isCompleted) invokeRequest.complete(req)
-          GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""")
-        },
-      )
-
-    try {
-      session.connect(
-        endpoint =
-          GatewayEndpoint(
-            stableId = "manual|127.0.0.1|${server.port}",
-            name = "test",
-            host = "127.0.0.1",
-            port = server.port,
-            tlsEnabled = false,
-          ),
-        token = "test-token",
-        password = null,
-        options =
-          GatewayConnectOptions(
-            role = "node",
-            scopes = listOf("node:invoke"),
-            caps = emptyList(),
-            commands = emptyList(),
-            permissions = emptyMap(),
-            client =
-              GatewayClientInfo(
-                id = "openclaw-android-test",
-                displayName = "Android Test",
-                version = "1.0.0-test",
-                platform = "android",
-                mode = "node",
-                instanceId = "android-test-instance",
-                deviceFamily = "android",
-                modelIdentifier = "test",
-              ),
-          ),
-        tls = null,
-      )
-
-      val connectedWithinTimeout = withTimeoutOrNull(8_000) {
-        connected.await()
-        true
-      } == true
-      if (!connectedWithinTimeout) {
-        throw AssertionError("never connected; lastDisconnect=${lastDisconnect.get()}; requests=${server.requestCount}")
-      }
-
-      val req = withTimeout(8_000) { invokeRequest.await() }
-      val resultParamsJson = withTimeout(8_000) { invokeResultParams.await() }
-      val resultParams = json.parseToJsonElement(resultParamsJson).jsonObject
-
-      assertEquals("invoke-2", req.id)
-      assertEquals("node-2", req.nodeId)
-      assertEquals("debug.raw", req.command)
-      assertEquals("""{"raw":true}""", req.paramsJson)
-      assertEquals("invoke-2", resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-      assertEquals("node-2", resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-      assertEquals(true, resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
-    } finally {
-      session.disconnect()
-      sessionJob.cancelAndJoin()
-      server.shutdown()
-    }
+    assertEquals("invoke-2", result.request.id)
+    assertEquals("node-2", result.request.nodeId)
+    assertEquals("debug.raw", result.request.command)
+    assertEquals("""{"raw":true}""", result.request.paramsJson)
+    assertEquals("invoke-2", result.resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+    assertEquals("node-2", result.resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+    assertEquals(true, result.resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
   }
 
   @Test
   fun nodeInvokeRequest_mapsCodePrefixedErrorsIntoInvokeResult() = runBlocking {
-    val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
-    val connected = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
-    val invokeResultParams = CompletableDeferred<String>()
-    val lastDisconnect = AtomicReference("")
-    val server =
-      MockWebServer().apply {
-        dispatcher =
-          object : Dispatcher() {
-            override fun dispatch(request: RecordedRequest): MockResponse {
-              return MockResponse().withWebSocketUpgrade(
-                object : WebSocketListener() {
-                  override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
-                    webSocket.send(
-                      """{"type":"event","event":"connect.challenge","payload":{"nonce":"android-test-nonce"}}""",
-                    )
-                  }
-
-                  override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
-                    val frame = json.parseToJsonElement(text).jsonObject
-                    if (frame["type"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content != "req") return
-                    val id = frame["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                    val method = frame["method"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                    when (method) {
-                      "connect" -> {
-                        webSocket.send(
-                          """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"snapshot":{"sessionDefaults":{"mainSessionKey":"main"}}}}""",
-                        )
-                        webSocket.send(
-                          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-3","nodeId":"node-3","command":"camera.snap","params":{"facing":"front"},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
-                        )
-                      }
-                      "node.invoke.result" -> {
-                        if (!invokeResultParams.isCompleted) {
-                          invokeResultParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString().orEmpty())
-                        }
-                        webSocket.send("""{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"ok":true}}""")
-                        webSocket.close(1000, "done")
-                      }
-                    }
-                  }
-                },
-              )
-            }
-          }
-        start()
+    val result =
+      runInvokeScenario(
+        invokeEventFrame =
+          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-3","nodeId":"node-3","command":"camera.snap","params":{"facing":"front"},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
+      ) {
+        throw IllegalStateException("CAMERA_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Camera permission")
       }
 
-    val app = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
-    val sessionJob = SupervisorJob()
-    val deviceAuthStore = InMemoryDeviceAuthStore()
-    val session =
-      GatewaySession(
-        scope = CoroutineScope(sessionJob + Dispatchers.Default),
-        identityStore = DeviceIdentityStore(app),
-        deviceAuthStore = deviceAuthStore,
-        onConnected = { _, _, _ ->
-          if (!connected.isCompleted) connected.complete(Unit)
-        },
-        onDisconnected = { message ->
-          lastDisconnect.set(message)
-        },
-        onEvent = { _, _ -> },
-        onInvoke = {
-          throw IllegalStateException("CAMERA_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Camera permission")
-        },
-      )
-
-    try {
-      session.connect(
-        endpoint =
-          GatewayEndpoint(
-            stableId = "manual|127.0.0.1|${server.port}",
-            name = "test",
-            host = "127.0.0.1",
-            port = server.port,
-            tlsEnabled = false,
-          ),
-        token = "test-token",
-        password = null,
-        options =
-          GatewayConnectOptions(
-            role = "node",
-            scopes = listOf("node:invoke"),
-            caps = emptyList(),
-            commands = emptyList(),
-            permissions = emptyMap(),
-            client =
-              GatewayClientInfo(
-                id = "openclaw-android-test",
-                displayName = "Android Test",
-                version = "1.0.0-test",
-                platform = "android",
-                mode = "node",
-                instanceId = "android-test-instance",
-                deviceFamily = "android",
-                modelIdentifier = "test",
-              ),
-          ),
-        tls = null,
-      )
-
-      val connectedWithinTimeout = withTimeoutOrNull(8_000) {
-        connected.await()
-        true
-      } == true
-      if (!connectedWithinTimeout) {
-        throw AssertionError("never connected; lastDisconnect=${lastDisconnect.get()}; requests=${server.requestCount}")
-      }
-
-      val resultParamsJson = withTimeout(8_000) { invokeResultParams.await() }
-      val resultParams = json.parseToJsonElement(resultParamsJson).jsonObject
-
-      assertEquals("invoke-3", resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-      assertEquals("node-3", resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-      assertEquals(false, resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
-      assertEquals(
-        "CAMERA_PERMISSION_REQUIRED",
-        resultParams["error"]?.jsonObject?.get("code")?.jsonPrimitive?.content,
-      )
-      assertEquals(
-        "grant Camera permission",
-        resultParams["error"]?.jsonObject?.get("message")?.jsonPrimitive?.content,
-      )
-    } finally {
-      session.disconnect()
-      sessionJob.cancelAndJoin()
-      server.shutdown()
-    }
+    assertEquals("invoke-3", result.resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+    assertEquals("node-3", result.resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+    assertEquals(false, result.resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
+    assertEquals(
+      "CAMERA_PERMISSION_REQUIRED",
+      result.resultParams["error"]?.jsonObject?.get("code")?.jsonPrimitive?.content,
+    )
+    assertEquals(
+      "grant Camera permission",
+      result.resultParams["error"]?.jsonObject?.get("message")?.jsonPrimitive?.content,
+    )
   }
 
   @Test
   fun refreshNodeCanvasCapability_sendsObjectParamsAndUpdatesScopedUrl() = runBlocking {
-    val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
+    val json = testJson()
     val connected = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
     val refreshRequestParams = CompletableDeferred<String?>()
     val lastDisconnect = AtomicReference("")
-    val server =
-      MockWebServer().apply {
-        dispatcher =
-          object : Dispatcher() {
-            override fun dispatch(request: RecordedRequest): MockResponse {
-              return MockResponse().withWebSocketUpgrade(
-                object : WebSocketListener() {
-                  override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
-                    webSocket.send(
-                      """{"type":"event","event":"connect.challenge","payload":{"nonce":"android-test-nonce"}}""",
-                    )
-                  }
 
-                  override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
-                    val frame = json.parseToJsonElement(text).jsonObject
-                    if (frame["type"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content != "req") return
-                    val id = frame["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                    val method = frame["method"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                    when (method) {
-                      "connect" -> {
-                        webSocket.send(
-                          """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"canvasHostUrl":"http://127.0.0.1/__openclaw__/cap/old-cap","snapshot":{"sessionDefaults":{"mainSessionKey":"main"}}}}""",
-                        )
-                      }
-                      "node.canvas.capability.refresh" -> {
-                        if (!refreshRequestParams.isCompleted) {
-                          refreshRequestParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString())
-                        }
-                        webSocket.send(
-                          """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"canvasCapability":"new-cap"}}""",
-                        )
-                        webSocket.close(1000, "done")
-                      }
-                    }
-                  }
-                },
-              )
-            }
+    val server =
+      startGatewayServer(json) { webSocket, id, method, frame ->
+        when (method) {
+          "connect" -> {
+            webSocket.send(connectResponseFrame(id, canvasHostUrl = "http://127.0.0.1/__openclaw__/cap/old-cap"))
           }
-        start()
+          "node.canvas.capability.refresh" -> {
+            if (!refreshRequestParams.isCompleted) {
+              refreshRequestParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString())
+            }
+            webSocket.send(
+              """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"canvasCapability":"new-cap"}}""",
+            )
+            webSocket.close(1000, "done")
+          }
+        }
       }
 
-    val app = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
-    val sessionJob = SupervisorJob()
-    val deviceAuthStore = InMemoryDeviceAuthStore()
-    val session =
-      GatewaySession(
-        scope = CoroutineScope(sessionJob + Dispatchers.Default),
-        identityStore = DeviceIdentityStore(app),
-        deviceAuthStore = deviceAuthStore,
-        onConnected = { _, _, _ ->
-          if (!connected.isCompleted) connected.complete(Unit)
-        },
-        onDisconnected = { message ->
-          lastDisconnect.set(message)
-        },
-        onEvent = { _, _ -> },
-        onInvoke = { GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""") },
-      )
+    val harness =
+      createNodeHarness(
+        connected = connected,
+        lastDisconnect = lastDisconnect,
+      ) { GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""") }
 
     try {
-      session.connect(
-        endpoint =
-          GatewayEndpoint(
-            stableId = "manual|127.0.0.1|${server.port}",
-            name = "test",
-            host = "127.0.0.1",
-            port = server.port,
-            tlsEnabled = false,
-          ),
-        token = "test-token",
-        password = null,
-        options =
-          GatewayConnectOptions(
-            role = "node",
-            scopes = listOf("node:invoke"),
-            caps = emptyList(),
-            commands = emptyList(),
-            permissions = emptyMap(),
-            client =
-              GatewayClientInfo(
-                id = "openclaw-android-test",
-                displayName = "Android Test",
-                version = "1.0.0-test",
-                platform = "android",
-                mode = "node",
-                instanceId = "android-test-instance",
-                deviceFamily = "android",
-                modelIdentifier = "test",
-              ),
-          ),
-        tls = null,
-      )
+      connectNodeSession(harness.session, server.port)
+      awaitConnectedOrThrow(connected, lastDisconnect, server)
 
-      val connectedWithinTimeout = withTimeoutOrNull(8_000) {
-        connected.await()
-        true
-      } == true
-      if (!connectedWithinTimeout) {
-        throw AssertionError("never connected; lastDisconnect=${lastDisconnect.get()}; requests=${server.requestCount}")
-      }
-
-      val refreshed = session.refreshNodeCanvasCapability(timeoutMs = 8_000)
-      val refreshParamsJson = withTimeout(8_000) { refreshRequestParams.await() }
+      val refreshed = harness.session.refreshNodeCanvasCapability(timeoutMs = TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
+      val refreshParamsJson = withTimeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) { refreshRequestParams.await() }
 
       assertEquals(true, refreshed)
       assertEquals("{}", refreshParamsJson)
       assertEquals(
         "http://127.0.0.1:${server.port}/__openclaw__/cap/new-cap",
-        session.currentCanvasHostUrl(),
+        harness.session.currentCanvasHostUrl(),
       )
     } finally {
-      session.disconnect()
-      sessionJob.cancelAndJoin()
-      server.shutdown()
+      shutdownHarness(harness, server)
     }
   }
+
+  private fun testJson(): Json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
+
+  private fun createNodeHarness(
+    connected: CompletableDeferred<Unit>,
+    lastDisconnect: AtomicReference<String>,
+    onInvoke: (GatewaySession.InvokeRequest) -> GatewaySession.InvokeResult,
+  ): NodeHarness {
+    val app = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
+    val sessionJob = SupervisorJob()
+    val session =
+      GatewaySession(
+        scope = CoroutineScope(sessionJob + Dispatchers.Default),
+        identityStore = DeviceIdentityStore(app),
+        deviceAuthStore = InMemoryDeviceAuthStore(),
+        onConnected = { _, _, _ ->
+          if (!connected.isCompleted) connected.complete(Unit)
+        },
+        onDisconnected = { message ->
+          lastDisconnect.set(message)
+        },
+        onEvent = { _, _ -> },
+        onInvoke = onInvoke,
+      )
+
+    return NodeHarness(session = session, sessionJob = sessionJob)
+  }
+
+  private suspend fun connectNodeSession(session: GatewaySession, port: Int) {
+    session.connect(
+      endpoint =
+        GatewayEndpoint(
+          stableId = "manual|127.0.0.1|$port",
+          name = "test",
+          host = "127.0.0.1",
+          port = port,
+          tlsEnabled = false,
+        ),
+      token = "test-token",
+      password = null,
+      options =
+        GatewayConnectOptions(
+          role = "node",
+          scopes = listOf("node:invoke"),
+          caps = emptyList(),
+          commands = emptyList(),
+          permissions = emptyMap(),
+          client =
+            GatewayClientInfo(
+              id = "openclaw-android-test",
+              displayName = "Android Test",
+              version = "1.0.0-test",
+              platform = "android",
+              mode = "node",
+              instanceId = "android-test-instance",
+              deviceFamily = "android",
+              modelIdentifier = "test",
+            ),
+        ),
+      tls = null,
+    )
+  }
+
+  private suspend fun awaitConnectedOrThrow(
+    connected: CompletableDeferred<Unit>,
+    lastDisconnect: AtomicReference<String>,
+    server: MockWebServer,
+  ) {
+    val connectedWithinTimeout =
+      withTimeoutOrNull(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) {
+        connected.await()
+        true
+      } == true
+    if (!connectedWithinTimeout) {
+      throw AssertionError("never connected; lastDisconnect=${lastDisconnect.get()}; requests=${server.requestCount}")
+    }
+  }
+
+  private suspend fun shutdownHarness(harness: NodeHarness, server: MockWebServer) {
+    harness.session.disconnect()
+    harness.sessionJob.cancelAndJoin()
+    server.shutdown()
+  }
+
+  private suspend fun runInvokeScenario(
+    invokeEventFrame: String,
+    onHandshake: ((RecordedRequest) -> Unit)? = null,
+    onInvoke: (GatewaySession.InvokeRequest) -> GatewaySession.InvokeResult,
+  ): InvokeScenarioResult {
+    val json = testJson()
+    val connected = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
+    val invokeRequest = CompletableDeferred<GatewaySession.InvokeRequest>()
+    val invokeResultParams = CompletableDeferred<String>()
+    val lastDisconnect = AtomicReference("")
+    val server =
+      startGatewayServer(
+        json = json,
+        onHandshake = onHandshake,
+      ) { webSocket, id, method, frame ->
+        when (method) {
+          "connect" -> {
+            webSocket.send(connectResponseFrame(id))
+            webSocket.send(invokeEventFrame)
+          }
+          "node.invoke.result" -> {
+            if (!invokeResultParams.isCompleted) {
+              invokeResultParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString().orEmpty())
+            }
+            webSocket.send("""{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"ok":true}}""")
+            webSocket.close(1000, "done")
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    val harness =
+      createNodeHarness(
+        connected = connected,
+        lastDisconnect = lastDisconnect,
+      ) { req ->
+        if (!invokeRequest.isCompleted) invokeRequest.complete(req)
+        onInvoke(req)
+      }
+
+    try {
+      connectNodeSession(harness.session, server.port)
+      awaitConnectedOrThrow(connected, lastDisconnect, server)
+      val request = withTimeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) { invokeRequest.await() }
+      val resultParamsJson = withTimeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) { invokeResultParams.await() }
+      val resultParams = json.parseToJsonElement(resultParamsJson).jsonObject
+      return InvokeScenarioResult(request = request, resultParams = resultParams)
+    } finally {
+      shutdownHarness(harness, server)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private fun connectResponseFrame(id: String, canvasHostUrl: String? = null): String {
+    val canvas = canvasHostUrl?.let { "\"canvasHostUrl\":\"$it\"," } ?: ""
+    return """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{$canvas"snapshot":{"sessionDefaults":{"mainSessionKey":"main"}}}}"""
+  }
+
+  private fun startGatewayServer(
+    json: Json,
+    onHandshake: ((RecordedRequest) -> Unit)? = null,
+    onRequestFrame: (webSocket: WebSocket, id: String, method: String, frame: JsonObject) -> Unit,
+  ): MockWebServer =
+    MockWebServer().apply {
+      dispatcher =
+        object : Dispatcher() {
+          override fun dispatch(request: RecordedRequest): MockResponse {
+            onHandshake?.invoke(request)
+            return MockResponse().withWebSocketUpgrade(
+              object : WebSocketListener() {
+                override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
+                  webSocket.send(CONNECT_CHALLENGE_FRAME)
+                }
+
+                override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
+                  val frame = json.parseToJsonElement(text).jsonObject
+                  if (frame["type"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content != "req") return
+                  val id = frame["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
+                  val method = frame["method"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
+                  onRequestFrame(webSocket, id, method, frame)
+                }
+              },
+            )
+          }
+        }
+      start()
+    }
 }

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/CalendarHandlerTest.kt

@@ -9,12 +9,8 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
 import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Test
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
-import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
-import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
 
-@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
-class CalendarHandlerTest {
+class CalendarHandlerTest : NodeHandlerRobolectricTest() {
   @Test
   fun handleCalendarEvents_requiresPermission() {
     val handler = CalendarHandler.forTesting(appContext(), FakeCalendarDataSource(canRead = false))
@@ -83,8 +79,6 @@ class CalendarHandlerTest {
     assertFalse(result.ok)
     assertEquals("CALENDAR_NOT_FOUND", result.error?.code)
   }
-
-  private fun appContext(): Context = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
 }
 
 private class FakeCalendarDataSource(

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/ContactsHandlerTest.kt

@@ -9,12 +9,8 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
 import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Test
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
-import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
-import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
 
-@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
-class ContactsHandlerTest {
+class ContactsHandlerTest : NodeHandlerRobolectricTest() {
   @Test
   fun handleContactsSearch_requiresReadPermission() {
     val handler = ContactsHandler.forTesting(appContext(), FakeContactsDataSource(canRead = false))
@@ -92,8 +88,6 @@ class ContactsHandlerTest {
     assertEquals("Grace Hopper", contact.getValue("displayName").jsonPrimitive.content)
     assertEquals(1, source.addCalls)
   }
-
-  private fun appContext(): Context = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
 }
 
 private class FakeContactsDataSource(

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/InvokeCommandRegistryTest.kt

@@ -16,144 +16,106 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Test
 
 class InvokeCommandRegistryTest {
+  private val coreCapabilities =
+    setOf(
+      OpenClawCapability.Canvas.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Screen.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Device.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Notifications.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.System.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.AppUpdate.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Photos.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Contacts.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Calendar.rawValue,
+    )
+
+  private val optionalCapabilities =
+    setOf(
+      OpenClawCapability.Camera.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Location.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Sms.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.VoiceWake.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCapability.Motion.rawValue,
+    )
+
+  private val coreCommands =
+    setOf(
+      OpenClawDeviceCommand.Status.rawValue,
+      OpenClawDeviceCommand.Info.rawValue,
+      OpenClawDeviceCommand.Permissions.rawValue,
+      OpenClawDeviceCommand.Health.rawValue,
+      OpenClawNotificationsCommand.List.rawValue,
+      OpenClawNotificationsCommand.Actions.rawValue,
+      OpenClawSystemCommand.Notify.rawValue,
+      OpenClawPhotosCommand.Latest.rawValue,
+      OpenClawContactsCommand.Search.rawValue,
+      OpenClawContactsCommand.Add.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCalendarCommand.Events.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCalendarCommand.Add.rawValue,
+      "app.update",
+    )
+
+  private val optionalCommands =
+    setOf(
+      OpenClawCameraCommand.Snap.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCameraCommand.Clip.rawValue,
+      OpenClawCameraCommand.List.rawValue,
+      OpenClawLocationCommand.Get.rawValue,
+      OpenClawMotionCommand.Activity.rawValue,
+      OpenClawMotionCommand.Pedometer.rawValue,
+      OpenClawSmsCommand.Send.rawValue,
+    )
+
+  private val debugCommands = setOf("debug.logs", "debug.ed25519")
+
   @Test
   fun advertisedCapabilities_respectsFeatureAvailability() {
-    val capabilities =
-      InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCapabilities(
-        NodeRuntimeFlags(
-          cameraEnabled = false,
-          locationEnabled = false,
-          smsAvailable = false,
-          voiceWakeEnabled = false,
-          motionActivityAvailable = false,
-          motionPedometerAvailable = false,
-          debugBuild = false,
-        ),
-      )
+    val capabilities = InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCapabilities(defaultFlags())
 
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Canvas.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Screen.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Device.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Notifications.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.System.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.AppUpdate.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Camera.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Location.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Sms.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.VoiceWake.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Photos.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Contacts.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Calendar.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Motion.rawValue))
+    assertContainsAll(capabilities, coreCapabilities)
+    assertMissingAll(capabilities, optionalCapabilities)
   }
 
   @Test
   fun advertisedCapabilities_includesFeatureCapabilitiesWhenEnabled() {
     val capabilities =
       InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCapabilities(
-        NodeRuntimeFlags(
+        defaultFlags(
           cameraEnabled = true,
           locationEnabled = true,
           smsAvailable = true,
           voiceWakeEnabled = true,
           motionActivityAvailable = true,
           motionPedometerAvailable = true,
-          debugBuild = false,
         ),
       )
 
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Canvas.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Screen.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Device.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Notifications.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.System.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.AppUpdate.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Camera.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Location.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Sms.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.VoiceWake.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Photos.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Contacts.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Calendar.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Motion.rawValue))
+    assertContainsAll(capabilities, coreCapabilities + optionalCapabilities)
   }
 
   @Test
   fun advertisedCommands_respectsFeatureAvailability() {
-    val commands =
-      InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCommands(
-        NodeRuntimeFlags(
-          cameraEnabled = false,
-          locationEnabled = false,
-          smsAvailable = false,
-          voiceWakeEnabled = false,
-          motionActivityAvailable = false,
-          motionPedometerAvailable = false,
-          debugBuild = false,
-        ),
-      )
+    val commands = InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCommands(defaultFlags())
 
-    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.Snap.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.Clip.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.List.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawLocationCommand.Get.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Status.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Info.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Permissions.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Health.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawNotificationsCommand.List.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawNotificationsCommand.Actions.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawSystemCommand.Notify.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawPhotosCommand.Latest.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawContactsCommand.Search.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawContactsCommand.Add.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCalendarCommand.Events.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCalendarCommand.Add.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Activity.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Pedometer.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawSmsCommand.Send.rawValue))
-    assertFalse(commands.contains("debug.logs"))
-    assertFalse(commands.contains("debug.ed25519"))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains("app.update"))
+    assertContainsAll(commands, coreCommands)
+    assertMissingAll(commands, optionalCommands + debugCommands)
   }
 
   @Test
   fun advertisedCommands_includesFeatureCommandsWhenEnabled() {
     val commands =
       InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCommands(
-        NodeRuntimeFlags(
+        defaultFlags(
           cameraEnabled = true,
           locationEnabled = true,
           smsAvailable = true,
-          voiceWakeEnabled = false,
           motionActivityAvailable = true,
           motionPedometerAvailable = true,
           debugBuild = true,
         ),
       )
 
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.Snap.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.Clip.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.List.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawLocationCommand.Get.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Status.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Info.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Permissions.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Health.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawNotificationsCommand.List.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawNotificationsCommand.Actions.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawSystemCommand.Notify.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawPhotosCommand.Latest.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawContactsCommand.Search.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawContactsCommand.Add.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCalendarCommand.Events.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCalendarCommand.Add.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Activity.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Pedometer.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawSmsCommand.Send.rawValue))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains("debug.logs"))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains("debug.ed25519"))
-    assertTrue(commands.contains("app.update"))
+    assertContainsAll(commands, coreCommands + optionalCommands + debugCommands)
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -174,4 +136,31 @@ class InvokeCommandRegistryTest {
     assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Activity.rawValue))
     assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Pedometer.rawValue))
   }
+
+  private fun defaultFlags(
+    cameraEnabled: Boolean = false,
+    locationEnabled: Boolean = false,
+    smsAvailable: Boolean = false,
+    voiceWakeEnabled: Boolean = false,
+    motionActivityAvailable: Boolean = false,
+    motionPedometerAvailable: Boolean = false,
+    debugBuild: Boolean = false,
+  ): NodeRuntimeFlags =
+    NodeRuntimeFlags(
+      cameraEnabled = cameraEnabled,
+      locationEnabled = locationEnabled,
+      smsAvailable = smsAvailable,
+      voiceWakeEnabled = voiceWakeEnabled,
+      motionActivityAvailable = motionActivityAvailable,
+      motionPedometerAvailable = motionPedometerAvailable,
+      debugBuild = debugBuild,
+    )
+
+  private fun assertContainsAll(actual: List<String>, expected: Set<String>) {
+    expected.forEach { value -> assertTrue(actual.contains(value)) }
+  }
+
+  private fun assertMissingAll(actual: List<String>, forbidden: Set<String>) {
+    forbidden.forEach { value -> assertFalse(actual.contains(value)) }
+  }
 }

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/MotionHandlerTest.kt

@@ -10,12 +10,8 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
 import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Test
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
-import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
-import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
 
-@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
-class MotionHandlerTest {
+class MotionHandlerTest : NodeHandlerRobolectricTest() {
   @Test
   fun handleMotionActivity_requiresPermission() =
     runTest {
@@ -86,8 +82,6 @@ class MotionHandlerTest {
       assertEquals("MOTION_UNAVAILABLE", result.error?.code)
       assertTrue(result.error?.message?.contains("PEDOMETER_RANGE_UNAVAILABLE") == true)
     }
-
-  private fun appContext(): Context = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
 }
 
 private class FakeMotionDataSource(

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/NodeHandlerRobolectricTest.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package ai.openclaw.android.node
+
+import android.content.Context
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
+import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
+
+@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
+abstract class NodeHandlerRobolectricTest {
+  protected fun appContext(): Context = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
+}

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/PhotosHandlerTest.kt

@@ -10,12 +10,8 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
 import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Test
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
-import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
-import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
 
-@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
-class PhotosHandlerTest {
+class PhotosHandlerTest : NodeHandlerRobolectricTest() {
   @Test
   fun handlePhotosLatest_requiresPermission() {
     val handler = PhotosHandler.forTesting(appContext(), FakePhotosDataSource(hasPermission = false))
@@ -63,8 +59,6 @@ class PhotosHandlerTest {
     assertEquals("jpeg", first.getValue("format").jsonPrimitive.content)
     assertEquals(640, first.getValue("width").jsonPrimitive.int)
   }
-
-  private fun appContext(): Context = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
 }
 
 private class FakePhotosDataSource(

apps/ios/ShareExtension/Info.plist

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 	<key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
 	<string>XPC!</string>
 	<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-	<string>2026.2.27</string>
+	<string>2026.3.2</string>
 	<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
-	<string>20260227</string>
+	<string>20260301</string>
 	<key>NSExtension</key>
 	<dict>
 		<key>NSExtensionAttributes</key>

apps/ios/Sources/Camera/CameraController.swift

@@ -52,46 +52,27 @@ actor CameraController {
 
         try await self.ensureAccess(for: .video)
 
-        let session = AVCaptureSession()
-        session.sessionPreset = .photo
-
-        guard let device = Self.pickCamera(facing: facing, deviceId: params.deviceId) else {
-            throw CameraError.cameraUnavailable
-        }
-
-        let input = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: device)
-        guard session.canAddInput(input) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add camera input")
-        }
-        session.addInput(input)
-
-        let output = AVCapturePhotoOutput()
-        guard session.canAddOutput(output) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add photo output")
-        }
-        session.addOutput(output)
-        output.maxPhotoQualityPrioritization = .quality
+        let prepared = try CameraCapturePipelineSupport.preparePhotoSession(
+            preferFrontCamera: facing == .front,
+            deviceId: params.deviceId,
+            pickCamera: { preferFrontCamera, deviceId in
+                Self.pickCamera(facing: preferFrontCamera ? .front : .back, deviceId: deviceId)
+            },
+            cameraUnavailableError: CameraError.cameraUnavailable,
+            mapSetupError: { setupError in
+                CameraError.captureFailed(setupError.localizedDescription)
+            })
+        let session = prepared.session
+        let output = prepared.output
 
         session.startRunning()
         defer { session.stopRunning() }
-        await Self.warmUpCaptureSession()
+        await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.warmUpCaptureSession()
         await Self.sleepDelayMs(delayMs)
 
-        let settings: AVCapturePhotoSettings = {
-            if output.availablePhotoCodecTypes.contains(.jpeg) {
-                return AVCapturePhotoSettings(format: [AVVideoCodecKey: AVVideoCodecType.jpeg])
-            }
-            return AVCapturePhotoSettings()
-        }()
-        settings.photoQualityPrioritization = .quality
-
-        var delegate: PhotoCaptureDelegate?
-        let rawData: Data = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            let d = PhotoCaptureDelegate(cont)
-            delegate = d
-            output.capturePhoto(with: settings, delegate: d)
+        let rawData = try await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.capturePhotoData(output: output) { continuation in
+            PhotoCaptureDelegate(continuation)
         }
-        withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
 
         let res = try PhotoCapture.transcodeJPEGForGateway(
             rawData: rawData,
@@ -121,63 +102,36 @@ actor CameraController {
             try await self.ensureAccess(for: .audio)
         }
 
-        let session = AVCaptureSession()
-        session.sessionPreset = .high
-
-        guard let camera = Self.pickCamera(facing: facing, deviceId: params.deviceId) else {
-            throw CameraError.cameraUnavailable
-        }
-        let cameraInput = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: camera)
-        guard session.canAddInput(cameraInput) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add camera input")
-        }
-        session.addInput(cameraInput)
-
-        if includeAudio {
-            guard let mic = AVCaptureDevice.default(for: .audio) else {
-                throw CameraError.microphoneUnavailable
-            }
-            let micInput = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: mic)
-            if session.canAddInput(micInput) {
-                session.addInput(micInput)
-            } else {
-                throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add microphone input")
-            }
-        }
-
-        let output = AVCaptureMovieFileOutput()
-        guard session.canAddOutput(output) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add movie output")
-        }
-        session.addOutput(output)
-        output.maxRecordedDuration = CMTime(value: Int64(durationMs), timescale: 1000)
-
-        session.startRunning()
-        defer { session.stopRunning() }
-        await Self.warmUpCaptureSession()
-
         let movURL = FileManager().temporaryDirectory
             .appendingPathComponent("openclaw-camera-\(UUID().uuidString).mov")
         let mp4URL = FileManager().temporaryDirectory
             .appendingPathComponent("openclaw-camera-\(UUID().uuidString).mp4")
-
         defer {
             try? FileManager().removeItem(at: movURL)
             try? FileManager().removeItem(at: mp4URL)
         }
 
-        var delegate: MovieFileDelegate?
-        let recordedURL: URL = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            let d = MovieFileDelegate(cont)
-            delegate = d
-            output.startRecording(to: movURL, recordingDelegate: d)
-        }
-        withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
-
-        // Transcode .mov -> .mp4 for easier downstream handling.
-        try await Self.exportToMP4(inputURL: recordedURL, outputURL: mp4URL)
-
-        let data = try Data(contentsOf: mp4URL)
+        let data = try await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.withWarmMovieSession(
+            preferFrontCamera: facing == .front,
+            deviceId: params.deviceId,
+            includeAudio: includeAudio,
+            durationMs: durationMs,
+            pickCamera: { preferFrontCamera, deviceId in
+                Self.pickCamera(facing: preferFrontCamera ? .front : .back, deviceId: deviceId)
+            },
+            cameraUnavailableError: CameraError.cameraUnavailable,
+            mapSetupError: Self.mapMovieSetupError) { output in
+                var delegate: MovieFileDelegate?
+                let recordedURL: URL = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
+                    let d = MovieFileDelegate(cont)
+                    delegate = d
+                    output.startRecording(to: movURL, recordingDelegate: d)
+                }
+                withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
+                // Transcode .mov -> .mp4 for easier downstream handling.
+                try await Self.exportToMP4(inputURL: recordedURL, outputURL: mp4URL)
+                return try Data(contentsOf: mp4URL)
+            }
         return (
             format: format.rawValue,
             base64: data.base64EncodedString(),
@@ -196,22 +150,7 @@ actor CameraController {
     }
 
     private func ensureAccess(for mediaType: AVMediaType) async throws {
-        let status = AVCaptureDevice.authorizationStatus(for: mediaType)
-        switch status {
-        case .authorized:
-            return
-        case .notDetermined:
-            let ok = await withCheckedContinuation(isolation: nil) { cont in
-                AVCaptureDevice.requestAccess(for: mediaType) { granted in
-                    cont.resume(returning: granted)
-                }
-            }
-            if !ok {
-                throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
-            }
-        case .denied, .restricted:
-            throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
-        @unknown default:
+        if !(await CameraAuthorization.isAuthorized(for: mediaType)) {
             throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
         }
     }
@@ -233,12 +172,15 @@ actor CameraController {
         return AVCaptureDevice.default(for: .video)
     }
 
+    private nonisolated static func mapMovieSetupError(_ setupError: CameraSessionConfigurationError) -> CameraError {
+        CameraCapturePipelineSupport.mapMovieSetupError(
+            setupError,
+            microphoneUnavailableError: .microphoneUnavailable,
+            captureFailed: { .captureFailed($0) })
+    }
+
     private nonisolated static func positionLabel(_ position: AVCaptureDevice.Position) -> String {
-        switch position {
-        case .front: "front"
-        case .back: "back"
-        default: "unspecified"
-        }
+        CameraCapturePipelineSupport.positionLabel(position)
     }
 
     private nonisolated static func discoverVideoDevices() -> [AVCaptureDevice] {
@@ -307,11 +249,6 @@ actor CameraController {
         }
     }
 
-    private nonisolated static func warmUpCaptureSession() async {
-        // A short delay after `startRunning()` significantly reduces "blank first frame" captures on some devices.
-        try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 150_000_000) // 150ms
-    }
-
     private nonisolated static func sleepDelayMs(_ delayMs: Int) async {
         guard delayMs > 0 else { return }
         let maxDelayMs = 10 * 1000

apps/ios/Sources/Contacts/ContactsService.swift

@@ -15,14 +15,7 @@ final class ContactsService: ContactsServicing {
     }
 
     func search(params: OpenClawContactsSearchParams) async throws -> OpenClawContactsSearchPayload {
-        let store = CNContactStore()
-        let status = CNContactStore.authorizationStatus(for: .contacts)
-        let authorized = await Self.ensureAuthorization(store: store, status: status)
-        guard authorized else {
-            throw NSError(domain: "Contacts", code: 1, userInfo: [
-                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "CONTACTS_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Contacts permission",
-            ])
-        }
+        let store = try await Self.authorizedStore()
 
         let limit = max(1, min(params.limit ?? 25, 200))
 
@@ -47,14 +40,7 @@ final class ContactsService: ContactsServicing {
     }
 
     func add(params: OpenClawContactsAddParams) async throws -> OpenClawContactsAddPayload {
-        let store = CNContactStore()
-        let status = CNContactStore.authorizationStatus(for: .contacts)
-        let authorized = await Self.ensureAuthorization(store: store, status: status)
-        guard authorized else {
-            throw NSError(domain: "Contacts", code: 1, userInfo: [
-                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "CONTACTS_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Contacts permission",
-            ])
-        }
+        let store = try await Self.authorizedStore()
 
         let givenName = params.givenName?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
         let familyName = params.familyName?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
@@ -127,6 +113,18 @@ final class ContactsService: ContactsServicing {
         }
     }
 
+    private static func authorizedStore() async throws -> CNContactStore {
+        let store = CNContactStore()
+        let status = CNContactStore.authorizationStatus(for: .contacts)
+        let authorized = await Self.ensureAuthorization(store: store, status: status)
+        guard authorized else {
+            throw NSError(domain: "Contacts", code: 1, userInfo: [
+                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "CONTACTS_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Contacts permission",
+            ])
+        }
+        return store
+    }
+
     private static func normalizeStrings(_ values: [String]?, lowercased: Bool = false) -> [String] {
         (values ?? [])
             .map { $0.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) }

apps/ios/Sources/Device/DeviceInfoHelper.swift

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import Darwin
 /// Shared device and platform info for Settings, gateway node payloads, and device status.
 enum DeviceInfoHelper {
     /// e.g. "iOS 18.0.0" or "iPadOS 18.0.0" by interface idiom. Use for gateway/device payloads.
+    @MainActor
     static func platformString() -> String {
         let v = ProcessInfo.processInfo.operatingSystemVersion
         let name = switch UIDevice.current.userInterfaceIdiom {
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ enum DeviceInfoHelper {
     }
 
     /// Device family for display: "iPad", "iPhone", or "iOS".
+    @MainActor
     static func deviceFamily() -> String {
         switch UIDevice.current.userInterfaceIdiom {
         case .pad:

apps/ios/Sources/Device/DeviceStatusService.swift

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import Foundation
 import OpenClawKit
 import UIKit
 
+@MainActor
 final class DeviceStatusService: DeviceStatusServicing {
     private let networkStatus: NetworkStatusService
 

apps/ios/Sources/Gateway/GatewayDiscoveryModel.swift

@@ -53,23 +53,17 @@ final class GatewayDiscoveryModel {
         self.appendDebugLog("start()")
 
         for domain in OpenClawBonjour.gatewayServiceDomains {
-            let params = NWParameters.tcp
-            params.includePeerToPeer = true
-            let browser = NWBrowser(
-                for: .bonjour(type: OpenClawBonjour.gatewayServiceType, domain: domain),
-                using: params)
-
-            browser.stateUpdateHandler = { [weak self] state in
-                Task { @MainActor in
+            let browser = GatewayDiscoveryBrowserSupport.makeBrowser(
+                serviceType: OpenClawBonjour.gatewayServiceType,
+                domain: domain,
+                queueLabelPrefix: "ai.openclaw.ios.gateway-discovery",
+                onState: { [weak self] state in
                     guard let self else { return }
                     self.statesByDomain[domain] = state
                     self.updateStatusText()
                     self.appendDebugLog("state[\(domain)]: \(Self.prettyState(state))")
-                }
-            }
-
-            browser.browseResultsChangedHandler = { [weak self] results, _ in
-                Task { @MainActor in
+                },
+                onResults: { [weak self] results in
                     guard let self else { return }
                     self.gatewaysByDomain[domain] = results.compactMap { result -> DiscoveredGateway? in
                         switch result.endpoint {
@@ -98,13 +92,10 @@ final class GatewayDiscoveryModel {
                         }
                     }
                     .sorted { $0.name.localizedCaseInsensitiveCompare($1.name) == .orderedAscending }
-
                     self.recomputeGateways()
-                }
-            }
+                })
 
             self.browsers[domain] = browser
-            browser.start(queue: DispatchQueue(label: "ai.openclaw.ios.gateway-discovery.\(domain)"))
         }
     }
 

apps/ios/Sources/Gateway/GatewayServiceResolver.swift

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import Foundation
+import OpenClawKit
 
 // NetService-based resolver for Bonjour services.
 // Used to resolve the service endpoint (SRV + A/AAAA) without trusting TXT for routing.
@@ -20,8 +21,7 @@ final class GatewayServiceResolver: NSObject, NetServiceDelegate {
     }
 
     func start(timeout: TimeInterval = 2.0) {
-        self.service.schedule(in: .main, forMode: .common)
-        self.service.resolve(withTimeout: timeout)
+        BonjourServiceResolverSupport.start(self.service, timeout: timeout)
     }
 
     func netServiceDidResolveAddress(_ sender: NetService) {
@@ -47,9 +47,6 @@ final class GatewayServiceResolver: NSObject, NetServiceDelegate {
     }
 
     private static func normalizeHost(_ raw: String?) -> String? {
-        let trimmed = raw?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
-        if trimmed.isEmpty { return nil }
-        return trimmed.hasSuffix(".") ? String(trimmed.dropLast()) : trimmed
+        BonjourServiceResolverSupport.normalizeHost(raw)
     }
 }
-

apps/ios/Sources/Info.plist

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 	<key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
 	<string>APPL</string>
 	<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-	<string>2026.2.27</string>
+	<string>2026.3.2</string>
 	<key>CFBundleURLTypes</key>
 	<array>
 		<dict>
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 		</dict>
 	</array>
 	<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
-	<string>20260227</string>
+	<string>20260301</string>
 	<key>NSAppTransportSecurity</key>
 	<dict>
 		<key>NSAllowsArbitraryLoadsInWebContent</key>

apps/ios/Sources/Location/LocationService.swift

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import CoreLocation
 import Foundation
 
 @MainActor
-final class LocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate {
+final class LocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate, LocationServiceCommon {
     enum Error: Swift.Error {
         case timeout
         case unavailable
@@ -17,21 +17,18 @@ final class LocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate {
     private var significantLocationCallback: (@Sendable (CLLocation) -> Void)?
     private var isMonitoringSignificantChanges = false
 
+    var locationManager: CLLocationManager {
+        self.manager
+    }
+
+    var locationRequestContinuation: CheckedContinuation<CLLocation, Error>? {
+        get { self.locationContinuation }
+        set { self.locationContinuation = newValue }
+    }
+
     override init() {
         super.init()
-        self.manager.delegate = self
-        self.manager.desiredAccuracy = kCLLocationAccuracyBest
-    }
-
-    func authorizationStatus() -> CLAuthorizationStatus {
-        self.manager.authorizationStatus
-    }
-
-    func accuracyAuthorization() -> CLAccuracyAuthorization {
-        if #available(iOS 14.0, *) {
-            return self.manager.accuracyAuthorization
-        }
-        return .fullAccuracy
+        self.configureLocationManager()
     }
 
     func ensureAuthorization(mode: OpenClawLocationMode) async -> CLAuthorizationStatus {
@@ -62,25 +59,14 @@ final class LocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate {
         maxAgeMs: Int?,
         timeoutMs: Int?) async throws -> CLLocation
     {
-        let now = Date()
-        if let maxAgeMs,
-           let cached = self.manager.location,
-           now.timeIntervalSince(cached.timestamp) * 1000 <= Double(maxAgeMs)
-        {
-            return cached
-        }
-
-        self.manager.desiredAccuracy = Self.accuracyValue(desiredAccuracy)
-        let timeout = max(0, timeoutMs ?? 10000)
-        return try await self.withTimeout(timeoutMs: timeout) {
-            try await self.requestLocation()
-        }
-    }
-
-    private func requestLocation() async throws -> CLLocation {
-        try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            self.locationContinuation = cont
-            self.manager.requestLocation()
+        _ = params
+        return try await LocationCurrentRequest.resolve(
+            manager: self.manager,
+            desiredAccuracy: desiredAccuracy,
+            maxAgeMs: maxAgeMs,
+            timeoutMs: timeoutMs,
+            request: { try await self.requestLocationOnce() }) { timeoutMs, operation in
+                try await self.withTimeout(timeoutMs: timeoutMs, operation: operation)
         }
     }
 
@@ -97,24 +83,13 @@ final class LocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate {
         try await AsyncTimeout.withTimeoutMs(timeoutMs: timeoutMs, onTimeout: { Error.timeout }, operation: operation)
     }
 
-    private static func accuracyValue(_ accuracy: OpenClawLocationAccuracy) -> CLLocationAccuracy {
-        switch accuracy {
-        case .coarse:
-            kCLLocationAccuracyKilometer
-        case .balanced:
-            kCLLocationAccuracyHundredMeters
-        case .precise:
-            kCLLocationAccuracyBest
-        }
-    }
-
     func startLocationUpdates(
         desiredAccuracy: OpenClawLocationAccuracy,
         significantChangesOnly: Bool) -> AsyncStream<CLLocation>
     {
         self.stopLocationUpdates()
 
-        self.manager.desiredAccuracy = Self.accuracyValue(desiredAccuracy)
+        self.manager.desiredAccuracy = LocationCurrentRequest.accuracyValue(desiredAccuracy)
         self.manager.pausesLocationUpdatesAutomatically = true
         self.manager.allowsBackgroundLocationUpdates = true
 

apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel+Canvas.swift

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import Foundation
 import Network
+import OpenClawKit
 import os
 
 extension NodeAppModel {
@@ -11,24 +12,12 @@ extension NodeAppModel {
         guard let raw = await self.gatewaySession.currentCanvasHostUrl() else { return nil }
         let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
         guard !trimmed.isEmpty, let base = URL(string: trimmed) else { return nil }
-        if let host = base.host, Self.isLoopbackHost(host) {
+        if let host = base.host, LoopbackHost.isLoopback(host) {
             return nil
         }
         return base.appendingPathComponent("__openclaw__/a2ui/").absoluteString + "?platform=ios"
     }
 
-    private static func isLoopbackHost(_ host: String) -> Bool {
-        let normalized = host.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased()
-        if normalized.isEmpty { return true }
-        if normalized == "localhost" || normalized == "::1" || normalized == "0.0.0.0" {
-            return true
-        }
-        if normalized == "127.0.0.1" || normalized.hasPrefix("127.") {
-            return true
-        }
-        return false
-    }
-
     func showA2UIOnConnectIfNeeded() async {
         guard let a2uiUrl = await self.resolveA2UIHostURL() else {
             await MainActor.run {

apps/ios/Sources/Onboarding/GatewayOnboardingView.swift

@@ -41,15 +41,17 @@ private struct AutoDetectStep: View {
                     .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
             }
 
-            Section("Connection status") {
-                ConnectionStatusBox(
-                    statusLines: self.connectionStatusLines(),
-                    secondaryLine: self.connectStatusText)
-            }
+            gatewayConnectionStatusSection(
+                appModel: self.appModel,
+                gatewayController: self.gatewayController,
+                secondaryLine: self.connectStatusText)
 
             Section {
                 Button("Retry") {
-                    self.resetConnectionState()
+                    resetGatewayConnectionState(
+                        appModel: self.appModel,
+                        connectStatusText: &self.connectStatusText,
+                        connectingGatewayID: &self.connectingGatewayID)
                     self.triggerAutoConnect()
                 }
                 .disabled(self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
@@ -94,15 +96,6 @@ private struct AutoDetectStep: View {
         return nil
     }
 
-    private func connectionStatusLines() -> [String] {
-        ConnectionStatusBox.defaultLines(appModel: self.appModel, gatewayController: self.gatewayController)
-    }
-
-    private func resetConnectionState() {
-        self.appModel.disconnectGateway()
-        self.connectStatusText = nil
-        self.connectingGatewayID = nil
-    }
 }
 
 private struct ManualEntryStep: View {
@@ -162,11 +155,10 @@ private struct ManualEntryStep: View {
                     .autocorrectionDisabled()
             }
 
-            Section("Connection status") {
-                ConnectionStatusBox(
-                    statusLines: self.connectionStatusLines(),
-                    secondaryLine: self.connectStatusText)
-            }
+            gatewayConnectionStatusSection(
+                appModel: self.appModel,
+                gatewayController: self.gatewayController,
+                secondaryLine: self.connectStatusText)
 
             Section {
                 Button {
@@ -185,7 +177,10 @@ private struct ManualEntryStep: View {
                 .disabled(self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
 
                 Button("Retry") {
-                    self.resetConnectionState()
+                    resetGatewayConnectionState(
+                        appModel: self.appModel,
+                        connectStatusText: &self.connectStatusText,
+                        connectingGatewayID: &self.connectingGatewayID)
                     self.resetManualForm()
                 }
                 .disabled(self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
@@ -237,16 +232,6 @@ private struct ManualEntryStep: View {
         return Int(trimmed.filter { $0.isNumber })
     }
 
-    private func connectionStatusLines() -> [String] {
-        ConnectionStatusBox.defaultLines(appModel: self.appModel, gatewayController: self.gatewayController)
-    }
-
-    private func resetConnectionState() {
-        self.appModel.disconnectGateway()
-        self.connectStatusText = nil
-        self.connectingGatewayID = nil
-    }
-
     private func resetManualForm() {
         self.setupCode = ""
         self.setupStatusText = nil
@@ -317,6 +302,38 @@ private struct ManualEntryStep: View {
     // (GatewaySetupCode) decode raw setup codes.
 }
 
+private func gatewayConnectionStatusLines(
+    appModel: NodeAppModel,
+    gatewayController: GatewayConnectionController) -> [String]
+{
+    ConnectionStatusBox.defaultLines(appModel: appModel, gatewayController: gatewayController)
+}
+
+private func resetGatewayConnectionState(
+    appModel: NodeAppModel,
+    connectStatusText: inout String?,
+    connectingGatewayID: inout String?)
+{
+    appModel.disconnectGateway()
+    connectStatusText = nil
+    connectingGatewayID = nil
+}
+
+@ViewBuilder
+private func gatewayConnectionStatusSection(
+    appModel: NodeAppModel,
+    gatewayController: GatewayConnectionController,
+    secondaryLine: String?) -> some View
+{
+    Section("Connection status") {
+        ConnectionStatusBox(
+            statusLines: gatewayConnectionStatusLines(
+                appModel: appModel,
+                gatewayController: gatewayController),
+            secondaryLine: secondaryLine)
+    }
+}
+
 private struct ConnectionStatusBox: View {
     let statusLines: [String]
     let secondaryLine: String?

apps/ios/Sources/Onboarding/OnboardingWizardView.swift

@@ -489,21 +489,7 @@ struct OnboardingWizardView: View {
             TextField("Port", text: self.$manualPortText)
                 .keyboardType(.numberPad)
             Toggle("Use TLS", isOn: self.$manualTLS)
-
-            Button {
-                Task { await self.connectManual() }
-            } label: {
-                if self.connectingGatewayID == "manual" {
-                    HStack(spacing: 8) {
-                        ProgressView()
-                            .progressViewStyle(.circular)
-                        Text("Connecting…")
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    Text("Connect")
-                }
-            }
-            .disabled(!self.canConnectManual || self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
+            self.manualConnectButton
         } header: {
             Text("Developer Local")
         } footer: {
@@ -631,24 +617,27 @@ struct OnboardingWizardView: View {
             TextField("Discovery Domain (optional)", text: self.$discoveryDomain)
                 .textInputAutocapitalization(.never)
                 .autocorrectionDisabled()
-
-            Button {
-                Task { await self.connectManual() }
-            } label: {
-                if self.connectingGatewayID == "manual" {
-                    HStack(spacing: 8) {
-                        ProgressView()
-                            .progressViewStyle(.circular)
-                        Text("Connecting…")
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    Text("Connect")
-                }
-            }
-            .disabled(!self.canConnectManual || self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
+            self.manualConnectButton
         }
     }
 
+    private var manualConnectButton: some View {
+        Button {
+            Task { await self.connectManual() }
+        } label: {
+            if self.connectingGatewayID == "manual" {
+                HStack(spacing: 8) {
+                    ProgressView()
+                        .progressViewStyle(.circular)
+                    Text("Connecting…")
+                }
+            } else {
+                Text("Connect")
+            }
+        }
+        .disabled(!self.canConnectManual || self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
+    }
+
     private func handleScannedLink(_ link: GatewayConnectDeepLink) {
         self.manualHost = link.host
         self.manualPort = link.port

apps/ios/Sources/OpenClawApp.swift

@@ -456,11 +456,7 @@ enum WatchPromptNotificationBridge {
     ) async throws {
         try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { (continuation: CheckedContinuation<Void, Error>) in
             center.add(request) { error in
-                if let error {
-                    continuation.resume(throwing: error)
-                } else {
-                    continuation.resume(returning: ())
-                }
+                ThrowingContinuationSupport.resumeVoid(continuation, error: error)
             }
         }
     }

apps/ios/Sources/RootCanvas.swift

@@ -177,20 +177,7 @@ struct RootCanvas: View {
     }
 
     private var gatewayStatus: StatusPill.GatewayState {
-        if self.appModel.gatewayServerName != nil { return .connected }
-
-        let text = self.appModel.gatewayStatusText.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("connecting") ||
-            text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("reconnecting")
-        {
-            return .connecting
-        }
-
-        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("error") {
-            return .error
-        }
-
-        return .disconnected
+        GatewayStatusBuilder.build(appModel: self.appModel)
     }
 
     private func updateIdleTimer() {
@@ -343,82 +330,18 @@ private struct CanvasContent: View {
                     .transition(.move(edge: .top).combined(with: .opacity))
             }
         }
-        .confirmationDialog(
-            "Gateway",
+        .gatewayActionsDialog(
             isPresented: self.$showGatewayActions,
-            titleVisibility: .visible)
-        {
-            Button("Disconnect", role: .destructive) {
-                self.appModel.disconnectGateway()
-            }
-            Button("Open Settings") {
-                self.openSettings()
-            }
-            Button("Cancel", role: .cancel) {}
-        } message: {
-            Text("Disconnect from the gateway?")
-        }
+            onDisconnect: { self.appModel.disconnectGateway() },
+            onOpenSettings: { self.openSettings() })
     }
 
     private var statusActivity: StatusPill.Activity? {
-        // Status pill owns transient activity state so it doesn't overlap the connection indicator.
-        if self.appModel.isBackgrounded {
-            return StatusPill.Activity(
-                title: "Foreground required",
-                systemImage: "exclamationmark.triangle.fill",
-                tint: .orange)
-        }
-
-        let gatewayStatus = self.appModel.gatewayStatusText.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        let gatewayLower = gatewayStatus.lowercased()
-        if gatewayLower.contains("repair") {
-            return StatusPill.Activity(title: "Repairing…", systemImage: "wrench.and.screwdriver", tint: .orange)
-        }
-        if gatewayLower.contains("approval") || gatewayLower.contains("pairing") {
-            return StatusPill.Activity(title: "Approval pending", systemImage: "person.crop.circle.badge.clock")
-        }
-        // Avoid duplicating the primary gateway status ("Connecting…") in the activity slot.
-
-        if self.appModel.screenRecordActive {
-            return StatusPill.Activity(title: "Recording screen…", systemImage: "record.circle.fill", tint: .red)
-        }
-
-        if let cameraHUDText, !cameraHUDText.isEmpty, let cameraHUDKind {
-            let systemImage: String
-            let tint: Color?
-            switch cameraHUDKind {
-            case .photo:
-                systemImage = "camera.fill"
-                tint = nil
-            case .recording:
-                systemImage = "video.fill"
-                tint = .red
-            case .success:
-                systemImage = "checkmark.circle.fill"
-                tint = .green
-            case .error:
-                systemImage = "exclamationmark.triangle.fill"
-                tint = .red
-            }
-            return StatusPill.Activity(title: cameraHUDText, systemImage: systemImage, tint: tint)
-        }
-
-        if self.voiceWakeEnabled {
-            let voiceStatus = self.appModel.voiceWake.statusText
-            if voiceStatus.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("microphone permission") {
-                return StatusPill.Activity(title: "Mic permission", systemImage: "mic.slash", tint: .orange)
-            }
-            if voiceStatus == "Paused" {
-                // Talk mode intentionally pauses voice wake to release the mic. Don't spam the HUD for that case.
-                if self.appModel.talkMode.isEnabled {
-                    return nil
-                }
-                let suffix = self.appModel.isBackgrounded ? " (background)" : ""
-                return StatusPill.Activity(title: "Voice Wake paused\(suffix)", systemImage: "pause.circle.fill")
-            }
-        }
-
-        return nil
+        StatusActivityBuilder.build(
+            appModel: self.appModel,
+            voiceWakeEnabled: self.voiceWakeEnabled,
+            cameraHUDText: self.cameraHUDText,
+            cameraHUDKind: self.cameraHUDKind)
     }
 }
 

apps/ios/Sources/RootTabs.swift

@@ -70,38 +70,14 @@ struct RootTabs: View {
             self.toastDismissTask?.cancel()
             self.toastDismissTask = nil
         }
-        .confirmationDialog(
-            "Gateway",
+        .gatewayActionsDialog(
             isPresented: self.$showGatewayActions,
-            titleVisibility: .visible)
-        {
-            Button("Disconnect", role: .destructive) {
-                self.appModel.disconnectGateway()
-            }
-            Button("Open Settings") {
-                self.selectedTab = 2
-            }
-            Button("Cancel", role: .cancel) {}
-        } message: {
-            Text("Disconnect from the gateway?")
-        }
+            onDisconnect: { self.appModel.disconnectGateway() },
+            onOpenSettings: { self.selectedTab = 2 })
     }
 
     private var gatewayStatus: StatusPill.GatewayState {
-        if self.appModel.gatewayServerName != nil { return .connected }
-
-        let text = self.appModel.gatewayStatusText.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("connecting") ||
-            text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("reconnecting")
-        {
-            return .connecting
-        }
-
-        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("error") {
-            return .error
-        }
-
-        return .disconnected
+        GatewayStatusBuilder.build(appModel: self.appModel)
     }
 
     private var statusActivity: StatusPill.Activity? {

apps/ios/Sources/Screen/ScreenController.swift

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ final class ScreenController {
         if let url = URL(string: trimmed),
            !url.isFileURL,
            let host = url.host,
-           Self.isLoopbackHost(host)
+           LoopbackHost.isLoopback(host)
         {
             // Never try to load loopback URLs from a remote gateway.
             self.showDefaultCanvas()
@@ -87,25 +87,11 @@ final class ScreenController {
 
     func applyDebugStatusIfNeeded() {
         guard let webView = self.activeWebView else { return }
-        let enabled = self.debugStatusEnabled
-        let title = self.debugStatusTitle
-        let subtitle = self.debugStatusSubtitle
-        let js = """
-        (() => {
-          try {
-            const api = globalThis.__openclaw;
-            if (!api) return;
-            if (typeof api.setDebugStatusEnabled === 'function') {
-              api.setDebugStatusEnabled(\(enabled ? "true" : "false"));
-            }
-            if (!\(enabled ? "true" : "false")) return;
-            if (typeof api.setStatus === 'function') {
-              api.setStatus(\(Self.jsValue(title)), \(Self.jsValue(subtitle)));
-            }
-          } catch (_) {}
-        })()
-        """
-        webView.evaluateJavaScript(js) { _, _ in }
+        WebViewJavaScriptSupport.applyDebugStatus(
+            webView: webView,
+            enabled: self.debugStatusEnabled,
+            title: self.debugStatusTitle,
+            subtitle: self.debugStatusSubtitle)
     }
 
     func waitForA2UIReady(timeoutMs: Int) async -> Bool {
@@ -137,46 +123,11 @@ final class ScreenController {
                 NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "web view unavailable",
             ])
         }
-        return try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            webView.evaluateJavaScript(javaScript) { result, error in
-                if let error {
-                    cont.resume(throwing: error)
-                    return
-                }
-                if let result {
-                    cont.resume(returning: String(describing: result))
-                } else {
-                    cont.resume(returning: "")
-                }
-            }
-        }
+        return try await WebViewJavaScriptSupport.evaluateToString(webView: webView, javaScript: javaScript)
     }
 
     func snapshotPNGBase64(maxWidth: CGFloat? = nil) async throws -> String {
-        let config = WKSnapshotConfiguration()
-        if let maxWidth {
-            config.snapshotWidth = NSNumber(value: Double(maxWidth))
-        }
-        guard let webView = self.activeWebView else {
-            throw NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 3, userInfo: [
-                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "web view unavailable",
-            ])
-        }
-        let image: UIImage = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            webView.takeSnapshot(with: config) { image, error in
-                if let error {
-                    cont.resume(throwing: error)
-                    return
-                }
-                guard let image else {
-                    cont.resume(throwing: NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 2, userInfo: [
-                        NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "snapshot failed",
-                    ]))
-                    return
-                }
-                cont.resume(returning: image)
-            }
-        }
+        let image = try await self.snapshotImage(maxWidth: maxWidth)
         guard let data = image.pngData() else {
             throw NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 1, userInfo: [
                 NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "snapshot encode failed",
@@ -190,30 +141,7 @@ final class ScreenController {
         format: OpenClawCanvasSnapshotFormat,
         quality: Double? = nil) async throws -> String
     {
-        let config = WKSnapshotConfiguration()
-        if let maxWidth {
-            config.snapshotWidth = NSNumber(value: Double(maxWidth))
-        }
-        guard let webView = self.activeWebView else {
-            throw NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 3, userInfo: [
-                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "web view unavailable",
-            ])
-        }
-        let image: UIImage = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            webView.takeSnapshot(with: config) { image, error in
-                if let error {
-                    cont.resume(throwing: error)
-                    return
-                }
-                guard let image else {
-                    cont.resume(throwing: NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 2, userInfo: [
-                        NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "snapshot failed",
-                    ]))
-                    return
-                }
-                cont.resume(returning: image)
-            }
-        }
+        let image = try await self.snapshotImage(maxWidth: maxWidth)
 
         let data: Data?
         switch format {
@@ -231,6 +159,34 @@ final class ScreenController {
         return data.base64EncodedString()
     }
 
+    private func snapshotImage(maxWidth: CGFloat?) async throws -> UIImage {
+        let config = WKSnapshotConfiguration()
+        if let maxWidth {
+            config.snapshotWidth = NSNumber(value: Double(maxWidth))
+        }
+        guard let webView = self.activeWebView else {
+            throw NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 3, userInfo: [
+                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "web view unavailable",
+            ])
+        }
+        let image: UIImage = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
+            webView.takeSnapshot(with: config) { image, error in
+                if let error {
+                    cont.resume(throwing: error)
+                    return
+                }
+                guard let image else {
+                    cont.resume(throwing: NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 2, userInfo: [
+                        NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "snapshot failed",
+                    ]))
+                    return
+                }
+                cont.resume(returning: image)
+            }
+        }
+        return image
+    }
+
     func attachWebView(_ webView: WKWebView) {
         self.activeWebView = webView
         self.reload()
@@ -258,17 +214,6 @@ final class ScreenController {
         ext: "html",
         subdirectory: "CanvasScaffold")
 
-    private static func isLoopbackHost(_ host: String) -> Bool {
-        let normalized = host.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased()
-        if normalized.isEmpty { return true }
-        if normalized == "localhost" || normalized == "::1" || normalized == "0.0.0.0" {
-            return true
-        }
-        if normalized == "127.0.0.1" || normalized.hasPrefix("127.") {
-            return true
-        }
-        return false
-    }
     func isTrustedCanvasUIURL(_ url: URL) -> Bool {
         guard url.isFileURL else { return false }
         let std = url.standardizedFileURL
@@ -290,59 +235,8 @@ final class ScreenController {
         scrollView.bounces = allowScroll
     }
 
-    private static func jsValue(_ value: String?) -> String {
-        guard let value else { return "null" }
-        if let data = try? JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: [value]),
-           let encoded = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8),
-           encoded.count >= 2
-        {
-            return String(encoded.dropFirst().dropLast())
-        }
-        return "null"
-    }
-
     func isLocalNetworkCanvasURL(_ url: URL) -> Bool {
-        guard let scheme = url.scheme?.lowercased(), scheme == "http" || scheme == "https" else {
-            return false
-        }
-        guard let host = url.host?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines), !host.isEmpty else {
-            return false
-        }
-        if host == "localhost" { return true }
-        if host.hasSuffix(".local") { return true }
-        if host.hasSuffix(".ts.net") { return true }
-        if host.hasSuffix(".tailscale.net") { return true }
-        // Allow MagicDNS / LAN hostnames like "peters-mac-studio-1".
-        if !host.contains("."), !host.contains(":") { return true }
-        if let ipv4 = Self.parseIPv4(host) {
-            return Self.isLocalNetworkIPv4(ipv4)
-        }
-        return false
-    }
-
-    private static func parseIPv4(_ host: String) -> (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)? {
-        let parts = host.split(separator: ".", omittingEmptySubsequences: false)
-        guard parts.count == 4 else { return nil }
-        let bytes: [UInt8] = parts.compactMap { UInt8($0) }
-        guard bytes.count == 4 else { return nil }
-        return (bytes[0], bytes[1], bytes[2], bytes[3])
-    }
-
-    private static func isLocalNetworkIPv4(_ ip: (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)) -> Bool {
-        let (a, b, _, _) = ip
-        // 10.0.0.0/8
-        if a == 10 { return true }
-        // 172.16.0.0/12
-        if a == 172, (16...31).contains(Int(b)) { return true }
-        // 192.168.0.0/16
-        if a == 192, b == 168 { return true }
-        // 127.0.0.0/8
-        if a == 127 { return true }
-        // 169.254.0.0/16 (link-local)
-        if a == 169, b == 254 { return true }
-        // Tailscale: 100.64.0.0/10
-        if a == 100, (64...127).contains(Int(b)) { return true }
-        return false
+        LocalNetworkURLSupport.isLocalNetworkHTTPURL(url)
     }
 
     nonisolated static func parseA2UIActionBody(_ body: Any) -> [String: Any]? {

apps/ios/Sources/Screen/ScreenRecordService.swift

@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ final class ScreenRecordService: @unchecked Sendable {
             throw ScreenRecordError.invalidScreenIndex(idx)
         }
 
-        let durationMs = Self.clampDurationMs(durationMs)
-        let fps = Self.clampFps(fps)
+        let durationMs = CaptureRateLimits.clampDurationMs(durationMs)
+        let fps = CaptureRateLimits.clampFps(fps, maxFps: 30)
         let fpsInt = Int32(fps.rounded())
         let fpsValue = Double(fpsInt)
         let includeAudio = includeAudio ?? true
@@ -319,16 +319,6 @@ final class ScreenRecordService: @unchecked Sendable {
         }
     }
 
-    private nonisolated static func clampDurationMs(_ ms: Int?) -> Int {
-        let v = ms ?? 10000
-        return min(60000, max(250, v))
-    }
-
-    private nonisolated static func clampFps(_ fps: Double?) -> Double {
-        let v = fps ?? 10
-        if !v.isFinite { return 10 }
-        return min(30, max(1, v))
-    }
 }
 
 @MainActor
@@ -350,11 +340,11 @@ private func stopReplayKitCapture(_ completion: @escaping @Sendable (Error?) ->
 #if DEBUG
 extension ScreenRecordService {
     nonisolated static func _test_clampDurationMs(_ ms: Int?) -> Int {
-        self.clampDurationMs(ms)
+        CaptureRateLimits.clampDurationMs(ms)
     }
 
     nonisolated static func _test_clampFps(_ fps: Double?) -> Double {
-        self.clampFps(fps)
+        CaptureRateLimits.clampFps(fps, maxFps: 30)
     }
 }
 #endif

apps/ios/Sources/Services/NodeServiceProtocols.swift

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ protocol LocationServicing: Sendable {
     func stopMonitoringSignificantLocationChanges()
 }
 
+@MainActor
 protocol DeviceStatusServicing: Sendable {
     func status() async throws -> OpenClawDeviceStatusPayload
     func info() -> OpenClawDeviceInfoPayload

apps/ios/Sources/Status/GatewayActionsDialog.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import SwiftUI
+
+extension View {
+    func gatewayActionsDialog(
+        isPresented: Binding<Bool>,
+        onDisconnect: @escaping () -> Void,
+        onOpenSettings: @escaping () -> Void) -> some View
+    {
+        self.confirmationDialog(
+            "Gateway",
+            isPresented: isPresented,
+            titleVisibility: .visible)
+        {
+            Button("Disconnect", role: .destructive) {
+                onDisconnect()
+            }
+            Button("Open Settings") {
+                onOpenSettings()
+            }
+            Button("Cancel", role: .cancel) {}
+        } message: {
+            Text("Disconnect from the gateway?")
+        }
+    }
+}

apps/ios/Sources/Status/GatewayStatusBuilder.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum GatewayStatusBuilder {
+    @MainActor
+    static func build(appModel: NodeAppModel) -> StatusPill.GatewayState {
+        if appModel.gatewayServerName != nil { return .connected }
+
+        let text = appModel.gatewayStatusText.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("connecting") ||
+            text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("reconnecting")
+        {
+            return .connecting
+        }
+
+        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("error") {
+            return .error
+        }
+
+        return .disconnected
+    }
+}

apps/ios/Sources/Status/StatusGlassCard.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import SwiftUI
+
+private struct StatusGlassCardModifier: ViewModifier {
+    @Environment(\.colorSchemeContrast) private var contrast
+
+    let brighten: Bool
+    let verticalPadding: CGFloat
+    let horizontalPadding: CGFloat
+
+    func body(content: Content) -> some View {
+        content
+            .padding(.vertical, self.verticalPadding)
+            .padding(.horizontal, self.horizontalPadding)
+            .background {
+                RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
+                    .fill(.ultraThinMaterial)
+                    .overlay {
+                        RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
+                            .strokeBorder(
+                                .white.opacity(self.contrast == .increased ? 0.5 : (self.brighten ? 0.24 : 0.18)),
+                                lineWidth: self.contrast == .increased ? 1.0 : 0.5
+                            )
+                    }
+                    .shadow(color: .black.opacity(0.25), radius: 12, y: 6)
+            }
+    }
+}
+
+extension View {
+    func statusGlassCard(brighten: Bool, verticalPadding: CGFloat, horizontalPadding: CGFloat = 12) -> some View {
+        self.modifier(
+            StatusGlassCardModifier(
+                brighten: brighten,
+                verticalPadding: verticalPadding,
+                horizontalPadding: horizontalPadding
+            )
+        )
+    }
+}

apps/ios/Sources/Status/StatusPill.swift

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import SwiftUI
 struct StatusPill: View {
     @Environment(\.scenePhase) private var scenePhase
     @Environment(\.accessibilityReduceMotion) private var reduceMotion
-    @Environment(\.colorSchemeContrast) private var contrast
 
     enum GatewayState: Equatable {
         case connected
@@ -86,20 +85,7 @@ struct StatusPill: View {
                         .transition(.opacity.combined(with: .move(edge: .top)))
                 }
             }
-            .padding(.vertical, 8)
-            .padding(.horizontal, 12)
-            .background {
-                RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
-                    .fill(.ultraThinMaterial)
-                    .overlay {
-                        RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
-                            .strokeBorder(
-                                .white.opacity(self.contrast == .increased ? 0.5 : (self.brighten ? 0.24 : 0.18)),
-                                lineWidth: self.contrast == .increased ? 1.0 : 0.5
-                            )
-                    }
-                    .shadow(color: .black.opacity(0.25), radius: 12, y: 6)
-            }
+            .statusGlassCard(brighten: self.brighten, verticalPadding: 8)
         }
         .buttonStyle(.plain)
         .accessibilityLabel("Connection Status")

apps/ios/Sources/Status/VoiceWakeToast.swift

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 import SwiftUI
 
 struct VoiceWakeToast: View {
-    @Environment(\.colorSchemeContrast) private var contrast
-
     var command: String
     var brighten: Bool = false
 
@@ -18,20 +16,7 @@ struct VoiceWakeToast: View {
                 .lineLimit(1)
                 .truncationMode(.tail)
         }
-        .padding(.vertical, 10)
-        .padding(.horizontal, 12)
-        .background {
-            RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
-                .fill(.ultraThinMaterial)
-                .overlay {
-                    RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
-                        .strokeBorder(
-                            .white.opacity(self.contrast == .increased ? 0.5 : (self.brighten ? 0.24 : 0.18)),
-                            lineWidth: self.contrast == .increased ? 1.0 : 0.5
-                        )
-                }
-                .shadow(color: .black.opacity(0.25), radius: 12, y: 6)
-        }
+        .statusGlassCard(brighten: self.brighten, verticalPadding: 10)
         .accessibilityLabel("Voice Wake triggered")
         .accessibilityValue("Command: \(self.command)")
     }

apps/ios/Sources/Voice/VoiceWakeManager.swift

@@ -180,9 +180,7 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
 
         let micOk = await Self.requestMicrophonePermission()
         guard micOk else {
-            self.statusText = Self.permissionMessage(
-                kind: "Microphone",
-                status: AVAudioSession.sharedInstance().recordPermission)
+            self.statusText = Self.microphonePermissionMessage(kind: "Microphone")
             self.isListening = false
             return
         }
@@ -218,22 +216,7 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
         self.isEnabled = false
         self.isListening = false
         self.statusText = "Off"
-
-        self.tapDrainTask?.cancel()
-        self.tapDrainTask = nil
-        self.tapQueue?.clear()
-        self.tapQueue = nil
-
-        self.recognitionTask?.cancel()
-        self.recognitionTask = nil
-        self.recognitionRequest = nil
-
-        if self.audioEngine.isRunning {
-            self.audioEngine.stop()
-            self.audioEngine.inputNode.removeTap(onBus: 0)
-        }
-
-        try? AVAudioSession.sharedInstance().setActive(false, options: .notifyOthersOnDeactivation)
+        self.tearDownRecognitionPipeline()
     }
 
     /// Temporarily releases the microphone so other subsystems (e.g. camera video capture) can record audio.
@@ -243,22 +226,7 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
 
         self.isListening = false
         self.statusText = "Paused"
-
-        self.tapDrainTask?.cancel()
-        self.tapDrainTask = nil
-        self.tapQueue?.clear()
-        self.tapQueue = nil
-
-        self.recognitionTask?.cancel()
-        self.recognitionTask = nil
-        self.recognitionRequest = nil
-
-        if self.audioEngine.isRunning {
-            self.audioEngine.stop()
-            self.audioEngine.inputNode.removeTap(onBus: 0)
-        }
-
-        try? AVAudioSession.sharedInstance().setActive(false, options: .notifyOthersOnDeactivation)
+        self.tearDownRecognitionPipeline()
         return true
     }
 
@@ -312,6 +280,24 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
         }
     }
 
+    private func tearDownRecognitionPipeline() {
+        self.tapDrainTask?.cancel()
+        self.tapDrainTask = nil
+        self.tapQueue?.clear()
+        self.tapQueue = nil
+
+        self.recognitionTask?.cancel()
+        self.recognitionTask = nil
+        self.recognitionRequest = nil
+
+        if self.audioEngine.isRunning {
+            self.audioEngine.stop()
+            self.audioEngine.inputNode.removeTap(onBus: 0)
+        }
+
+        try? AVAudioSession.sharedInstance().setActive(false, options: .notifyOthersOnDeactivation)
+    }
+
     private nonisolated func makeRecognitionResultHandler() -> @Sendable (SFSpeechRecognitionResult?, Error?) -> Void {
         { [weak self] result, error in
             let transcript = result?.bestTranscription.formattedString
@@ -389,8 +375,7 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
     }
 
     private nonisolated static func requestMicrophonePermission() async -> Bool {
-        let session = AVAudioSession.sharedInstance()
-        switch session.recordPermission {
+        switch AVAudioApplication.shared.recordPermission {
         case .granted:
             return true
         case .denied:
@@ -402,12 +387,17 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
         }
 
         return await self.requestPermissionWithTimeout { completion in
-            AVAudioSession.sharedInstance().requestRecordPermission { ok in
-                completion(ok)
-            }
+            AVAudioApplication.requestRecordPermission(completionHandler: completion)
         }
     }
 
+    private nonisolated static func microphonePermissionMessage(kind: String) -> String {
+        let status = AVAudioApplication.shared.recordPermission
+        return self.deniedByDefaultPermissionMessage(
+            kind: kind,
+            isUndetermined: status == .undetermined)
+    }
+
     private nonisolated static func requestSpeechPermission() async -> Bool {
         let status = SFSpeechRecognizer.authorizationStatus()
         switch status {
@@ -429,7 +419,7 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
     }
 
     private nonisolated static func requestPermissionWithTimeout(
-        _ operation: @escaping @Sendable (@escaping (Bool) -> Void) -> Void) async -> Bool
+        _ operation: @escaping @Sendable (@escaping @Sendable (Bool) -> Void) -> Void) async -> Bool
     {
         do {
             return try await AsyncTimeout.withTimeout(
@@ -455,16 +445,7 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
         kind: String,
         status: AVAudioSession.RecordPermission) -> String
     {
-        switch status {
-        case .denied:
-            return "\(kind) permission denied"
-        case .undetermined:
-            return "\(kind) permission not granted"
-        case .granted:
-            return "\(kind) permission denied"
-        @unknown default:
-            return "\(kind) permission denied"
-        }
+        self.deniedByDefaultPermissionMessage(kind: kind, isUndetermined: status == .undetermined)
     }
 
     private static func permissionMessage(
@@ -484,6 +465,13 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
             return "\(kind) permission denied"
         }
     }
+
+    private static func deniedByDefaultPermissionMessage(kind: String, isUndetermined: Bool) -> String {
+        if isUndetermined {
+            return "\(kind) permission not granted"
+        }
+        return "\(kind) permission denied"
+    }
 }
 
 #if DEBUG

apps/ios/Tests/DeepLinkParserTests.swift

@@ -2,6 +2,36 @@ import OpenClawKit
 import Foundation
 import Testing
 
+private func setupCode(from payload: String) -> String {
+    Data(payload.utf8)
+        .base64EncodedString()
+        .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
+        .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
+        .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
+}
+
+private func agentAction(
+    message: String,
+    sessionKey: String? = nil,
+    thinking: String? = nil,
+    deliver: Bool = false,
+    to: String? = nil,
+    channel: String? = nil,
+    timeoutSeconds: Int? = nil,
+    key: String? = nil) -> DeepLinkRoute
+{
+    .agent(
+        .init(
+            message: message,
+            sessionKey: sessionKey,
+            thinking: thinking,
+            deliver: deliver,
+            to: to,
+            channel: channel,
+            timeoutSeconds: timeoutSeconds,
+            key: key))
+}
+
 @Suite struct DeepLinkParserTests {
     @Test func parseRejectsUnknownHost() {
         let url = URL(string: "openclaw://nope?message=hi")!
@@ -10,15 +40,7 @@ import Testing
 
     @Test func parseHostIsCaseInsensitive() {
         let url = URL(string: "openclaw://AGENT?message=Hello")!
-        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == .agent(.init(
-            message: "Hello",
-            sessionKey: nil,
-            thinking: nil,
-            deliver: false,
-            to: nil,
-            channel: nil,
-            timeoutSeconds: nil,
-            key: nil)))
+        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == agentAction(message: "Hello"))
     }
 
     @Test func parseRejectsNonOpenClawScheme() {
@@ -34,47 +56,29 @@ import Testing
     @Test func parseAgentLinkParsesCommonFields() {
         let url =
             URL(string: "openclaw://agent?message=Hello&deliver=1&sessionKey=node-test&thinking=low&timeoutSeconds=30")!
-        #expect(
-            DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == .agent(
-                .init(
-                    message: "Hello",
-                    sessionKey: "node-test",
-                    thinking: "low",
-                    deliver: true,
-                    to: nil,
-                    channel: nil,
-                    timeoutSeconds: 30,
-                    key: nil)))
+        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == agentAction(
+            message: "Hello",
+            sessionKey: "node-test",
+            thinking: "low",
+            deliver: true,
+            timeoutSeconds: 30))
     }
 
     @Test func parseAgentLinkParsesTargetRoutingFields() {
         let url =
             URL(
                 string: "openclaw://agent?message=Hello%20World&deliver=1&to=%2B15551234567&channel=whatsapp&key=secret")!
-        #expect(
-            DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == .agent(
-                .init(
-                    message: "Hello World",
-                    sessionKey: nil,
-                    thinking: nil,
-                    deliver: true,
-                    to: "+15551234567",
-                    channel: "whatsapp",
-                    timeoutSeconds: nil,
-                    key: "secret")))
+        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == agentAction(
+            message: "Hello World",
+            deliver: true,
+            to: "+15551234567",
+            channel: "whatsapp",
+            key: "secret"))
     }
 
     @Test func parseRejectsNegativeTimeoutSeconds() {
         let url = URL(string: "openclaw://agent?message=Hello&timeoutSeconds=-1")!
-        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == .agent(.init(
-            message: "Hello",
-            sessionKey: nil,
-            thinking: nil,
-            deliver: false,
-            to: nil,
-            channel: nil,
-            timeoutSeconds: nil,
-            key: nil)))
+        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == agentAction(message: "Hello"))
     }
 
     @Test func parseGatewayLinkParsesCommonFields() {
@@ -99,13 +103,7 @@ import Testing
 
     @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeParsesBase64UrlPayload() {
         let payload = #"{"url":"wss://gateway.example.com:443","token":"tok","password":"pw"}"#
-        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
-            .base64EncodedString()
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
-
-        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(setupCode(from: payload))
 
         #expect(link == .init(
             host: "gateway.example.com",
@@ -121,13 +119,7 @@ import Testing
 
     @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeDefaultsTo443ForWssWithoutPort() {
         let payload = #"{"url":"wss://gateway.example.com","token":"tok"}"#
-        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
-            .base64EncodedString()
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
-
-        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(setupCode(from: payload))
 
         #expect(link == .init(
             host: "gateway.example.com",
@@ -139,37 +131,19 @@ import Testing
 
     @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeRejectsInsecureNonLoopbackWs() {
         let payload = #"{"url":"ws://attacker.example:18789","token":"tok"}"#
-        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
-            .base64EncodedString()
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
-
-        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(setupCode(from: payload))
         #expect(link == nil)
     }
 
     @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeRejectsInsecurePrefixBypassHost() {
         let payload = #"{"url":"ws://127.attacker.example:18789","token":"tok"}"#
-        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
-            .base64EncodedString()
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
-
-        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(setupCode(from: payload))
         #expect(link == nil)
     }
 
     @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeAllowsLoopbackWs() {
         let payload = #"{"url":"ws://127.0.0.1:18789","token":"tok"}"#
-        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
-            .base64EncodedString()
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
-            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
-
-        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(setupCode(from: payload))
 
         #expect(link == .init(
             host: "127.0.0.1",

apps/ios/Tests/GatewayConnectionControllerTests.swift

@@ -4,31 +4,6 @@ import Testing
 import UIKit
 @testable import OpenClaw
 
-private func withUserDefaults<T>(_ updates: [String: Any?], _ body: () throws -> T) rethrows -> T {
-    let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
-    var snapshot: [String: Any?] = [:]
-    for key in updates.keys {
-        snapshot[key] = defaults.object(forKey: key)
-    }
-    for (key, value) in updates {
-        if let value {
-            defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
-        } else {
-            defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
-        }
-    }
-    defer {
-        for (key, value) in snapshot {
-            if let value {
-                defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
-            } else {
-                defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return try body()
-}
-
 @Suite(.serialized) struct GatewayConnectionControllerTests {
     @Test @MainActor func resolvedDisplayNameSetsDefaultWhenMissing() {
         let defaults = UserDefaults.standard

apps/ios/Tests/GatewayConnectionSecurityTests.swift

@@ -5,6 +5,32 @@ import Testing
 @testable import OpenClaw
 
 @Suite(.serialized) struct GatewayConnectionSecurityTests {
+    private func makeController() -> GatewayConnectionController {
+        GatewayConnectionController(appModel: NodeAppModel(), startDiscovery: false)
+    }
+
+    private func makeDiscoveredGateway(
+        stableID: String,
+        lanHost: String?,
+        tailnetDns: String?,
+        gatewayPort: Int?,
+        fingerprint: String?) -> GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway
+    {
+        let endpoint: NWEndpoint = .service(name: "Test", type: "_openclaw-gw._tcp", domain: "local.", interface: nil)
+        return GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway(
+            name: "Test",
+            endpoint: endpoint,
+            stableID: stableID,
+            debugID: "debug",
+            lanHost: lanHost,
+            tailnetDns: tailnetDns,
+            gatewayPort: gatewayPort,
+            canvasPort: nil,
+            tlsEnabled: true,
+            tlsFingerprintSha256: fingerprint,
+            cliPath: nil)
+    }
+
     private func clearTLSFingerprint(stableID: String) {
         let suite = UserDefaults(suiteName: "ai.openclaw.shared") ?? .standard
         suite.removeObject(forKey: "gateway.tls.\(stableID)")
@@ -17,22 +43,13 @@ import Testing
 
         GatewayTLSStore.saveFingerprint("11", stableID: stableID)
 
-        let endpoint: NWEndpoint = .service(name: "Test", type: "_openclaw-gw._tcp", domain: "local.", interface: nil)
-        let gateway = GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway(
-            name: "Test",
-            endpoint: endpoint,
+        let gateway = makeDiscoveredGateway(
             stableID: stableID,
-            debugID: "debug",
             lanHost: "evil.example.com",
             tailnetDns: "evil.example.com",
             gatewayPort: 12345,
-            canvasPort: nil,
-            tlsEnabled: true,
-            tlsFingerprintSha256: "22",
-            cliPath: nil)
-
-        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
-        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
+            fingerprint: "22")
+        let controller = makeController()
 
         let params = controller._test_resolveDiscoveredTLSParams(gateway: gateway, allowTOFU: true)
         #expect(params?.expectedFingerprint == "11")
@@ -44,22 +61,13 @@ import Testing
         defer { clearTLSFingerprint(stableID: stableID) }
         clearTLSFingerprint(stableID: stableID)
 
-        let endpoint: NWEndpoint = .service(name: "Test", type: "_openclaw-gw._tcp", domain: "local.", interface: nil)
-        let gateway = GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway(
-            name: "Test",
-            endpoint: endpoint,
+        let gateway = makeDiscoveredGateway(
             stableID: stableID,
-            debugID: "debug",
             lanHost: nil,
             tailnetDns: nil,
             gatewayPort: nil,
-            canvasPort: nil,
-            tlsEnabled: true,
-            tlsFingerprintSha256: "22",
-            cliPath: nil)
-
-        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
-        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
+            fingerprint: "22")
+        let controller = makeController()
 
         let params = controller._test_resolveDiscoveredTLSParams(gateway: gateway, allowTOFU: true)
         #expect(params?.expectedFingerprint == nil)
@@ -82,22 +90,13 @@ import Testing
         defaults.removeObject(forKey: "gateway.preferredStableID")
         defaults.set(stableID, forKey: "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID")
 
-        let endpoint: NWEndpoint = .service(name: "Test", type: "_openclaw-gw._tcp", domain: "local.", interface: nil)
-        let gateway = GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway(
-            name: "Test",
-            endpoint: endpoint,
+        let gateway = makeDiscoveredGateway(
             stableID: stableID,
-            debugID: "debug",
             lanHost: "test.local",
             tailnetDns: nil,
             gatewayPort: 18789,
-            canvasPort: nil,
-            tlsEnabled: true,
-            tlsFingerprintSha256: nil,
-            cliPath: nil)
-
-        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
-        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
+            fingerprint: nil)
+        let controller = makeController()
         controller._test_setGateways([gateway])
         controller._test_triggerAutoConnect()
 
@@ -105,8 +104,7 @@ import Testing
     }
 
     @Test @MainActor func manualConnectionsForceTLSForNonLoopbackHosts() async {
-        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
-        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
+        let controller = makeController()
 
         #expect(controller._test_resolveManualUseTLS(host: "gateway.example.com", useTLS: false) == true)
         #expect(controller._test_resolveManualUseTLS(host: "openclaw.local", useTLS: false) == true)
@@ -121,8 +119,7 @@ import Testing
     }
 
     @Test @MainActor func manualDefaultPortUses443OnlyForTailnetTLSHosts() async {
-        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
-        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
+        let controller = makeController()
 
         #expect(controller._test_resolveManualPort(host: "gateway.example.com", port: 0, useTLS: true) == 18789)
         #expect(controller._test_resolveManualPort(host: "device.sample.ts.net", port: 0, useTLS: true) == 443)

apps/ios/Tests/GatewaySettingsStoreTests.swift

@@ -14,6 +14,19 @@ private let instanceIdEntry = KeychainEntry(service: nodeService, account: "inst
 private let preferredGatewayEntry = KeychainEntry(service: gatewayService, account: "preferredStableID")
 private let lastGatewayEntry = KeychainEntry(service: gatewayService, account: "lastDiscoveredStableID")
 private let talkAcmeProviderEntry = KeychainEntry(service: talkService, account: "provider.apiKey.acme")
+private let bootstrapDefaultsKeys = [
+    "node.instanceId",
+    "gateway.preferredStableID",
+    "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID",
+]
+private let bootstrapKeychainEntries = [instanceIdEntry, preferredGatewayEntry, lastGatewayEntry]
+private let lastGatewayDefaultsKeys = [
+    "gateway.last.kind",
+    "gateway.last.host",
+    "gateway.last.port",
+    "gateway.last.tls",
+    "gateway.last.stableID",
+]
 
 private func snapshotDefaults(_ keys: [String]) -> [String: Any?] {
     let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
@@ -61,142 +74,112 @@ private func restoreKeychain(_ snapshot: [KeychainEntry: String?]) {
     applyKeychain(snapshot)
 }
 
+private func withBootstrapSnapshots(_ body: () -> Void) {
+    let defaultsSnapshot = snapshotDefaults(bootstrapDefaultsKeys)
+    let keychainSnapshot = snapshotKeychain(bootstrapKeychainEntries)
+    defer {
+        restoreDefaults(defaultsSnapshot)
+        restoreKeychain(keychainSnapshot)
+    }
+    body()
+}
+
+private func withLastGatewayDefaultsSnapshot(_ body: () -> Void) {
+    let snapshot = snapshotDefaults(lastGatewayDefaultsKeys)
+    defer { restoreDefaults(snapshot) }
+    body()
+}
+
 @Suite(.serialized) struct GatewaySettingsStoreTests {
     @Test func bootstrapCopiesDefaultsToKeychainWhenMissing() {
-        let defaultsKeys = [
-            "node.instanceId",
-            "gateway.preferredStableID",
-            "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID",
-        ]
-        let entries = [instanceIdEntry, preferredGatewayEntry, lastGatewayEntry]
-        let defaultsSnapshot = snapshotDefaults(defaultsKeys)
-        let keychainSnapshot = snapshotKeychain(entries)
-        defer {
-            restoreDefaults(defaultsSnapshot)
-            restoreKeychain(keychainSnapshot)
+        withBootstrapSnapshots {
+            applyDefaults([
+                "node.instanceId": "node-test",
+                "gateway.preferredStableID": "preferred-test",
+                "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID": "last-test",
+            ])
+            applyKeychain([
+                instanceIdEntry: nil,
+                preferredGatewayEntry: nil,
+                lastGatewayEntry: nil,
+            ])
+
+            GatewaySettingsStore.bootstrapPersistence()
+
+            #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: nodeService, account: "instanceId") == "node-test")
+            #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: gatewayService, account: "preferredStableID") == "preferred-test")
+            #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: gatewayService, account: "lastDiscoveredStableID") == "last-test")
         }
-
-        applyDefaults([
-            "node.instanceId": "node-test",
-            "gateway.preferredStableID": "preferred-test",
-            "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID": "last-test",
-        ])
-        applyKeychain([
-            instanceIdEntry: nil,
-            preferredGatewayEntry: nil,
-            lastGatewayEntry: nil,
-        ])
-
-        GatewaySettingsStore.bootstrapPersistence()
-
-        #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: nodeService, account: "instanceId") == "node-test")
-        #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: gatewayService, account: "preferredStableID") == "preferred-test")
-        #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: gatewayService, account: "lastDiscoveredStableID") == "last-test")
     }
 
     @Test func bootstrapCopiesKeychainToDefaultsWhenMissing() {
-        let defaultsKeys = [
-            "node.instanceId",
-            "gateway.preferredStableID",
-            "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID",
-        ]
-        let entries = [instanceIdEntry, preferredGatewayEntry, lastGatewayEntry]
-        let defaultsSnapshot = snapshotDefaults(defaultsKeys)
-        let keychainSnapshot = snapshotKeychain(entries)
-        defer {
-            restoreDefaults(defaultsSnapshot)
-            restoreKeychain(keychainSnapshot)
+        withBootstrapSnapshots {
+            applyDefaults([
+                "node.instanceId": nil,
+                "gateway.preferredStableID": nil,
+                "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID": nil,
+            ])
+            applyKeychain([
+                instanceIdEntry: "node-from-keychain",
+                preferredGatewayEntry: "preferred-from-keychain",
+                lastGatewayEntry: "last-from-keychain",
+            ])
+
+            GatewaySettingsStore.bootstrapPersistence()
+
+            let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
+            #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "node.instanceId") == "node-from-keychain")
+            #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "gateway.preferredStableID") == "preferred-from-keychain")
+            #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID") == "last-from-keychain")
         }
-
-        applyDefaults([
-            "node.instanceId": nil,
-            "gateway.preferredStableID": nil,
-            "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID": nil,
-        ])
-        applyKeychain([
-            instanceIdEntry: "node-from-keychain",
-            preferredGatewayEntry: "preferred-from-keychain",
-            lastGatewayEntry: "last-from-keychain",
-        ])
-
-        GatewaySettingsStore.bootstrapPersistence()
-
-        let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
-        #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "node.instanceId") == "node-from-keychain")
-        #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "gateway.preferredStableID") == "preferred-from-keychain")
-        #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID") == "last-from-keychain")
     }
 
     @Test func lastGateway_manualRoundTrip() {
-        let keys = [
-            "gateway.last.kind",
-            "gateway.last.host",
-            "gateway.last.port",
-            "gateway.last.tls",
-            "gateway.last.stableID",
-        ]
-        let snapshot = snapshotDefaults(keys)
-        defer { restoreDefaults(snapshot) }
+        withLastGatewayDefaultsSnapshot {
+            GatewaySettingsStore.saveLastGatewayConnectionManual(
+                host: "example.com",
+                port: 443,
+                useTLS: true,
+                stableID: "manual|example.com|443")
 
-        GatewaySettingsStore.saveLastGatewayConnectionManual(
-            host: "example.com",
-            port: 443,
-            useTLS: true,
-            stableID: "manual|example.com|443")
-
-        let loaded = GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection()
-        #expect(loaded == .manual(host: "example.com", port: 443, useTLS: true, stableID: "manual|example.com|443"))
+            let loaded = GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection()
+            #expect(loaded == .manual(host: "example.com", port: 443, useTLS: true, stableID: "manual|example.com|443"))
+        }
     }
 
     @Test func lastGateway_discoveredDoesNotPersistResolvedHostPort() {
-        let keys = [
-            "gateway.last.kind",
-            "gateway.last.host",
-            "gateway.last.port",
-            "gateway.last.tls",
-            "gateway.last.stableID",
-        ]
-        let snapshot = snapshotDefaults(keys)
-        defer { restoreDefaults(snapshot) }
+        withLastGatewayDefaultsSnapshot {
+            // Simulate a prior manual record that included host/port.
+            applyDefaults([
+                "gateway.last.host": "10.0.0.99",
+                "gateway.last.port": 18789,
+                "gateway.last.tls": true,
+                "gateway.last.stableID": "manual|10.0.0.99|18789",
+                "gateway.last.kind": "manual",
+            ])
 
-        // Simulate a prior manual record that included host/port.
-        applyDefaults([
-            "gateway.last.host": "10.0.0.99",
-            "gateway.last.port": 18789,
-            "gateway.last.tls": true,
-            "gateway.last.stableID": "manual|10.0.0.99|18789",
-            "gateway.last.kind": "manual",
-        ])
+            GatewaySettingsStore.saveLastGatewayConnectionDiscovered(stableID: "gw|abc", useTLS: true)
 
-        GatewaySettingsStore.saveLastGatewayConnectionDiscovered(stableID: "gw|abc", useTLS: true)
-
-        let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
-        #expect(defaults.object(forKey: "gateway.last.host") == nil)
-        #expect(defaults.object(forKey: "gateway.last.port") == nil)
-        #expect(GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection() == .discovered(stableID: "gw|abc", useTLS: true))
+            let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
+            #expect(defaults.object(forKey: "gateway.last.host") == nil)
+            #expect(defaults.object(forKey: "gateway.last.port") == nil)
+            #expect(GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection() == .discovered(stableID: "gw|abc", useTLS: true))
+        }
     }
 
     @Test func lastGateway_backCompat_manualLoadsWhenKindMissing() {
-        let keys = [
-            "gateway.last.kind",
-            "gateway.last.host",
-            "gateway.last.port",
-            "gateway.last.tls",
-            "gateway.last.stableID",
-        ]
-        let snapshot = snapshotDefaults(keys)
-        defer { restoreDefaults(snapshot) }
+        withLastGatewayDefaultsSnapshot {
+            applyDefaults([
+                "gateway.last.kind": nil,
+                "gateway.last.host": "example.org",
+                "gateway.last.port": 18789,
+                "gateway.last.tls": false,
+                "gateway.last.stableID": "manual|example.org|18789",
+            ])
 
-        applyDefaults([
-            "gateway.last.kind": nil,
-            "gateway.last.host": "example.org",
-            "gateway.last.port": 18789,
-            "gateway.last.tls": false,
-            "gateway.last.stableID": "manual|example.org|18789",
-        ])
-
-        let loaded = GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection()
-        #expect(loaded == .manual(host: "example.org", port: 18789, useTLS: false, stableID: "manual|example.org|18789"))
+            let loaded = GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection()
+            #expect(loaded == .manual(host: "example.org", port: 18789, useTLS: false, stableID: "manual|example.org|18789"))
+        }
     }
 
     @Test func talkProviderApiKey_genericRoundTrip() {

apps/ios/Tests/Info.plist

@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 	<key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
 			<string>BNDL</string>
 			<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-			<string>2026.2.27</string>
+			<string>2026.3.2</string>
 			<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
-			<string>20260227</string>
+			<string>20260301</string>
 		</dict>
 	</plist>

apps/ios/Tests/NodeAppModelInvokeTests.swift

@@ -4,31 +4,6 @@ import Testing
 import UIKit
 @testable import OpenClaw
 
-private func withUserDefaults<T>(_ updates: [String: Any?], _ body: () throws -> T) rethrows -> T {
-    let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
-    var snapshot: [String: Any?] = [:]
-    for key in updates.keys {
-        snapshot[key] = defaults.object(forKey: key)
-    }
-    for (key, value) in updates {
-        if let value {
-            defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
-        } else {
-            defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
-        }
-    }
-    defer {
-        for (key, value) in snapshot {
-            if let value {
-                defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
-            } else {
-                defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return try body()
-}
-
 private func makeAgentDeepLinkURL(
     message: String,
     deliver: Bool = false,

apps/ios/Tests/TestDefaultsSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import Foundation
+
+func withUserDefaults<T>(_ updates: [String: Any?], _ body: () throws -> T) rethrows -> T {
+    let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
+    var snapshot: [String: Any?] = [:]
+    for key in updates.keys {
+        snapshot[key] = defaults.object(forKey: key)
+    }
+    for (key, value) in updates {
+        if let value {
+            defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
+        } else {
+            defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
+        }
+    }
+    defer {
+        for (key, value) in snapshot {
+            if let value {
+                defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
+            } else {
+                defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return try body()
+}

apps/ios/Tests/VoiceWakeManagerExtractCommandTests.swift

@@ -3,6 +3,19 @@ import SwabbleKit
 import Testing
 @testable import OpenClaw
 
+private let openclawTranscript = "hey openclaw do thing"
+
+private func openclawSegments(postTriggerStart: TimeInterval) -> [WakeWordSegment] {
+    makeSegments(
+        transcript: openclawTranscript,
+        words: [
+            ("hey", 0.0, 0.1),
+            ("openclaw", 0.2, 0.1),
+            ("do", postTriggerStart, 0.1),
+            ("thing", postTriggerStart + 0.2, 0.1),
+        ])
+}
+
 @Suite struct VoiceWakeManagerExtractCommandTests {
     @Test func extractCommandReturnsNilWhenNoTriggerFound() {
         let transcript = "hello world"
@@ -13,17 +26,9 @@ import Testing
     }
 
     @Test func extractCommandTrimsTokensAndResult() {
-        let transcript = "hey openclaw do thing"
-        let segments = makeSegments(
-            transcript: transcript,
-            words: [
-                ("hey", 0.0, 0.1),
-                ("openclaw", 0.2, 0.1),
-                ("do", 0.9, 0.1),
-                ("thing", 1.1, 0.1),
-            ])
+        let segments = openclawSegments(postTriggerStart: 0.9)
         let cmd = VoiceWakeManager.extractCommand(
-            from: transcript,
+            from: openclawTranscript,
             segments: segments,
             triggers: ["  openclaw  "],
             minPostTriggerGap: 0.3)
@@ -31,17 +36,9 @@ import Testing
     }
 
     @Test func extractCommandReturnsNilWhenGapTooShort() {
-        let transcript = "hey openclaw do thing"
-        let segments = makeSegments(
-            transcript: transcript,
-            words: [
-                ("hey", 0.0, 0.1),
-                ("openclaw", 0.2, 0.1),
-                ("do", 0.35, 0.1),
-                ("thing", 0.5, 0.1),
-            ])
+        let segments = openclawSegments(postTriggerStart: 0.35)
         let cmd = VoiceWakeManager.extractCommand(
-            from: transcript,
+            from: openclawTranscript,
             segments: segments,
             triggers: ["openclaw"],
             minPostTriggerGap: 0.3)
@@ -57,17 +54,9 @@ import Testing
     }
 
     @Test func extractCommandIgnoresEmptyTriggers() {
-        let transcript = "hey openclaw do thing"
-        let segments = makeSegments(
-            transcript: transcript,
-            words: [
-                ("hey", 0.0, 0.1),
-                ("openclaw", 0.2, 0.1),
-                ("do", 0.9, 0.1),
-                ("thing", 1.1, 0.1),
-            ])
+        let segments = openclawSegments(postTriggerStart: 0.9)
         let cmd = VoiceWakeManager.extractCommand(
-            from: transcript,
+            from: openclawTranscript,
             segments: segments,
             triggers: ["", "   ", "openclaw"],
             minPostTriggerGap: 0.3)

apps/ios/WatchApp/Info.plist

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 	<key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
 	<string>APPL</string>
 	<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-	<string>2026.2.27</string>
+	<string>2026.3.2</string>
 	<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
-	<string>20260227</string>
+	<string>20260301</string>
 	<key>WKCompanionAppBundleIdentifier</key>
 	<string>$(OPENCLAW_APP_BUNDLE_ID)</string>
 	<key>WKWatchKitApp</key>

apps/ios/WatchExtension/Info.plist

@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@
 	<key>CFBundleName</key>
 	<string>$(PRODUCT_NAME)</string>
 	<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-	<string>2026.2.27</string>
+	<string>2026.3.2</string>
 	<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
-	<string>20260227</string>
+	<string>20260301</string>
 	<key>NSExtension</key>
 	<dict>
 		<key>NSExtensionAttributes</key>

apps/ios/project.yml

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ options:
 settings:
   base:
     SWIFT_VERSION: "6.0"
+    ENABLE_APP_INTENTS_METADATA_GENERATION: NO
 
 packages:
   OpenClawKit:
@@ -80,9 +81,11 @@ targets:
         DEVELOPMENT_TEAM: "$(OPENCLAW_DEVELOPMENT_TEAM)"
         PRODUCT_BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER: "$(OPENCLAW_APP_BUNDLE_ID)"
         PROVISIONING_PROFILE_SPECIFIER: "$(OPENCLAW_APP_PROFILE)"
+        TARGETED_DEVICE_FAMILY: "1"
         SWIFT_VERSION: "6.0"
         SWIFT_STRICT_CONCURRENCY: complete
         ENABLE_APPINTENTS_METADATA: NO
+        ENABLE_APP_INTENTS_METADATA_GENERATION: NO
     info:
       path: Sources/Info.plist
       properties:
@@ -92,8 +95,8 @@ targets:
           - CFBundleURLName: ai.openclaw.ios
             CFBundleURLSchemes:
               - openclaw
-        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.2.27"
-        CFBundleVersion: "20260227"
+        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.3.2"
+        CFBundleVersion: "20260301"
         UILaunchScreen: {}
         UIApplicationSceneManifest:
           UIApplicationSupportsMultipleScenes: false
@@ -140,6 +143,7 @@ targets:
         CODE_SIGN_STYLE: "$(OPENCLAW_CODE_SIGN_STYLE)"
         DEVELOPMENT_TEAM: "$(OPENCLAW_DEVELOPMENT_TEAM)"
         ENABLE_APPINTENTS_METADATA: NO
+        ENABLE_APP_INTENTS_METADATA_GENERATION: NO
         PRODUCT_BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER: "$(OPENCLAW_SHARE_BUNDLE_ID)"
         PROVISIONING_PROFILE_SPECIFIER: "$(OPENCLAW_SHARE_PROFILE)"
         SWIFT_VERSION: "6.0"
@@ -148,8 +152,8 @@ targets:
       path: ShareExtension/Info.plist
       properties:
         CFBundleDisplayName: OpenClaw Share
-        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.2.27"
-        CFBundleVersion: "20260227"
+        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.3.2"
+        CFBundleVersion: "20260301"
         NSExtension:
           NSExtensionPointIdentifier: com.apple.share-services
           NSExtensionPrincipalClass: "$(PRODUCT_MODULE_NAME).ShareViewController"
@@ -174,13 +178,14 @@ targets:
     settings:
       base:
         ENABLE_APPINTENTS_METADATA: NO
+        ENABLE_APP_INTENTS_METADATA_GENERATION: NO
         PRODUCT_BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER: "$(OPENCLAW_WATCH_APP_BUNDLE_ID)"
     info:
       path: WatchApp/Info.plist
       properties:
         CFBundleDisplayName: OpenClaw
-        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.2.27"
-        CFBundleVersion: "20260227"
+        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.3.2"
+        CFBundleVersion: "20260301"
         WKCompanionAppBundleIdentifier: "$(OPENCLAW_APP_BUNDLE_ID)"
         WKWatchKitApp: true
 
@@ -191,6 +196,7 @@ targets:
     sources:
       - path: WatchExtension/Sources
     dependencies:
+      - sdk: AppIntents.framework
       - sdk: WatchConnectivity.framework
       - sdk: UserNotifications.framework
     configFiles:
@@ -203,8 +209,8 @@ targets:
       path: WatchExtension/Info.plist
       properties:
         CFBundleDisplayName: OpenClaw
-        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.2.27"
-        CFBundleVersion: "20260227"
+        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.3.2"
+        CFBundleVersion: "20260301"
         NSExtension:
           NSExtensionAttributes:
             WKAppBundleIdentifier: "$(OPENCLAW_WATCH_APP_BUNDLE_ID)"
@@ -229,6 +235,7 @@ targets:
         CODE_SIGN_STYLE: "$(OPENCLAW_CODE_SIGN_STYLE)"
         DEVELOPMENT_TEAM: "$(OPENCLAW_DEVELOPMENT_TEAM)"
         PRODUCT_BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER: ai.openclaw.ios.tests
+        ENABLE_APP_INTENTS_METADATA_GENERATION: NO
         SWIFT_VERSION: "6.0"
         SWIFT_STRICT_CONCURRENCY: complete
         TEST_HOST: "$(BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR)/OpenClaw.app/OpenClaw"
@@ -237,5 +244,5 @@ targets:
       path: Tests/Info.plist
       properties:
         CFBundleDisplayName: OpenClawTests
-        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.2.27"
-        CFBundleVersion: "20260227"
+        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.3.2"
+        CFBundleVersion: "20260301"

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/AgentWorkspaceConfig.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum AgentWorkspaceConfig {
+    static func workspace(from root: [String: Any]) -> String? {
+        let agents = root["agents"] as? [String: Any]
+        let defaults = agents?["defaults"] as? [String: Any]
+        return defaults?["workspace"] as? String
+    }
+
+    static func setWorkspace(in root: inout [String: Any], workspace: String?) {
+        var agents = root["agents"] as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
+        var defaults = agents["defaults"] as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
+        let trimmed = workspace?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+        if trimmed.isEmpty {
+            defaults.removeValue(forKey: "workspace")
+        } else {
+            defaults["workspace"] = trimmed
+        }
+        if defaults.isEmpty {
+            agents.removeValue(forKey: "defaults")
+        } else {
+            agents["defaults"] = defaults
+        }
+        if agents.isEmpty {
+            root.removeValue(forKey: "agents")
+        } else {
+            root["agents"] = agents
+        }
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/AudioInputDeviceObserver.swift

@@ -9,21 +9,7 @@ final class AudioInputDeviceObserver {
     private var defaultInputListener: AudioObjectPropertyListenerBlock?
 
     static func defaultInputDeviceUID() -> String? {
-        let systemObject = AudioObjectID(kAudioObjectSystemObject)
-        var address = AudioObjectPropertyAddress(
-            mSelector: kAudioHardwarePropertyDefaultInputDevice,
-            mScope: kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal,
-            mElement: kAudioObjectPropertyElementMain)
-        var deviceID = AudioObjectID(0)
-        var size = UInt32(MemoryLayout<AudioObjectID>.size)
-        let status = AudioObjectGetPropertyData(
-            systemObject,
-            &address,
-            0,
-            nil,
-            &size,
-            &deviceID)
-        guard status == noErr, deviceID != 0 else { return nil }
+        guard let deviceID = self.defaultInputDeviceID() else { return nil }
         return self.deviceUID(for: deviceID)
     }
 
@@ -63,6 +49,15 @@ final class AudioInputDeviceObserver {
     }
 
     static func defaultInputDeviceSummary() -> String {
+        guard let deviceID = self.defaultInputDeviceID() else {
+            return "defaultInput=unknown"
+        }
+        let uid = self.deviceUID(for: deviceID) ?? "unknown"
+        let name = self.deviceName(for: deviceID) ?? "unknown"
+        return "defaultInput=\(name) (\(uid))"
+    }
+
+    private static func defaultInputDeviceID() -> AudioObjectID? {
         let systemObject = AudioObjectID(kAudioObjectSystemObject)
         var address = AudioObjectPropertyAddress(
             mSelector: kAudioHardwarePropertyDefaultInputDevice,
@@ -77,12 +72,8 @@ final class AudioInputDeviceObserver {
             nil,
             &size,
             &deviceID)
-        guard status == noErr, deviceID != 0 else {
-            return "defaultInput=unknown"
-        }
-        let uid = self.deviceUID(for: deviceID) ?? "unknown"
-        let name = self.deviceName(for: deviceID) ?? "unknown"
-        return "defaultInput=\(name) (\(uid))"
+        guard status == noErr, deviceID != 0 else { return nil }
+        return deviceID
     }
 
     func start(onChange: @escaping @Sendable () -> Void) {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CameraCaptureService.swift

@@ -64,45 +64,33 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
 
         try await self.ensureAccess(for: .video)
 
-        let session = AVCaptureSession()
-        session.sessionPreset = .photo
-
-        guard let device = Self.pickCamera(facing: facing, deviceId: deviceId) else {
-            throw CameraError.cameraUnavailable
-        }
-
-        let input = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: device)
-        guard session.canAddInput(input) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add camera input")
-        }
-        session.addInput(input)
-
-        let output = AVCapturePhotoOutput()
-        guard session.canAddOutput(output) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add photo output")
-        }
-        session.addOutput(output)
-        output.maxPhotoQualityPrioritization = .quality
+        let prepared = try CameraCapturePipelineSupport.preparePhotoSession(
+            preferFrontCamera: facing == .front,
+            deviceId: deviceId,
+            pickCamera: { preferFrontCamera, deviceId in
+                Self.pickCamera(facing: preferFrontCamera ? .front : .back, deviceId: deviceId)
+            },
+            cameraUnavailableError: CameraError.cameraUnavailable,
+            mapSetupError: { setupError in
+                CameraError.captureFailed(setupError.localizedDescription)
+            })
+        let session = prepared.session
+        let device = prepared.device
+        let output = prepared.output
 
         session.startRunning()
         defer { session.stopRunning() }
-        await Self.warmUpCaptureSession()
+        await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.warmUpCaptureSession()
         await self.waitForExposureAndWhiteBalance(device: device)
         await self.sleepDelayMs(delayMs)
 
-        let settings: AVCapturePhotoSettings = {
-            if output.availablePhotoCodecTypes.contains(.jpeg) {
-                return AVCapturePhotoSettings(format: [AVVideoCodecKey: AVVideoCodecType.jpeg])
-            }
-            return AVCapturePhotoSettings()
-        }()
-        settings.photoQualityPrioritization = .quality
-
         var delegate: PhotoCaptureDelegate?
-        let rawData: Data = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            let d = PhotoCaptureDelegate(cont)
-            delegate = d
-            output.capturePhoto(with: settings, delegate: d)
+        let rawData: Data = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { continuation in
+            let captureDelegate = PhotoCaptureDelegate(continuation)
+            delegate = captureDelegate
+            output.capturePhoto(
+                with: CameraCapturePipelineSupport.makePhotoSettings(output: output),
+                delegate: captureDelegate)
         }
         withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
 
@@ -135,39 +123,19 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
             try await self.ensureAccess(for: .audio)
         }
 
-        let session = AVCaptureSession()
-        session.sessionPreset = .high
-
-        guard let camera = Self.pickCamera(facing: facing, deviceId: deviceId) else {
-            throw CameraError.cameraUnavailable
-        }
-        let cameraInput = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: camera)
-        guard session.canAddInput(cameraInput) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add camera input")
-        }
-        session.addInput(cameraInput)
-
-        if includeAudio {
-            guard let mic = AVCaptureDevice.default(for: .audio) else {
-                throw CameraError.microphoneUnavailable
-            }
-            let micInput = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: mic)
-            guard session.canAddInput(micInput) else {
-                throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add microphone input")
-            }
-            session.addInput(micInput)
-        }
-
-        let output = AVCaptureMovieFileOutput()
-        guard session.canAddOutput(output) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add movie output")
-        }
-        session.addOutput(output)
-        output.maxRecordedDuration = CMTime(value: Int64(durationMs), timescale: 1000)
-
-        session.startRunning()
+        let prepared = try await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.prepareWarmMovieSession(
+            preferFrontCamera: facing == .front,
+            deviceId: deviceId,
+            includeAudio: includeAudio,
+            durationMs: durationMs,
+            pickCamera: { preferFrontCamera, deviceId in
+                Self.pickCamera(facing: preferFrontCamera ? .front : .back, deviceId: deviceId)
+            },
+            cameraUnavailableError: CameraError.cameraUnavailable,
+            mapSetupError: Self.mapMovieSetupError)
+        let session = prepared.session
+        let output = prepared.output
         defer { session.stopRunning() }
-        await Self.warmUpCaptureSession()
 
         let tmpMovURL = FileManager().temporaryDirectory
             .appendingPathComponent("openclaw-camera-\(UUID().uuidString).mov")
@@ -180,7 +148,6 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
             return FileManager().temporaryDirectory
                 .appendingPathComponent("openclaw-camera-\(UUID().uuidString).mp4")
         }()
-
         // Ensure we don't fail exporting due to an existing file.
         try? FileManager().removeItem(at: outputURL)
 
@@ -192,28 +159,12 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
             output.startRecording(to: tmpMovURL, recordingDelegate: d)
         }
         withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
-
         try await Self.exportToMP4(inputURL: recordedURL, outputURL: outputURL)
         return (path: outputURL.path, durationMs: durationMs, hasAudio: includeAudio)
     }
 
     private func ensureAccess(for mediaType: AVMediaType) async throws {
-        let status = AVCaptureDevice.authorizationStatus(for: mediaType)
-        switch status {
-        case .authorized:
-            return
-        case .notDetermined:
-            let ok = await withCheckedContinuation(isolation: nil) { cont in
-                AVCaptureDevice.requestAccess(for: mediaType) { granted in
-                    cont.resume(returning: granted)
-                }
-            }
-            if !ok {
-                throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
-            }
-        case .denied, .restricted:
-            throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
-        @unknown default:
+        if !(await CameraAuthorization.isAuthorized(for: mediaType)) {
             throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
         }
     }
@@ -278,6 +229,13 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
         return min(60000, max(250, v))
     }
 
+    private nonisolated static func mapMovieSetupError(_ setupError: CameraSessionConfigurationError) -> CameraError {
+        CameraCapturePipelineSupport.mapMovieSetupError(
+            setupError,
+            microphoneUnavailableError: .microphoneUnavailable,
+            captureFailed: { .captureFailed($0) })
+    }
+
     private nonisolated static func exportToMP4(inputURL: URL, outputURL: URL) async throws {
         let asset = AVURLAsset(url: inputURL)
         guard let export = AVAssetExportSession(asset: asset, presetName: AVAssetExportPresetMediumQuality) else {
@@ -315,11 +273,6 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
         }
     }
 
-    private nonisolated static func warmUpCaptureSession() async {
-        // A short delay after `startRunning()` significantly reduces "blank first frame" captures on some devices.
-        try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 150_000_000) // 150ms
-    }
-
     private func waitForExposureAndWhiteBalance(device: AVCaptureDevice) async {
         let stepNs: UInt64 = 50_000_000
         let maxSteps = 30 // ~1.5s
@@ -338,11 +291,7 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
     }
 
     private nonisolated static func positionLabel(_ position: AVCaptureDevice.Position) -> String {
-        switch position {
-        case .front: "front"
-        case .back: "back"
-        default: "unspecified"
-        }
+        CameraCapturePipelineSupport.positionLabel(position)
     }
 }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CanvasA2UIActionMessageHandler.swift

@@ -109,40 +109,7 @@ final class CanvasA2UIActionMessageHandler: NSObject, WKScriptMessageHandler {
     }
 
     static func isLocalNetworkCanvasURL(_ url: URL) -> Bool {
-        guard let scheme = url.scheme?.lowercased(), scheme == "http" || scheme == "https" else {
-            return false
-        }
-        guard let host = url.host?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines), !host.isEmpty else {
-            return false
-        }
-        if host == "localhost" { return true }
-        if host.hasSuffix(".local") { return true }
-        if host.hasSuffix(".ts.net") { return true }
-        if host.hasSuffix(".tailscale.net") { return true }
-        if !host.contains("."), !host.contains(":") { return true }
-        if let ipv4 = Self.parseIPv4(host) {
-            return Self.isLocalNetworkIPv4(ipv4)
-        }
-        return false
-    }
-
-    static func parseIPv4(_ host: String) -> (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)? {
-        let parts = host.split(separator: ".", omittingEmptySubsequences: false)
-        guard parts.count == 4 else { return nil }
-        let bytes: [UInt8] = parts.compactMap { UInt8($0) }
-        guard bytes.count == 4 else { return nil }
-        return (bytes[0], bytes[1], bytes[2], bytes[3])
-    }
-
-    static func isLocalNetworkIPv4(_ ip: (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)) -> Bool {
-        let (a, b, _, _) = ip
-        if a == 10 { return true }
-        if a == 172, (16...31).contains(Int(b)) { return true }
-        if a == 192, b == 168 { return true }
-        if a == 127 { return true }
-        if a == 169, b == 254 { return true }
-        if a == 100, (64...127).contains(Int(b)) { return true }
-        return false
+        LocalNetworkURLSupport.isLocalNetworkHTTPURL(url)
     }
 
     // Formatting helpers live in OpenClawKit (`OpenClawCanvasA2UIAction`).

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CanvasFileWatcher.swift

@@ -1,24 +1,13 @@
 import Foundation
 
-final class CanvasFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable {
-    private let watcher: CoalescingFSEventsWatcher
+final class CanvasFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable, SimpleFileWatcherOwner {
+    let watcher: SimpleFileWatcher
 
     init(url: URL, onChange: @escaping () -> Void) {
-        self.watcher = CoalescingFSEventsWatcher(
+        self.watcher = SimpleFileWatcher(CoalescingFSEventsWatcher(
             paths: [url.path],
             queueLabel: "ai.openclaw.canvaswatcher",
-            onChange: onChange)
+            onChange: onChange))
     }
 
-    deinit {
-        self.stop()
-    }
-
-    func start() {
-        self.watcher.start()
-    }
-
-    func stop() {
-        self.watcher.stop()
-    }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CanvasWindowController+Testing.swift

@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ extension CanvasWindowController {
     }
 
     static func _testParseIPv4(_ host: String) -> (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)? {
-        CanvasA2UIActionMessageHandler.parseIPv4(host)
+        LoopbackHost.parseIPv4(host)
     }
 
     static func _testIsLocalNetworkIPv4(_ ip: (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)) -> Bool {
-        CanvasA2UIActionMessageHandler.isLocalNetworkIPv4(ip)
+        LoopbackHost.isLocalNetworkIPv4(ip)
     }
 
     static func _testIsLocalNetworkCanvasURL(_ url: URL) -> Bool {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CanvasWindowController.swift

@@ -274,25 +274,11 @@ final class CanvasWindowController: NSWindowController, WKNavigationDelegate, NS
     }
 
     func applyDebugStatusIfNeeded() {
-        let enabled = self.debugStatusEnabled
-        let title = Self.jsOptionalStringLiteral(self.debugStatusTitle)
-        let subtitle = Self.jsOptionalStringLiteral(self.debugStatusSubtitle)
-        let js = """
-        (() => {
-          try {
-            const api = globalThis.__openclaw;
-            if (!api) return;
-            if (typeof api.setDebugStatusEnabled === 'function') {
-              api.setDebugStatusEnabled(\(enabled ? "true" : "false"));
-            }
-            if (!\(enabled ? "true" : "false")) return;
-            if (typeof api.setStatus === 'function') {
-              api.setStatus(\(title), \(subtitle));
-            }
-          } catch (_) {}
-        })();
-        """
-        self.webView.evaluateJavaScript(js) { _, _ in }
+        WebViewJavaScriptSupport.applyDebugStatus(
+            webView: self.webView,
+            enabled: self.debugStatusEnabled,
+            title: self.debugStatusTitle,
+            subtitle: self.debugStatusSubtitle)
     }
 
     private func loadFile(_ url: URL) {
@@ -302,19 +288,7 @@ final class CanvasWindowController: NSWindowController, WKNavigationDelegate, NS
     }
 
     func eval(javaScript: String) async throws -> String {
-        try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            self.webView.evaluateJavaScript(javaScript) { result, error in
-                if let error {
-                    cont.resume(throwing: error)
-                    return
-                }
-                if let result {
-                    cont.resume(returning: String(describing: result))
-                } else {
-                    cont.resume(returning: "")
-                }
-            }
-        }
+        try await WebViewJavaScriptSupport.evaluateToString(webView: self.webView, javaScript: javaScript)
     }
 
     func snapshot(to outPath: String?) async throws -> String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ChannelsSettings+ChannelState.swift

@@ -9,6 +9,90 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
         self.store.snapshot?.decodeChannel(id, as: type)
     }
 
+    private func configuredChannelTint(configured: Bool, running: Bool, hasError: Bool, probeOk: Bool?) -> Color {
+        if !configured { return .secondary }
+        if hasError { return .orange }
+        if probeOk == false { return .orange }
+        if running { return .green }
+        return .orange
+    }
+
+    private func configuredChannelSummary(configured: Bool, running: Bool) -> String {
+        if !configured { return "Not configured" }
+        if running { return "Running" }
+        return "Configured"
+    }
+
+    private func appendProbeDetails(
+        lines: inout [String],
+        probeOk: Bool?,
+        probeStatus: Int?,
+        probeElapsedMs: Double?,
+        probeVersion: String? = nil,
+        probeError: String? = nil,
+        lastProbeAtMs: Double?,
+        lastError: String?)
+    {
+        if let probeOk {
+            if probeOk {
+                if let version = probeVersion, !version.isEmpty {
+                    lines.append("Version \(version)")
+                }
+                if let elapsed = probeElapsedMs {
+                    lines.append("Probe \(Int(elapsed))ms")
+                }
+            } else if let probeError, !probeError.isEmpty {
+                lines.append("Probe error: \(probeError)")
+            } else {
+                let code = probeStatus.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
+                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
+            }
+        }
+        if let last = self.date(fromMs: lastProbeAtMs) {
+            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
+        }
+        if let lastError, !lastError.isEmpty {
+            lines.append("Error: \(lastError)")
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func finishDetails(
+        lines: inout [String],
+        probeOk: Bool?,
+        probeStatus: Int?,
+        probeElapsedMs: Double?,
+        probeVersion: String? = nil,
+        probeError: String? = nil,
+        lastProbeAtMs: Double?,
+        lastError: String?) -> String?
+    {
+        self.appendProbeDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probeOk: probeOk,
+            probeStatus: probeStatus,
+            probeElapsedMs: probeElapsedMs,
+            probeVersion: probeVersion,
+            probeError: probeError,
+            lastProbeAtMs: lastProbeAtMs,
+            lastError: lastError)
+        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+    }
+
+    private func finishProbeDetails(
+        lines: inout [String],
+        probe: (ok: Bool?, status: Int?, elapsedMs: Double?),
+        lastProbeAtMs: Double?,
+        lastError: String?) -> String?
+    {
+        self.finishDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probeOk: probe.ok,
+            probeStatus: probe.status,
+            probeElapsedMs: probe.elapsedMs,
+            lastProbeAtMs: lastProbeAtMs,
+            lastError: lastError)
+    }
+
     var whatsAppTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("whatsapp", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.WhatsAppStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
@@ -23,51 +107,51 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
     var telegramTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("telegram", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.TelegramStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
-        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
-        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
-        if status.running { return .green }
-        return .orange
+        return self.configuredChannelTint(
+            configured: status.configured,
+            running: status.running,
+            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
     }
 
     var discordTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("discord", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.DiscordStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
-        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
-        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
-        if status.running { return .green }
-        return .orange
+        return self.configuredChannelTint(
+            configured: status.configured,
+            running: status.running,
+            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
     }
 
     var googlechatTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("googlechat", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.GoogleChatStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
-        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
-        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
-        if status.running { return .green }
-        return .orange
+        return self.configuredChannelTint(
+            configured: status.configured,
+            running: status.running,
+            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
     }
 
     var signalTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("signal", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.SignalStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
-        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
-        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
-        if status.running { return .green }
-        return .orange
+        return self.configuredChannelTint(
+            configured: status.configured,
+            running: status.running,
+            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
     }
 
     var imessageTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("imessage", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.IMessageStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
-        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
-        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
-        if status.running { return .green }
-        return .orange
+        return self.configuredChannelTint(
+            configured: status.configured,
+            running: status.running,
+            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
     }
 
     var whatsAppSummary: String {
@@ -82,41 +166,31 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
     var telegramSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("telegram", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.TelegramStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
-        if status.running { return "Running" }
-        return "Configured"
+        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
     }
 
     var discordSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("discord", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.DiscordStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
-        if status.running { return "Running" }
-        return "Configured"
+        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
     }
 
     var googlechatSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("googlechat", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.GoogleChatStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
-        if status.running { return "Running" }
-        return "Configured"
+        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
     }
 
     var signalSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("signal", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.SignalStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
-        if status.running { return "Running" }
-        return "Configured"
+        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
     }
 
     var imessageSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("imessage", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.IMessageStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
-        if status.running { return "Running" }
-        return "Configured"
+        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
     }
 
     var whatsAppDetails: String? {
@@ -168,18 +242,15 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
                 if let url = probe.webhook?.url, !url.isEmpty {
                     lines.append("Webhook: \(url)")
                 }
-            } else {
-                let code = probe.status.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
-                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
             }
         }
-        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
-            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
-        }
-        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
-        }
-        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+        return self.finishDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok,
+            probeStatus: status.probe?.status,
+            probeElapsedMs: nil,
+            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
+            lastError: status.lastError)
     }
 
     var discordDetails: String? {
@@ -189,26 +260,17 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
         if let source = status.tokenSource {
             lines.append("Token source: \(source)")
         }
-        if let probe = status.probe {
-            if probe.ok {
-                if let name = probe.bot?.username {
-                    lines.append("Bot: @\(name)")
-                }
-                if let elapsed = probe.elapsedMs {
-                    lines.append("Probe \(Int(elapsed))ms")
-                }
-            } else {
-                let code = probe.status.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
-                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
-            }
+        if let name = status.probe?.bot?.username, !name.isEmpty {
+            lines.append("Bot: @\(name)")
         }
-        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
-            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
-        }
-        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
-        }
-        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+        return self.finishProbeDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probe: (
+                ok: status.probe?.ok,
+                status: status.probe?.status,
+                elapsedMs: status.probe?.elapsedMs),
+            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
+            lastError: status.lastError)
     }
 
     var googlechatDetails: String? {
@@ -223,23 +285,14 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
             let label = audience.isEmpty ? audienceType : "\(audienceType) \(audience)"
             lines.append("Audience: \(label)")
         }
-        if let probe = status.probe {
-            if probe.ok {
-                if let elapsed = probe.elapsedMs {
-                    lines.append("Probe \(Int(elapsed))ms")
-                }
-            } else {
-                let code = probe.status.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
-                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
-            }
-        }
-        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
-            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
-        }
-        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
-        }
-        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+        return self.finishProbeDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probe: (
+                ok: status.probe?.ok,
+                status: status.probe?.status,
+                elapsedMs: status.probe?.elapsedMs),
+            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
+            lastError: status.lastError)
     }
 
     var signalDetails: String? {
@@ -247,26 +300,14 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
         else { return nil }
         var lines: [String] = []
         lines.append("Base URL: \(status.baseUrl)")
-        if let probe = status.probe {
-            if probe.ok {
-                if let version = probe.version, !version.isEmpty {
-                    lines.append("Version \(version)")
-                }
-                if let elapsed = probe.elapsedMs {
-                    lines.append("Probe \(Int(elapsed))ms")
-                }
-            } else {
-                let code = probe.status.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
-                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
-            }
-        }
-        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
-            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
-        }
-        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
-        }
-        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+        return self.finishDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok,
+            probeStatus: status.probe?.status,
+            probeElapsedMs: status.probe?.elapsedMs,
+            probeVersion: status.probe?.version,
+            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
+            lastError: status.lastError)
     }
 
     var imessageDetails: String? {
@@ -279,17 +320,14 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
         if let dbPath = status.dbPath, !dbPath.isEmpty {
             lines.append("DB: \(dbPath)")
         }
-        if let probe = status.probe, !probe.ok {
-            let err = probe.error ?? "probe failed"
-            lines.append("Probe error: \(err)")
-        }
-        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
-            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
-        }
-        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
-        }
-        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+        return self.finishDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok,
+            probeStatus: nil,
+            probeElapsedMs: nil,
+            probeError: status.probe?.error,
+            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
+            lastError: status.lastError)
     }
 
     var orderedChannels: [ChannelItem] {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ChannelsSettings+View.swift

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
     }
 
     private var sidebar: some View {
-        ScrollView {
+        SettingsSidebarScroll {
             LazyVStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 8) {
                 if !self.enabledChannels.isEmpty {
                     self.sidebarSectionHeader("Configured")
@@ -34,14 +34,7 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            .padding(.vertical, 10)
-            .padding(.horizontal, 10)
         }
-        .frame(minWidth: 220, idealWidth: 240, maxWidth: 280, maxHeight: .infinity, alignment: .topLeading)
-        .background(
-            RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous)
-                .fill(Color(nsColor: .windowBackgroundColor)))
-        .clipShape(RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous))
     }
 
     private var detail: some View {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ColorHexSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import SwiftUI
+
+enum ColorHexSupport {
+    static func color(fromHex raw: String?) -> Color? {
+        let trimmed = (raw ?? "").trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return nil }
+        let hex = trimmed.hasPrefix("#") ? String(trimmed.dropFirst()) : trimmed
+        guard hex.count == 6, let value = Int(hex, radix: 16) else { return nil }
+        let r = Double((value >> 16) & 0xFF) / 255.0
+        let g = Double((value >> 8) & 0xFF) / 255.0
+        let b = Double(value & 0xFF) / 255.0
+        return Color(red: r, green: g, blue: b)
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ConfigFileWatcher.swift

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import Foundation
 
-final class ConfigFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable {
+final class ConfigFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable, SimpleFileWatcherOwner {
     private let url: URL
     private let watchedDir: URL
     private let targetPath: String
     private let targetName: String
-    private let watcher: CoalescingFSEventsWatcher
+    let watcher: SimpleFileWatcher
 
     init(url: URL, onChange: @escaping () -> Void) {
         self.url = url
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ final class ConfigFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable {
         let watchedDirPath = self.watchedDir.path
         let targetPath = self.targetPath
         let targetName = self.targetName
-        self.watcher = CoalescingFSEventsWatcher(
+        self.watcher = SimpleFileWatcher(CoalescingFSEventsWatcher(
             paths: [watchedDirPath],
             queueLabel: "ai.openclaw.configwatcher",
             shouldNotify: { _, eventPaths in
@@ -28,18 +28,7 @@ final class ConfigFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable {
                 }
                 return false
             },
-            onChange: onChange)
+            onChange: onChange))
     }
 
-    deinit {
-        self.stop()
-    }
-
-    func start() {
-        self.watcher.start()
-    }
-
-    func stop() {
-        self.watcher.stop()
-    }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ConfigSettings.swift

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ extension ConfigSettings {
     }
 
     private var sidebar: some View {
-        ScrollView {
+        SettingsSidebarScroll {
             LazyVStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 8) {
                 if self.sections.isEmpty {
                     Text("No config sections available.")
@@ -86,14 +86,7 @@ extension ConfigSettings {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            .padding(.vertical, 10)
-            .padding(.horizontal, 10)
         }
-        .frame(minWidth: 220, idealWidth: 240, maxWidth: 280, maxHeight: .infinity, alignment: .topLeading)
-        .background(
-            RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous)
-                .fill(Color(nsColor: .windowBackgroundColor)))
-        .clipShape(RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous))
     }
 
     private var detail: some View {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ContextMenuCardView.swift

@@ -6,10 +6,6 @@ struct ContextMenuCardView: View {
     private let rows: [SessionRow]
     private let statusText: String?
     private let isLoading: Bool
-    private let paddingTop: CGFloat = 8
-    private let paddingBottom: CGFloat = 8
-    private let paddingTrailing: CGFloat = 10
-    private let paddingLeading: CGFloat = 20
     private let barHeight: CGFloat = 3
 
     init(
@@ -23,45 +19,32 @@ struct ContextMenuCardView: View {
     }
 
     var body: some View {
-        VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 6) {
-            HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline) {
-                Text("Context")
-                    .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-                Spacer(minLength: 10)
-                Text(self.subtitle)
-                    .font(.caption)
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-            }
-
-            if let statusText {
-                Text(statusText)
-                    .font(.caption)
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-            } else if self.rows.isEmpty, !self.isLoading {
-                Text("No active sessions")
-                    .font(.caption)
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-            } else {
-                VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 12) {
-                    if self.rows.isEmpty, self.isLoading {
-                        ForEach(0..<2, id: \.self) { _ in
-                            self.placeholderRow
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        ForEach(self.rows) { row in
-                            self.sessionRow(row)
+        MenuHeaderCard(
+            title: "Context",
+            subtitle: self.subtitle,
+            statusText: self.statusText,
+            paddingBottom: 8)
+        {
+            if self.statusText == nil {
+                if self.rows.isEmpty, !self.isLoading {
+                    Text("No active sessions")
+                        .font(.caption)
+                        .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                } else {
+                    VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 12) {
+                        if self.rows.isEmpty, self.isLoading {
+                            ForEach(0..<2, id: \.self) { _ in
+                                self.placeholderRow
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            ForEach(self.rows) { row in
+                                self.sessionRow(row)
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
-        .padding(.top, self.paddingTop)
-        .padding(.bottom, self.paddingBottom)
-        .padding(.leading, self.paddingLeading)
-        .padding(.trailing, self.paddingTrailing)
-        .frame(minWidth: 300, maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .leading)
-        .transaction { txn in txn.animation = nil }
     }
 
     private var subtitle: String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ControlChannel.swift

@@ -336,16 +336,8 @@ final class ControlChannel {
     }
 
     private func startEventStream() {
-        self.eventTask?.cancel()
-        self.eventTask = Task { [weak self] in
-            guard let self else { return }
-            let stream = await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe()
-            for await push in stream {
-                if Task.isCancelled { return }
-                await MainActor.run { [weak self] in
-                    self?.handle(push: push)
-                }
-            }
+        GatewayPushSubscription.restartTask(task: &self.eventTask) { [weak self] push in
+            self?.handle(push: push)
         }
     }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CronJobEditor+Helpers.swift

@@ -258,14 +258,6 @@ extension CronJobEditor {
     }
 
     func formatDuration(ms: Int) -> String {
-        if ms < 1000 { return "\(ms)ms" }
-        let s = Double(ms) / 1000.0
-        if s < 60 { return "\(Int(round(s)))s" }
-        let m = s / 60.0
-        if m < 60 { return "\(Int(round(m)))m" }
-        let h = m / 60.0
-        if h < 48 { return "\(Int(round(h)))h" }
-        let d = h / 24.0
-        return "\(Int(round(d)))d"
+        DurationFormattingSupport.conciseDuration(ms: ms)
     }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CronJobsStore.swift

@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ final class CronJobsStore {
     func start() {
         guard !self.isPreview else { return }
         guard self.eventTask == nil else { return }
-        self.startGatewaySubscription()
+        GatewayPushSubscription.restartTask(task: &self.eventTask) { [weak self] push in
+            self?.handle(push: push)
+        }
         self.pollTask = Task.detached { [weak self] in
             guard let self else { return }
             await self.refreshJobs()
@@ -142,20 +144,6 @@ final class CronJobsStore {
 
     // MARK: - Gateway events
 
-    private func startGatewaySubscription() {
-        self.eventTask?.cancel()
-        self.eventTask = Task { [weak self] in
-            guard let self else { return }
-            let stream = await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe()
-            for await push in stream {
-                if Task.isCancelled { return }
-                await MainActor.run { [weak self] in
-                    self?.handle(push: push)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     private func handle(push: GatewayPush) {
         switch push {
         case let .event(evt) where evt.event == "cron":

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CronSettings+Helpers.swift

@@ -31,15 +31,7 @@ extension CronSettings {
     }
 
     func formatDuration(ms: Int) -> String {
-        if ms < 1000 { return "\(ms)ms" }
-        let s = Double(ms) / 1000.0
-        if s < 60 { return "\(Int(round(s)))s" }
-        let m = s / 60.0
-        if m < 60 { return "\(Int(round(m)))m" }
-        let h = m / 60.0
-        if h < 48 { return "\(Int(round(h)))h" }
-        let d = h / 24.0
-        return "\(Int(round(d)))d"
+        DurationFormattingSupport.conciseDuration(ms: ms)
     }
 
     func nextRunLabel(_ date: Date, now: Date = .init()) -> String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/DevicePairingApprovalPrompter.swift

@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
     private var queue: [PendingRequest] = []
     var pendingCount: Int = 0
     var pendingRepairCount: Int = 0
-    private var activeAlert: NSAlert?
-    private var activeRequestId: String?
-    private var alertHostWindow: NSWindow?
+    private let alertState = PairingAlertState()
     private var resolvedByRequestId: Set<String> = []
 
     private struct PairingList: Codable {
@@ -55,48 +53,35 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
         }
     }
 
-    private struct PairingResolvedEvent: Codable {
-        let requestId: String
-        let deviceId: String
-        let decision: String
-        let ts: Double
-    }
-
-    private enum PairingResolution: String {
-        case approved
-        case rejected
-    }
+    private typealias PairingResolvedEvent = PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolvedEvent
 
     func start() {
-        guard self.task == nil else { return }
-        self.isStopping = false
-        self.task = Task { [weak self] in
-            guard let self else { return }
-            _ = try? await GatewayConnection.shared.refresh()
-            await self.loadPendingRequestsFromGateway()
-            let stream = await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe(bufferingNewest: 200)
-            for await push in stream {
-                if Task.isCancelled { return }
-                await MainActor.run { [weak self] in self?.handle(push: push) }
-            }
-        }
+        self.startPushTask()
+    }
+
+    private func startPushTask() {
+        PairingAlertSupport.startPairingPushTask(
+            task: &self.task,
+            isStopping: &self.isStopping,
+            loadPending: self.loadPendingRequestsFromGateway,
+            handlePush: self.handle(push:))
     }
 
     func stop() {
-        self.isStopping = true
-        self.endActiveAlert()
-        self.task?.cancel()
-        self.task = nil
-        self.queue.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
+        self.stopPushTask()
         self.updatePendingCounts()
-        self.isPresenting = false
-        self.activeRequestId = nil
-        self.alertHostWindow?.orderOut(nil)
-        self.alertHostWindow?.close()
-        self.alertHostWindow = nil
         self.resolvedByRequestId.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
     }
 
+    private func stopPushTask() {
+        PairingAlertSupport.stopPairingPrompter(
+            isStopping: &self.isStopping,
+            task: &self.task,
+            queue: &self.queue,
+            isPresenting: &self.isPresenting,
+            state: self.alertState)
+    }
+
     private func loadPendingRequestsFromGateway() async {
         do {
             let list: PairingList = try await GatewayConnection.shared.requestDecoded(method: .devicePairList)
@@ -127,44 +112,13 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
 
     private func presentAlert(for req: PendingRequest) {
         self.logger.info("presenting device pairing alert requestId=\(req.requestId, privacy: .public)")
-        NSApp.activate(ignoringOtherApps: true)
-
-        let alert = NSAlert()
-        alert.alertStyle = .warning
-        alert.messageText = "Allow device to connect?"
-        alert.informativeText = Self.describe(req)
-        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Later")
-        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Approve")
-        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Reject")
-        if #available(macOS 11.0, *), alert.buttons.indices.contains(2) {
-            alert.buttons[2].hasDestructiveAction = true
-        }
-
-        self.activeAlert = alert
-        self.activeRequestId = req.requestId
-        let hostWindow = self.requireAlertHostWindow()
-
-        let sheetSize = alert.window.frame.size
-        if let screen = hostWindow.screen ?? NSScreen.main {
-            let bounds = screen.visibleFrame
-            let x = bounds.midX - (sheetSize.width / 2)
-            let sheetOriginY = bounds.midY - (sheetSize.height / 2)
-            let hostY = sheetOriginY + sheetSize.height - hostWindow.frame.height
-            hostWindow.setFrameOrigin(NSPoint(x: x, y: hostY))
-        } else {
-            hostWindow.center()
-        }
-
-        hostWindow.makeKeyAndOrderFront(nil)
-        alert.beginSheetModal(for: hostWindow) { [weak self] response in
-            Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
-                guard let self else { return }
-                self.activeRequestId = nil
-                self.activeAlert = nil
-                await self.handleAlertResponse(response, request: req)
-                hostWindow.orderOut(nil)
-            }
-        }
+        PairingAlertSupport.presentPairingAlert(
+            request: req,
+            requestId: req.requestId,
+            messageText: "Allow device to connect?",
+            informativeText: Self.describe(req),
+            state: self.alertState,
+            onResponse: self.handleAlertResponse)
     }
 
     private func handleAlertResponse(_ response: NSApplication.ModalResponse, request: PendingRequest) async {
@@ -206,33 +160,27 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
     }
 
     private func approve(requestId: String) async -> Bool {
-        do {
+        await PairingAlertSupport.approveRequest(
+            requestId: requestId,
+            kind: "device",
+            logger: self.logger)
+        {
             try await GatewayConnection.shared.devicePairApprove(requestId: requestId)
-            self.logger.info("approved device pairing requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-            return true
-        } catch {
-            self.logger.error("approve failed requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-            self.logger.error("approve failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
-            return false
         }
     }
 
     private func reject(requestId: String) async {
-        do {
+        await PairingAlertSupport.rejectRequest(
+            requestId: requestId,
+            kind: "device",
+            logger: self.logger)
+        {
             try await GatewayConnection.shared.devicePairReject(requestId: requestId)
-            self.logger.info("rejected device pairing requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-        } catch {
-            self.logger.error("reject failed requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-            self.logger.error("reject failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
         }
     }
 
     private func endActiveAlert() {
-        PairingAlertSupport.endActiveAlert(activeAlert: &self.activeAlert, activeRequestId: &self.activeRequestId)
-    }
-
-    private func requireAlertHostWindow() -> NSWindow {
-        PairingAlertSupport.requireAlertHostWindow(alertHostWindow: &self.alertHostWindow)
+        PairingAlertSupport.endActiveAlert(state: self.alertState)
     }
 
     private func handle(push: GatewayPush) {
@@ -269,9 +217,10 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
     }
 
     private func handleResolved(_ resolved: PairingResolvedEvent) {
-        let resolution = resolved.decision == PairingResolution.approved.rawValue ? PairingResolution
-            .approved : .rejected
-        if let activeRequestId, activeRequestId == resolved.requestId {
+        let resolution = resolved.decision == PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolution.approved.rawValue
+            ? PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolution.approved
+            : PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolution.rejected
+        if let activeRequestId = self.alertState.activeRequestId, activeRequestId == resolved.requestId {
             self.resolvedByRequestId.insert(resolved.requestId)
             self.endActiveAlert()
             let decision = resolution.rawValue

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/DurationFormattingSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum DurationFormattingSupport {
+    static func conciseDuration(ms: Int) -> String {
+        if ms < 1000 { return "\(ms)ms" }
+        let s = Double(ms) / 1000.0
+        if s < 60 { return "\(Int(round(s)))s" }
+        let m = s / 60.0
+        if m < 60 { return "\(Int(round(m)))m" }
+        let h = m / 60.0
+        if h < 48 { return "\(Int(round(h)))h" }
+        let d = h / 24.0
+        return "\(Int(round(d)))d"
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecApprovals.swift

@@ -226,6 +226,7 @@ enum ExecApprovalsStore {
     private static let defaultAsk: ExecAsk = .onMiss
     private static let defaultAskFallback: ExecSecurity = .deny
     private static let defaultAutoAllowSkills = false
+    private static let secureStateDirPermissions = 0o700
 
     static func fileURL() -> URL {
         OpenClawPaths.stateDirURL.appendingPathComponent("exec-approvals.json")
@@ -332,6 +333,7 @@ enum ExecApprovalsStore {
             encoder.outputFormatting = [.prettyPrinted, .sortedKeys]
             let data = try encoder.encode(file)
             let url = self.fileURL()
+            self.ensureSecureStateDirectory()
             try FileManager().createDirectory(
                 at: url.deletingLastPathComponent(),
                 withIntermediateDirectories: true)
@@ -343,6 +345,7 @@ enum ExecApprovalsStore {
     }
 
     static func ensureFile() -> ExecApprovalsFile {
+        self.ensureSecureStateDirectory()
         let url = self.fileURL()
         let existed = FileManager().fileExists(atPath: url.path)
         let loaded = self.loadFile()
@@ -524,6 +527,22 @@ enum ExecApprovalsStore {
         self.saveFile(file)
     }
 
+    private static func ensureSecureStateDirectory() {
+        let url = OpenClawPaths.stateDirURL
+        do {
+            try FileManager().createDirectory(at: url, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
+            try FileManager().setAttributes(
+                [.posixPermissions: self.secureStateDirPermissions],
+                ofItemAtPath: url.path)
+        } catch {
+            let message =
+                "exec approvals state dir permission hardening failed: \(error.localizedDescription)"
+            self.logger
+                .warning(
+                    "\(message, privacy: .public)")
+        }
+    }
+
     private static func generateToken() -> String {
         var bytes = [UInt8](repeating: 0, count: 24)
         let status = SecRandomCopyBytes(kSecRandomDefault, bytes.count, &bytes)

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecApprovalsGatewayPrompter.swift

@@ -19,15 +19,13 @@ final class ExecApprovalsGatewayPrompter {
     }
 
     func start() {
-        guard self.task == nil else { return }
-        self.task = Task { [weak self] in
+        SimpleTaskSupport.start(task: &self.task) { [weak self] in
             await self?.run()
         }
     }
 
     func stop() {
-        self.task?.cancel()
-        self.task = nil
+        SimpleTaskSupport.stop(task: &self.task)
     }
 
     private func run() async {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecApprovalsSocket.swift

@@ -73,6 +73,22 @@ private struct ExecHostResponse: Codable {
     var error: ExecHostError?
 }
 
+private func readLineFromHandle(_ handle: FileHandle, maxBytes: Int) throws -> String? {
+    var buffer = Data()
+    while buffer.count < maxBytes {
+        let chunk = try handle.read(upToCount: 4096) ?? Data()
+        if chunk.isEmpty { break }
+        buffer.append(chunk)
+        if buffer.contains(0x0A) { break }
+    }
+    guard let newlineIndex = buffer.firstIndex(of: 0x0A) else {
+        guard !buffer.isEmpty else { return nil }
+        return String(data: buffer, encoding: .utf8)
+    }
+    let lineData = buffer.subdata(in: 0..<newlineIndex)
+    return String(data: lineData, encoding: .utf8)
+}
+
 enum ExecApprovalsSocketClient {
     private struct TimeoutError: LocalizedError {
         var message: String
@@ -159,28 +175,12 @@ enum ExecApprovalsSocketClient {
         payload.append(0x0A)
         try handle.write(contentsOf: payload)
 
-        guard let line = try self.readLine(from: handle, maxBytes: 256_000),
+        guard let line = try readLineFromHandle(handle, maxBytes: 256_000),
               let lineData = line.data(using: .utf8)
         else { return nil }
         let response = try JSONDecoder().decode(ExecApprovalSocketDecision.self, from: lineData)
         return response.decision
     }
-
-    private static func readLine(from handle: FileHandle, maxBytes: Int) throws -> String? {
-        var buffer = Data()
-        while buffer.count < maxBytes {
-            let chunk = try handle.read(upToCount: 4096) ?? Data()
-            if chunk.isEmpty { break }
-            buffer.append(chunk)
-            if buffer.contains(0x0A) { break }
-        }
-        guard let newlineIndex = buffer.firstIndex(of: 0x0A) else {
-            guard !buffer.isEmpty else { return nil }
-            return String(data: buffer, encoding: .utf8)
-        }
-        let lineData = buffer.subdata(in: 0..<newlineIndex)
-        return String(data: lineData, encoding: .utf8)
-    }
 }
 
 @MainActor
@@ -544,6 +544,106 @@ private enum ExecHostExecutor {
     }
 }
 
+enum ExecApprovalsSocketPathKind: Equatable {
+    case missing
+    case directory
+    case socket
+    case symlink
+    case other
+}
+
+enum ExecApprovalsSocketPathGuardError: LocalizedError {
+    case lstatFailed(path: String, code: Int32)
+    case parentPathInvalid(path: String, kind: ExecApprovalsSocketPathKind)
+    case socketPathInvalid(path: String, kind: ExecApprovalsSocketPathKind)
+    case unlinkFailed(path: String, code: Int32)
+    case createParentDirectoryFailed(path: String, message: String)
+    case setParentDirectoryPermissionsFailed(path: String, message: String)
+
+    var errorDescription: String? {
+        switch self {
+        case let .lstatFailed(path, code):
+            "lstat failed for \(path) (errno \(code))"
+        case let .parentPathInvalid(path, kind):
+            "socket parent path invalid (\(kind)) at \(path)"
+        case let .socketPathInvalid(path, kind):
+            "socket path invalid (\(kind)) at \(path)"
+        case let .unlinkFailed(path, code):
+            "unlink failed for \(path) (errno \(code))"
+        case let .createParentDirectoryFailed(path, message):
+            "socket parent directory create failed at \(path): \(message)"
+        case let .setParentDirectoryPermissionsFailed(path, message):
+            "socket parent directory chmod failed at \(path): \(message)"
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+enum ExecApprovalsSocketPathGuard {
+    static let parentDirectoryPermissions = 0o700
+
+    static func pathKind(at path: String) throws -> ExecApprovalsSocketPathKind {
+        var status = stat()
+        let result = lstat(path, &status)
+        if result != 0 {
+            if errno == ENOENT {
+                return .missing
+            }
+            throw ExecApprovalsSocketPathGuardError.lstatFailed(path: path, code: errno)
+        }
+
+        let fileType = status.st_mode & mode_t(S_IFMT)
+        if fileType == mode_t(S_IFDIR) { return .directory }
+        if fileType == mode_t(S_IFSOCK) { return .socket }
+        if fileType == mode_t(S_IFLNK) { return .symlink }
+        return .other
+    }
+
+    static func hardenParentDirectory(for socketPath: String) throws {
+        let parentURL = URL(fileURLWithPath: socketPath).deletingLastPathComponent()
+        let parentPath = parentURL.path
+
+        switch try self.pathKind(at: parentPath) {
+        case .missing, .directory:
+            break
+        case let kind:
+            throw ExecApprovalsSocketPathGuardError.parentPathInvalid(path: parentPath, kind: kind)
+        }
+
+        do {
+            try FileManager().createDirectory(at: parentURL, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
+        } catch {
+            throw ExecApprovalsSocketPathGuardError.createParentDirectoryFailed(
+                path: parentPath,
+                message: error.localizedDescription)
+        }
+
+        do {
+            try FileManager().setAttributes(
+                [.posixPermissions: self.parentDirectoryPermissions],
+                ofItemAtPath: parentPath)
+        } catch {
+            throw ExecApprovalsSocketPathGuardError.setParentDirectoryPermissionsFailed(
+                path: parentPath,
+                message: error.localizedDescription)
+        }
+    }
+
+    static func removeExistingSocket(at socketPath: String) throws {
+        let kind = try self.pathKind(at: socketPath)
+        switch kind {
+        case .missing:
+            return
+        case .socket:
+            break
+        case .directory, .symlink, .other:
+            throw ExecApprovalsSocketPathGuardError.socketPathInvalid(path: socketPath, kind: kind)
+        }
+        if unlink(socketPath) != 0, errno != ENOENT {
+            throw ExecApprovalsSocketPathGuardError.unlinkFailed(path: socketPath, code: errno)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 private final class ExecApprovalsSocketServer: @unchecked Sendable {
     private let logger = Logger(subsystem: "ai.openclaw", category: "exec-approvals.socket")
     private let socketPath: String
@@ -583,7 +683,12 @@ private final class ExecApprovalsSocketServer: @unchecked Sendable {
             self.socketFD = -1
         }
         if !self.socketPath.isEmpty {
-            unlink(self.socketPath)
+            do {
+                try ExecApprovalsSocketPathGuard.removeExistingSocket(at: self.socketPath)
+            } catch {
+                self.logger
+                    .warning("exec approvals socket cleanup failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -618,7 +723,15 @@ private final class ExecApprovalsSocketServer: @unchecked Sendable {
             self.logger.error("exec approvals socket create failed")
             return -1
         }
-        unlink(self.socketPath)
+        do {
+            try ExecApprovalsSocketPathGuard.hardenParentDirectory(for: self.socketPath)
+            try ExecApprovalsSocketPathGuard.removeExistingSocket(at: self.socketPath)
+        } catch {
+            self.logger
+                .error("exec approvals socket path hardening failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
+            close(fd)
+            return -1
+        }
         var addr = sockaddr_un()
         addr.sun_family = sa_family_t(AF_UNIX)
         let maxLen = MemoryLayout.size(ofValue: addr.sun_path)
@@ -645,12 +758,18 @@ private final class ExecApprovalsSocketServer: @unchecked Sendable {
             close(fd)
             return -1
         }
+        if chmod(self.socketPath, 0o600) != 0 {
+            self.logger.error("exec approvals socket chmod failed")
+            close(fd)
+            try? ExecApprovalsSocketPathGuard.removeExistingSocket(at: self.socketPath)
+            return -1
+        }
         if listen(fd, 16) != 0 {
             self.logger.error("exec approvals socket listen failed")
             close(fd)
+            try? ExecApprovalsSocketPathGuard.removeExistingSocket(at: self.socketPath)
             return -1
         }
-        chmod(self.socketPath, 0o600)
         self.logger.info("exec approvals socket listening at \(self.socketPath, privacy: .public)")
         return fd
     }
@@ -662,7 +781,7 @@ private final class ExecApprovalsSocketServer: @unchecked Sendable {
                 try self.sendApprovalResponse(handle: handle, id: UUID().uuidString, decision: .deny)
                 return
             }
-            guard let line = try self.readLine(from: handle, maxBytes: 256_000),
+            guard let line = try readLineFromHandle(handle, maxBytes: 256_000),
                   let data = line.data(using: .utf8)
             else {
                 return
@@ -696,22 +815,6 @@ private final class ExecApprovalsSocketServer: @unchecked Sendable {
         }
     }
 
-    private func readLine(from handle: FileHandle, maxBytes: Int) throws -> String? {
-        var buffer = Data()
-        while buffer.count < maxBytes {
-            let chunk = try handle.read(upToCount: 4096) ?? Data()
-            if chunk.isEmpty { break }
-            buffer.append(chunk)
-            if buffer.contains(0x0A) { break }
-        }
-        guard let newlineIndex = buffer.firstIndex(of: 0x0A) else {
-            guard !buffer.isEmpty else { return nil }
-            return String(data: buffer, encoding: .utf8)
-        }
-        let lineData = buffer.subdata(in: 0..<newlineIndex)
-        return String(data: lineData, encoding: .utf8)
-    }
-
     private func sendApprovalResponse(
         handle: FileHandle,
         id: String,

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecEnvInvocationUnwrapper.swift

@@ -12,19 +12,6 @@ enum ExecCommandToken {
 enum ExecEnvInvocationUnwrapper {
     static let maxWrapperDepth = 4
 
-    private static let optionsWithValue = Set([
-        "-u",
-        "--unset",
-        "-c",
-        "--chdir",
-        "-s",
-        "--split-string",
-        "--default-signal",
-        "--ignore-signal",
-        "--block-signal",
-    ])
-    private static let flagOptions = Set(["-i", "--ignore-environment", "-0", "--null"])
-
     private static func isEnvAssignment(_ token: String) -> Bool {
         let pattern = #"^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*=.*"#
         return token.range(of: pattern, options: .regularExpression) != nil
@@ -55,11 +42,11 @@ enum ExecEnvInvocationUnwrapper {
             if token.hasPrefix("-"), token != "-" {
                 let lower = token.lowercased()
                 let flag = lower.split(separator: "=", maxSplits: 1).first.map(String.init) ?? lower
-                if self.flagOptions.contains(flag) {
+                if ExecEnvOptions.flagOnly.contains(flag) {
                     idx += 1
                     continue
                 }
-                if self.optionsWithValue.contains(flag) {
+                if ExecEnvOptions.withValue.contains(flag) {
                     if !lower.contains("=") {
                         expectsOptionValue = true
                     }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecEnvOptions.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum ExecEnvOptions {
+    static let withValue = Set([
+        "-u",
+        "--unset",
+        "-c",
+        "--chdir",
+        "-s",
+        "--split-string",
+        "--default-signal",
+        "--ignore-signal",
+        "--block-signal",
+    ])
+
+    static let flagOnly = Set(["-i", "--ignore-environment", "-0", "--null"])
+
+    static let inlineValuePrefixes = [
+        "-u",
+        "-c",
+        "-s",
+        "--unset=",
+        "--chdir=",
+        "--split-string=",
+        "--default-signal=",
+        "--ignore-signal=",
+        "--block-signal=",
+    ]
+}