Add routing regression test for session.mainKey precedence

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Feishu/Doc permissions: support optional owner permission grant fields on `feishu_doc` create and report permission metadata only when the grant call succeeds, with regression coverage for success/failure/omitted-owner paths. (#28295) Thanks @zhoulongchao77.
 - Web UI/i18n: add German (`de`) locale support and auto-render language options from supported locale constants in Overview settings. (#28495) thanks @dsantoreis.
 - Tools/Diffs: add a new optional `diffs` plugin tool for read-only diff rendering from before/after text or unified patches, with gateway viewer URLs for canvas and PNG image output. Thanks @gumadeiras.
-- Tools/Diffs: add PDF file output support and rendering quality customization controls (`fileQuality`, `fileScale`, `fileMaxWidth`) for generated diff artifacts, and document PDF as the preferred option when messaging channels compress images. (#31342) Thanks @gumadeiras.
 - Memory/LanceDB: support custom OpenAI `baseUrl` and embedding dimensions for LanceDB memory. (#17874) Thanks @rish2jain and @vincentkoc.
 - ACP/ACPX streaming: pin ACPX plugin support to `0.1.15`, add configurable ACPX command/version probing, and streamline ACP stream delivery (`final_only` default + reduced tool-event noise) with matching runtime and test updates. (#30036) Thanks @osolmaz.
 - Shell env markers: set `OPENCLAW_SHELL` across shell-like runtimes (`exec`, `acp`, `acp-client`, `tui-local`) so shell startup/config rules can target OpenClaw contexts consistently, and document the markers in env/exec/acp/TUI docs. Thanks @vincentkoc.
@@ -41,9 +40,6 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 
 ### Fixes
 
-- Webchat/Feishu session continuation: preserve routable `OriginatingChannel`/`OriginatingTo` metadata from session delivery context in `chat.send`, and prefer provider-normalized channel when deciding cross-channel route dispatch so Webchat replies continue on the selected Feishu session instead of falling back to main/internal session routing. (#31573)
-- Feishu/Duplicate replies: suppress same-target reply dispatch when message-tool sends use generic provider metadata (`provider: "message"`) and normalize `lark`/`feishu` provider aliases during duplicate-target checks, preventing double-delivery in Feishu sessions. (#31526)
-- Feishu/Plugin sdk compatibility: add safe webhook default fallbacks when loading Feishu monitor state so mixed-version installs no longer crash if older `openclaw/plugin-sdk` builds omit webhook default constants. (#31606)
 - Pairing/AllowFrom account fallback: handle omitted `accountId` values in `readChannelAllowFromStore` and `readChannelAllowFromStoreSync` as `default`, while preserving legacy unscoped allowFrom merges for default-account flows. Thanks @Sid-Qin and @vincentkoc.
 - Agents/Subagent announce cleanup: keep completion-message runs pending while descendants settle, add a 30 minute hard-expiry backstop to avoid indefinite pending state, and keep retry bookkeeping resumable across deferred wakes. (#23970) Thanks @tyler6204.
 - BlueBubbles/Message metadata: harden send response ID extraction, include sender identity in DM context, and normalize inbound `message_id` selection to avoid duplicate ID metadata. (#23970) Thanks @tyler6204.
@@ -56,20 +52,15 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Browser/Extension navigation reattach: preserve debugger re-attachment when relay is temporarily disconnected by deferring relay attach events until reconnect/re-announce, reducing post-navigation tab loss. (#28725) Thanks @stone-jin.
 - Browser/Profile defaults: prefer `openclaw` profile over `chrome` in headless/no-sandbox environments unless an explicit `defaultProfile` is configured. (#14944) Thanks @BenediktSchackenberg.
 - Browser/Remote CDP ownership checks: skip local-process ownership errors for non-loopback remote CDP profiles when HTTP is reachable but the websocket handshake fails, and surface the remote websocket attach/retry path instead. (#15582) Landed from contributor (#28780) Thanks @stubbi, @bsormagec, @unblockedgamesstudio and @vincentkoc.
-- Browser/Profile attach-only override: support `browser.profiles.<name>.attachOnly` (fallback to global `browser.attachOnly`) so loopback proxy profiles can skip local launch/port-ownership checks without forcing attach-only mode for every profile. (#20595) Thanks @unblockedgamesstudio and @vincentkoc.
 - Browser/Act request compatibility: accept legacy flattened `action="act"` params (`kind/ref/text/...`) in addition to `request={...}` so browser act calls no longer fail with `request required`. (#15120) Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - Browser/Extension relay stale tabs: evict stale cached targets from `/json/list` when extension targets are destroyed/crashed or commands fail with missing target/session errors. (#6175) Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - CLI/Browser start timeout: honor `openclaw browser --timeout <ms> start` and stop by removing the fixed 15000ms override so slower Chrome startups can use caller-provided timeouts. (#22412, #23427) Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - Browser/CDP startup diagnostics: include Chrome stderr output and a Linux no-sandbox hint in startup timeout errors so failed launches are easier to diagnose. (#29312) Thanks @veast.
-- Browser/CDP startup readiness: wait for CDP websocket readiness after launching Chrome and cleanly stop/reset when readiness never arrives, reducing follow-up `PortInUseError` races after `browser start`/`open`. (#29538) Thanks @AaronWander.
-- Browser/Managed tab cap: limit loopback managed `openclaw` page tabs to 8 via best-effort cleanup after tab opens to reduce long-running renderer buildup while preserving attach-only and remote profile behavior. (#29724) Thanks @pandego.
-- Browser/CDP proxy bypass: force direct loopback agent paths and scoped `NO_PROXY` expansion for localhost CDP HTTP/WS connections when proxy env vars are set, so browser relay/control still works behind global proxy settings. (#31469) Thanks @widingmarcus-cyber.
 - Docker/Image health checks: add Dockerfile `HEALTHCHECK` that probes gateway `GET /healthz` so container runtimes can mark unhealthy instances without requiring auth credentials in the probe command. (#11478) Thanks @U-C4N and @vincentkoc.
 - Docker/Sandbox bootstrap hardening: make `OPENCLAW_SANDBOX` opt-in parsing explicit (`1|true|yes|on`), support custom Docker socket paths via `OPENCLAW_DOCKER_SOCKET`, defer docker.sock exposure until sandbox prerequisites pass, and reset/roll back persisted sandbox mode to `off` when setup is skipped or partially fails to avoid stale broken sandbox state. (#29974) Thanks @jamtujest and @vincentkoc.
 - Daemon/systemd checks in containers: treat missing `systemctl` invocations (including `spawn systemctl ENOENT`/`EACCES`) as unavailable service state during `is-enabled` checks, preventing container flows from failing with `Gateway service check failed` before install/status handling can continue. (#26089) Thanks @sahilsatralkar and @vincentkoc.
 - Android/Nodes reliability: reject `facing=both` when `deviceId` is set to avoid mislabeled duplicate captures, allow notification `open`/`reply` on non-clearable entries while still gating dismiss, trigger listener rebind before notification actions, and scale invoke-result ack timeout to invoke budget for large clip payloads. (#28260) Thanks @obviyus.
 - Windows/Plugin install: avoid `spawn EINVAL` on Windows npm/npx invocations by resolving to `node` + npm CLI scripts instead of spawning `.cmd` directly. Landed from contributor PR #31147 by @codertony. Thanks @codertony.
-- Windows/Spawn canonicalization: unify non-core Windows spawn handling across ACP client, QMD/mcporter memory paths, and sandbox Docker execution using the shared wrapper-resolution policy, with targeted regression coverage for `.cmd` shim unwrapping and shell fallback behavior. (#31750) Thanks @Takhoffman.
 - LINE/Voice transcription: classify M4A voice media as `audio/mp4` (not `video/mp4`) by checking the MPEG-4 `ftyp` major brand (`M4A ` / `M4B `), restoring voice transcription for LINE voice messages. Landed from contributor PR #31151 by @scoootscooob. Thanks @scoootscooob.
 - Slack/Announce target account routing: enable session-backed announce-target lookup for Slack so multi-account announces resolve the correct `accountId` instead of defaulting to bot-token context. Landed from contributor PR #31028 by @taw0002. Thanks @taw0002.
 - Android/Voice screen TTS: stream assistant speech via ElevenLabs WebSocket in Talk Mode, stop cleanly on speaker mute/barge-in, and ignore stale out-of-order stream events. (#29521) Thanks @gregmousseau.
@@ -79,7 +70,6 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - CLI/Cron: clarify `cron list` output by renaming `Agent` to `Agent ID` and adding a `Model` column for isolated agent-turn jobs. (#26259) Thanks @openperf.
 - Feishu/Reply media attachments: send Feishu reply `mediaUrl`/`mediaUrls` payloads as attachments alongside text/streamed replies in the reply dispatcher, including legacy fallback when `mediaUrls` is empty. (#28959) Thanks @icesword0760.
 - Slack/User-token resolution: normalize Slack account user-token sourcing through resolved account metadata (`SLACK_USER_TOKEN` env + config) so monitor reads, Slack actions, directory lookups, onboarding allow-from resolution, and capabilities probing consistently use the effective user token. (#28103) Thanks @Glucksberg.
-- Slack/Channel message subscriptions: register explicit `message.channels` and `message.groups` monitor handlers (alongside generic `message`) so channel/group event subscriptions are consumed even when Slack dispatches typed message event names. Fixes #31674.
 - Feishu/Outbound session routing: stop assuming bare `oc_` identifiers are always group chats, honor explicit `dm:`/`group:` prefixes for `oc_` chat IDs, and default ambiguous bare `oc_` targets to direct routing to avoid DM session misclassification. (#10407) Thanks @Bermudarat.
 - Feishu/Group session routing: add configurable group session scopes (`group`, `group_sender`, `group_topic`, `group_topic_sender`) with legacy `topicSessionMode=enabled` compatibility so Feishu group conversations can isolate sessions by sender/topic as configured. (#17798) Thanks @yfge.
 - Feishu/Reply-in-thread routing: add `replyInThread` config (`disabled|enabled`) for group replies, propagate `reply_in_thread` across text/card/media/streaming sends, and align topic-scoped session routing so newly created reply threads stay on the same session root. (#27325) Thanks @kcinzgg.
@@ -213,7 +203,6 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Feishu/Doc create permissions: remove caller-controlled owner fields from `feishu_doc` create and bind optional grant behavior to trusted Feishu requester context (`grant_to_requester`), preventing principal selection via tool arguments. (#31184) Thanks @Takhoffman.
 - Routing/Binding peer-kind parity: treat `peer.kind` `group` and `channel` as equivalent for binding scope matching (while keeping `direct` separate) so Slack/public channel bindings do not silently fall through. Landed from contributor PR #31135 by @Sid-Qin. Thanks @Sid-Qin.
 - Cron/Store EBUSY fallback: retry `rename` on `EBUSY` and use `copyFile` fallback on Windows when replacing cron store files so busy-file contention no longer causes false write failures. (#16932) Thanks @sudhanva-chakra.
-- Cron/Isolated payload selection: ignore `isError` payloads when deriving summary/output/delivery payload fallbacks, while preserving error-only fallback behavior when no non-error payload exists. (#21454) Thanks @Diaspar4u.
 - Agents/FS workspace default: honor documented host file-tool default `tools.fs.workspaceOnly=false` when unset so host `write`/`edit` calls are not incorrectly workspace-restricted unless explicitly enabled. Landed from contributor PR #31128 by @SaucePackets. Thanks @SaucePackets.
 - Cron/Timer hot-loop guard: enforce a minimum timer re-arm delay when stale past-due jobs would otherwise trigger repeated `setTimeout(0)` loops, preventing event-loop saturation and log-flood behavior. (#29853) Thanks @FlamesCN.
 - Gateway/CLI session recovery: handle expired CLI session IDs gracefully by clearing stale session state and retrying without crashing gateway runs. Landed from contributor PR #31090 by @frankekn. Thanks @frankekn.
@@ -270,7 +259,6 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Cron/Isolated model defaults: resolve isolated cron `subagents.model` (including object-form `primary`) through allowlist-aware model selection so isolated cron runs honor subagent model defaults unless explicitly overridden by job payload model. (#11474) Thanks @AnonO6.
 - Cron/Isolated sessions list: persist the intended pre-run model/provider on isolated cron session entries so `sessions_list` reflects payload/session model overrides even when runs fail before post-run telemetry persistence. (#21279) Thanks @altaywtf.
 - Cron tool/update flat params: recover top-level update patch fields when models omit the `patch` wrapper, and allow flattened update keys through tool input schema validation so `cron.update` no longer fails with `patch required` for valid flat payloads. (#23221)
-- Cron/Announce delivery status: keep isolated cron runs in `ok` state when execution succeeds but announce delivery fails (for example transient `pairing required`), while preserving `delivered=false` and delivery error context for visibility. (#31082) Thanks @YuzuruS.
 - Agents/Message tool scoping: include other configured channels in scoped `message` tool action enum + description so isolated/cron runs can discover and invoke cross-channel actions without schema validation failures. Landed from contributor PR #20840 by @altaywtf. Thanks @altaywtf.
 - Web UI/Chat sessions: add a cron-session visibility toggle in the session selector, fix cron-key detection across `cron:*` and `agent:*:cron:*` formats, and localize the new control labels/tooltips. (#26976) Thanks @ianderrington.
 - Web UI/Cron jobs: add schedule-kind and last-run-status filters to the Jobs list, with reset control and client-side filtering over loaded results. (#9510) Thanks @guxu11.

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/CanvasController.kt

@@ -44,14 +44,6 @@ class CanvasController {
     return (q * 100.0).toInt().coerceIn(1, 100)
   }
 
-  private fun Bitmap.scaleForMaxWidth(maxWidth: Int?): Bitmap {
-    if (maxWidth == null || maxWidth <= 0 || width <= maxWidth) {
-      return this
-    }
-    val scaledHeight = (height.toDouble() * (maxWidth.toDouble() / width.toDouble())).toInt().coerceAtLeast(1)
-    return scale(maxWidth, scaledHeight)
-  }
-
   fun attach(webView: WebView) {
     this.webView = webView
     reload()
@@ -156,7 +148,13 @@ class CanvasController {
     withContext(Dispatchers.Main) {
       val wv = webView ?: throw IllegalStateException("no webview")
       val bmp = wv.captureBitmap()
-      val scaled = bmp.scaleForMaxWidth(maxWidth)
+      val scaled =
+        if (maxWidth != null && maxWidth > 0 && bmp.width > maxWidth) {
+          val h = (bmp.height.toDouble() * (maxWidth.toDouble() / bmp.width.toDouble())).toInt().coerceAtLeast(1)
+          bmp.scale(maxWidth, h)
+        } else {
+          bmp
+        }
 
       val out = ByteArrayOutputStream()
       scaled.compress(Bitmap.CompressFormat.PNG, 100, out)
@@ -167,7 +165,13 @@ class CanvasController {
     withContext(Dispatchers.Main) {
       val wv = webView ?: throw IllegalStateException("no webview")
       val bmp = wv.captureBitmap()
-      val scaled = bmp.scaleForMaxWidth(maxWidth)
+      val scaled =
+        if (maxWidth != null && maxWidth > 0 && bmp.width > maxWidth) {
+          val h = (bmp.height.toDouble() * (maxWidth.toDouble() / bmp.width.toDouble())).toInt().coerceAtLeast(1)
+          bmp.scale(maxWidth, h)
+        } else {
+          bmp
+        }
 
       val out = ByteArrayOutputStream()
       val (compressFormat, compressQuality) =

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/ContactsHandler.kt

@@ -248,37 +248,30 @@ private object SystemContactsDataSource : ContactsDataSource {
   }
 
   private fun loadPhones(resolver: ContentResolver, contactId: Long): List<String> {
-    return queryContactValues(
-      resolver = resolver,
-      contentUri = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.CONTENT_URI,
-      valueColumn = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.NUMBER,
-      contactIdColumn = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.CONTACT_ID,
-      contactId = contactId,
-    )
+    val projection = arrayOf(ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.NUMBER)
+    resolver.query(
+      ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.CONTENT_URI,
+      projection,
+      "${ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.CONTACT_ID}=?",
+      arrayOf(contactId.toString()),
+      null,
+    ).use { cursor ->
+      if (cursor == null) return emptyList()
+      val out = LinkedHashSet<String>()
+      while (cursor.moveToNext()) {
+        val value = cursor.getString(0)?.trim().orEmpty()
+        if (value.isNotEmpty()) out += value
+      }
+      return out.toList()
+    }
   }
 
   private fun loadEmails(resolver: ContentResolver, contactId: Long): List<String> {
-    return queryContactValues(
-      resolver = resolver,
-      contentUri = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.CONTENT_URI,
-      valueColumn = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.ADDRESS,
-      contactIdColumn = ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.CONTACT_ID,
-      contactId = contactId,
-    )
-  }
-
-  private fun queryContactValues(
-    resolver: ContentResolver,
-    contentUri: android.net.Uri,
-    valueColumn: String,
-    contactIdColumn: String,
-    contactId: Long,
-  ): List<String> {
-    val projection = arrayOf(valueColumn)
+    val projection = arrayOf(ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.ADDRESS)
     resolver.query(
-      contentUri,
+      ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.CONTENT_URI,
       projection,
-      "$contactIdColumn=?",
+      "${ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Email.CONTACT_ID}=?",
       arrayOf(contactId.toString()),
       null,
     ).use { cursor ->

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/DeviceNotificationListenerService.kt

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
 import android.service.notification.NotificationListenerService
 import android.service.notification.StatusBarNotification
-import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.buildJsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.put
@@ -34,21 +33,6 @@ data class DeviceNotificationEntry(
   val isClearable: Boolean,
 )
 
-internal fun DeviceNotificationEntry.toJsonObject(): JsonObject {
-  return buildJsonObject {
-    put("key", JsonPrimitive(key))
-    put("packageName", JsonPrimitive(packageName))
-    put("postTimeMs", JsonPrimitive(postTimeMs))
-    put("isOngoing", JsonPrimitive(isOngoing))
-    put("isClearable", JsonPrimitive(isClearable))
-    title?.let { put("title", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
-    text?.let { put("text", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
-    subText?.let { put("subText", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
-    category?.let { put("category", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
-    channelId?.let { put("channelId", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
-  }
-}
-
 data class DeviceNotificationSnapshot(
   val enabled: Boolean,
   val connected: Boolean,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/InvokeDispatcher.kt

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawDeviceCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawLocationCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawMotionCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawNotificationsCommand
+import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawPhotosCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawScreenCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawSmsCommand
 import ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawSystemCommand
@@ -145,9 +146,7 @@ class InvokeDispatcher(
       OpenClawSystemCommand.Notify.rawValue -> systemHandler.handleSystemNotify(paramsJson)
 
       // Photos command
-      ai.openclaw.android.protocol.OpenClawPhotosCommand.Latest.rawValue -> photosHandler.handlePhotosLatest(
-        paramsJson,
-      )
+      OpenClawPhotosCommand.Latest.rawValue -> photosHandler.handlePhotosLatest(paramsJson)
 
       // Contacts command
       OpenClawContactsCommand.Search.rawValue -> contactsHandler.handleContactsSearch(paramsJson)

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/NotificationsHandler.kt

@@ -131,7 +131,20 @@ class NotificationsHandler private constructor(
       put(
         "notifications",
         JsonArray(
-          snapshot.notifications.map { entry -> entry.toJsonObject() },
+          snapshot.notifications.map { entry ->
+            buildJsonObject {
+              put("key", JsonPrimitive(entry.key))
+              put("packageName", JsonPrimitive(entry.packageName))
+              put("postTimeMs", JsonPrimitive(entry.postTimeMs))
+              put("isOngoing", JsonPrimitive(entry.isOngoing))
+              put("isClearable", JsonPrimitive(entry.isClearable))
+              entry.title?.let { put("title", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
+              entry.text?.let { put("text", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
+              entry.subText?.let { put("subText", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
+              entry.category?.let { put("category", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
+              entry.channelId?.let { put("channelId", JsonPrimitive(it)) }
+            }
+          },
         ),
       )
     }.toString()

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/ui/chat/Base64ImageState.kt

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-package ai.openclaw.android.ui.chat
-
-import android.graphics.BitmapFactory
-import android.util.Base64
-import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
-import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect
-import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
-import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableStateOf
-import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
-import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
-import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.ImageBitmap
-import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.asImageBitmap
-import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
-import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
-
-internal data class Base64ImageState(
-  val image: ImageBitmap?,
-  val failed: Boolean,
-)
-
-@Composable
-internal fun rememberBase64ImageState(base64: String): Base64ImageState {
-  var image by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf<ImageBitmap?>(null) }
-  var failed by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf(false) }
-
-  LaunchedEffect(base64) {
-    failed = false
-    image =
-      withContext(Dispatchers.Default) {
-        try {
-          val bytes = Base64.decode(base64, Base64.DEFAULT)
-          val bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(bytes, 0, bytes.size) ?: return@withContext null
-          bitmap.asImageBitmap()
-        } catch (_: Throwable) {
-          null
-        }
-      }
-    if (image == null) failed = true
-  }
-
-  return Base64ImageState(image = image, failed = failed)
-}

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/ui/chat/ChatMarkdown.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 package ai.openclaw.android.ui.chat
 
+import android.graphics.BitmapFactory
+import android.util.Base64
 import androidx.compose.foundation.Image
 import androidx.compose.foundation.background
 import androidx.compose.foundation.border
@@ -18,10 +20,15 @@ import androidx.compose.foundation.rememberScrollState
 import androidx.compose.foundation.text.selection.SelectionContainer
 import androidx.compose.material3.Text
 import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
+import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect
+import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
+import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableStateOf
 import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
+import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
 import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.Color
+import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.asImageBitmap
 import androidx.compose.ui.layout.ContentScale
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.AnnotatedString
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.SpanStyle
@@ -40,6 +47,8 @@ import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileCaption1
 import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileCodeBg
 import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileCodeText
 import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileTextSecondary
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
+import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
 import org.commonmark.Extension
 import org.commonmark.ext.autolink.AutolinkExtension
 import org.commonmark.ext.gfm.strikethrough.Strikethrough
@@ -546,8 +555,23 @@ private data class ParsedDataImage(
 
 @Composable
 private fun InlineBase64Image(base64: String, mimeType: String?) {
-  val imageState = rememberBase64ImageState(base64)
-  val image = imageState.image
+  var image by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf<androidx.compose.ui.graphics.ImageBitmap?>(null) }
+  var failed by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf(false) }
+
+  LaunchedEffect(base64) {
+    failed = false
+    image =
+      withContext(Dispatchers.Default) {
+        try {
+          val bytes = Base64.decode(base64, Base64.DEFAULT)
+          val bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(bytes, 0, bytes.size) ?: return@withContext null
+          bitmap.asImageBitmap()
+        } catch (_: Throwable) {
+          null
+        }
+      }
+    if (image == null) failed = true
+  }
 
   if (image != null) {
     Image(
@@ -556,7 +580,7 @@ private fun InlineBase64Image(base64: String, mimeType: String?) {
       contentScale = ContentScale.Fit,
       modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
     )
-  } else if (imageState.failed) {
+  } else if (failed) {
     Text(
       text = "Image unavailable",
       modifier = Modifier.padding(vertical = 2.dp),

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/ui/chat/ChatMessageViews.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 package ai.openclaw.android.ui.chat
 
+import android.graphics.BitmapFactory
+import android.util.Base64
 import androidx.compose.foundation.BorderStroke
 import androidx.compose.foundation.Image
 import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Arrangement
@@ -14,11 +16,16 @@ import androidx.compose.foundation.shape.RoundedCornerShape
 import androidx.compose.material3.Surface
 import androidx.compose.material3.Text
 import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
+import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect
+import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
+import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableStateOf
 import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
+import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
 import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.draw.alpha
 import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.Color
+import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.asImageBitmap
 import androidx.compose.ui.layout.ContentScale
 import androidx.compose.ui.platform.LocalContext
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.font.FontFamily
@@ -44,6 +51,8 @@ import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileTextSecondary
 import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileWarning
 import ai.openclaw.android.ui.mobileWarningSoft
 import java.util.Locale
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
+import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
 
 private data class ChatBubbleStyle(
   val alignEnd: Boolean,
@@ -232,8 +241,23 @@ private fun roleLabel(role: String): String {
 
 @Composable
 private fun ChatBase64Image(base64: String, mimeType: String?) {
-  val imageState = rememberBase64ImageState(base64)
-  val image = imageState.image
+  var image by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf<androidx.compose.ui.graphics.ImageBitmap?>(null) }
+  var failed by remember(base64) { mutableStateOf(false) }
+
+  LaunchedEffect(base64) {
+    failed = false
+    image =
+      withContext(Dispatchers.Default) {
+        try {
+          val bytes = Base64.decode(base64, Base64.DEFAULT)
+          val bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(bytes, 0, bytes.size) ?: return@withContext null
+          bitmap.asImageBitmap()
+        } catch (_: Throwable) {
+          null
+        }
+      }
+    if (image == null) failed = true
+  }
 
   if (image != null) {
     Surface(
@@ -249,7 +273,7 @@ private fun ChatBase64Image(base64: String, mimeType: String?) {
         modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
       )
     }
-  } else if (imageState.failed) {
+  } else if (failed) {
     Text("Unsupported attachment", style = mobileCaption1, color = mobileTextSecondary)
   }
 }

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/gateway/GatewaySessionInvokeTest.kt

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withTimeout
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withTimeoutOrNull
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
-import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.jsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.jsonPrimitive
 import okhttp3.Response
@@ -28,10 +27,6 @@ import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
 import org.robolectric.annotation.Config
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference
 
-private const val TEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 8_000L
-private const val CONNECT_CHALLENGE_FRAME =
-  """{"type":"event","event":"connect.challenge","payload":{"nonce":"android-test-nonce"}}"""
-
 private class InMemoryDeviceAuthStore : DeviceAuthTokenStore {
   private val tokens = mutableMapOf<String, String>()
 
@@ -42,150 +37,69 @@ private class InMemoryDeviceAuthStore : DeviceAuthTokenStore {
   }
 }
 
-private data class NodeHarness(
-  val session: GatewaySession,
-  val sessionJob: SupervisorJob,
-)
-
-private data class InvokeScenarioResult(
-  val request: GatewaySession.InvokeRequest,
-  val resultParams: JsonObject,
-)
-
 @RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
 @Config(sdk = [34])
 class GatewaySessionInvokeTest {
   @Test
   fun nodeInvokeRequest_roundTripsInvokeResult() = runBlocking {
-    val handshakeOrigin = AtomicReference<String?>(null)
-    val result =
-      runInvokeScenario(
-        invokeEventFrame =
-          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-1","nodeId":"node-1","command":"debug.ping","params":{"ping":"pong"},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
-        onHandshake = { request -> handshakeOrigin.compareAndSet(null, request.getHeader("Origin")) },
-      ) {
-        GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""")
-      }
-
-    assertEquals("invoke-1", result.request.id)
-    assertEquals("node-1", result.request.nodeId)
-    assertEquals("debug.ping", result.request.command)
-    assertEquals("""{"ping":"pong"}""", result.request.paramsJson)
-    assertNull(handshakeOrigin.get())
-    assertEquals("invoke-1", result.resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-    assertEquals("node-1", result.resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-    assertEquals(true, result.resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
-    assertEquals(
-      true,
-      result.resultParams["payload"]?.jsonObject?.get("handled")?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict(),
-    )
-  }
-
-  @Test
-  fun nodeInvokeRequest_usesParamsJsonWhenProvided() = runBlocking {
-    val result =
-      runInvokeScenario(
-        invokeEventFrame =
-          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-2","nodeId":"node-2","command":"debug.raw","paramsJSON":"{\\"raw\\":true}","params":{"ignored":1},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
-      ) {
-        GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""")
-      }
-
-    assertEquals("invoke-2", result.request.id)
-    assertEquals("node-2", result.request.nodeId)
-    assertEquals("debug.raw", result.request.command)
-    assertEquals("""{"raw":true}""", result.request.paramsJson)
-    assertEquals("invoke-2", result.resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-    assertEquals("node-2", result.resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-    assertEquals(true, result.resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
-  }
-
-  @Test
-  fun nodeInvokeRequest_mapsCodePrefixedErrorsIntoInvokeResult() = runBlocking {
-    val result =
-      runInvokeScenario(
-        invokeEventFrame =
-          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-3","nodeId":"node-3","command":"camera.snap","params":{"facing":"front"},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
-      ) {
-        throw IllegalStateException("CAMERA_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Camera permission")
-      }
-
-    assertEquals("invoke-3", result.resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-    assertEquals("node-3", result.resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
-    assertEquals(false, result.resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
-    assertEquals(
-      "CAMERA_PERMISSION_REQUIRED",
-      result.resultParams["error"]?.jsonObject?.get("code")?.jsonPrimitive?.content,
-    )
-    assertEquals(
-      "grant Camera permission",
-      result.resultParams["error"]?.jsonObject?.get("message")?.jsonPrimitive?.content,
-    )
-  }
-
-  @Test
-  fun refreshNodeCanvasCapability_sendsObjectParamsAndUpdatesScopedUrl() = runBlocking {
-    val json = testJson()
+    val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
     val connected = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
-    val refreshRequestParams = CompletableDeferred<String?>()
+    val invokeRequest = CompletableDeferred<GatewaySession.InvokeRequest>()
+    val invokeResultParams = CompletableDeferred<String>()
+    val handshakeOrigin = AtomicReference<String?>(null)
     val lastDisconnect = AtomicReference("")
-
     val server =
-      startGatewayServer(json) { webSocket, id, method, frame ->
-        when (method) {
-          "connect" -> {
-            webSocket.send(connectResponseFrame(id, canvasHostUrl = "http://127.0.0.1/__openclaw__/cap/old-cap"))
-          }
-          "node.canvas.capability.refresh" -> {
-            if (!refreshRequestParams.isCompleted) {
-              refreshRequestParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString())
+      MockWebServer().apply {
+        dispatcher =
+          object : Dispatcher() {
+            override fun dispatch(request: RecordedRequest): MockResponse {
+              handshakeOrigin.compareAndSet(null, request.getHeader("Origin"))
+              return MockResponse().withWebSocketUpgrade(
+                object : WebSocketListener() {
+                  override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
+                    webSocket.send(
+                      """{"type":"event","event":"connect.challenge","payload":{"nonce":"android-test-nonce"}}""",
+                    )
+                  }
+
+                  override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
+                    val frame = json.parseToJsonElement(text).jsonObject
+                    if (frame["type"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content != "req") return
+                    val id = frame["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
+                    val method = frame["method"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
+                    when (method) {
+                      "connect" -> {
+                        webSocket.send(
+                          """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"snapshot":{"sessionDefaults":{"mainSessionKey":"main"}}}}""",
+                        )
+                        webSocket.send(
+                          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-1","nodeId":"node-1","command":"debug.ping","params":{"ping":"pong"},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
+                        )
+                      }
+                      "node.invoke.result" -> {
+                        if (!invokeResultParams.isCompleted) {
+                          invokeResultParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString().orEmpty())
+                        }
+                        webSocket.send("""{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"ok":true}}""")
+                        webSocket.close(1000, "done")
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+              )
             }
-            webSocket.send(
-              """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"canvasCapability":"new-cap"}}""",
-            )
-            webSocket.close(1000, "done")
           }
-        }
+        start()
       }
 
-    val harness =
-      createNodeHarness(
-        connected = connected,
-        lastDisconnect = lastDisconnect,
-      ) { GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""") }
-
-    try {
-      connectNodeSession(harness.session, server.port)
-      awaitConnectedOrThrow(connected, lastDisconnect, server)
-
-      val refreshed = harness.session.refreshNodeCanvasCapability(timeoutMs = TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
-      val refreshParamsJson = withTimeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) { refreshRequestParams.await() }
-
-      assertEquals(true, refreshed)
-      assertEquals("{}", refreshParamsJson)
-      assertEquals(
-        "http://127.0.0.1:${server.port}/__openclaw__/cap/new-cap",
-        harness.session.currentCanvasHostUrl(),
-      )
-    } finally {
-      shutdownHarness(harness, server)
-    }
-  }
-
-  private fun testJson(): Json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
-
-  private fun createNodeHarness(
-    connected: CompletableDeferred<Unit>,
-    lastDisconnect: AtomicReference<String>,
-    onInvoke: (GatewaySession.InvokeRequest) -> GatewaySession.InvokeResult,
-  ): NodeHarness {
     val app = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
     val sessionJob = SupervisorJob()
+    val deviceAuthStore = InMemoryDeviceAuthStore()
     val session =
       GatewaySession(
         scope = CoroutineScope(sessionJob + Dispatchers.Default),
         identityStore = DeviceIdentityStore(app),
-        deviceAuthStore = InMemoryDeviceAuthStore(),
+        deviceAuthStore = deviceAuthStore,
         onConnected = { _, _, _ ->
           if (!connected.isCompleted) connected.complete(Unit)
         },
@@ -193,150 +107,460 @@ class GatewaySessionInvokeTest {
           lastDisconnect.set(message)
         },
         onEvent = { _, _ -> },
-        onInvoke = onInvoke,
+        onInvoke = { req ->
+          if (!invokeRequest.isCompleted) invokeRequest.complete(req)
+          GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""")
+        },
       )
 
-    return NodeHarness(session = session, sessionJob = sessionJob)
-  }
+    try {
+      session.connect(
+        endpoint =
+          GatewayEndpoint(
+            stableId = "manual|127.0.0.1|${server.port}",
+            name = "test",
+            host = "127.0.0.1",
+            port = server.port,
+            tlsEnabled = false,
+          ),
+        token = "test-token",
+        password = null,
+        options =
+          GatewayConnectOptions(
+            role = "node",
+            scopes = listOf("node:invoke"),
+            caps = emptyList(),
+            commands = emptyList(),
+            permissions = emptyMap(),
+            client =
+              GatewayClientInfo(
+                id = "openclaw-android-test",
+                displayName = "Android Test",
+                version = "1.0.0-test",
+                platform = "android",
+                mode = "node",
+                instanceId = "android-test-instance",
+                deviceFamily = "android",
+                modelIdentifier = "test",
+              ),
+          ),
+        tls = null,
+      )
 
-  private suspend fun connectNodeSession(session: GatewaySession, port: Int) {
-    session.connect(
-      endpoint =
-        GatewayEndpoint(
-          stableId = "manual|127.0.0.1|$port",
-          name = "test",
-          host = "127.0.0.1",
-          port = port,
-          tlsEnabled = false,
-        ),
-      token = "test-token",
-      password = null,
-      options =
-        GatewayConnectOptions(
-          role = "node",
-          scopes = listOf("node:invoke"),
-          caps = emptyList(),
-          commands = emptyList(),
-          permissions = emptyMap(),
-          client =
-            GatewayClientInfo(
-              id = "openclaw-android-test",
-              displayName = "Android Test",
-              version = "1.0.0-test",
-              platform = "android",
-              mode = "node",
-              instanceId = "android-test-instance",
-              deviceFamily = "android",
-              modelIdentifier = "test",
-            ),
-        ),
-      tls = null,
-    )
-  }
-
-  private suspend fun awaitConnectedOrThrow(
-    connected: CompletableDeferred<Unit>,
-    lastDisconnect: AtomicReference<String>,
-    server: MockWebServer,
-  ) {
-    val connectedWithinTimeout =
-      withTimeoutOrNull(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) {
+      val connectedWithinTimeout = withTimeoutOrNull(8_000) {
         connected.await()
         true
       } == true
-    if (!connectedWithinTimeout) {
-      throw AssertionError("never connected; lastDisconnect=${lastDisconnect.get()}; requests=${server.requestCount}")
+      if (!connectedWithinTimeout) {
+        throw AssertionError("never connected; lastDisconnect=${lastDisconnect.get()}; requests=${server.requestCount}")
+      }
+      val req = withTimeout(8_000) { invokeRequest.await() }
+      val resultParamsJson = withTimeout(8_000) { invokeResultParams.await() }
+      val resultParams = json.parseToJsonElement(resultParamsJson).jsonObject
+
+      assertEquals("invoke-1", req.id)
+      assertEquals("node-1", req.nodeId)
+      assertEquals("debug.ping", req.command)
+      assertEquals("""{"ping":"pong"}""", req.paramsJson)
+      assertNull(handshakeOrigin.get())
+      assertEquals("invoke-1", resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+      assertEquals("node-1", resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+      assertEquals(true, resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
+      assertEquals(
+        true,
+        resultParams["payload"]?.jsonObject?.get("handled")?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict(),
+      )
+    } finally {
+      session.disconnect()
+      sessionJob.cancelAndJoin()
+      server.shutdown()
     }
   }
 
-  private suspend fun shutdownHarness(harness: NodeHarness, server: MockWebServer) {
-    harness.session.disconnect()
-    harness.sessionJob.cancelAndJoin()
-    server.shutdown()
-  }
-
-  private suspend fun runInvokeScenario(
-    invokeEventFrame: String,
-    onHandshake: ((RecordedRequest) -> Unit)? = null,
-    onInvoke: (GatewaySession.InvokeRequest) -> GatewaySession.InvokeResult,
-  ): InvokeScenarioResult {
-    val json = testJson()
+  @Test
+  fun nodeInvokeRequest_usesParamsJsonWhenProvided() = runBlocking {
+    val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
     val connected = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
     val invokeRequest = CompletableDeferred<GatewaySession.InvokeRequest>()
     val invokeResultParams = CompletableDeferred<String>()
     val lastDisconnect = AtomicReference("")
     val server =
-      startGatewayServer(
-        json = json,
-        onHandshake = onHandshake,
-      ) { webSocket, id, method, frame ->
-        when (method) {
-          "connect" -> {
-            webSocket.send(connectResponseFrame(id))
-            webSocket.send(invokeEventFrame)
-          }
-          "node.invoke.result" -> {
-            if (!invokeResultParams.isCompleted) {
-              invokeResultParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString().orEmpty())
+      MockWebServer().apply {
+        dispatcher =
+          object : Dispatcher() {
+            override fun dispatch(request: RecordedRequest): MockResponse {
+              return MockResponse().withWebSocketUpgrade(
+                object : WebSocketListener() {
+                  override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
+                    webSocket.send(
+                      """{"type":"event","event":"connect.challenge","payload":{"nonce":"android-test-nonce"}}""",
+                    )
+                  }
+
+                  override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
+                    val frame = json.parseToJsonElement(text).jsonObject
+                    if (frame["type"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content != "req") return
+                    val id = frame["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
+                    val method = frame["method"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
+                    when (method) {
+                      "connect" -> {
+                        webSocket.send(
+                          """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"snapshot":{"sessionDefaults":{"mainSessionKey":"main"}}}}""",
+                        )
+                        webSocket.send(
+                          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-2","nodeId":"node-2","command":"debug.raw","paramsJSON":"{\"raw\":true}","params":{"ignored":1},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
+                        )
+                      }
+                      "node.invoke.result" -> {
+                        if (!invokeResultParams.isCompleted) {
+                          invokeResultParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString().orEmpty())
+                        }
+                        webSocket.send("""{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"ok":true}}""")
+                        webSocket.close(1000, "done")
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+              )
             }
-            webSocket.send("""{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"ok":true}}""")
-            webSocket.close(1000, "done")
           }
-        }
-      }
-    val harness =
-      createNodeHarness(
-        connected = connected,
-        lastDisconnect = lastDisconnect,
-      ) { req ->
-        if (!invokeRequest.isCompleted) invokeRequest.complete(req)
-        onInvoke(req)
+        start()
       }
 
+    val app = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
+    val sessionJob = SupervisorJob()
+    val deviceAuthStore = InMemoryDeviceAuthStore()
+    val session =
+      GatewaySession(
+        scope = CoroutineScope(sessionJob + Dispatchers.Default),
+        identityStore = DeviceIdentityStore(app),
+        deviceAuthStore = deviceAuthStore,
+        onConnected = { _, _, _ ->
+          if (!connected.isCompleted) connected.complete(Unit)
+        },
+        onDisconnected = { message ->
+          lastDisconnect.set(message)
+        },
+        onEvent = { _, _ -> },
+        onInvoke = { req ->
+          if (!invokeRequest.isCompleted) invokeRequest.complete(req)
+          GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""")
+        },
+      )
+
     try {
-      connectNodeSession(harness.session, server.port)
-      awaitConnectedOrThrow(connected, lastDisconnect, server)
-      val request = withTimeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) { invokeRequest.await() }
-      val resultParamsJson = withTimeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) { invokeResultParams.await() }
+      session.connect(
+        endpoint =
+          GatewayEndpoint(
+            stableId = "manual|127.0.0.1|${server.port}",
+            name = "test",
+            host = "127.0.0.1",
+            port = server.port,
+            tlsEnabled = false,
+          ),
+        token = "test-token",
+        password = null,
+        options =
+          GatewayConnectOptions(
+            role = "node",
+            scopes = listOf("node:invoke"),
+            caps = emptyList(),
+            commands = emptyList(),
+            permissions = emptyMap(),
+            client =
+              GatewayClientInfo(
+                id = "openclaw-android-test",
+                displayName = "Android Test",
+                version = "1.0.0-test",
+                platform = "android",
+                mode = "node",
+                instanceId = "android-test-instance",
+                deviceFamily = "android",
+                modelIdentifier = "test",
+              ),
+          ),
+        tls = null,
+      )
+
+      val connectedWithinTimeout = withTimeoutOrNull(8_000) {
+        connected.await()
+        true
+      } == true
+      if (!connectedWithinTimeout) {
+        throw AssertionError("never connected; lastDisconnect=${lastDisconnect.get()}; requests=${server.requestCount}")
+      }
+
+      val req = withTimeout(8_000) { invokeRequest.await() }
+      val resultParamsJson = withTimeout(8_000) { invokeResultParams.await() }
       val resultParams = json.parseToJsonElement(resultParamsJson).jsonObject
-      return InvokeScenarioResult(request = request, resultParams = resultParams)
+
+      assertEquals("invoke-2", req.id)
+      assertEquals("node-2", req.nodeId)
+      assertEquals("debug.raw", req.command)
+      assertEquals("""{"raw":true}""", req.paramsJson)
+      assertEquals("invoke-2", resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+      assertEquals("node-2", resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+      assertEquals(true, resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
     } finally {
-      shutdownHarness(harness, server)
+      session.disconnect()
+      sessionJob.cancelAndJoin()
+      server.shutdown()
     }
   }
 
-  private fun connectResponseFrame(id: String, canvasHostUrl: String? = null): String {
-    val canvas = canvasHostUrl?.let { "\"canvasHostUrl\":\"$it\"," } ?: ""
-    return """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{$canvas"snapshot":{"sessionDefaults":{"mainSessionKey":"main"}}}}"""
-  }
+  @Test
+  fun nodeInvokeRequest_mapsCodePrefixedErrorsIntoInvokeResult() = runBlocking {
+    val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
+    val connected = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
+    val invokeResultParams = CompletableDeferred<String>()
+    val lastDisconnect = AtomicReference("")
+    val server =
+      MockWebServer().apply {
+        dispatcher =
+          object : Dispatcher() {
+            override fun dispatch(request: RecordedRequest): MockResponse {
+              return MockResponse().withWebSocketUpgrade(
+                object : WebSocketListener() {
+                  override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
+                    webSocket.send(
+                      """{"type":"event","event":"connect.challenge","payload":{"nonce":"android-test-nonce"}}""",
+                    )
+                  }
 
-  private fun startGatewayServer(
-    json: Json,
-    onHandshake: ((RecordedRequest) -> Unit)? = null,
-    onRequestFrame: (webSocket: WebSocket, id: String, method: String, frame: JsonObject) -> Unit,
-  ): MockWebServer =
-    MockWebServer().apply {
-      dispatcher =
-        object : Dispatcher() {
-          override fun dispatch(request: RecordedRequest): MockResponse {
-            onHandshake?.invoke(request)
-            return MockResponse().withWebSocketUpgrade(
-              object : WebSocketListener() {
-                override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
-                  webSocket.send(CONNECT_CHALLENGE_FRAME)
-                }
-
-                override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
-                  val frame = json.parseToJsonElement(text).jsonObject
-                  if (frame["type"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content != "req") return
-                  val id = frame["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                  val method = frame["method"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
-                  onRequestFrame(webSocket, id, method, frame)
-                }
-              },
-            )
+                  override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
+                    val frame = json.parseToJsonElement(text).jsonObject
+                    if (frame["type"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content != "req") return
+                    val id = frame["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
+                    val method = frame["method"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
+                    when (method) {
+                      "connect" -> {
+                        webSocket.send(
+                          """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"snapshot":{"sessionDefaults":{"mainSessionKey":"main"}}}}""",
+                        )
+                        webSocket.send(
+                          """{"type":"event","event":"node.invoke.request","payload":{"id":"invoke-3","nodeId":"node-3","command":"camera.snap","params":{"facing":"front"},"timeoutMs":5000}}""",
+                        )
+                      }
+                      "node.invoke.result" -> {
+                        if (!invokeResultParams.isCompleted) {
+                          invokeResultParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString().orEmpty())
+                        }
+                        webSocket.send("""{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"ok":true}}""")
+                        webSocket.close(1000, "done")
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+              )
+            }
           }
-        }
-      start()
+        start()
+      }
+
+    val app = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
+    val sessionJob = SupervisorJob()
+    val deviceAuthStore = InMemoryDeviceAuthStore()
+    val session =
+      GatewaySession(
+        scope = CoroutineScope(sessionJob + Dispatchers.Default),
+        identityStore = DeviceIdentityStore(app),
+        deviceAuthStore = deviceAuthStore,
+        onConnected = { _, _, _ ->
+          if (!connected.isCompleted) connected.complete(Unit)
+        },
+        onDisconnected = { message ->
+          lastDisconnect.set(message)
+        },
+        onEvent = { _, _ -> },
+        onInvoke = {
+          throw IllegalStateException("CAMERA_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Camera permission")
+        },
+      )
+
+    try {
+      session.connect(
+        endpoint =
+          GatewayEndpoint(
+            stableId = "manual|127.0.0.1|${server.port}",
+            name = "test",
+            host = "127.0.0.1",
+            port = server.port,
+            tlsEnabled = false,
+          ),
+        token = "test-token",
+        password = null,
+        options =
+          GatewayConnectOptions(
+            role = "node",
+            scopes = listOf("node:invoke"),
+            caps = emptyList(),
+            commands = emptyList(),
+            permissions = emptyMap(),
+            client =
+              GatewayClientInfo(
+                id = "openclaw-android-test",
+                displayName = "Android Test",
+                version = "1.0.0-test",
+                platform = "android",
+                mode = "node",
+                instanceId = "android-test-instance",
+                deviceFamily = "android",
+                modelIdentifier = "test",
+              ),
+          ),
+        tls = null,
+      )
+
+      val connectedWithinTimeout = withTimeoutOrNull(8_000) {
+        connected.await()
+        true
+      } == true
+      if (!connectedWithinTimeout) {
+        throw AssertionError("never connected; lastDisconnect=${lastDisconnect.get()}; requests=${server.requestCount}")
+      }
+
+      val resultParamsJson = withTimeout(8_000) { invokeResultParams.await() }
+      val resultParams = json.parseToJsonElement(resultParamsJson).jsonObject
+
+      assertEquals("invoke-3", resultParams["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+      assertEquals("node-3", resultParams["nodeId"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content)
+      assertEquals(false, resultParams["ok"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content?.toBooleanStrict())
+      assertEquals(
+        "CAMERA_PERMISSION_REQUIRED",
+        resultParams["error"]?.jsonObject?.get("code")?.jsonPrimitive?.content,
+      )
+      assertEquals(
+        "grant Camera permission",
+        resultParams["error"]?.jsonObject?.get("message")?.jsonPrimitive?.content,
+      )
+    } finally {
+      session.disconnect()
+      sessionJob.cancelAndJoin()
+      server.shutdown()
     }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  fun refreshNodeCanvasCapability_sendsObjectParamsAndUpdatesScopedUrl() = runBlocking {
+    val json = Json { ignoreUnknownKeys = true }
+    val connected = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
+    val refreshRequestParams = CompletableDeferred<String?>()
+    val lastDisconnect = AtomicReference("")
+    val server =
+      MockWebServer().apply {
+        dispatcher =
+          object : Dispatcher() {
+            override fun dispatch(request: RecordedRequest): MockResponse {
+              return MockResponse().withWebSocketUpgrade(
+                object : WebSocketListener() {
+                  override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
+                    webSocket.send(
+                      """{"type":"event","event":"connect.challenge","payload":{"nonce":"android-test-nonce"}}""",
+                    )
+                  }
+
+                  override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
+                    val frame = json.parseToJsonElement(text).jsonObject
+                    if (frame["type"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content != "req") return
+                    val id = frame["id"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
+                    val method = frame["method"]?.jsonPrimitive?.content ?: return
+                    when (method) {
+                      "connect" -> {
+                        webSocket.send(
+                          """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"canvasHostUrl":"http://127.0.0.1/__openclaw__/cap/old-cap","snapshot":{"sessionDefaults":{"mainSessionKey":"main"}}}}""",
+                        )
+                      }
+                      "node.canvas.capability.refresh" -> {
+                        if (!refreshRequestParams.isCompleted) {
+                          refreshRequestParams.complete(frame["params"]?.toString())
+                        }
+                        webSocket.send(
+                          """{"type":"res","id":"$id","ok":true,"payload":{"canvasCapability":"new-cap"}}""",
+                        )
+                        webSocket.close(1000, "done")
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+              )
+            }
+          }
+        start()
+      }
+
+    val app = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
+    val sessionJob = SupervisorJob()
+    val deviceAuthStore = InMemoryDeviceAuthStore()
+    val session =
+      GatewaySession(
+        scope = CoroutineScope(sessionJob + Dispatchers.Default),
+        identityStore = DeviceIdentityStore(app),
+        deviceAuthStore = deviceAuthStore,
+        onConnected = { _, _, _ ->
+          if (!connected.isCompleted) connected.complete(Unit)
+        },
+        onDisconnected = { message ->
+          lastDisconnect.set(message)
+        },
+        onEvent = { _, _ -> },
+        onInvoke = { GatewaySession.InvokeResult.ok("""{"handled":true}""") },
+      )
+
+    try {
+      session.connect(
+        endpoint =
+          GatewayEndpoint(
+            stableId = "manual|127.0.0.1|${server.port}",
+            name = "test",
+            host = "127.0.0.1",
+            port = server.port,
+            tlsEnabled = false,
+          ),
+        token = "test-token",
+        password = null,
+        options =
+          GatewayConnectOptions(
+            role = "node",
+            scopes = listOf("node:invoke"),
+            caps = emptyList(),
+            commands = emptyList(),
+            permissions = emptyMap(),
+            client =
+              GatewayClientInfo(
+                id = "openclaw-android-test",
+                displayName = "Android Test",
+                version = "1.0.0-test",
+                platform = "android",
+                mode = "node",
+                instanceId = "android-test-instance",
+                deviceFamily = "android",
+                modelIdentifier = "test",
+              ),
+          ),
+        tls = null,
+      )
+
+      val connectedWithinTimeout = withTimeoutOrNull(8_000) {
+        connected.await()
+        true
+      } == true
+      if (!connectedWithinTimeout) {
+        throw AssertionError("never connected; lastDisconnect=${lastDisconnect.get()}; requests=${server.requestCount}")
+      }
+
+      val refreshed = session.refreshNodeCanvasCapability(timeoutMs = 8_000)
+      val refreshParamsJson = withTimeout(8_000) { refreshRequestParams.await() }
+
+      assertEquals(true, refreshed)
+      assertEquals("{}", refreshParamsJson)
+      assertEquals(
+        "http://127.0.0.1:${server.port}/__openclaw__/cap/new-cap",
+        session.currentCanvasHostUrl(),
+      )
+    } finally {
+      session.disconnect()
+      sessionJob.cancelAndJoin()
+      server.shutdown()
+    }
+  }
 }

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/CalendarHandlerTest.kt

@@ -9,8 +9,12 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
 import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
+import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
 
-class CalendarHandlerTest : NodeHandlerRobolectricTest() {
+@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
+class CalendarHandlerTest {
   @Test
   fun handleCalendarEvents_requiresPermission() {
     val handler = CalendarHandler.forTesting(appContext(), FakeCalendarDataSource(canRead = false))
@@ -79,6 +83,8 @@ class CalendarHandlerTest : NodeHandlerRobolectricTest() {
     assertFalse(result.ok)
     assertEquals("CALENDAR_NOT_FOUND", result.error?.code)
   }
+
+  private fun appContext(): Context = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
 }
 
 private class FakeCalendarDataSource(

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/ContactsHandlerTest.kt

@@ -9,8 +9,12 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
 import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
+import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
 
-class ContactsHandlerTest : NodeHandlerRobolectricTest() {
+@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
+class ContactsHandlerTest {
   @Test
   fun handleContactsSearch_requiresReadPermission() {
     val handler = ContactsHandler.forTesting(appContext(), FakeContactsDataSource(canRead = false))
@@ -88,6 +92,8 @@ class ContactsHandlerTest : NodeHandlerRobolectricTest() {
     assertEquals("Grace Hopper", contact.getValue("displayName").jsonPrimitive.content)
     assertEquals(1, source.addCalls)
   }
+
+  private fun appContext(): Context = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
 }
 
 private class FakeContactsDataSource(

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/InvokeCommandRegistryTest.kt

@@ -16,106 +16,144 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Test
 
 class InvokeCommandRegistryTest {
-  private val coreCapabilities =
-    setOf(
-      OpenClawCapability.Canvas.rawValue,
-      OpenClawCapability.Screen.rawValue,
-      OpenClawCapability.Device.rawValue,
-      OpenClawCapability.Notifications.rawValue,
-      OpenClawCapability.System.rawValue,
-      OpenClawCapability.AppUpdate.rawValue,
-      OpenClawCapability.Photos.rawValue,
-      OpenClawCapability.Contacts.rawValue,
-      OpenClawCapability.Calendar.rawValue,
-    )
-
-  private val optionalCapabilities =
-    setOf(
-      OpenClawCapability.Camera.rawValue,
-      OpenClawCapability.Location.rawValue,
-      OpenClawCapability.Sms.rawValue,
-      OpenClawCapability.VoiceWake.rawValue,
-      OpenClawCapability.Motion.rawValue,
-    )
-
-  private val coreCommands =
-    setOf(
-      OpenClawDeviceCommand.Status.rawValue,
-      OpenClawDeviceCommand.Info.rawValue,
-      OpenClawDeviceCommand.Permissions.rawValue,
-      OpenClawDeviceCommand.Health.rawValue,
-      OpenClawNotificationsCommand.List.rawValue,
-      OpenClawNotificationsCommand.Actions.rawValue,
-      OpenClawSystemCommand.Notify.rawValue,
-      OpenClawPhotosCommand.Latest.rawValue,
-      OpenClawContactsCommand.Search.rawValue,
-      OpenClawContactsCommand.Add.rawValue,
-      OpenClawCalendarCommand.Events.rawValue,
-      OpenClawCalendarCommand.Add.rawValue,
-      "app.update",
-    )
-
-  private val optionalCommands =
-    setOf(
-      OpenClawCameraCommand.Snap.rawValue,
-      OpenClawCameraCommand.Clip.rawValue,
-      OpenClawCameraCommand.List.rawValue,
-      OpenClawLocationCommand.Get.rawValue,
-      OpenClawMotionCommand.Activity.rawValue,
-      OpenClawMotionCommand.Pedometer.rawValue,
-      OpenClawSmsCommand.Send.rawValue,
-    )
-
-  private val debugCommands = setOf("debug.logs", "debug.ed25519")
-
   @Test
   fun advertisedCapabilities_respectsFeatureAvailability() {
-    val capabilities = InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCapabilities(defaultFlags())
+    val capabilities =
+      InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCapabilities(
+        NodeRuntimeFlags(
+          cameraEnabled = false,
+          locationEnabled = false,
+          smsAvailable = false,
+          voiceWakeEnabled = false,
+          motionActivityAvailable = false,
+          motionPedometerAvailable = false,
+          debugBuild = false,
+        ),
+      )
 
-    assertContainsAll(capabilities, coreCapabilities)
-    assertMissingAll(capabilities, optionalCapabilities)
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Canvas.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Screen.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Device.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Notifications.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.System.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.AppUpdate.rawValue))
+    assertFalse(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Camera.rawValue))
+    assertFalse(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Location.rawValue))
+    assertFalse(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Sms.rawValue))
+    assertFalse(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.VoiceWake.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Photos.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Contacts.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Calendar.rawValue))
+    assertFalse(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Motion.rawValue))
   }
 
   @Test
   fun advertisedCapabilities_includesFeatureCapabilitiesWhenEnabled() {
     val capabilities =
       InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCapabilities(
-        defaultFlags(
+        NodeRuntimeFlags(
           cameraEnabled = true,
           locationEnabled = true,
           smsAvailable = true,
           voiceWakeEnabled = true,
           motionActivityAvailable = true,
           motionPedometerAvailable = true,
+          debugBuild = false,
         ),
       )
 
-    assertContainsAll(capabilities, coreCapabilities + optionalCapabilities)
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Canvas.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Screen.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Device.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Notifications.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.System.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.AppUpdate.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Camera.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Location.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Sms.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.VoiceWake.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Photos.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Contacts.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Calendar.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(capabilities.contains(OpenClawCapability.Motion.rawValue))
   }
 
   @Test
   fun advertisedCommands_respectsFeatureAvailability() {
-    val commands = InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCommands(defaultFlags())
+    val commands =
+      InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCommands(
+        NodeRuntimeFlags(
+          cameraEnabled = false,
+          locationEnabled = false,
+          smsAvailable = false,
+          voiceWakeEnabled = false,
+          motionActivityAvailable = false,
+          motionPedometerAvailable = false,
+          debugBuild = false,
+        ),
+      )
 
-    assertContainsAll(commands, coreCommands)
-    assertMissingAll(commands, optionalCommands + debugCommands)
+    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.Snap.rawValue))
+    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.Clip.rawValue))
+    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.List.rawValue))
+    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawLocationCommand.Get.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Status.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Info.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Permissions.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Health.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawNotificationsCommand.List.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawNotificationsCommand.Actions.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawSystemCommand.Notify.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawPhotosCommand.Latest.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawContactsCommand.Search.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawContactsCommand.Add.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCalendarCommand.Events.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCalendarCommand.Add.rawValue))
+    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Activity.rawValue))
+    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Pedometer.rawValue))
+    assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawSmsCommand.Send.rawValue))
+    assertFalse(commands.contains("debug.logs"))
+    assertFalse(commands.contains("debug.ed25519"))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains("app.update"))
   }
 
   @Test
   fun advertisedCommands_includesFeatureCommandsWhenEnabled() {
     val commands =
       InvokeCommandRegistry.advertisedCommands(
-        defaultFlags(
+        NodeRuntimeFlags(
           cameraEnabled = true,
           locationEnabled = true,
           smsAvailable = true,
+          voiceWakeEnabled = false,
           motionActivityAvailable = true,
           motionPedometerAvailable = true,
           debugBuild = true,
         ),
       )
 
-    assertContainsAll(commands, coreCommands + optionalCommands + debugCommands)
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.Snap.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.Clip.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCameraCommand.List.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawLocationCommand.Get.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Status.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Info.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Permissions.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawDeviceCommand.Health.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawNotificationsCommand.List.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawNotificationsCommand.Actions.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawSystemCommand.Notify.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawPhotosCommand.Latest.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawContactsCommand.Search.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawContactsCommand.Add.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCalendarCommand.Events.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawCalendarCommand.Add.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Activity.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Pedometer.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawSmsCommand.Send.rawValue))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains("debug.logs"))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains("debug.ed25519"))
+    assertTrue(commands.contains("app.update"))
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -136,31 +174,4 @@ class InvokeCommandRegistryTest {
     assertTrue(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Activity.rawValue))
     assertFalse(commands.contains(OpenClawMotionCommand.Pedometer.rawValue))
   }
-
-  private fun defaultFlags(
-    cameraEnabled: Boolean = false,
-    locationEnabled: Boolean = false,
-    smsAvailable: Boolean = false,
-    voiceWakeEnabled: Boolean = false,
-    motionActivityAvailable: Boolean = false,
-    motionPedometerAvailable: Boolean = false,
-    debugBuild: Boolean = false,
-  ): NodeRuntimeFlags =
-    NodeRuntimeFlags(
-      cameraEnabled = cameraEnabled,
-      locationEnabled = locationEnabled,
-      smsAvailable = smsAvailable,
-      voiceWakeEnabled = voiceWakeEnabled,
-      motionActivityAvailable = motionActivityAvailable,
-      motionPedometerAvailable = motionPedometerAvailable,
-      debugBuild = debugBuild,
-    )
-
-  private fun assertContainsAll(actual: List<String>, expected: Set<String>) {
-    expected.forEach { value -> assertTrue(actual.contains(value)) }
-  }
-
-  private fun assertMissingAll(actual: List<String>, forbidden: Set<String>) {
-    forbidden.forEach { value -> assertFalse(actual.contains(value)) }
-  }
 }

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/MotionHandlerTest.kt

@@ -10,8 +10,12 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
 import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
+import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
 
-class MotionHandlerTest : NodeHandlerRobolectricTest() {
+@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
+class MotionHandlerTest {
   @Test
   fun handleMotionActivity_requiresPermission() =
     runTest {
@@ -82,6 +86,8 @@ class MotionHandlerTest : NodeHandlerRobolectricTest() {
       assertEquals("MOTION_UNAVAILABLE", result.error?.code)
       assertTrue(result.error?.message?.contains("PEDOMETER_RANGE_UNAVAILABLE") == true)
     }
+
+  private fun appContext(): Context = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
 }
 
 private class FakeMotionDataSource(

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/NodeHandlerRobolectricTest.kt

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-package ai.openclaw.android.node
-
-import android.content.Context
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
-import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
-import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
-
-@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
-abstract class NodeHandlerRobolectricTest {
-  protected fun appContext(): Context = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
-}

apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/android/node/PhotosHandlerTest.kt

@@ -10,8 +10,12 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
 import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
+import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
 
-class PhotosHandlerTest : NodeHandlerRobolectricTest() {
+@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
+class PhotosHandlerTest {
   @Test
   fun handlePhotosLatest_requiresPermission() {
     val handler = PhotosHandler.forTesting(appContext(), FakePhotosDataSource(hasPermission = false))
@@ -59,6 +63,8 @@ class PhotosHandlerTest : NodeHandlerRobolectricTest() {
     assertEquals("jpeg", first.getValue("format").jsonPrimitive.content)
     assertEquals(640, first.getValue("width").jsonPrimitive.int)
   }
+
+  private fun appContext(): Context = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
 }
 
 private class FakePhotosDataSource(

apps/ios/Sources/Camera/CameraController.swift

@@ -52,27 +52,46 @@ actor CameraController {
 
         try await self.ensureAccess(for: .video)
 
-        let prepared = try CameraCapturePipelineSupport.preparePhotoSession(
-            preferFrontCamera: facing == .front,
-            deviceId: params.deviceId,
-            pickCamera: { preferFrontCamera, deviceId in
-                Self.pickCamera(facing: preferFrontCamera ? .front : .back, deviceId: deviceId)
-            },
-            cameraUnavailableError: CameraError.cameraUnavailable,
-            mapSetupError: { setupError in
-                CameraError.captureFailed(setupError.localizedDescription)
-            })
-        let session = prepared.session
-        let output = prepared.output
+        let session = AVCaptureSession()
+        session.sessionPreset = .photo
+
+        guard let device = Self.pickCamera(facing: facing, deviceId: params.deviceId) else {
+            throw CameraError.cameraUnavailable
+        }
+
+        let input = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: device)
+        guard session.canAddInput(input) else {
+            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add camera input")
+        }
+        session.addInput(input)
+
+        let output = AVCapturePhotoOutput()
+        guard session.canAddOutput(output) else {
+            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add photo output")
+        }
+        session.addOutput(output)
+        output.maxPhotoQualityPrioritization = .quality
 
         session.startRunning()
         defer { session.stopRunning() }
-        await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.warmUpCaptureSession()
+        await Self.warmUpCaptureSession()
         await Self.sleepDelayMs(delayMs)
 
-        let rawData = try await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.capturePhotoData(output: output) { continuation in
-            PhotoCaptureDelegate(continuation)
+        let settings: AVCapturePhotoSettings = {
+            if output.availablePhotoCodecTypes.contains(.jpeg) {
+                return AVCapturePhotoSettings(format: [AVVideoCodecKey: AVVideoCodecType.jpeg])
+            }
+            return AVCapturePhotoSettings()
+        }()
+        settings.photoQualityPrioritization = .quality
+
+        var delegate: PhotoCaptureDelegate?
+        let rawData: Data = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
+            let d = PhotoCaptureDelegate(cont)
+            delegate = d
+            output.capturePhoto(with: settings, delegate: d)
         }
+        withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
 
         let res = try PhotoCapture.transcodeJPEGForGateway(
             rawData: rawData,
@@ -102,36 +121,63 @@ actor CameraController {
             try await self.ensureAccess(for: .audio)
         }
 
+        let session = AVCaptureSession()
+        session.sessionPreset = .high
+
+        guard let camera = Self.pickCamera(facing: facing, deviceId: params.deviceId) else {
+            throw CameraError.cameraUnavailable
+        }
+        let cameraInput = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: camera)
+        guard session.canAddInput(cameraInput) else {
+            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add camera input")
+        }
+        session.addInput(cameraInput)
+
+        if includeAudio {
+            guard let mic = AVCaptureDevice.default(for: .audio) else {
+                throw CameraError.microphoneUnavailable
+            }
+            let micInput = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: mic)
+            if session.canAddInput(micInput) {
+                session.addInput(micInput)
+            } else {
+                throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add microphone input")
+            }
+        }
+
+        let output = AVCaptureMovieFileOutput()
+        guard session.canAddOutput(output) else {
+            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add movie output")
+        }
+        session.addOutput(output)
+        output.maxRecordedDuration = CMTime(value: Int64(durationMs), timescale: 1000)
+
+        session.startRunning()
+        defer { session.stopRunning() }
+        await Self.warmUpCaptureSession()
+
         let movURL = FileManager().temporaryDirectory
             .appendingPathComponent("openclaw-camera-\(UUID().uuidString).mov")
         let mp4URL = FileManager().temporaryDirectory
             .appendingPathComponent("openclaw-camera-\(UUID().uuidString).mp4")
+
         defer {
             try? FileManager().removeItem(at: movURL)
             try? FileManager().removeItem(at: mp4URL)
         }
 
-        let data = try await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.withWarmMovieSession(
-            preferFrontCamera: facing == .front,
-            deviceId: params.deviceId,
-            includeAudio: includeAudio,
-            durationMs: durationMs,
-            pickCamera: { preferFrontCamera, deviceId in
-                Self.pickCamera(facing: preferFrontCamera ? .front : .back, deviceId: deviceId)
-            },
-            cameraUnavailableError: CameraError.cameraUnavailable,
-            mapSetupError: Self.mapMovieSetupError) { output in
-                var delegate: MovieFileDelegate?
-                let recordedURL: URL = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-                    let d = MovieFileDelegate(cont)
-                    delegate = d
-                    output.startRecording(to: movURL, recordingDelegate: d)
-                }
-                withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
-                // Transcode .mov -> .mp4 for easier downstream handling.
-                try await Self.exportToMP4(inputURL: recordedURL, outputURL: mp4URL)
-                return try Data(contentsOf: mp4URL)
-            }
+        var delegate: MovieFileDelegate?
+        let recordedURL: URL = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
+            let d = MovieFileDelegate(cont)
+            delegate = d
+            output.startRecording(to: movURL, recordingDelegate: d)
+        }
+        withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
+
+        // Transcode .mov -> .mp4 for easier downstream handling.
+        try await Self.exportToMP4(inputURL: recordedURL, outputURL: mp4URL)
+
+        let data = try Data(contentsOf: mp4URL)
         return (
             format: format.rawValue,
             base64: data.base64EncodedString(),
@@ -150,7 +196,22 @@ actor CameraController {
     }
 
     private func ensureAccess(for mediaType: AVMediaType) async throws {
-        if !(await CameraAuthorization.isAuthorized(for: mediaType)) {
+        let status = AVCaptureDevice.authorizationStatus(for: mediaType)
+        switch status {
+        case .authorized:
+            return
+        case .notDetermined:
+            let ok = await withCheckedContinuation(isolation: nil) { cont in
+                AVCaptureDevice.requestAccess(for: mediaType) { granted in
+                    cont.resume(returning: granted)
+                }
+            }
+            if !ok {
+                throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
+            }
+        case .denied, .restricted:
+            throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
+        @unknown default:
             throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
         }
     }
@@ -172,15 +233,12 @@ actor CameraController {
         return AVCaptureDevice.default(for: .video)
     }
 
-    private nonisolated static func mapMovieSetupError(_ setupError: CameraSessionConfigurationError) -> CameraError {
-        CameraCapturePipelineSupport.mapMovieSetupError(
-            setupError,
-            microphoneUnavailableError: .microphoneUnavailable,
-            captureFailed: { .captureFailed($0) })
-    }
-
     private nonisolated static func positionLabel(_ position: AVCaptureDevice.Position) -> String {
-        CameraCapturePipelineSupport.positionLabel(position)
+        switch position {
+        case .front: "front"
+        case .back: "back"
+        default: "unspecified"
+        }
     }
 
     private nonisolated static func discoverVideoDevices() -> [AVCaptureDevice] {
@@ -249,6 +307,11 @@ actor CameraController {
         }
     }
 
+    private nonisolated static func warmUpCaptureSession() async {
+        // A short delay after `startRunning()` significantly reduces "blank first frame" captures on some devices.
+        try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 150_000_000) // 150ms
+    }
+
     private nonisolated static func sleepDelayMs(_ delayMs: Int) async {
         guard delayMs > 0 else { return }
         let maxDelayMs = 10 * 1000

apps/ios/Sources/Contacts/ContactsService.swift

@@ -15,7 +15,14 @@ final class ContactsService: ContactsServicing {
     }
 
     func search(params: OpenClawContactsSearchParams) async throws -> OpenClawContactsSearchPayload {
-        let store = try await Self.authorizedStore()
+        let store = CNContactStore()
+        let status = CNContactStore.authorizationStatus(for: .contacts)
+        let authorized = await Self.ensureAuthorization(store: store, status: status)
+        guard authorized else {
+            throw NSError(domain: "Contacts", code: 1, userInfo: [
+                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "CONTACTS_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Contacts permission",
+            ])
+        }
 
         let limit = max(1, min(params.limit ?? 25, 200))
 
@@ -40,7 +47,14 @@ final class ContactsService: ContactsServicing {
     }
 
     func add(params: OpenClawContactsAddParams) async throws -> OpenClawContactsAddPayload {
-        let store = try await Self.authorizedStore()
+        let store = CNContactStore()
+        let status = CNContactStore.authorizationStatus(for: .contacts)
+        let authorized = await Self.ensureAuthorization(store: store, status: status)
+        guard authorized else {
+            throw NSError(domain: "Contacts", code: 1, userInfo: [
+                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "CONTACTS_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Contacts permission",
+            ])
+        }
 
         let givenName = params.givenName?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
         let familyName = params.familyName?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
@@ -113,18 +127,6 @@ final class ContactsService: ContactsServicing {
         }
     }
 
-    private static func authorizedStore() async throws -> CNContactStore {
-        let store = CNContactStore()
-        let status = CNContactStore.authorizationStatus(for: .contacts)
-        let authorized = await Self.ensureAuthorization(store: store, status: status)
-        guard authorized else {
-            throw NSError(domain: "Contacts", code: 1, userInfo: [
-                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "CONTACTS_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Contacts permission",
-            ])
-        }
-        return store
-    }
-
     private static func normalizeStrings(_ values: [String]?, lowercased: Bool = false) -> [String] {
         (values ?? [])
             .map { $0.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) }

apps/ios/Sources/Gateway/GatewayDiscoveryModel.swift

@@ -53,17 +53,23 @@ final class GatewayDiscoveryModel {
         self.appendDebugLog("start()")
 
         for domain in OpenClawBonjour.gatewayServiceDomains {
-            let browser = GatewayDiscoveryBrowserSupport.makeBrowser(
-                serviceType: OpenClawBonjour.gatewayServiceType,
-                domain: domain,
-                queueLabelPrefix: "ai.openclaw.ios.gateway-discovery",
-                onState: { [weak self] state in
+            let params = NWParameters.tcp
+            params.includePeerToPeer = true
+            let browser = NWBrowser(
+                for: .bonjour(type: OpenClawBonjour.gatewayServiceType, domain: domain),
+                using: params)
+
+            browser.stateUpdateHandler = { [weak self] state in
+                Task { @MainActor in
                     guard let self else { return }
                     self.statesByDomain[domain] = state
                     self.updateStatusText()
                     self.appendDebugLog("state[\(domain)]: \(Self.prettyState(state))")
-                },
-                onResults: { [weak self] results in
+                }
+            }
+
+            browser.browseResultsChangedHandler = { [weak self] results, _ in
+                Task { @MainActor in
                     guard let self else { return }
                     self.gatewaysByDomain[domain] = results.compactMap { result -> DiscoveredGateway? in
                         switch result.endpoint {
@@ -92,10 +98,13 @@ final class GatewayDiscoveryModel {
                         }
                     }
                     .sorted { $0.name.localizedCaseInsensitiveCompare($1.name) == .orderedAscending }
+
                     self.recomputeGateways()
-                })
+                }
+            }
 
             self.browsers[domain] = browser
+            browser.start(queue: DispatchQueue(label: "ai.openclaw.ios.gateway-discovery.\(domain)"))
         }
     }
 

apps/ios/Sources/Gateway/GatewayServiceResolver.swift

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import Foundation
-import OpenClawKit
 
 // NetService-based resolver for Bonjour services.
 // Used to resolve the service endpoint (SRV + A/AAAA) without trusting TXT for routing.
@@ -21,7 +20,8 @@ final class GatewayServiceResolver: NSObject, NetServiceDelegate {
     }
 
     func start(timeout: TimeInterval = 2.0) {
-        BonjourServiceResolverSupport.start(self.service, timeout: timeout)
+        self.service.schedule(in: .main, forMode: .common)
+        self.service.resolve(withTimeout: timeout)
     }
 
     func netServiceDidResolveAddress(_ sender: NetService) {
@@ -47,6 +47,9 @@ final class GatewayServiceResolver: NSObject, NetServiceDelegate {
     }
 
     private static func normalizeHost(_ raw: String?) -> String? {
-        BonjourServiceResolverSupport.normalizeHost(raw)
+        let trimmed = raw?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+        if trimmed.isEmpty { return nil }
+        return trimmed.hasSuffix(".") ? String(trimmed.dropLast()) : trimmed
     }
 }
+

apps/ios/Sources/Location/LocationService.swift

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import CoreLocation
 import Foundation
 
 @MainActor
-final class LocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate, LocationServiceCommon {
+final class LocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate {
     enum Error: Swift.Error {
         case timeout
         case unavailable
@@ -17,18 +17,21 @@ final class LocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate, LocationServic
     private var significantLocationCallback: (@Sendable (CLLocation) -> Void)?
     private var isMonitoringSignificantChanges = false
 
-    var locationManager: CLLocationManager {
-        self.manager
-    }
-
-    var locationRequestContinuation: CheckedContinuation<CLLocation, Error>? {
-        get { self.locationContinuation }
-        set { self.locationContinuation = newValue }
-    }
-
     override init() {
         super.init()
-        self.configureLocationManager()
+        self.manager.delegate = self
+        self.manager.desiredAccuracy = kCLLocationAccuracyBest
+    }
+
+    func authorizationStatus() -> CLAuthorizationStatus {
+        self.manager.authorizationStatus
+    }
+
+    func accuracyAuthorization() -> CLAccuracyAuthorization {
+        if #available(iOS 14.0, *) {
+            return self.manager.accuracyAuthorization
+        }
+        return .fullAccuracy
     }
 
     func ensureAuthorization(mode: OpenClawLocationMode) async -> CLAuthorizationStatus {
@@ -59,14 +62,25 @@ final class LocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate, LocationServic
         maxAgeMs: Int?,
         timeoutMs: Int?) async throws -> CLLocation
     {
-        _ = params
-        return try await LocationCurrentRequest.resolve(
-            manager: self.manager,
-            desiredAccuracy: desiredAccuracy,
-            maxAgeMs: maxAgeMs,
-            timeoutMs: timeoutMs,
-            request: { try await self.requestLocationOnce() }) { timeoutMs, operation in
-                try await self.withTimeout(timeoutMs: timeoutMs, operation: operation)
+        let now = Date()
+        if let maxAgeMs,
+           let cached = self.manager.location,
+           now.timeIntervalSince(cached.timestamp) * 1000 <= Double(maxAgeMs)
+        {
+            return cached
+        }
+
+        self.manager.desiredAccuracy = Self.accuracyValue(desiredAccuracy)
+        let timeout = max(0, timeoutMs ?? 10000)
+        return try await self.withTimeout(timeoutMs: timeout) {
+            try await self.requestLocation()
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func requestLocation() async throws -> CLLocation {
+        try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
+            self.locationContinuation = cont
+            self.manager.requestLocation()
         }
     }
 
@@ -83,13 +97,24 @@ final class LocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate, LocationServic
         try await AsyncTimeout.withTimeoutMs(timeoutMs: timeoutMs, onTimeout: { Error.timeout }, operation: operation)
     }
 
+    private static func accuracyValue(_ accuracy: OpenClawLocationAccuracy) -> CLLocationAccuracy {
+        switch accuracy {
+        case .coarse:
+            kCLLocationAccuracyKilometer
+        case .balanced:
+            kCLLocationAccuracyHundredMeters
+        case .precise:
+            kCLLocationAccuracyBest
+        }
+    }
+
     func startLocationUpdates(
         desiredAccuracy: OpenClawLocationAccuracy,
         significantChangesOnly: Bool) -> AsyncStream<CLLocation>
     {
         self.stopLocationUpdates()
 
-        self.manager.desiredAccuracy = LocationCurrentRequest.accuracyValue(desiredAccuracy)
+        self.manager.desiredAccuracy = Self.accuracyValue(desiredAccuracy)
         self.manager.pausesLocationUpdatesAutomatically = true
         self.manager.allowsBackgroundLocationUpdates = true
 

apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel+Canvas.swift

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import Foundation
 import Network
-import OpenClawKit
 import os
 
 extension NodeAppModel {
@@ -12,12 +11,24 @@ extension NodeAppModel {
         guard let raw = await self.gatewaySession.currentCanvasHostUrl() else { return nil }
         let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
         guard !trimmed.isEmpty, let base = URL(string: trimmed) else { return nil }
-        if let host = base.host, LoopbackHost.isLoopback(host) {
+        if let host = base.host, Self.isLoopbackHost(host) {
             return nil
         }
         return base.appendingPathComponent("__openclaw__/a2ui/").absoluteString + "?platform=ios"
     }
 
+    private static func isLoopbackHost(_ host: String) -> Bool {
+        let normalized = host.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased()
+        if normalized.isEmpty { return true }
+        if normalized == "localhost" || normalized == "::1" || normalized == "0.0.0.0" {
+            return true
+        }
+        if normalized == "127.0.0.1" || normalized.hasPrefix("127.") {
+            return true
+        }
+        return false
+    }
+
     func showA2UIOnConnectIfNeeded() async {
         guard let a2uiUrl = await self.resolveA2UIHostURL() else {
             await MainActor.run {

apps/ios/Sources/Onboarding/GatewayOnboardingView.swift

@@ -41,17 +41,15 @@ private struct AutoDetectStep: View {
                     .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
             }
 
-            gatewayConnectionStatusSection(
-                appModel: self.appModel,
-                gatewayController: self.gatewayController,
-                secondaryLine: self.connectStatusText)
+            Section("Connection status") {
+                ConnectionStatusBox(
+                    statusLines: self.connectionStatusLines(),
+                    secondaryLine: self.connectStatusText)
+            }
 
             Section {
                 Button("Retry") {
-                    resetGatewayConnectionState(
-                        appModel: self.appModel,
-                        connectStatusText: &self.connectStatusText,
-                        connectingGatewayID: &self.connectingGatewayID)
+                    self.resetConnectionState()
                     self.triggerAutoConnect()
                 }
                 .disabled(self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
@@ -96,6 +94,15 @@ private struct AutoDetectStep: View {
         return nil
     }
 
+    private func connectionStatusLines() -> [String] {
+        ConnectionStatusBox.defaultLines(appModel: self.appModel, gatewayController: self.gatewayController)
+    }
+
+    private func resetConnectionState() {
+        self.appModel.disconnectGateway()
+        self.connectStatusText = nil
+        self.connectingGatewayID = nil
+    }
 }
 
 private struct ManualEntryStep: View {
@@ -155,10 +162,11 @@ private struct ManualEntryStep: View {
                     .autocorrectionDisabled()
             }
 
-            gatewayConnectionStatusSection(
-                appModel: self.appModel,
-                gatewayController: self.gatewayController,
-                secondaryLine: self.connectStatusText)
+            Section("Connection status") {
+                ConnectionStatusBox(
+                    statusLines: self.connectionStatusLines(),
+                    secondaryLine: self.connectStatusText)
+            }
 
             Section {
                 Button {
@@ -177,10 +185,7 @@ private struct ManualEntryStep: View {
                 .disabled(self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
 
                 Button("Retry") {
-                    resetGatewayConnectionState(
-                        appModel: self.appModel,
-                        connectStatusText: &self.connectStatusText,
-                        connectingGatewayID: &self.connectingGatewayID)
+                    self.resetConnectionState()
                     self.resetManualForm()
                 }
                 .disabled(self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
@@ -232,6 +237,16 @@ private struct ManualEntryStep: View {
         return Int(trimmed.filter { $0.isNumber })
     }
 
+    private func connectionStatusLines() -> [String] {
+        ConnectionStatusBox.defaultLines(appModel: self.appModel, gatewayController: self.gatewayController)
+    }
+
+    private func resetConnectionState() {
+        self.appModel.disconnectGateway()
+        self.connectStatusText = nil
+        self.connectingGatewayID = nil
+    }
+
     private func resetManualForm() {
         self.setupCode = ""
         self.setupStatusText = nil
@@ -302,38 +317,6 @@ private struct ManualEntryStep: View {
     // (GatewaySetupCode) decode raw setup codes.
 }
 
-private func gatewayConnectionStatusLines(
-    appModel: NodeAppModel,
-    gatewayController: GatewayConnectionController) -> [String]
-{
-    ConnectionStatusBox.defaultLines(appModel: appModel, gatewayController: gatewayController)
-}
-
-private func resetGatewayConnectionState(
-    appModel: NodeAppModel,
-    connectStatusText: inout String?,
-    connectingGatewayID: inout String?)
-{
-    appModel.disconnectGateway()
-    connectStatusText = nil
-    connectingGatewayID = nil
-}
-
-@ViewBuilder
-private func gatewayConnectionStatusSection(
-    appModel: NodeAppModel,
-    gatewayController: GatewayConnectionController,
-    secondaryLine: String?) -> some View
-{
-    Section("Connection status") {
-        ConnectionStatusBox(
-            statusLines: gatewayConnectionStatusLines(
-                appModel: appModel,
-                gatewayController: gatewayController),
-            secondaryLine: secondaryLine)
-    }
-}
-
 private struct ConnectionStatusBox: View {
     let statusLines: [String]
     let secondaryLine: String?

apps/ios/Sources/Onboarding/OnboardingWizardView.swift

@@ -489,7 +489,21 @@ struct OnboardingWizardView: View {
             TextField("Port", text: self.$manualPortText)
                 .keyboardType(.numberPad)
             Toggle("Use TLS", isOn: self.$manualTLS)
-            self.manualConnectButton
+
+            Button {
+                Task { await self.connectManual() }
+            } label: {
+                if self.connectingGatewayID == "manual" {
+                    HStack(spacing: 8) {
+                        ProgressView()
+                            .progressViewStyle(.circular)
+                        Text("Connecting…")
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    Text("Connect")
+                }
+            }
+            .disabled(!self.canConnectManual || self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
         } header: {
             Text("Developer Local")
         } footer: {
@@ -617,25 +631,22 @@ struct OnboardingWizardView: View {
             TextField("Discovery Domain (optional)", text: self.$discoveryDomain)
                 .textInputAutocapitalization(.never)
                 .autocorrectionDisabled()
-            self.manualConnectButton
-        }
-    }
 
-    private var manualConnectButton: some View {
-        Button {
-            Task { await self.connectManual() }
-        } label: {
-            if self.connectingGatewayID == "manual" {
-                HStack(spacing: 8) {
-                    ProgressView()
-                        .progressViewStyle(.circular)
-                    Text("Connecting…")
+            Button {
+                Task { await self.connectManual() }
+            } label: {
+                if self.connectingGatewayID == "manual" {
+                    HStack(spacing: 8) {
+                        ProgressView()
+                            .progressViewStyle(.circular)
+                        Text("Connecting…")
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    Text("Connect")
                 }
-            } else {
-                Text("Connect")
             }
+            .disabled(!self.canConnectManual || self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
         }
-        .disabled(!self.canConnectManual || self.connectingGatewayID != nil)
     }
 
     private func handleScannedLink(_ link: GatewayConnectDeepLink) {

apps/ios/Sources/OpenClawApp.swift

@@ -456,7 +456,11 @@ enum WatchPromptNotificationBridge {
     ) async throws {
         try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { (continuation: CheckedContinuation<Void, Error>) in
             center.add(request) { error in
-                ThrowingContinuationSupport.resumeVoid(continuation, error: error)
+                if let error {
+                    continuation.resume(throwing: error)
+                } else {
+                    continuation.resume(returning: ())
+                }
             }
         }
     }

apps/ios/Sources/RootCanvas.swift

@@ -177,7 +177,20 @@ struct RootCanvas: View {
     }
 
     private var gatewayStatus: StatusPill.GatewayState {
-        GatewayStatusBuilder.build(appModel: self.appModel)
+        if self.appModel.gatewayServerName != nil { return .connected }
+
+        let text = self.appModel.gatewayStatusText.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("connecting") ||
+            text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("reconnecting")
+        {
+            return .connecting
+        }
+
+        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("error") {
+            return .error
+        }
+
+        return .disconnected
     }
 
     private func updateIdleTimer() {
@@ -330,18 +343,82 @@ private struct CanvasContent: View {
                     .transition(.move(edge: .top).combined(with: .opacity))
             }
         }
-        .gatewayActionsDialog(
+        .confirmationDialog(
+            "Gateway",
             isPresented: self.$showGatewayActions,
-            onDisconnect: { self.appModel.disconnectGateway() },
-            onOpenSettings: { self.openSettings() })
+            titleVisibility: .visible)
+        {
+            Button("Disconnect", role: .destructive) {
+                self.appModel.disconnectGateway()
+            }
+            Button("Open Settings") {
+                self.openSettings()
+            }
+            Button("Cancel", role: .cancel) {}
+        } message: {
+            Text("Disconnect from the gateway?")
+        }
     }
 
     private var statusActivity: StatusPill.Activity? {
-        StatusActivityBuilder.build(
-            appModel: self.appModel,
-            voiceWakeEnabled: self.voiceWakeEnabled,
-            cameraHUDText: self.cameraHUDText,
-            cameraHUDKind: self.cameraHUDKind)
+        // Status pill owns transient activity state so it doesn't overlap the connection indicator.
+        if self.appModel.isBackgrounded {
+            return StatusPill.Activity(
+                title: "Foreground required",
+                systemImage: "exclamationmark.triangle.fill",
+                tint: .orange)
+        }
+
+        let gatewayStatus = self.appModel.gatewayStatusText.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let gatewayLower = gatewayStatus.lowercased()
+        if gatewayLower.contains("repair") {
+            return StatusPill.Activity(title: "Repairing…", systemImage: "wrench.and.screwdriver", tint: .orange)
+        }
+        if gatewayLower.contains("approval") || gatewayLower.contains("pairing") {
+            return StatusPill.Activity(title: "Approval pending", systemImage: "person.crop.circle.badge.clock")
+        }
+        // Avoid duplicating the primary gateway status ("Connecting…") in the activity slot.
+
+        if self.appModel.screenRecordActive {
+            return StatusPill.Activity(title: "Recording screen…", systemImage: "record.circle.fill", tint: .red)
+        }
+
+        if let cameraHUDText, !cameraHUDText.isEmpty, let cameraHUDKind {
+            let systemImage: String
+            let tint: Color?
+            switch cameraHUDKind {
+            case .photo:
+                systemImage = "camera.fill"
+                tint = nil
+            case .recording:
+                systemImage = "video.fill"
+                tint = .red
+            case .success:
+                systemImage = "checkmark.circle.fill"
+                tint = .green
+            case .error:
+                systemImage = "exclamationmark.triangle.fill"
+                tint = .red
+            }
+            return StatusPill.Activity(title: cameraHUDText, systemImage: systemImage, tint: tint)
+        }
+
+        if self.voiceWakeEnabled {
+            let voiceStatus = self.appModel.voiceWake.statusText
+            if voiceStatus.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("microphone permission") {
+                return StatusPill.Activity(title: "Mic permission", systemImage: "mic.slash", tint: .orange)
+            }
+            if voiceStatus == "Paused" {
+                // Talk mode intentionally pauses voice wake to release the mic. Don't spam the HUD for that case.
+                if self.appModel.talkMode.isEnabled {
+                    return nil
+                }
+                let suffix = self.appModel.isBackgrounded ? " (background)" : ""
+                return StatusPill.Activity(title: "Voice Wake paused\(suffix)", systemImage: "pause.circle.fill")
+            }
+        }
+
+        return nil
     }
 }
 

apps/ios/Sources/RootTabs.swift

@@ -70,14 +70,38 @@ struct RootTabs: View {
             self.toastDismissTask?.cancel()
             self.toastDismissTask = nil
         }
-        .gatewayActionsDialog(
+        .confirmationDialog(
+            "Gateway",
             isPresented: self.$showGatewayActions,
-            onDisconnect: { self.appModel.disconnectGateway() },
-            onOpenSettings: { self.selectedTab = 2 })
+            titleVisibility: .visible)
+        {
+            Button("Disconnect", role: .destructive) {
+                self.appModel.disconnectGateway()
+            }
+            Button("Open Settings") {
+                self.selectedTab = 2
+            }
+            Button("Cancel", role: .cancel) {}
+        } message: {
+            Text("Disconnect from the gateway?")
+        }
     }
 
     private var gatewayStatus: StatusPill.GatewayState {
-        GatewayStatusBuilder.build(appModel: self.appModel)
+        if self.appModel.gatewayServerName != nil { return .connected }
+
+        let text = self.appModel.gatewayStatusText.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("connecting") ||
+            text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("reconnecting")
+        {
+            return .connecting
+        }
+
+        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("error") {
+            return .error
+        }
+
+        return .disconnected
     }
 
     private var statusActivity: StatusPill.Activity? {

apps/ios/Sources/Screen/ScreenController.swift

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ final class ScreenController {
         if let url = URL(string: trimmed),
            !url.isFileURL,
            let host = url.host,
-           LoopbackHost.isLoopback(host)
+           Self.isLoopbackHost(host)
         {
             // Never try to load loopback URLs from a remote gateway.
             self.showDefaultCanvas()
@@ -87,11 +87,25 @@ final class ScreenController {
 
     func applyDebugStatusIfNeeded() {
         guard let webView = self.activeWebView else { return }
-        WebViewJavaScriptSupport.applyDebugStatus(
-            webView: webView,
-            enabled: self.debugStatusEnabled,
-            title: self.debugStatusTitle,
-            subtitle: self.debugStatusSubtitle)
+        let enabled = self.debugStatusEnabled
+        let title = self.debugStatusTitle
+        let subtitle = self.debugStatusSubtitle
+        let js = """
+        (() => {
+          try {
+            const api = globalThis.__openclaw;
+            if (!api) return;
+            if (typeof api.setDebugStatusEnabled === 'function') {
+              api.setDebugStatusEnabled(\(enabled ? "true" : "false"));
+            }
+            if (!\(enabled ? "true" : "false")) return;
+            if (typeof api.setStatus === 'function') {
+              api.setStatus(\(Self.jsValue(title)), \(Self.jsValue(subtitle)));
+            }
+          } catch (_) {}
+        })()
+        """
+        webView.evaluateJavaScript(js) { _, _ in }
     }
 
     func waitForA2UIReady(timeoutMs: Int) async -> Bool {
@@ -123,43 +137,22 @@ final class ScreenController {
                 NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "web view unavailable",
             ])
         }
-        return try await WebViewJavaScriptSupport.evaluateToString(webView: webView, javaScript: javaScript)
+        return try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
+            webView.evaluateJavaScript(javaScript) { result, error in
+                if let error {
+                    cont.resume(throwing: error)
+                    return
+                }
+                if let result {
+                    cont.resume(returning: String(describing: result))
+                } else {
+                    cont.resume(returning: "")
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     func snapshotPNGBase64(maxWidth: CGFloat? = nil) async throws -> String {
-        let image = try await self.snapshotImage(maxWidth: maxWidth)
-        guard let data = image.pngData() else {
-            throw NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 1, userInfo: [
-                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "snapshot encode failed",
-            ])
-        }
-        return data.base64EncodedString()
-    }
-
-    func snapshotBase64(
-        maxWidth: CGFloat? = nil,
-        format: OpenClawCanvasSnapshotFormat,
-        quality: Double? = nil) async throws -> String
-    {
-        let image = try await self.snapshotImage(maxWidth: maxWidth)
-
-        let data: Data?
-        switch format {
-        case .png:
-            data = image.pngData()
-        case .jpeg:
-            let q = (quality ?? 0.82).clamped(to: 0.1...1.0)
-            data = image.jpegData(compressionQuality: q)
-        }
-        guard let data else {
-            throw NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 1, userInfo: [
-                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "snapshot encode failed",
-            ])
-        }
-        return data.base64EncodedString()
-    }
-
-    private func snapshotImage(maxWidth: CGFloat?) async throws -> UIImage {
         let config = WKSnapshotConfiguration()
         if let maxWidth {
             config.snapshotWidth = NSNumber(value: Double(maxWidth))
@@ -184,7 +177,58 @@ final class ScreenController {
                 cont.resume(returning: image)
             }
         }
-        return image
+        guard let data = image.pngData() else {
+            throw NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 1, userInfo: [
+                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "snapshot encode failed",
+            ])
+        }
+        return data.base64EncodedString()
+    }
+
+    func snapshotBase64(
+        maxWidth: CGFloat? = nil,
+        format: OpenClawCanvasSnapshotFormat,
+        quality: Double? = nil) async throws -> String
+    {
+        let config = WKSnapshotConfiguration()
+        if let maxWidth {
+            config.snapshotWidth = NSNumber(value: Double(maxWidth))
+        }
+        guard let webView = self.activeWebView else {
+            throw NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 3, userInfo: [
+                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "web view unavailable",
+            ])
+        }
+        let image: UIImage = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
+            webView.takeSnapshot(with: config) { image, error in
+                if let error {
+                    cont.resume(throwing: error)
+                    return
+                }
+                guard let image else {
+                    cont.resume(throwing: NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 2, userInfo: [
+                        NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "snapshot failed",
+                    ]))
+                    return
+                }
+                cont.resume(returning: image)
+            }
+        }
+
+        let data: Data?
+        switch format {
+        case .png:
+            data = image.pngData()
+        case .jpeg:
+            let q = (quality ?? 0.82).clamped(to: 0.1...1.0)
+            data = image.jpegData(compressionQuality: q)
+        }
+        guard let data else {
+            throw NSError(domain: "Screen", code: 1, userInfo: [
+                NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "snapshot encode failed",
+            ])
+        }
+        return data.base64EncodedString()
     }
 
     func attachWebView(_ webView: WKWebView) {
@@ -214,6 +258,17 @@ final class ScreenController {
         ext: "html",
         subdirectory: "CanvasScaffold")
 
+    private static func isLoopbackHost(_ host: String) -> Bool {
+        let normalized = host.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased()
+        if normalized.isEmpty { return true }
+        if normalized == "localhost" || normalized == "::1" || normalized == "0.0.0.0" {
+            return true
+        }
+        if normalized == "127.0.0.1" || normalized.hasPrefix("127.") {
+            return true
+        }
+        return false
+    }
     func isTrustedCanvasUIURL(_ url: URL) -> Bool {
         guard url.isFileURL else { return false }
         let std = url.standardizedFileURL
@@ -235,8 +290,59 @@ final class ScreenController {
         scrollView.bounces = allowScroll
     }
 
+    private static func jsValue(_ value: String?) -> String {
+        guard let value else { return "null" }
+        if let data = try? JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: [value]),
+           let encoded = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8),
+           encoded.count >= 2
+        {
+            return String(encoded.dropFirst().dropLast())
+        }
+        return "null"
+    }
+
     func isLocalNetworkCanvasURL(_ url: URL) -> Bool {
-        LocalNetworkURLSupport.isLocalNetworkHTTPURL(url)
+        guard let scheme = url.scheme?.lowercased(), scheme == "http" || scheme == "https" else {
+            return false
+        }
+        guard let host = url.host?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines), !host.isEmpty else {
+            return false
+        }
+        if host == "localhost" { return true }
+        if host.hasSuffix(".local") { return true }
+        if host.hasSuffix(".ts.net") { return true }
+        if host.hasSuffix(".tailscale.net") { return true }
+        // Allow MagicDNS / LAN hostnames like "peters-mac-studio-1".
+        if !host.contains("."), !host.contains(":") { return true }
+        if let ipv4 = Self.parseIPv4(host) {
+            return Self.isLocalNetworkIPv4(ipv4)
+        }
+        return false
+    }
+
+    private static func parseIPv4(_ host: String) -> (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)? {
+        let parts = host.split(separator: ".", omittingEmptySubsequences: false)
+        guard parts.count == 4 else { return nil }
+        let bytes: [UInt8] = parts.compactMap { UInt8($0) }
+        guard bytes.count == 4 else { return nil }
+        return (bytes[0], bytes[1], bytes[2], bytes[3])
+    }
+
+    private static func isLocalNetworkIPv4(_ ip: (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)) -> Bool {
+        let (a, b, _, _) = ip
+        // 10.0.0.0/8
+        if a == 10 { return true }
+        // 172.16.0.0/12
+        if a == 172, (16...31).contains(Int(b)) { return true }
+        // 192.168.0.0/16
+        if a == 192, b == 168 { return true }
+        // 127.0.0.0/8
+        if a == 127 { return true }
+        // 169.254.0.0/16 (link-local)
+        if a == 169, b == 254 { return true }
+        // Tailscale: 100.64.0.0/10
+        if a == 100, (64...127).contains(Int(b)) { return true }
+        return false
     }
 
     nonisolated static func parseA2UIActionBody(_ body: Any) -> [String: Any]? {

apps/ios/Sources/Screen/ScreenRecordService.swift

@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ final class ScreenRecordService: @unchecked Sendable {
             throw ScreenRecordError.invalidScreenIndex(idx)
         }
 
-        let durationMs = CaptureRateLimits.clampDurationMs(durationMs)
-        let fps = CaptureRateLimits.clampFps(fps, maxFps: 30)
+        let durationMs = Self.clampDurationMs(durationMs)
+        let fps = Self.clampFps(fps)
         let fpsInt = Int32(fps.rounded())
         let fpsValue = Double(fpsInt)
         let includeAudio = includeAudio ?? true
@@ -319,6 +319,16 @@ final class ScreenRecordService: @unchecked Sendable {
         }
     }
 
+    private nonisolated static func clampDurationMs(_ ms: Int?) -> Int {
+        let v = ms ?? 10000
+        return min(60000, max(250, v))
+    }
+
+    private nonisolated static func clampFps(_ fps: Double?) -> Double {
+        let v = fps ?? 10
+        if !v.isFinite { return 10 }
+        return min(30, max(1, v))
+    }
 }
 
 @MainActor
@@ -340,11 +350,11 @@ private func stopReplayKitCapture(_ completion: @escaping @Sendable (Error?) ->
 #if DEBUG
 extension ScreenRecordService {
     nonisolated static func _test_clampDurationMs(_ ms: Int?) -> Int {
-        CaptureRateLimits.clampDurationMs(ms)
+        self.clampDurationMs(ms)
     }
 
     nonisolated static func _test_clampFps(_ fps: Double?) -> Double {
-        CaptureRateLimits.clampFps(fps, maxFps: 30)
+        self.clampFps(fps)
     }
 }
 #endif

apps/ios/Sources/Status/GatewayActionsDialog.swift

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-import SwiftUI
-
-extension View {
-    func gatewayActionsDialog(
-        isPresented: Binding<Bool>,
-        onDisconnect: @escaping () -> Void,
-        onOpenSettings: @escaping () -> Void) -> some View
-    {
-        self.confirmationDialog(
-            "Gateway",
-            isPresented: isPresented,
-            titleVisibility: .visible)
-        {
-            Button("Disconnect", role: .destructive) {
-                onDisconnect()
-            }
-            Button("Open Settings") {
-                onOpenSettings()
-            }
-            Button("Cancel", role: .cancel) {}
-        } message: {
-            Text("Disconnect from the gateway?")
-        }
-    }
-}

apps/ios/Sources/Status/GatewayStatusBuilder.swift

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-import Foundation
-
-enum GatewayStatusBuilder {
-    @MainActor
-    static func build(appModel: NodeAppModel) -> StatusPill.GatewayState {
-        if appModel.gatewayServerName != nil { return .connected }
-
-        let text = appModel.gatewayStatusText.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("connecting") ||
-            text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("reconnecting")
-        {
-            return .connecting
-        }
-
-        if text.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("error") {
-            return .error
-        }
-
-        return .disconnected
-    }
-}

apps/ios/Sources/Status/StatusGlassCard.swift

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-import SwiftUI
-
-private struct StatusGlassCardModifier: ViewModifier {
-    @Environment(\.colorSchemeContrast) private var contrast
-
-    let brighten: Bool
-    let verticalPadding: CGFloat
-    let horizontalPadding: CGFloat
-
-    func body(content: Content) -> some View {
-        content
-            .padding(.vertical, self.verticalPadding)
-            .padding(.horizontal, self.horizontalPadding)
-            .background {
-                RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
-                    .fill(.ultraThinMaterial)
-                    .overlay {
-                        RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
-                            .strokeBorder(
-                                .white.opacity(self.contrast == .increased ? 0.5 : (self.brighten ? 0.24 : 0.18)),
-                                lineWidth: self.contrast == .increased ? 1.0 : 0.5
-                            )
-                    }
-                    .shadow(color: .black.opacity(0.25), radius: 12, y: 6)
-            }
-    }
-}
-
-extension View {
-    func statusGlassCard(brighten: Bool, verticalPadding: CGFloat, horizontalPadding: CGFloat = 12) -> some View {
-        self.modifier(
-            StatusGlassCardModifier(
-                brighten: brighten,
-                verticalPadding: verticalPadding,
-                horizontalPadding: horizontalPadding
-            )
-        )
-    }
-}

apps/ios/Sources/Status/StatusPill.swift

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import SwiftUI
 struct StatusPill: View {
     @Environment(\.scenePhase) private var scenePhase
     @Environment(\.accessibilityReduceMotion) private var reduceMotion
+    @Environment(\.colorSchemeContrast) private var contrast
 
     enum GatewayState: Equatable {
         case connected
@@ -85,7 +86,20 @@ struct StatusPill: View {
                         .transition(.opacity.combined(with: .move(edge: .top)))
                 }
             }
-            .statusGlassCard(brighten: self.brighten, verticalPadding: 8)
+            .padding(.vertical, 8)
+            .padding(.horizontal, 12)
+            .background {
+                RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
+                    .fill(.ultraThinMaterial)
+                    .overlay {
+                        RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
+                            .strokeBorder(
+                                .white.opacity(self.contrast == .increased ? 0.5 : (self.brighten ? 0.24 : 0.18)),
+                                lineWidth: self.contrast == .increased ? 1.0 : 0.5
+                            )
+                    }
+                    .shadow(color: .black.opacity(0.25), radius: 12, y: 6)
+            }
         }
         .buttonStyle(.plain)
         .accessibilityLabel("Connection Status")

apps/ios/Sources/Status/VoiceWakeToast.swift

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import SwiftUI
 
 struct VoiceWakeToast: View {
+    @Environment(\.colorSchemeContrast) private var contrast
+
     var command: String
     var brighten: Bool = false
 
@@ -16,7 +18,20 @@ struct VoiceWakeToast: View {
                 .lineLimit(1)
                 .truncationMode(.tail)
         }
-        .statusGlassCard(brighten: self.brighten, verticalPadding: 10)
+        .padding(.vertical, 10)
+        .padding(.horizontal, 12)
+        .background {
+            RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
+                .fill(.ultraThinMaterial)
+                .overlay {
+                    RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14, style: .continuous)
+                        .strokeBorder(
+                            .white.opacity(self.contrast == .increased ? 0.5 : (self.brighten ? 0.24 : 0.18)),
+                            lineWidth: self.contrast == .increased ? 1.0 : 0.5
+                        )
+                }
+                .shadow(color: .black.opacity(0.25), radius: 12, y: 6)
+        }
         .accessibilityLabel("Voice Wake triggered")
         .accessibilityValue("Command: \(self.command)")
     }

apps/ios/Sources/Voice/VoiceWakeManager.swift

@@ -216,7 +216,22 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
         self.isEnabled = false
         self.isListening = false
         self.statusText = "Off"
-        self.tearDownRecognitionPipeline()
+
+        self.tapDrainTask?.cancel()
+        self.tapDrainTask = nil
+        self.tapQueue?.clear()
+        self.tapQueue = nil
+
+        self.recognitionTask?.cancel()
+        self.recognitionTask = nil
+        self.recognitionRequest = nil
+
+        if self.audioEngine.isRunning {
+            self.audioEngine.stop()
+            self.audioEngine.inputNode.removeTap(onBus: 0)
+        }
+
+        try? AVAudioSession.sharedInstance().setActive(false, options: .notifyOthersOnDeactivation)
     }
 
     /// Temporarily releases the microphone so other subsystems (e.g. camera video capture) can record audio.
@@ -226,7 +241,22 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
 
         self.isListening = false
         self.statusText = "Paused"
-        self.tearDownRecognitionPipeline()
+
+        self.tapDrainTask?.cancel()
+        self.tapDrainTask = nil
+        self.tapQueue?.clear()
+        self.tapQueue = nil
+
+        self.recognitionTask?.cancel()
+        self.recognitionTask = nil
+        self.recognitionRequest = nil
+
+        if self.audioEngine.isRunning {
+            self.audioEngine.stop()
+            self.audioEngine.inputNode.removeTap(onBus: 0)
+        }
+
+        try? AVAudioSession.sharedInstance().setActive(false, options: .notifyOthersOnDeactivation)
         return true
     }
 
@@ -280,24 +310,6 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
         }
     }
 
-    private func tearDownRecognitionPipeline() {
-        self.tapDrainTask?.cancel()
-        self.tapDrainTask = nil
-        self.tapQueue?.clear()
-        self.tapQueue = nil
-
-        self.recognitionTask?.cancel()
-        self.recognitionTask = nil
-        self.recognitionRequest = nil
-
-        if self.audioEngine.isRunning {
-            self.audioEngine.stop()
-            self.audioEngine.inputNode.removeTap(onBus: 0)
-        }
-
-        try? AVAudioSession.sharedInstance().setActive(false, options: .notifyOthersOnDeactivation)
-    }
-
     private nonisolated func makeRecognitionResultHandler() -> @Sendable (SFSpeechRecognitionResult?, Error?) -> Void {
         { [weak self] result, error in
             let transcript = result?.bestTranscription.formattedString
@@ -392,10 +404,16 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
     }
 
     private nonisolated static func microphonePermissionMessage(kind: String) -> String {
-        let status = AVAudioApplication.shared.recordPermission
-        return self.deniedByDefaultPermissionMessage(
-            kind: kind,
-            isUndetermined: status == .undetermined)
+        switch AVAudioApplication.shared.recordPermission {
+        case .denied:
+            return "\(kind) permission denied"
+        case .undetermined:
+            return "\(kind) permission not granted"
+        case .granted:
+            return "\(kind) permission denied"
+        @unknown default:
+            return "\(kind) permission denied"
+        }
     }
 
     private nonisolated static func requestSpeechPermission() async -> Bool {
@@ -445,7 +463,16 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
         kind: String,
         status: AVAudioSession.RecordPermission) -> String
     {
-        self.deniedByDefaultPermissionMessage(kind: kind, isUndetermined: status == .undetermined)
+        switch status {
+        case .denied:
+            return "\(kind) permission denied"
+        case .undetermined:
+            return "\(kind) permission not granted"
+        case .granted:
+            return "\(kind) permission denied"
+        @unknown default:
+            return "\(kind) permission denied"
+        }
     }
 
     private static func permissionMessage(
@@ -465,13 +492,6 @@ final class VoiceWakeManager: NSObject {
             return "\(kind) permission denied"
         }
     }
-
-    private static func deniedByDefaultPermissionMessage(kind: String, isUndetermined: Bool) -> String {
-        if isUndetermined {
-            return "\(kind) permission not granted"
-        }
-        return "\(kind) permission denied"
-    }
 }
 
 #if DEBUG

apps/ios/Tests/DeepLinkParserTests.swift

@@ -2,36 +2,6 @@ import OpenClawKit
 import Foundation
 import Testing
 
-private func setupCode(from payload: String) -> String {
-    Data(payload.utf8)
-        .base64EncodedString()
-        .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
-        .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
-        .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
-}
-
-private func agentAction(
-    message: String,
-    sessionKey: String? = nil,
-    thinking: String? = nil,
-    deliver: Bool = false,
-    to: String? = nil,
-    channel: String? = nil,
-    timeoutSeconds: Int? = nil,
-    key: String? = nil) -> DeepLinkRoute
-{
-    .agent(
-        .init(
-            message: message,
-            sessionKey: sessionKey,
-            thinking: thinking,
-            deliver: deliver,
-            to: to,
-            channel: channel,
-            timeoutSeconds: timeoutSeconds,
-            key: key))
-}
-
 @Suite struct DeepLinkParserTests {
     @Test func parseRejectsUnknownHost() {
         let url = URL(string: "openclaw://nope?message=hi")!
@@ -40,7 +10,15 @@ private func agentAction(
 
     @Test func parseHostIsCaseInsensitive() {
         let url = URL(string: "openclaw://AGENT?message=Hello")!
-        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == agentAction(message: "Hello"))
+        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == .agent(.init(
+            message: "Hello",
+            sessionKey: nil,
+            thinking: nil,
+            deliver: false,
+            to: nil,
+            channel: nil,
+            timeoutSeconds: nil,
+            key: nil)))
     }
 
     @Test func parseRejectsNonOpenClawScheme() {
@@ -56,29 +34,47 @@ private func agentAction(
     @Test func parseAgentLinkParsesCommonFields() {
         let url =
             URL(string: "openclaw://agent?message=Hello&deliver=1&sessionKey=node-test&thinking=low&timeoutSeconds=30")!
-        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == agentAction(
-            message: "Hello",
-            sessionKey: "node-test",
-            thinking: "low",
-            deliver: true,
-            timeoutSeconds: 30))
+        #expect(
+            DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == .agent(
+                .init(
+                    message: "Hello",
+                    sessionKey: "node-test",
+                    thinking: "low",
+                    deliver: true,
+                    to: nil,
+                    channel: nil,
+                    timeoutSeconds: 30,
+                    key: nil)))
     }
 
     @Test func parseAgentLinkParsesTargetRoutingFields() {
         let url =
             URL(
                 string: "openclaw://agent?message=Hello%20World&deliver=1&to=%2B15551234567&channel=whatsapp&key=secret")!
-        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == agentAction(
-            message: "Hello World",
-            deliver: true,
-            to: "+15551234567",
-            channel: "whatsapp",
-            key: "secret"))
+        #expect(
+            DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == .agent(
+                .init(
+                    message: "Hello World",
+                    sessionKey: nil,
+                    thinking: nil,
+                    deliver: true,
+                    to: "+15551234567",
+                    channel: "whatsapp",
+                    timeoutSeconds: nil,
+                    key: "secret")))
     }
 
     @Test func parseRejectsNegativeTimeoutSeconds() {
         let url = URL(string: "openclaw://agent?message=Hello&timeoutSeconds=-1")!
-        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == agentAction(message: "Hello"))
+        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == .agent(.init(
+            message: "Hello",
+            sessionKey: nil,
+            thinking: nil,
+            deliver: false,
+            to: nil,
+            channel: nil,
+            timeoutSeconds: nil,
+            key: nil)))
     }
 
     @Test func parseGatewayLinkParsesCommonFields() {
@@ -103,7 +99,13 @@ private func agentAction(
 
     @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeParsesBase64UrlPayload() {
         let payload = #"{"url":"wss://gateway.example.com:443","token":"tok","password":"pw"}"#
-        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(setupCode(from: payload))
+        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
+            .base64EncodedString()
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
+
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
 
         #expect(link == .init(
             host: "gateway.example.com",
@@ -119,7 +121,13 @@ private func agentAction(
 
     @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeDefaultsTo443ForWssWithoutPort() {
         let payload = #"{"url":"wss://gateway.example.com","token":"tok"}"#
-        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(setupCode(from: payload))
+        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
+            .base64EncodedString()
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
+
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
 
         #expect(link == .init(
             host: "gateway.example.com",
@@ -131,19 +139,37 @@ private func agentAction(
 
     @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeRejectsInsecureNonLoopbackWs() {
         let payload = #"{"url":"ws://attacker.example:18789","token":"tok"}"#
-        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(setupCode(from: payload))
+        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
+            .base64EncodedString()
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
+
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
         #expect(link == nil)
     }
 
     @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeRejectsInsecurePrefixBypassHost() {
         let payload = #"{"url":"ws://127.attacker.example:18789","token":"tok"}"#
-        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(setupCode(from: payload))
+        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
+            .base64EncodedString()
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
+
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
         #expect(link == nil)
     }
 
     @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeAllowsLoopbackWs() {
         let payload = #"{"url":"ws://127.0.0.1:18789","token":"tok"}"#
-        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(setupCode(from: payload))
+        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
+            .base64EncodedString()
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
+
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
 
         #expect(link == .init(
             host: "127.0.0.1",

apps/ios/Tests/GatewayConnectionControllerTests.swift

@@ -4,6 +4,31 @@ import Testing
 import UIKit
 @testable import OpenClaw
 
+private func withUserDefaults<T>(_ updates: [String: Any?], _ body: () throws -> T) rethrows -> T {
+    let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
+    var snapshot: [String: Any?] = [:]
+    for key in updates.keys {
+        snapshot[key] = defaults.object(forKey: key)
+    }
+    for (key, value) in updates {
+        if let value {
+            defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
+        } else {
+            defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
+        }
+    }
+    defer {
+        for (key, value) in snapshot {
+            if let value {
+                defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
+            } else {
+                defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return try body()
+}
+
 @Suite(.serialized) struct GatewayConnectionControllerTests {
     @Test @MainActor func resolvedDisplayNameSetsDefaultWhenMissing() {
         let defaults = UserDefaults.standard

apps/ios/Tests/GatewayConnectionSecurityTests.swift

@@ -5,32 +5,6 @@ import Testing
 @testable import OpenClaw
 
 @Suite(.serialized) struct GatewayConnectionSecurityTests {
-    private func makeController() -> GatewayConnectionController {
-        GatewayConnectionController(appModel: NodeAppModel(), startDiscovery: false)
-    }
-
-    private func makeDiscoveredGateway(
-        stableID: String,
-        lanHost: String?,
-        tailnetDns: String?,
-        gatewayPort: Int?,
-        fingerprint: String?) -> GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway
-    {
-        let endpoint: NWEndpoint = .service(name: "Test", type: "_openclaw-gw._tcp", domain: "local.", interface: nil)
-        return GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway(
-            name: "Test",
-            endpoint: endpoint,
-            stableID: stableID,
-            debugID: "debug",
-            lanHost: lanHost,
-            tailnetDns: tailnetDns,
-            gatewayPort: gatewayPort,
-            canvasPort: nil,
-            tlsEnabled: true,
-            tlsFingerprintSha256: fingerprint,
-            cliPath: nil)
-    }
-
     private func clearTLSFingerprint(stableID: String) {
         let suite = UserDefaults(suiteName: "ai.openclaw.shared") ?? .standard
         suite.removeObject(forKey: "gateway.tls.\(stableID)")
@@ -43,13 +17,22 @@ import Testing
 
         GatewayTLSStore.saveFingerprint("11", stableID: stableID)
 
-        let gateway = makeDiscoveredGateway(
+        let endpoint: NWEndpoint = .service(name: "Test", type: "_openclaw-gw._tcp", domain: "local.", interface: nil)
+        let gateway = GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway(
+            name: "Test",
+            endpoint: endpoint,
             stableID: stableID,
+            debugID: "debug",
             lanHost: "evil.example.com",
             tailnetDns: "evil.example.com",
             gatewayPort: 12345,
-            fingerprint: "22")
-        let controller = makeController()
+            canvasPort: nil,
+            tlsEnabled: true,
+            tlsFingerprintSha256: "22",
+            cliPath: nil)
+
+        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
+        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
 
         let params = controller._test_resolveDiscoveredTLSParams(gateway: gateway, allowTOFU: true)
         #expect(params?.expectedFingerprint == "11")
@@ -61,13 +44,22 @@ import Testing
         defer { clearTLSFingerprint(stableID: stableID) }
         clearTLSFingerprint(stableID: stableID)
 
-        let gateway = makeDiscoveredGateway(
+        let endpoint: NWEndpoint = .service(name: "Test", type: "_openclaw-gw._tcp", domain: "local.", interface: nil)
+        let gateway = GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway(
+            name: "Test",
+            endpoint: endpoint,
             stableID: stableID,
+            debugID: "debug",
             lanHost: nil,
             tailnetDns: nil,
             gatewayPort: nil,
-            fingerprint: "22")
-        let controller = makeController()
+            canvasPort: nil,
+            tlsEnabled: true,
+            tlsFingerprintSha256: "22",
+            cliPath: nil)
+
+        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
+        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
 
         let params = controller._test_resolveDiscoveredTLSParams(gateway: gateway, allowTOFU: true)
         #expect(params?.expectedFingerprint == nil)
@@ -90,13 +82,22 @@ import Testing
         defaults.removeObject(forKey: "gateway.preferredStableID")
         defaults.set(stableID, forKey: "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID")
 
-        let gateway = makeDiscoveredGateway(
+        let endpoint: NWEndpoint = .service(name: "Test", type: "_openclaw-gw._tcp", domain: "local.", interface: nil)
+        let gateway = GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway(
+            name: "Test",
+            endpoint: endpoint,
             stableID: stableID,
+            debugID: "debug",
             lanHost: "test.local",
             tailnetDns: nil,
             gatewayPort: 18789,
-            fingerprint: nil)
-        let controller = makeController()
+            canvasPort: nil,
+            tlsEnabled: true,
+            tlsFingerprintSha256: nil,
+            cliPath: nil)
+
+        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
+        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
         controller._test_setGateways([gateway])
         controller._test_triggerAutoConnect()
 
@@ -104,7 +105,8 @@ import Testing
     }
 
     @Test @MainActor func manualConnectionsForceTLSForNonLoopbackHosts() async {
-        let controller = makeController()
+        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
+        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
 
         #expect(controller._test_resolveManualUseTLS(host: "gateway.example.com", useTLS: false) == true)
         #expect(controller._test_resolveManualUseTLS(host: "openclaw.local", useTLS: false) == true)
@@ -119,7 +121,8 @@ import Testing
     }
 
     @Test @MainActor func manualDefaultPortUses443OnlyForTailnetTLSHosts() async {
-        let controller = makeController()
+        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
+        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
 
         #expect(controller._test_resolveManualPort(host: "gateway.example.com", port: 0, useTLS: true) == 18789)
         #expect(controller._test_resolveManualPort(host: "device.sample.ts.net", port: 0, useTLS: true) == 443)

apps/ios/Tests/GatewaySettingsStoreTests.swift

@@ -14,19 +14,6 @@ private let instanceIdEntry = KeychainEntry(service: nodeService, account: "inst
 private let preferredGatewayEntry = KeychainEntry(service: gatewayService, account: "preferredStableID")
 private let lastGatewayEntry = KeychainEntry(service: gatewayService, account: "lastDiscoveredStableID")
 private let talkAcmeProviderEntry = KeychainEntry(service: talkService, account: "provider.apiKey.acme")
-private let bootstrapDefaultsKeys = [
-    "node.instanceId",
-    "gateway.preferredStableID",
-    "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID",
-]
-private let bootstrapKeychainEntries = [instanceIdEntry, preferredGatewayEntry, lastGatewayEntry]
-private let lastGatewayDefaultsKeys = [
-    "gateway.last.kind",
-    "gateway.last.host",
-    "gateway.last.port",
-    "gateway.last.tls",
-    "gateway.last.stableID",
-]
 
 private func snapshotDefaults(_ keys: [String]) -> [String: Any?] {
     let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
@@ -74,112 +61,142 @@ private func restoreKeychain(_ snapshot: [KeychainEntry: String?]) {
     applyKeychain(snapshot)
 }
 
-private func withBootstrapSnapshots(_ body: () -> Void) {
-    let defaultsSnapshot = snapshotDefaults(bootstrapDefaultsKeys)
-    let keychainSnapshot = snapshotKeychain(bootstrapKeychainEntries)
-    defer {
-        restoreDefaults(defaultsSnapshot)
-        restoreKeychain(keychainSnapshot)
-    }
-    body()
-}
-
-private func withLastGatewayDefaultsSnapshot(_ body: () -> Void) {
-    let snapshot = snapshotDefaults(lastGatewayDefaultsKeys)
-    defer { restoreDefaults(snapshot) }
-    body()
-}
-
 @Suite(.serialized) struct GatewaySettingsStoreTests {
     @Test func bootstrapCopiesDefaultsToKeychainWhenMissing() {
-        withBootstrapSnapshots {
-            applyDefaults([
-                "node.instanceId": "node-test",
-                "gateway.preferredStableID": "preferred-test",
-                "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID": "last-test",
-            ])
-            applyKeychain([
-                instanceIdEntry: nil,
-                preferredGatewayEntry: nil,
-                lastGatewayEntry: nil,
-            ])
-
-            GatewaySettingsStore.bootstrapPersistence()
-
-            #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: nodeService, account: "instanceId") == "node-test")
-            #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: gatewayService, account: "preferredStableID") == "preferred-test")
-            #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: gatewayService, account: "lastDiscoveredStableID") == "last-test")
+        let defaultsKeys = [
+            "node.instanceId",
+            "gateway.preferredStableID",
+            "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID",
+        ]
+        let entries = [instanceIdEntry, preferredGatewayEntry, lastGatewayEntry]
+        let defaultsSnapshot = snapshotDefaults(defaultsKeys)
+        let keychainSnapshot = snapshotKeychain(entries)
+        defer {
+            restoreDefaults(defaultsSnapshot)
+            restoreKeychain(keychainSnapshot)
         }
+
+        applyDefaults([
+            "node.instanceId": "node-test",
+            "gateway.preferredStableID": "preferred-test",
+            "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID": "last-test",
+        ])
+        applyKeychain([
+            instanceIdEntry: nil,
+            preferredGatewayEntry: nil,
+            lastGatewayEntry: nil,
+        ])
+
+        GatewaySettingsStore.bootstrapPersistence()
+
+        #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: nodeService, account: "instanceId") == "node-test")
+        #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: gatewayService, account: "preferredStableID") == "preferred-test")
+        #expect(KeychainStore.loadString(service: gatewayService, account: "lastDiscoveredStableID") == "last-test")
     }
 
     @Test func bootstrapCopiesKeychainToDefaultsWhenMissing() {
-        withBootstrapSnapshots {
-            applyDefaults([
-                "node.instanceId": nil,
-                "gateway.preferredStableID": nil,
-                "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID": nil,
-            ])
-            applyKeychain([
-                instanceIdEntry: "node-from-keychain",
-                preferredGatewayEntry: "preferred-from-keychain",
-                lastGatewayEntry: "last-from-keychain",
-            ])
-
-            GatewaySettingsStore.bootstrapPersistence()
-
-            let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
-            #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "node.instanceId") == "node-from-keychain")
-            #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "gateway.preferredStableID") == "preferred-from-keychain")
-            #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID") == "last-from-keychain")
+        let defaultsKeys = [
+            "node.instanceId",
+            "gateway.preferredStableID",
+            "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID",
+        ]
+        let entries = [instanceIdEntry, preferredGatewayEntry, lastGatewayEntry]
+        let defaultsSnapshot = snapshotDefaults(defaultsKeys)
+        let keychainSnapshot = snapshotKeychain(entries)
+        defer {
+            restoreDefaults(defaultsSnapshot)
+            restoreKeychain(keychainSnapshot)
         }
+
+        applyDefaults([
+            "node.instanceId": nil,
+            "gateway.preferredStableID": nil,
+            "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID": nil,
+        ])
+        applyKeychain([
+            instanceIdEntry: "node-from-keychain",
+            preferredGatewayEntry: "preferred-from-keychain",
+            lastGatewayEntry: "last-from-keychain",
+        ])
+
+        GatewaySettingsStore.bootstrapPersistence()
+
+        let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
+        #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "node.instanceId") == "node-from-keychain")
+        #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "gateway.preferredStableID") == "preferred-from-keychain")
+        #expect(defaults.string(forKey: "gateway.lastDiscoveredStableID") == "last-from-keychain")
     }
 
     @Test func lastGateway_manualRoundTrip() {
-        withLastGatewayDefaultsSnapshot {
-            GatewaySettingsStore.saveLastGatewayConnectionManual(
-                host: "example.com",
-                port: 443,
-                useTLS: true,
-                stableID: "manual|example.com|443")
+        let keys = [
+            "gateway.last.kind",
+            "gateway.last.host",
+            "gateway.last.port",
+            "gateway.last.tls",
+            "gateway.last.stableID",
+        ]
+        let snapshot = snapshotDefaults(keys)
+        defer { restoreDefaults(snapshot) }
 
-            let loaded = GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection()
-            #expect(loaded == .manual(host: "example.com", port: 443, useTLS: true, stableID: "manual|example.com|443"))
-        }
+        GatewaySettingsStore.saveLastGatewayConnectionManual(
+            host: "example.com",
+            port: 443,
+            useTLS: true,
+            stableID: "manual|example.com|443")
+
+        let loaded = GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection()
+        #expect(loaded == .manual(host: "example.com", port: 443, useTLS: true, stableID: "manual|example.com|443"))
     }
 
     @Test func lastGateway_discoveredDoesNotPersistResolvedHostPort() {
-        withLastGatewayDefaultsSnapshot {
-            // Simulate a prior manual record that included host/port.
-            applyDefaults([
-                "gateway.last.host": "10.0.0.99",
-                "gateway.last.port": 18789,
-                "gateway.last.tls": true,
-                "gateway.last.stableID": "manual|10.0.0.99|18789",
-                "gateway.last.kind": "manual",
-            ])
+        let keys = [
+            "gateway.last.kind",
+            "gateway.last.host",
+            "gateway.last.port",
+            "gateway.last.tls",
+            "gateway.last.stableID",
+        ]
+        let snapshot = snapshotDefaults(keys)
+        defer { restoreDefaults(snapshot) }
 
-            GatewaySettingsStore.saveLastGatewayConnectionDiscovered(stableID: "gw|abc", useTLS: true)
+        // Simulate a prior manual record that included host/port.
+        applyDefaults([
+            "gateway.last.host": "10.0.0.99",
+            "gateway.last.port": 18789,
+            "gateway.last.tls": true,
+            "gateway.last.stableID": "manual|10.0.0.99|18789",
+            "gateway.last.kind": "manual",
+        ])
 
-            let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
-            #expect(defaults.object(forKey: "gateway.last.host") == nil)
-            #expect(defaults.object(forKey: "gateway.last.port") == nil)
-            #expect(GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection() == .discovered(stableID: "gw|abc", useTLS: true))
-        }
+        GatewaySettingsStore.saveLastGatewayConnectionDiscovered(stableID: "gw|abc", useTLS: true)
+
+        let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
+        #expect(defaults.object(forKey: "gateway.last.host") == nil)
+        #expect(defaults.object(forKey: "gateway.last.port") == nil)
+        #expect(GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection() == .discovered(stableID: "gw|abc", useTLS: true))
     }
 
     @Test func lastGateway_backCompat_manualLoadsWhenKindMissing() {
-        withLastGatewayDefaultsSnapshot {
-            applyDefaults([
-                "gateway.last.kind": nil,
-                "gateway.last.host": "example.org",
-                "gateway.last.port": 18789,
-                "gateway.last.tls": false,
-                "gateway.last.stableID": "manual|example.org|18789",
-            ])
+        let keys = [
+            "gateway.last.kind",
+            "gateway.last.host",
+            "gateway.last.port",
+            "gateway.last.tls",
+            "gateway.last.stableID",
+        ]
+        let snapshot = snapshotDefaults(keys)
+        defer { restoreDefaults(snapshot) }
 
-            let loaded = GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection()
-            #expect(loaded == .manual(host: "example.org", port: 18789, useTLS: false, stableID: "manual|example.org|18789"))
-        }
+        applyDefaults([
+            "gateway.last.kind": nil,
+            "gateway.last.host": "example.org",
+            "gateway.last.port": 18789,
+            "gateway.last.tls": false,
+            "gateway.last.stableID": "manual|example.org|18789",
+        ])
+
+        let loaded = GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection()
+        #expect(loaded == .manual(host: "example.org", port: 18789, useTLS: false, stableID: "manual|example.org|18789"))
     }
 
     @Test func talkProviderApiKey_genericRoundTrip() {

apps/ios/Tests/NodeAppModelInvokeTests.swift

@@ -4,6 +4,31 @@ import Testing
 import UIKit
 @testable import OpenClaw
 
+private func withUserDefaults<T>(_ updates: [String: Any?], _ body: () throws -> T) rethrows -> T {
+    let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
+    var snapshot: [String: Any?] = [:]
+    for key in updates.keys {
+        snapshot[key] = defaults.object(forKey: key)
+    }
+    for (key, value) in updates {
+        if let value {
+            defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
+        } else {
+            defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
+        }
+    }
+    defer {
+        for (key, value) in snapshot {
+            if let value {
+                defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
+            } else {
+                defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return try body()
+}
+
 private func makeAgentDeepLinkURL(
     message: String,
     deliver: Bool = false,

apps/ios/Tests/TestDefaultsSupport.swift

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-import Foundation
-
-func withUserDefaults<T>(_ updates: [String: Any?], _ body: () throws -> T) rethrows -> T {
-    let defaults = UserDefaults.standard
-    var snapshot: [String: Any?] = [:]
-    for key in updates.keys {
-        snapshot[key] = defaults.object(forKey: key)
-    }
-    for (key, value) in updates {
-        if let value {
-            defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
-        } else {
-            defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
-        }
-    }
-    defer {
-        for (key, value) in snapshot {
-            if let value {
-                defaults.set(value, forKey: key)
-            } else {
-                defaults.removeObject(forKey: key)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return try body()
-}

apps/ios/Tests/VoiceWakeManagerExtractCommandTests.swift

@@ -3,19 +3,6 @@ import SwabbleKit
 import Testing
 @testable import OpenClaw
 
-private let openclawTranscript = "hey openclaw do thing"
-
-private func openclawSegments(postTriggerStart: TimeInterval) -> [WakeWordSegment] {
-    makeSegments(
-        transcript: openclawTranscript,
-        words: [
-            ("hey", 0.0, 0.1),
-            ("openclaw", 0.2, 0.1),
-            ("do", postTriggerStart, 0.1),
-            ("thing", postTriggerStart + 0.2, 0.1),
-        ])
-}
-
 @Suite struct VoiceWakeManagerExtractCommandTests {
     @Test func extractCommandReturnsNilWhenNoTriggerFound() {
         let transcript = "hello world"
@@ -26,9 +13,17 @@ private func openclawSegments(postTriggerStart: TimeInterval) -> [WakeWordSegmen
     }
 
     @Test func extractCommandTrimsTokensAndResult() {
-        let segments = openclawSegments(postTriggerStart: 0.9)
+        let transcript = "hey openclaw do thing"
+        let segments = makeSegments(
+            transcript: transcript,
+            words: [
+                ("hey", 0.0, 0.1),
+                ("openclaw", 0.2, 0.1),
+                ("do", 0.9, 0.1),
+                ("thing", 1.1, 0.1),
+            ])
         let cmd = VoiceWakeManager.extractCommand(
-            from: openclawTranscript,
+            from: transcript,
             segments: segments,
             triggers: ["  openclaw  "],
             minPostTriggerGap: 0.3)
@@ -36,9 +31,17 @@ private func openclawSegments(postTriggerStart: TimeInterval) -> [WakeWordSegmen
     }
 
     @Test func extractCommandReturnsNilWhenGapTooShort() {
-        let segments = openclawSegments(postTriggerStart: 0.35)
+        let transcript = "hey openclaw do thing"
+        let segments = makeSegments(
+            transcript: transcript,
+            words: [
+                ("hey", 0.0, 0.1),
+                ("openclaw", 0.2, 0.1),
+                ("do", 0.35, 0.1),
+                ("thing", 0.5, 0.1),
+            ])
         let cmd = VoiceWakeManager.extractCommand(
-            from: openclawTranscript,
+            from: transcript,
             segments: segments,
             triggers: ["openclaw"],
             minPostTriggerGap: 0.3)
@@ -54,9 +57,17 @@ private func openclawSegments(postTriggerStart: TimeInterval) -> [WakeWordSegmen
     }
 
     @Test func extractCommandIgnoresEmptyTriggers() {
-        let segments = openclawSegments(postTriggerStart: 0.9)
+        let transcript = "hey openclaw do thing"
+        let segments = makeSegments(
+            transcript: transcript,
+            words: [
+                ("hey", 0.0, 0.1),
+                ("openclaw", 0.2, 0.1),
+                ("do", 0.9, 0.1),
+                ("thing", 1.1, 0.1),
+            ])
         let cmd = VoiceWakeManager.extractCommand(
-            from: openclawTranscript,
+            from: transcript,
             segments: segments,
             triggers: ["", "   ", "openclaw"],
             minPostTriggerGap: 0.3)

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/AgentWorkspaceConfig.swift

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-import Foundation
-
-enum AgentWorkspaceConfig {
-    static func workspace(from root: [String: Any]) -> String? {
-        let agents = root["agents"] as? [String: Any]
-        let defaults = agents?["defaults"] as? [String: Any]
-        return defaults?["workspace"] as? String
-    }
-
-    static func setWorkspace(in root: inout [String: Any], workspace: String?) {
-        var agents = root["agents"] as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
-        var defaults = agents["defaults"] as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
-        let trimmed = workspace?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
-        if trimmed.isEmpty {
-            defaults.removeValue(forKey: "workspace")
-        } else {
-            defaults["workspace"] = trimmed
-        }
-        if defaults.isEmpty {
-            agents.removeValue(forKey: "defaults")
-        } else {
-            agents["defaults"] = defaults
-        }
-        if agents.isEmpty {
-            root.removeValue(forKey: "agents")
-        } else {
-            root["agents"] = agents
-        }
-    }
-}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/AudioInputDeviceObserver.swift

@@ -9,7 +9,21 @@ final class AudioInputDeviceObserver {
     private var defaultInputListener: AudioObjectPropertyListenerBlock?
 
     static func defaultInputDeviceUID() -> String? {
-        guard let deviceID = self.defaultInputDeviceID() else { return nil }
+        let systemObject = AudioObjectID(kAudioObjectSystemObject)
+        var address = AudioObjectPropertyAddress(
+            mSelector: kAudioHardwarePropertyDefaultInputDevice,
+            mScope: kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal,
+            mElement: kAudioObjectPropertyElementMain)
+        var deviceID = AudioObjectID(0)
+        var size = UInt32(MemoryLayout<AudioObjectID>.size)
+        let status = AudioObjectGetPropertyData(
+            systemObject,
+            &address,
+            0,
+            nil,
+            &size,
+            &deviceID)
+        guard status == noErr, deviceID != 0 else { return nil }
         return self.deviceUID(for: deviceID)
     }
 
@@ -49,15 +63,6 @@ final class AudioInputDeviceObserver {
     }
 
     static func defaultInputDeviceSummary() -> String {
-        guard let deviceID = self.defaultInputDeviceID() else {
-            return "defaultInput=unknown"
-        }
-        let uid = self.deviceUID(for: deviceID) ?? "unknown"
-        let name = self.deviceName(for: deviceID) ?? "unknown"
-        return "defaultInput=\(name) (\(uid))"
-    }
-
-    private static func defaultInputDeviceID() -> AudioObjectID? {
         let systemObject = AudioObjectID(kAudioObjectSystemObject)
         var address = AudioObjectPropertyAddress(
             mSelector: kAudioHardwarePropertyDefaultInputDevice,
@@ -72,8 +77,12 @@ final class AudioInputDeviceObserver {
             nil,
             &size,
             &deviceID)
-        guard status == noErr, deviceID != 0 else { return nil }
-        return deviceID
+        guard status == noErr, deviceID != 0 else {
+            return "defaultInput=unknown"
+        }
+        let uid = self.deviceUID(for: deviceID) ?? "unknown"
+        let name = self.deviceName(for: deviceID) ?? "unknown"
+        return "defaultInput=\(name) (\(uid))"
     }
 
     func start(onChange: @escaping @Sendable () -> Void) {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CameraCaptureService.swift

@@ -64,33 +64,45 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
 
         try await self.ensureAccess(for: .video)
 
-        let prepared = try CameraCapturePipelineSupport.preparePhotoSession(
-            preferFrontCamera: facing == .front,
-            deviceId: deviceId,
-            pickCamera: { preferFrontCamera, deviceId in
-                Self.pickCamera(facing: preferFrontCamera ? .front : .back, deviceId: deviceId)
-            },
-            cameraUnavailableError: CameraError.cameraUnavailable,
-            mapSetupError: { setupError in
-                CameraError.captureFailed(setupError.localizedDescription)
-            })
-        let session = prepared.session
-        let device = prepared.device
-        let output = prepared.output
+        let session = AVCaptureSession()
+        session.sessionPreset = .photo
+
+        guard let device = Self.pickCamera(facing: facing, deviceId: deviceId) else {
+            throw CameraError.cameraUnavailable
+        }
+
+        let input = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: device)
+        guard session.canAddInput(input) else {
+            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add camera input")
+        }
+        session.addInput(input)
+
+        let output = AVCapturePhotoOutput()
+        guard session.canAddOutput(output) else {
+            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add photo output")
+        }
+        session.addOutput(output)
+        output.maxPhotoQualityPrioritization = .quality
 
         session.startRunning()
         defer { session.stopRunning() }
-        await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.warmUpCaptureSession()
+        await Self.warmUpCaptureSession()
         await self.waitForExposureAndWhiteBalance(device: device)
         await self.sleepDelayMs(delayMs)
 
+        let settings: AVCapturePhotoSettings = {
+            if output.availablePhotoCodecTypes.contains(.jpeg) {
+                return AVCapturePhotoSettings(format: [AVVideoCodecKey: AVVideoCodecType.jpeg])
+            }
+            return AVCapturePhotoSettings()
+        }()
+        settings.photoQualityPrioritization = .quality
+
         var delegate: PhotoCaptureDelegate?
-        let rawData: Data = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { continuation in
-            let captureDelegate = PhotoCaptureDelegate(continuation)
-            delegate = captureDelegate
-            output.capturePhoto(
-                with: CameraCapturePipelineSupport.makePhotoSettings(output: output),
-                delegate: captureDelegate)
+        let rawData: Data = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
+            let d = PhotoCaptureDelegate(cont)
+            delegate = d
+            output.capturePhoto(with: settings, delegate: d)
         }
         withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
 
@@ -123,19 +135,39 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
             try await self.ensureAccess(for: .audio)
         }
 
-        let prepared = try await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.prepareWarmMovieSession(
-            preferFrontCamera: facing == .front,
-            deviceId: deviceId,
-            includeAudio: includeAudio,
-            durationMs: durationMs,
-            pickCamera: { preferFrontCamera, deviceId in
-                Self.pickCamera(facing: preferFrontCamera ? .front : .back, deviceId: deviceId)
-            },
-            cameraUnavailableError: CameraError.cameraUnavailable,
-            mapSetupError: Self.mapMovieSetupError)
-        let session = prepared.session
-        let output = prepared.output
+        let session = AVCaptureSession()
+        session.sessionPreset = .high
+
+        guard let camera = Self.pickCamera(facing: facing, deviceId: deviceId) else {
+            throw CameraError.cameraUnavailable
+        }
+        let cameraInput = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: camera)
+        guard session.canAddInput(cameraInput) else {
+            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add camera input")
+        }
+        session.addInput(cameraInput)
+
+        if includeAudio {
+            guard let mic = AVCaptureDevice.default(for: .audio) else {
+                throw CameraError.microphoneUnavailable
+            }
+            let micInput = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: mic)
+            guard session.canAddInput(micInput) else {
+                throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add microphone input")
+            }
+            session.addInput(micInput)
+        }
+
+        let output = AVCaptureMovieFileOutput()
+        guard session.canAddOutput(output) else {
+            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add movie output")
+        }
+        session.addOutput(output)
+        output.maxRecordedDuration = CMTime(value: Int64(durationMs), timescale: 1000)
+
+        session.startRunning()
         defer { session.stopRunning() }
+        await Self.warmUpCaptureSession()
 
         let tmpMovURL = FileManager().temporaryDirectory
             .appendingPathComponent("openclaw-camera-\(UUID().uuidString).mov")
@@ -148,6 +180,7 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
             return FileManager().temporaryDirectory
                 .appendingPathComponent("openclaw-camera-\(UUID().uuidString).mp4")
         }()
+
         // Ensure we don't fail exporting due to an existing file.
         try? FileManager().removeItem(at: outputURL)
 
@@ -159,12 +192,28 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
             output.startRecording(to: tmpMovURL, recordingDelegate: d)
         }
         withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
+
         try await Self.exportToMP4(inputURL: recordedURL, outputURL: outputURL)
         return (path: outputURL.path, durationMs: durationMs, hasAudio: includeAudio)
     }
 
     private func ensureAccess(for mediaType: AVMediaType) async throws {
-        if !(await CameraAuthorization.isAuthorized(for: mediaType)) {
+        let status = AVCaptureDevice.authorizationStatus(for: mediaType)
+        switch status {
+        case .authorized:
+            return
+        case .notDetermined:
+            let ok = await withCheckedContinuation(isolation: nil) { cont in
+                AVCaptureDevice.requestAccess(for: mediaType) { granted in
+                    cont.resume(returning: granted)
+                }
+            }
+            if !ok {
+                throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
+            }
+        case .denied, .restricted:
+            throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
+        @unknown default:
             throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
         }
     }
@@ -229,13 +278,6 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
         return min(60000, max(250, v))
     }
 
-    private nonisolated static func mapMovieSetupError(_ setupError: CameraSessionConfigurationError) -> CameraError {
-        CameraCapturePipelineSupport.mapMovieSetupError(
-            setupError,
-            microphoneUnavailableError: .microphoneUnavailable,
-            captureFailed: { .captureFailed($0) })
-    }
-
     private nonisolated static func exportToMP4(inputURL: URL, outputURL: URL) async throws {
         let asset = AVURLAsset(url: inputURL)
         guard let export = AVAssetExportSession(asset: asset, presetName: AVAssetExportPresetMediumQuality) else {
@@ -273,6 +315,11 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
         }
     }
 
+    private nonisolated static func warmUpCaptureSession() async {
+        // A short delay after `startRunning()` significantly reduces "blank first frame" captures on some devices.
+        try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 150_000_000) // 150ms
+    }
+
     private func waitForExposureAndWhiteBalance(device: AVCaptureDevice) async {
         let stepNs: UInt64 = 50_000_000
         let maxSteps = 30 // ~1.5s
@@ -291,7 +338,11 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
     }
 
     private nonisolated static func positionLabel(_ position: AVCaptureDevice.Position) -> String {
-        CameraCapturePipelineSupport.positionLabel(position)
+        switch position {
+        case .front: "front"
+        case .back: "back"
+        default: "unspecified"
+        }
     }
 }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CanvasA2UIActionMessageHandler.swift

@@ -109,7 +109,40 @@ final class CanvasA2UIActionMessageHandler: NSObject, WKScriptMessageHandler {
     }
 
     static func isLocalNetworkCanvasURL(_ url: URL) -> Bool {
-        LocalNetworkURLSupport.isLocalNetworkHTTPURL(url)
+        guard let scheme = url.scheme?.lowercased(), scheme == "http" || scheme == "https" else {
+            return false
+        }
+        guard let host = url.host?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines), !host.isEmpty else {
+            return false
+        }
+        if host == "localhost" { return true }
+        if host.hasSuffix(".local") { return true }
+        if host.hasSuffix(".ts.net") { return true }
+        if host.hasSuffix(".tailscale.net") { return true }
+        if !host.contains("."), !host.contains(":") { return true }
+        if let ipv4 = Self.parseIPv4(host) {
+            return Self.isLocalNetworkIPv4(ipv4)
+        }
+        return false
+    }
+
+    static func parseIPv4(_ host: String) -> (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)? {
+        let parts = host.split(separator: ".", omittingEmptySubsequences: false)
+        guard parts.count == 4 else { return nil }
+        let bytes: [UInt8] = parts.compactMap { UInt8($0) }
+        guard bytes.count == 4 else { return nil }
+        return (bytes[0], bytes[1], bytes[2], bytes[3])
+    }
+
+    static func isLocalNetworkIPv4(_ ip: (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)) -> Bool {
+        let (a, b, _, _) = ip
+        if a == 10 { return true }
+        if a == 172, (16...31).contains(Int(b)) { return true }
+        if a == 192, b == 168 { return true }
+        if a == 127 { return true }
+        if a == 169, b == 254 { return true }
+        if a == 100, (64...127).contains(Int(b)) { return true }
+        return false
     }
 
     // Formatting helpers live in OpenClawKit (`OpenClawCanvasA2UIAction`).

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CanvasFileWatcher.swift

@@ -1,13 +1,24 @@
 import Foundation
 
-final class CanvasFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable, SimpleFileWatcherOwner {
-    let watcher: SimpleFileWatcher
+final class CanvasFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable {
+    private let watcher: CoalescingFSEventsWatcher
 
     init(url: URL, onChange: @escaping () -> Void) {
-        self.watcher = SimpleFileWatcher(CoalescingFSEventsWatcher(
+        self.watcher = CoalescingFSEventsWatcher(
             paths: [url.path],
             queueLabel: "ai.openclaw.canvaswatcher",
-            onChange: onChange))
+            onChange: onChange)
     }
 
+    deinit {
+        self.stop()
+    }
+
+    func start() {
+        self.watcher.start()
+    }
+
+    func stop() {
+        self.watcher.stop()
+    }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CanvasWindowController+Testing.swift

@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ extension CanvasWindowController {
     }
 
     static func _testParseIPv4(_ host: String) -> (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)? {
-        LoopbackHost.parseIPv4(host)
+        CanvasA2UIActionMessageHandler.parseIPv4(host)
     }
 
     static func _testIsLocalNetworkIPv4(_ ip: (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)) -> Bool {
-        LoopbackHost.isLocalNetworkIPv4(ip)
+        CanvasA2UIActionMessageHandler.isLocalNetworkIPv4(ip)
     }
 
     static func _testIsLocalNetworkCanvasURL(_ url: URL) -> Bool {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CanvasWindowController.swift

@@ -274,11 +274,25 @@ final class CanvasWindowController: NSWindowController, WKNavigationDelegate, NS
     }
 
     func applyDebugStatusIfNeeded() {
-        WebViewJavaScriptSupport.applyDebugStatus(
-            webView: self.webView,
-            enabled: self.debugStatusEnabled,
-            title: self.debugStatusTitle,
-            subtitle: self.debugStatusSubtitle)
+        let enabled = self.debugStatusEnabled
+        let title = Self.jsOptionalStringLiteral(self.debugStatusTitle)
+        let subtitle = Self.jsOptionalStringLiteral(self.debugStatusSubtitle)
+        let js = """
+        (() => {
+          try {
+            const api = globalThis.__openclaw;
+            if (!api) return;
+            if (typeof api.setDebugStatusEnabled === 'function') {
+              api.setDebugStatusEnabled(\(enabled ? "true" : "false"));
+            }
+            if (!\(enabled ? "true" : "false")) return;
+            if (typeof api.setStatus === 'function') {
+              api.setStatus(\(title), \(subtitle));
+            }
+          } catch (_) {}
+        })();
+        """
+        self.webView.evaluateJavaScript(js) { _, _ in }
     }
 
     private func loadFile(_ url: URL) {
@@ -288,7 +302,19 @@ final class CanvasWindowController: NSWindowController, WKNavigationDelegate, NS
     }
 
     func eval(javaScript: String) async throws -> String {
-        try await WebViewJavaScriptSupport.evaluateToString(webView: self.webView, javaScript: javaScript)
+        try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
+            self.webView.evaluateJavaScript(javaScript) { result, error in
+                if let error {
+                    cont.resume(throwing: error)
+                    return
+                }
+                if let result {
+                    cont.resume(returning: String(describing: result))
+                } else {
+                    cont.resume(returning: "")
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     func snapshot(to outPath: String?) async throws -> String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ChannelsSettings+ChannelState.swift

@@ -9,90 +9,6 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
         self.store.snapshot?.decodeChannel(id, as: type)
     }
 
-    private func configuredChannelTint(configured: Bool, running: Bool, hasError: Bool, probeOk: Bool?) -> Color {
-        if !configured { return .secondary }
-        if hasError { return .orange }
-        if probeOk == false { return .orange }
-        if running { return .green }
-        return .orange
-    }
-
-    private func configuredChannelSummary(configured: Bool, running: Bool) -> String {
-        if !configured { return "Not configured" }
-        if running { return "Running" }
-        return "Configured"
-    }
-
-    private func appendProbeDetails(
-        lines: inout [String],
-        probeOk: Bool?,
-        probeStatus: Int?,
-        probeElapsedMs: Double?,
-        probeVersion: String? = nil,
-        probeError: String? = nil,
-        lastProbeAtMs: Double?,
-        lastError: String?)
-    {
-        if let probeOk {
-            if probeOk {
-                if let version = probeVersion, !version.isEmpty {
-                    lines.append("Version \(version)")
-                }
-                if let elapsed = probeElapsedMs {
-                    lines.append("Probe \(Int(elapsed))ms")
-                }
-            } else if let probeError, !probeError.isEmpty {
-                lines.append("Probe error: \(probeError)")
-            } else {
-                let code = probeStatus.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
-                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
-            }
-        }
-        if let last = self.date(fromMs: lastProbeAtMs) {
-            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
-        }
-        if let lastError, !lastError.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Error: \(lastError)")
-        }
-    }
-
-    private func finishDetails(
-        lines: inout [String],
-        probeOk: Bool?,
-        probeStatus: Int?,
-        probeElapsedMs: Double?,
-        probeVersion: String? = nil,
-        probeError: String? = nil,
-        lastProbeAtMs: Double?,
-        lastError: String?) -> String?
-    {
-        self.appendProbeDetails(
-            lines: &lines,
-            probeOk: probeOk,
-            probeStatus: probeStatus,
-            probeElapsedMs: probeElapsedMs,
-            probeVersion: probeVersion,
-            probeError: probeError,
-            lastProbeAtMs: lastProbeAtMs,
-            lastError: lastError)
-        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
-    }
-
-    private func finishProbeDetails(
-        lines: inout [String],
-        probe: (ok: Bool?, status: Int?, elapsedMs: Double?),
-        lastProbeAtMs: Double?,
-        lastError: String?) -> String?
-    {
-        self.finishDetails(
-            lines: &lines,
-            probeOk: probe.ok,
-            probeStatus: probe.status,
-            probeElapsedMs: probe.elapsedMs,
-            lastProbeAtMs: lastProbeAtMs,
-            lastError: lastError)
-    }
-
     var whatsAppTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("whatsapp", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.WhatsAppStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
@@ -107,51 +23,51 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
     var telegramTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("telegram", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.TelegramStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        return self.configuredChannelTint(
-            configured: status.configured,
-            running: status.running,
-            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
-            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
+        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
+        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
+        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
+        if status.running { return .green }
+        return .orange
     }
 
     var discordTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("discord", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.DiscordStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        return self.configuredChannelTint(
-            configured: status.configured,
-            running: status.running,
-            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
-            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
+        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
+        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
+        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
+        if status.running { return .green }
+        return .orange
     }
 
     var googlechatTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("googlechat", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.GoogleChatStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        return self.configuredChannelTint(
-            configured: status.configured,
-            running: status.running,
-            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
-            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
+        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
+        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
+        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
+        if status.running { return .green }
+        return .orange
     }
 
     var signalTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("signal", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.SignalStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        return self.configuredChannelTint(
-            configured: status.configured,
-            running: status.running,
-            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
-            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
+        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
+        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
+        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
+        if status.running { return .green }
+        return .orange
     }
 
     var imessageTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("imessage", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.IMessageStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        return self.configuredChannelTint(
-            configured: status.configured,
-            running: status.running,
-            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
-            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
+        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
+        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
+        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
+        if status.running { return .green }
+        return .orange
     }
 
     var whatsAppSummary: String {
@@ -166,31 +82,41 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
     var telegramSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("telegram", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.TelegramStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
+        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
+        if status.running { return "Running" }
+        return "Configured"
     }
 
     var discordSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("discord", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.DiscordStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
+        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
+        if status.running { return "Running" }
+        return "Configured"
     }
 
     var googlechatSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("googlechat", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.GoogleChatStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
+        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
+        if status.running { return "Running" }
+        return "Configured"
     }
 
     var signalSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("signal", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.SignalStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
+        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
+        if status.running { return "Running" }
+        return "Configured"
     }
 
     var imessageSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("imessage", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.IMessageStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
+        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
+        if status.running { return "Running" }
+        return "Configured"
     }
 
     var whatsAppDetails: String? {
@@ -242,15 +168,18 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
                 if let url = probe.webhook?.url, !url.isEmpty {
                     lines.append("Webhook: \(url)")
                 }
+            } else {
+                let code = probe.status.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
+                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
             }
         }
-        return self.finishDetails(
-            lines: &lines,
-            probeOk: status.probe?.ok,
-            probeStatus: status.probe?.status,
-            probeElapsedMs: nil,
-            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
-            lastError: status.lastError)
+        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
+            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
+        }
+        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
+            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
+        }
+        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
     }
 
     var discordDetails: String? {
@@ -260,17 +189,26 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
         if let source = status.tokenSource {
             lines.append("Token source: \(source)")
         }
-        if let name = status.probe?.bot?.username, !name.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Bot: @\(name)")
+        if let probe = status.probe {
+            if probe.ok {
+                if let name = probe.bot?.username {
+                    lines.append("Bot: @\(name)")
+                }
+                if let elapsed = probe.elapsedMs {
+                    lines.append("Probe \(Int(elapsed))ms")
+                }
+            } else {
+                let code = probe.status.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
+                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
+            }
         }
-        return self.finishProbeDetails(
-            lines: &lines,
-            probe: (
-                ok: status.probe?.ok,
-                status: status.probe?.status,
-                elapsedMs: status.probe?.elapsedMs),
-            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
-            lastError: status.lastError)
+        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
+            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
+        }
+        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
+            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
+        }
+        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
     }
 
     var googlechatDetails: String? {
@@ -285,14 +223,23 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
             let label = audience.isEmpty ? audienceType : "\(audienceType) \(audience)"
             lines.append("Audience: \(label)")
         }
-        return self.finishProbeDetails(
-            lines: &lines,
-            probe: (
-                ok: status.probe?.ok,
-                status: status.probe?.status,
-                elapsedMs: status.probe?.elapsedMs),
-            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
-            lastError: status.lastError)
+        if let probe = status.probe {
+            if probe.ok {
+                if let elapsed = probe.elapsedMs {
+                    lines.append("Probe \(Int(elapsed))ms")
+                }
+            } else {
+                let code = probe.status.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
+                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
+            }
+        }
+        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
+            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
+        }
+        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
+            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
+        }
+        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
     }
 
     var signalDetails: String? {
@@ -300,14 +247,26 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
         else { return nil }
         var lines: [String] = []
         lines.append("Base URL: \(status.baseUrl)")
-        return self.finishDetails(
-            lines: &lines,
-            probeOk: status.probe?.ok,
-            probeStatus: status.probe?.status,
-            probeElapsedMs: status.probe?.elapsedMs,
-            probeVersion: status.probe?.version,
-            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
-            lastError: status.lastError)
+        if let probe = status.probe {
+            if probe.ok {
+                if let version = probe.version, !version.isEmpty {
+                    lines.append("Version \(version)")
+                }
+                if let elapsed = probe.elapsedMs {
+                    lines.append("Probe \(Int(elapsed))ms")
+                }
+            } else {
+                let code = probe.status.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
+                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
+            }
+        }
+        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
+            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
+        }
+        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
+            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
+        }
+        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
     }
 
     var imessageDetails: String? {
@@ -320,14 +279,17 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
         if let dbPath = status.dbPath, !dbPath.isEmpty {
             lines.append("DB: \(dbPath)")
         }
-        return self.finishDetails(
-            lines: &lines,
-            probeOk: status.probe?.ok,
-            probeStatus: nil,
-            probeElapsedMs: nil,
-            probeError: status.probe?.error,
-            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
-            lastError: status.lastError)
+        if let probe = status.probe, !probe.ok {
+            let err = probe.error ?? "probe failed"
+            lines.append("Probe error: \(err)")
+        }
+        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
+            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
+        }
+        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
+            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
+        }
+        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
     }
 
     var orderedChannels: [ChannelItem] {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ChannelsSettings+View.swift

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
     }
 
     private var sidebar: some View {
-        SettingsSidebarScroll {
+        ScrollView {
             LazyVStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 8) {
                 if !self.enabledChannels.isEmpty {
                     self.sidebarSectionHeader("Configured")
@@ -34,7 +34,14 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
                     }
                 }
             }
+            .padding(.vertical, 10)
+            .padding(.horizontal, 10)
         }
+        .frame(minWidth: 220, idealWidth: 240, maxWidth: 280, maxHeight: .infinity, alignment: .topLeading)
+        .background(
+            RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous)
+                .fill(Color(nsColor: .windowBackgroundColor)))
+        .clipShape(RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous))
     }
 
     private var detail: some View {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ColorHexSupport.swift

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-import SwiftUI
-
-enum ColorHexSupport {
-    static func color(fromHex raw: String?) -> Color? {
-        let trimmed = (raw ?? "").trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return nil }
-        let hex = trimmed.hasPrefix("#") ? String(trimmed.dropFirst()) : trimmed
-        guard hex.count == 6, let value = Int(hex, radix: 16) else { return nil }
-        let r = Double((value >> 16) & 0xFF) / 255.0
-        let g = Double((value >> 8) & 0xFF) / 255.0
-        let b = Double(value & 0xFF) / 255.0
-        return Color(red: r, green: g, blue: b)
-    }
-}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ConfigFileWatcher.swift

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import Foundation
 
-final class ConfigFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable, SimpleFileWatcherOwner {
+final class ConfigFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable {
     private let url: URL
     private let watchedDir: URL
     private let targetPath: String
     private let targetName: String
-    let watcher: SimpleFileWatcher
+    private let watcher: CoalescingFSEventsWatcher
 
     init(url: URL, onChange: @escaping () -> Void) {
         self.url = url
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ final class ConfigFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable, SimpleFileWatcherOwner {
         let watchedDirPath = self.watchedDir.path
         let targetPath = self.targetPath
         let targetName = self.targetName
-        self.watcher = SimpleFileWatcher(CoalescingFSEventsWatcher(
+        self.watcher = CoalescingFSEventsWatcher(
             paths: [watchedDirPath],
             queueLabel: "ai.openclaw.configwatcher",
             shouldNotify: { _, eventPaths in
@@ -28,7 +28,18 @@ final class ConfigFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable, SimpleFileWatcherOwner {
                 }
                 return false
             },
-            onChange: onChange))
+            onChange: onChange)
     }
 
+    deinit {
+        self.stop()
+    }
+
+    func start() {
+        self.watcher.start()
+    }
+
+    func stop() {
+        self.watcher.stop()
+    }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ConfigSettings.swift

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ extension ConfigSettings {
     }
 
     private var sidebar: some View {
-        SettingsSidebarScroll {
+        ScrollView {
             LazyVStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 8) {
                 if self.sections.isEmpty {
                     Text("No config sections available.")
@@ -86,7 +86,14 @@ extension ConfigSettings {
                     }
                 }
             }
+            .padding(.vertical, 10)
+            .padding(.horizontal, 10)
         }
+        .frame(minWidth: 220, idealWidth: 240, maxWidth: 280, maxHeight: .infinity, alignment: .topLeading)
+        .background(
+            RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous)
+                .fill(Color(nsColor: .windowBackgroundColor)))
+        .clipShape(RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous))
     }
 
     private var detail: some View {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ContextMenuCardView.swift

@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ struct ContextMenuCardView: View {
     private let rows: [SessionRow]
     private let statusText: String?
     private let isLoading: Bool
+    private let paddingTop: CGFloat = 8
+    private let paddingBottom: CGFloat = 8
+    private let paddingTrailing: CGFloat = 10
+    private let paddingLeading: CGFloat = 20
     private let barHeight: CGFloat = 3
 
     init(
@@ -19,32 +23,45 @@ struct ContextMenuCardView: View {
     }
 
     var body: some View {
-        MenuHeaderCard(
-            title: "Context",
-            subtitle: self.subtitle,
-            statusText: self.statusText,
-            paddingBottom: 8)
-        {
-            if self.statusText == nil {
-                if self.rows.isEmpty, !self.isLoading {
-                    Text("No active sessions")
-                        .font(.caption)
-                        .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-                } else {
-                    VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 12) {
-                        if self.rows.isEmpty, self.isLoading {
-                            ForEach(0..<2, id: \.self) { _ in
-                                self.placeholderRow
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            ForEach(self.rows) { row in
-                                self.sessionRow(row)
-                            }
+        VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 6) {
+            HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline) {
+                Text("Context")
+                    .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
+                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                Spacer(minLength: 10)
+                Text(self.subtitle)
+                    .font(.caption)
+                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+            }
+
+            if let statusText {
+                Text(statusText)
+                    .font(.caption)
+                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+            } else if self.rows.isEmpty, !self.isLoading {
+                Text("No active sessions")
+                    .font(.caption)
+                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+            } else {
+                VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 12) {
+                    if self.rows.isEmpty, self.isLoading {
+                        ForEach(0..<2, id: \.self) { _ in
+                            self.placeholderRow
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        ForEach(self.rows) { row in
+                            self.sessionRow(row)
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
+        .padding(.top, self.paddingTop)
+        .padding(.bottom, self.paddingBottom)
+        .padding(.leading, self.paddingLeading)
+        .padding(.trailing, self.paddingTrailing)
+        .frame(minWidth: 300, maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .leading)
+        .transaction { txn in txn.animation = nil }
     }
 
     private var subtitle: String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ControlChannel.swift

@@ -336,8 +336,16 @@ final class ControlChannel {
     }
 
     private func startEventStream() {
-        GatewayPushSubscription.restartTask(task: &self.eventTask) { [weak self] push in
-            self?.handle(push: push)
+        self.eventTask?.cancel()
+        self.eventTask = Task { [weak self] in
+            guard let self else { return }
+            let stream = await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe()
+            for await push in stream {
+                if Task.isCancelled { return }
+                await MainActor.run { [weak self] in
+                    self?.handle(push: push)
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CronJobEditor+Helpers.swift

@@ -258,6 +258,14 @@ extension CronJobEditor {
     }
 
     func formatDuration(ms: Int) -> String {
-        DurationFormattingSupport.conciseDuration(ms: ms)
+        if ms < 1000 { return "\(ms)ms" }
+        let s = Double(ms) / 1000.0
+        if s < 60 { return "\(Int(round(s)))s" }
+        let m = s / 60.0
+        if m < 60 { return "\(Int(round(m)))m" }
+        let h = m / 60.0
+        if h < 48 { return "\(Int(round(h)))h" }
+        let d = h / 24.0
+        return "\(Int(round(d)))d"
     }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CronJobsStore.swift

@@ -38,9 +38,7 @@ final class CronJobsStore {
     func start() {
         guard !self.isPreview else { return }
         guard self.eventTask == nil else { return }
-        GatewayPushSubscription.restartTask(task: &self.eventTask) { [weak self] push in
-            self?.handle(push: push)
-        }
+        self.startGatewaySubscription()
         self.pollTask = Task.detached { [weak self] in
             guard let self else { return }
             await self.refreshJobs()
@@ -144,6 +142,20 @@ final class CronJobsStore {
 
     // MARK: - Gateway events
 
+    private func startGatewaySubscription() {
+        self.eventTask?.cancel()
+        self.eventTask = Task { [weak self] in
+            guard let self else { return }
+            let stream = await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe()
+            for await push in stream {
+                if Task.isCancelled { return }
+                await MainActor.run { [weak self] in
+                    self?.handle(push: push)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     private func handle(push: GatewayPush) {
         switch push {
         case let .event(evt) where evt.event == "cron":

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CronSettings+Helpers.swift

@@ -31,7 +31,15 @@ extension CronSettings {
     }
 
     func formatDuration(ms: Int) -> String {
-        DurationFormattingSupport.conciseDuration(ms: ms)
+        if ms < 1000 { return "\(ms)ms" }
+        let s = Double(ms) / 1000.0
+        if s < 60 { return "\(Int(round(s)))s" }
+        let m = s / 60.0
+        if m < 60 { return "\(Int(round(m)))m" }
+        let h = m / 60.0
+        if h < 48 { return "\(Int(round(h)))h" }
+        let d = h / 24.0
+        return "\(Int(round(d)))d"
     }
 
     func nextRunLabel(_ date: Date, now: Date = .init()) -> String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/DevicePairingApprovalPrompter.swift

@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
     private var queue: [PendingRequest] = []
     var pendingCount: Int = 0
     var pendingRepairCount: Int = 0
-    private let alertState = PairingAlertState()
+    private var activeAlert: NSAlert?
+    private var activeRequestId: String?
+    private var alertHostWindow: NSWindow?
     private var resolvedByRequestId: Set<String> = []
 
     private struct PairingList: Codable {
@@ -53,35 +55,48 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
         }
     }
 
-    private typealias PairingResolvedEvent = PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolvedEvent
-
-    func start() {
-        self.startPushTask()
+    private struct PairingResolvedEvent: Codable {
+        let requestId: String
+        let deviceId: String
+        let decision: String
+        let ts: Double
     }
 
-    private func startPushTask() {
-        PairingAlertSupport.startPairingPushTask(
-            task: &self.task,
-            isStopping: &self.isStopping,
-            loadPending: self.loadPendingRequestsFromGateway,
-            handlePush: self.handle(push:))
+    private enum PairingResolution: String {
+        case approved
+        case rejected
+    }
+
+    func start() {
+        guard self.task == nil else { return }
+        self.isStopping = false
+        self.task = Task { [weak self] in
+            guard let self else { return }
+            _ = try? await GatewayConnection.shared.refresh()
+            await self.loadPendingRequestsFromGateway()
+            let stream = await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe(bufferingNewest: 200)
+            for await push in stream {
+                if Task.isCancelled { return }
+                await MainActor.run { [weak self] in self?.handle(push: push) }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     func stop() {
-        self.stopPushTask()
+        self.isStopping = true
+        self.endActiveAlert()
+        self.task?.cancel()
+        self.task = nil
+        self.queue.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
         self.updatePendingCounts()
+        self.isPresenting = false
+        self.activeRequestId = nil
+        self.alertHostWindow?.orderOut(nil)
+        self.alertHostWindow?.close()
+        self.alertHostWindow = nil
         self.resolvedByRequestId.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
     }
 
-    private func stopPushTask() {
-        PairingAlertSupport.stopPairingPrompter(
-            isStopping: &self.isStopping,
-            task: &self.task,
-            queue: &self.queue,
-            isPresenting: &self.isPresenting,
-            state: self.alertState)
-    }
-
     private func loadPendingRequestsFromGateway() async {
         do {
             let list: PairingList = try await GatewayConnection.shared.requestDecoded(method: .devicePairList)
@@ -112,13 +127,44 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
 
     private func presentAlert(for req: PendingRequest) {
         self.logger.info("presenting device pairing alert requestId=\(req.requestId, privacy: .public)")
-        PairingAlertSupport.presentPairingAlert(
-            request: req,
-            requestId: req.requestId,
-            messageText: "Allow device to connect?",
-            informativeText: Self.describe(req),
-            state: self.alertState,
-            onResponse: self.handleAlertResponse)
+        NSApp.activate(ignoringOtherApps: true)
+
+        let alert = NSAlert()
+        alert.alertStyle = .warning
+        alert.messageText = "Allow device to connect?"
+        alert.informativeText = Self.describe(req)
+        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Later")
+        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Approve")
+        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Reject")
+        if #available(macOS 11.0, *), alert.buttons.indices.contains(2) {
+            alert.buttons[2].hasDestructiveAction = true
+        }
+
+        self.activeAlert = alert
+        self.activeRequestId = req.requestId
+        let hostWindow = self.requireAlertHostWindow()
+
+        let sheetSize = alert.window.frame.size
+        if let screen = hostWindow.screen ?? NSScreen.main {
+            let bounds = screen.visibleFrame
+            let x = bounds.midX - (sheetSize.width / 2)
+            let sheetOriginY = bounds.midY - (sheetSize.height / 2)
+            let hostY = sheetOriginY + sheetSize.height - hostWindow.frame.height
+            hostWindow.setFrameOrigin(NSPoint(x: x, y: hostY))
+        } else {
+            hostWindow.center()
+        }
+
+        hostWindow.makeKeyAndOrderFront(nil)
+        alert.beginSheetModal(for: hostWindow) { [weak self] response in
+            Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
+                guard let self else { return }
+                self.activeRequestId = nil
+                self.activeAlert = nil
+                await self.handleAlertResponse(response, request: req)
+                hostWindow.orderOut(nil)
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     private func handleAlertResponse(_ response: NSApplication.ModalResponse, request: PendingRequest) async {
@@ -160,27 +206,33 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
     }
 
     private func approve(requestId: String) async -> Bool {
-        await PairingAlertSupport.approveRequest(
-            requestId: requestId,
-            kind: "device",
-            logger: self.logger)
-        {
+        do {
             try await GatewayConnection.shared.devicePairApprove(requestId: requestId)
+            self.logger.info("approved device pairing requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
+            return true
+        } catch {
+            self.logger.error("approve failed requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
+            self.logger.error("approve failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
+            return false
         }
     }
 
     private func reject(requestId: String) async {
-        await PairingAlertSupport.rejectRequest(
-            requestId: requestId,
-            kind: "device",
-            logger: self.logger)
-        {
+        do {
             try await GatewayConnection.shared.devicePairReject(requestId: requestId)
+            self.logger.info("rejected device pairing requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
+        } catch {
+            self.logger.error("reject failed requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
+            self.logger.error("reject failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
         }
     }
 
     private func endActiveAlert() {
-        PairingAlertSupport.endActiveAlert(state: self.alertState)
+        PairingAlertSupport.endActiveAlert(activeAlert: &self.activeAlert, activeRequestId: &self.activeRequestId)
+    }
+
+    private func requireAlertHostWindow() -> NSWindow {
+        PairingAlertSupport.requireAlertHostWindow(alertHostWindow: &self.alertHostWindow)
     }
 
     private func handle(push: GatewayPush) {
@@ -217,10 +269,9 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
     }
 
     private func handleResolved(_ resolved: PairingResolvedEvent) {
-        let resolution = resolved.decision == PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolution.approved.rawValue
-            ? PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolution.approved
-            : PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolution.rejected
-        if let activeRequestId = self.alertState.activeRequestId, activeRequestId == resolved.requestId {
+        let resolution = resolved.decision == PairingResolution.approved.rawValue ? PairingResolution
+            .approved : .rejected
+        if let activeRequestId, activeRequestId == resolved.requestId {
             self.resolvedByRequestId.insert(resolved.requestId)
             self.endActiveAlert()
             let decision = resolution.rawValue

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/DurationFormattingSupport.swift

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-import Foundation
-
-enum DurationFormattingSupport {
-    static func conciseDuration(ms: Int) -> String {
-        if ms < 1000 { return "\(ms)ms" }
-        let s = Double(ms) / 1000.0
-        if s < 60 { return "\(Int(round(s)))s" }
-        let m = s / 60.0
-        if m < 60 { return "\(Int(round(m)))m" }
-        let h = m / 60.0
-        if h < 48 { return "\(Int(round(h)))h" }
-        let d = h / 24.0
-        return "\(Int(round(d)))d"
-    }
-}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecApprovalsGatewayPrompter.swift

@@ -19,13 +19,15 @@ final class ExecApprovalsGatewayPrompter {
     }
 
     func start() {
-        SimpleTaskSupport.start(task: &self.task) { [weak self] in
+        guard self.task == nil else { return }
+        self.task = Task { [weak self] in
             await self?.run()
         }
     }
 
     func stop() {
-        SimpleTaskSupport.stop(task: &self.task)
+        self.task?.cancel()
+        self.task = nil
     }
 
     private func run() async {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecApprovalsSocket.swift

@@ -73,22 +73,6 @@ private struct ExecHostResponse: Codable {
     var error: ExecHostError?
 }
 
-private func readLineFromHandle(_ handle: FileHandle, maxBytes: Int) throws -> String? {
-    var buffer = Data()
-    while buffer.count < maxBytes {
-        let chunk = try handle.read(upToCount: 4096) ?? Data()
-        if chunk.isEmpty { break }
-        buffer.append(chunk)
-        if buffer.contains(0x0A) { break }
-    }
-    guard let newlineIndex = buffer.firstIndex(of: 0x0A) else {
-        guard !buffer.isEmpty else { return nil }
-        return String(data: buffer, encoding: .utf8)
-    }
-    let lineData = buffer.subdata(in: 0..<newlineIndex)
-    return String(data: lineData, encoding: .utf8)
-}
-
 enum ExecApprovalsSocketClient {
     private struct TimeoutError: LocalizedError {
         var message: String
@@ -175,12 +159,28 @@ enum ExecApprovalsSocketClient {
         payload.append(0x0A)
         try handle.write(contentsOf: payload)
 
-        guard let line = try readLineFromHandle(handle, maxBytes: 256_000),
+        guard let line = try self.readLine(from: handle, maxBytes: 256_000),
               let lineData = line.data(using: .utf8)
         else { return nil }
         let response = try JSONDecoder().decode(ExecApprovalSocketDecision.self, from: lineData)
         return response.decision
     }
+
+    private static func readLine(from handle: FileHandle, maxBytes: Int) throws -> String? {
+        var buffer = Data()
+        while buffer.count < maxBytes {
+            let chunk = try handle.read(upToCount: 4096) ?? Data()
+            if chunk.isEmpty { break }
+            buffer.append(chunk)
+            if buffer.contains(0x0A) { break }
+        }
+        guard let newlineIndex = buffer.firstIndex(of: 0x0A) else {
+            guard !buffer.isEmpty else { return nil }
+            return String(data: buffer, encoding: .utf8)
+        }
+        let lineData = buffer.subdata(in: 0..<newlineIndex)
+        return String(data: lineData, encoding: .utf8)
+    }
 }
 
 @MainActor
@@ -781,7 +781,7 @@ private final class ExecApprovalsSocketServer: @unchecked Sendable {
                 try self.sendApprovalResponse(handle: handle, id: UUID().uuidString, decision: .deny)
                 return
             }
-            guard let line = try readLineFromHandle(handle, maxBytes: 256_000),
+            guard let line = try self.readLine(from: handle, maxBytes: 256_000),
                   let data = line.data(using: .utf8)
             else {
                 return
@@ -815,6 +815,22 @@ private final class ExecApprovalsSocketServer: @unchecked Sendable {
         }
     }
 
+    private func readLine(from handle: FileHandle, maxBytes: Int) throws -> String? {
+        var buffer = Data()
+        while buffer.count < maxBytes {
+            let chunk = try handle.read(upToCount: 4096) ?? Data()
+            if chunk.isEmpty { break }
+            buffer.append(chunk)
+            if buffer.contains(0x0A) { break }
+        }
+        guard let newlineIndex = buffer.firstIndex(of: 0x0A) else {
+            guard !buffer.isEmpty else { return nil }
+            return String(data: buffer, encoding: .utf8)
+        }
+        let lineData = buffer.subdata(in: 0..<newlineIndex)
+        return String(data: lineData, encoding: .utf8)
+    }
+
     private func sendApprovalResponse(
         handle: FileHandle,
         id: String,

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecEnvInvocationUnwrapper.swift

@@ -12,6 +12,19 @@ enum ExecCommandToken {
 enum ExecEnvInvocationUnwrapper {
     static let maxWrapperDepth = 4
 
+    private static let optionsWithValue = Set([
+        "-u",
+        "--unset",
+        "-c",
+        "--chdir",
+        "-s",
+        "--split-string",
+        "--default-signal",
+        "--ignore-signal",
+        "--block-signal",
+    ])
+    private static let flagOptions = Set(["-i", "--ignore-environment", "-0", "--null"])
+
     private static func isEnvAssignment(_ token: String) -> Bool {
         let pattern = #"^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*=.*"#
         return token.range(of: pattern, options: .regularExpression) != nil
@@ -42,11 +55,11 @@ enum ExecEnvInvocationUnwrapper {
             if token.hasPrefix("-"), token != "-" {
                 let lower = token.lowercased()
                 let flag = lower.split(separator: "=", maxSplits: 1).first.map(String.init) ?? lower
-                if ExecEnvOptions.flagOnly.contains(flag) {
+                if self.flagOptions.contains(flag) {
                     idx += 1
                     continue
                 }
-                if ExecEnvOptions.withValue.contains(flag) {
+                if self.optionsWithValue.contains(flag) {
                     if !lower.contains("=") {
                         expectsOptionValue = true
                     }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecEnvOptions.swift

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-import Foundation
-
-enum ExecEnvOptions {
-    static let withValue = Set([
-        "-u",
-        "--unset",
-        "-c",
-        "--chdir",
-        "-s",
-        "--split-string",
-        "--default-signal",
-        "--ignore-signal",
-        "--block-signal",
-    ])
-
-    static let flagOnly = Set(["-i", "--ignore-environment", "-0", "--null"])
-
-    static let inlineValuePrefixes = [
-        "-u",
-        "-c",
-        "-s",
-        "--unset=",
-        "--chdir=",
-        "--split-string=",
-        "--default-signal=",
-        "--ignore-signal=",
-        "--block-signal=",
-    ]
-}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecSystemRunCommandValidator.swift

@@ -39,6 +39,30 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
     private static let posixInlineCommandFlags = Set(["-lc", "-c", "--command"])
     private static let powershellInlineCommandFlags = Set(["-c", "-command", "--command"])
 
+    private static let envOptionsWithValue = Set([
+        "-u",
+        "--unset",
+        "-c",
+        "--chdir",
+        "-s",
+        "--split-string",
+        "--default-signal",
+        "--ignore-signal",
+        "--block-signal",
+    ])
+    private static let envFlagOptions = Set(["-i", "--ignore-environment", "-0", "--null"])
+    private static let envInlineValuePrefixes = [
+        "-u",
+        "-c",
+        "-s",
+        "--unset=",
+        "--chdir=",
+        "--split-string=",
+        "--default-signal=",
+        "--ignore-signal=",
+        "--block-signal=",
+    ]
+
     private struct EnvUnwrapResult {
         let argv: [String]
         let usesModifiers: Bool
@@ -89,7 +113,7 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
     }
 
     private static func hasEnvInlineValuePrefix(_ lowerToken: String) -> Bool {
-        ExecEnvOptions.inlineValuePrefixes.contains { lowerToken.hasPrefix($0) }
+        self.envInlineValuePrefixes.contains { lowerToken.hasPrefix($0) }
     }
 
     private static func unwrapEnvInvocationWithMetadata(_ argv: [String]) -> EnvUnwrapResult? {
@@ -124,12 +148,12 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
 
             let lower = token.lowercased()
             let flag = lower.split(separator: "=", maxSplits: 1).first.map(String.init) ?? lower
-                if ExecEnvOptions.flagOnly.contains(flag) {
+            if self.envFlagOptions.contains(flag) {
                 usesModifiers = true
                 idx += 1
                 continue
             }
-                if ExecEnvOptions.withValue.contains(flag) {
+            if self.envOptionsWithValue.contains(flag) {
                 usesModifiers = true
                 if !lower.contains("=") {
                     expectsOptionValue = true
@@ -277,15 +301,10 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
         return current
     }
 
-    private struct InlineCommandTokenMatch {
-        var tokenIndex: Int
-        var inlineCommand: String?
-    }
-
-    private static func findInlineCommandTokenMatch(
+    private static func resolveInlineCommandTokenIndex(
         _ argv: [String],
         flags: Set<String>,
-        allowCombinedC: Bool) -> InlineCommandTokenMatch?
+        allowCombinedC: Bool) -> Int?
     {
         var idx = 1
         while idx < argv.count {
@@ -299,35 +318,21 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
                 break
             }
             if flags.contains(lower) {
-                return InlineCommandTokenMatch(tokenIndex: idx, inlineCommand: nil)
+                return idx + 1 < argv.count ? idx + 1 : nil
             }
             if allowCombinedC, let inlineOffset = self.combinedCommandInlineOffset(token) {
                 let inline = String(token.dropFirst(inlineOffset))
                     .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-                return InlineCommandTokenMatch(
-                    tokenIndex: idx,
-                    inlineCommand: inline.isEmpty ? nil : inline)
+                if !inline.isEmpty {
+                    return idx
+                }
+                return idx + 1 < argv.count ? idx + 1 : nil
             }
             idx += 1
         }
         return nil
     }
 
-    private static func resolveInlineCommandTokenIndex(
-        _ argv: [String],
-        flags: Set<String>,
-        allowCombinedC: Bool) -> Int?
-    {
-        guard let match = self.findInlineCommandTokenMatch(argv, flags: flags, allowCombinedC: allowCombinedC) else {
-            return nil
-        }
-        if match.inlineCommand != nil {
-            return match.tokenIndex
-        }
-        let nextIndex = match.tokenIndex + 1
-        return nextIndex < argv.count ? nextIndex : nil
-    }
-
     private static func combinedCommandInlineOffset(_ token: String) -> Int? {
         let chars = Array(token.lowercased())
         guard chars.count >= 2, chars[0] == "-", chars[1] != "-" else {
@@ -366,14 +371,30 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
         flags: Set<String>,
         allowCombinedC: Bool) -> String?
     {
-        guard let match = self.findInlineCommandTokenMatch(argv, flags: flags, allowCombinedC: allowCombinedC) else {
-            return nil
+        var idx = 1
+        while idx < argv.count {
+            let token = argv[idx].trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+            if token.isEmpty {
+                idx += 1
+                continue
+            }
+            let lower = token.lowercased()
+            if lower == "--" {
+                break
+            }
+            if flags.contains(lower) {
+                return self.trimmedNonEmpty(idx + 1 < argv.count ? argv[idx + 1] : nil)
+            }
+            if allowCombinedC, let inlineOffset = self.combinedCommandInlineOffset(token) {
+                let inline = String(token.dropFirst(inlineOffset))
+                if let inlineValue = self.trimmedNonEmpty(inline) {
+                    return inlineValue
+                }
+                return self.trimmedNonEmpty(idx + 1 < argv.count ? argv[idx + 1] : nil)
+            }
+            idx += 1
         }
-        if let inlineCommand = match.inlineCommand {
-            return inlineCommand
-        }
-        let nextIndex = match.tokenIndex + 1
-        return self.trimmedNonEmpty(nextIndex < argv.count ? argv[nextIndex] : nil)
+        return nil
     }
 
     private static func extractCmdInlineCommand(_ argv: [String]) -> String? {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/GatewayDiscoveryMenu.swift

@@ -48,11 +48,27 @@ struct GatewayDiscoveryInlineList: View {
                                         .truncationMode(.middle)
                                 }
                                 Spacer(minLength: 0)
-                                SelectionStateIndicator(selected: selected)
+                                if selected {
+                                    Image(systemName: "checkmark.circle.fill")
+                                        .foregroundStyle(Color.accentColor)
+                                } else {
+                                    Image(systemName: "arrow.right.circle")
+                                        .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                                }
                             }
-                            .openClawSelectableRowChrome(
-                                selected: selected,
-                                hovered: self.hoveredGatewayID == gateway.id)
+                            .padding(.horizontal, 10)
+                            .padding(.vertical, 8)
+                            .frame(maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .leading)
+                            .background(
+                                RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 10, style: .continuous)
+                                    .fill(self.rowBackground(
+                                        selected: selected,
+                                        hovered: self.hoveredGatewayID == gateway.id)))
+                            .overlay(
+                                RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 10, style: .continuous)
+                                    .strokeBorder(
+                                        selected ? Color.accentColor.opacity(0.45) : Color.clear,
+                                        lineWidth: 1))
                             .contentShape(Rectangle())
                         }
                         .buttonStyle(.plain)
@@ -90,6 +106,12 @@ struct GatewayDiscoveryInlineList: View {
         }
     }
 
+    private func rowBackground(selected: Bool, hovered: Bool) -> Color {
+        if selected { return Color.accentColor.opacity(0.12) }
+        if hovered { return Color.secondary.opacity(0.08) }
+        return Color.clear
+    }
+
     private func trimmed(_ value: String?) -> String {
         value?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
     }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/GatewayDiscoverySelectionSupport.swift

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-import OpenClawDiscovery
-
-@MainActor
-enum GatewayDiscoverySelectionSupport {
-    static func applyRemoteSelection(
-        gateway: GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway,
-        state: AppState)
-    {
-        if state.remoteTransport == .direct {
-            state.remoteUrl = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.directUrl(for: gateway) ?? ""
-        } else {
-            state.remoteTarget = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.sshTarget(for: gateway) ?? ""
-        }
-        if let endpoint = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.serviceEndpoint(for: gateway) {
-            OpenClawConfigFile.setRemoteGatewayUrl(
-                host: endpoint.host,
-                port: endpoint.port)
-        } else {
-            OpenClawConfigFile.clearRemoteGatewayUrl()
-        }
-    }
-}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/GatewayEndpointStore.swift

@@ -347,8 +347,21 @@ actor GatewayEndpointStore {
 
     /// Explicit action: ensure the remote control tunnel is established and publish the resolved endpoint.
     func ensureRemoteControlTunnel() async throws -> UInt16 {
-        try await self.requireRemoteMode()
-        if let url = try self.resolveDirectRemoteURL() {
+        let mode = await self.deps.mode()
+        guard mode == .remote else {
+            throw NSError(
+                domain: "RemoteTunnel",
+                code: 1,
+                userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "Remote mode is not enabled"])
+        }
+        let root = OpenClawConfigFile.loadDict()
+        if GatewayRemoteConfig.resolveTransport(root: root) == .direct {
+            guard let url = GatewayRemoteConfig.resolveGatewayUrl(root: root) else {
+                throw NSError(
+                    domain: "GatewayEndpoint",
+                    code: 1,
+                    userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "gateway.remote.url missing or invalid"])
+            }
             guard let port = GatewayRemoteConfig.defaultPort(for: url),
                   let portInt = UInt16(exactly: port)
             else {
@@ -412,9 +425,22 @@ actor GatewayEndpointStore {
     }
 
     private func ensureRemoteConfig(detail: String) async throws -> GatewayConnection.Config {
-        try await self.requireRemoteMode()
+        let mode = await self.deps.mode()
+        guard mode == .remote else {
+            throw NSError(
+                domain: "RemoteTunnel",
+                code: 1,
+                userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "Remote mode is not enabled"])
+        }
 
-        if let url = try self.resolveDirectRemoteURL() {
+        let root = OpenClawConfigFile.loadDict()
+        if GatewayRemoteConfig.resolveTransport(root: root) == .direct {
+            guard let url = GatewayRemoteConfig.resolveGatewayUrl(root: root) else {
+                throw NSError(
+                    domain: "GatewayEndpoint",
+                    code: 1,
+                    userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "gateway.remote.url missing or invalid"])
+            }
             let token = self.deps.token()
             let password = self.deps.password()
             self.cancelRemoteEnsure()
@@ -465,27 +491,6 @@ actor GatewayEndpointStore {
         }
     }
 
-    private func requireRemoteMode() async throws {
-        guard await self.deps.mode() == .remote else {
-            throw NSError(
-                domain: "RemoteTunnel",
-                code: 1,
-                userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "Remote mode is not enabled"])
-        }
-    }
-
-    private func resolveDirectRemoteURL() throws -> URL? {
-        let root = OpenClawConfigFile.loadDict()
-        guard GatewayRemoteConfig.resolveTransport(root: root) == .direct else { return nil }
-        guard let url = GatewayRemoteConfig.resolveGatewayUrl(root: root) else {
-            throw NSError(
-                domain: "GatewayEndpoint",
-                code: 1,
-                userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "gateway.remote.url missing or invalid"])
-        }
-        return url
-    }
-
     private func removeSubscriber(_ id: UUID) {
         self.subscribers[id] = nil
     }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/GatewayLaunchAgentManager.swift

@@ -180,11 +180,25 @@ extension GatewayLaunchAgentManager {
     }
 
     private static func parseDaemonJson(from raw: String) -> ParsedDaemonJson? {
-        guard let parsed = JSONObjectExtractionSupport.extract(from: raw) else { return nil }
-        return ParsedDaemonJson(text: parsed.text, object: parsed.object)
+        let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        guard let start = trimmed.firstIndex(of: "{"),
+              let end = trimmed.lastIndex(of: "}")
+        else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        let jsonText = String(trimmed[start...end])
+        guard let data = jsonText.data(using: .utf8) else { return nil }
+        guard let object = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as? [String: Any] else { return nil }
+        return ParsedDaemonJson(text: jsonText, object: object)
     }
 
     private static func summarize(_ text: String) -> String? {
-        TextSummarySupport.summarizeLastLine(text)
+        let lines = text
+            .split(whereSeparator: \.isNewline)
+            .map { $0.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) }
+            .filter { !$0.isEmpty }
+        guard let last = lines.last else { return nil }
+        let normalized = last.replacingOccurrences(of: "\\s+", with: " ", options: .regularExpression)
+        return normalized.count > 200 ? String(normalized.prefix(199)) + "…" : normalized
     }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/GatewayPushSubscription.swift

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-import OpenClawKit
-
-enum GatewayPushSubscription {
-    @MainActor
-    static func consume(
-        bufferingNewest: Int? = nil,
-        onPush: @escaping @MainActor (GatewayPush) -> Void) async
-    {
-        let stream: AsyncStream<GatewayPush> = if let bufferingNewest {
-            await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe(bufferingNewest: bufferingNewest)
-        } else {
-            await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe()
-        }
-
-        for await push in stream {
-            if Task.isCancelled { return }
-            await MainActor.run {
-                onPush(push)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    @MainActor
-    static func restartTask(
-        task: inout Task<Void, Never>?,
-        bufferingNewest: Int? = nil,
-        onPush: @escaping @MainActor (GatewayPush) -> Void)
-    {
-        task?.cancel()
-        task = Task {
-            await self.consume(bufferingNewest: bufferingNewest, onPush: onPush)
-        }
-    }
-}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/GatewayRemoteConfig.swift

@@ -1,7 +1,41 @@
 import Foundation
-import OpenClawKit
+import Network
 
 enum GatewayRemoteConfig {
+    private static func isLoopbackHost(_ rawHost: String) -> Bool {
+        var host = rawHost
+            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+            .lowercased()
+            .trimmingCharacters(in: CharacterSet(charactersIn: "[]"))
+        if host.hasSuffix(".") {
+            host.removeLast()
+        }
+        if let zoneIndex = host.firstIndex(of: "%") {
+            host = String(host[..<zoneIndex])
+        }
+        if host.isEmpty {
+            return false
+        }
+        if host == "localhost" || host == "0.0.0.0" || host == "::" {
+            return true
+        }
+
+        if let ipv4 = IPv4Address(host) {
+            return ipv4.rawValue.first == 127
+        }
+        if let ipv6 = IPv6Address(host) {
+            let bytes = Array(ipv6.rawValue)
+            let isV6Loopback = bytes[0..<15].allSatisfy { $0 == 0 } && bytes[15] == 1
+            if isV6Loopback {
+                return true
+            }
+            let isMappedV4 = bytes[0..<10].allSatisfy { $0 == 0 } && bytes[10] == 0xFF && bytes[11] == 0xFF
+            return isMappedV4 && bytes[12] == 127
+        }
+
+        return false
+    }
+
     static func resolveTransport(root: [String: Any]) -> AppState.RemoteTransport {
         guard let gateway = root["gateway"] as? [String: Any],
               let remote = gateway["remote"] as? [String: Any],
@@ -40,7 +74,7 @@ enum GatewayRemoteConfig {
         guard scheme == "ws" || scheme == "wss" else { return nil }
         let host = url.host?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
         guard !host.isEmpty else { return nil }
-        if scheme == "ws", !LoopbackHost.isLoopbackHost(host) {
+        if scheme == "ws", !self.isLoopbackHost(host) {
             return nil
         }
         if scheme == "ws", url.port == nil {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/GeneralSettings.swift

@@ -260,7 +260,17 @@ struct GeneralSettings: View {
                 TextField("user@host[:22]", text: self.$state.remoteTarget)
                     .textFieldStyle(.roundedBorder)
                     .frame(maxWidth: .infinity)
-                self.remoteTestButton(disabled: !canTest)
+                Button {
+                    Task { await self.testRemote() }
+                } label: {
+                    if self.remoteStatus == .checking {
+                        ProgressView().controlSize(.small)
+                    } else {
+                        Text("Test remote")
+                    }
+                }
+                .buttonStyle(.borderedProminent)
+                .disabled(self.remoteStatus == .checking || !canTest)
             }
             if let validationMessage {
                 Text(validationMessage)
@@ -280,8 +290,18 @@ struct GeneralSettings: View {
                 TextField("wss://gateway.example.ts.net", text: self.$state.remoteUrl)
                     .textFieldStyle(.roundedBorder)
                     .frame(maxWidth: .infinity)
-                self.remoteTestButton(
-                    disabled: self.state.remoteUrl.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).isEmpty)
+                Button {
+                    Task { await self.testRemote() }
+                } label: {
+                    if self.remoteStatus == .checking {
+                        ProgressView().controlSize(.small)
+                    } else {
+                        Text("Test remote")
+                    }
+                }
+                .buttonStyle(.borderedProminent)
+                .disabled(self.remoteStatus == .checking || self.state.remoteUrl
+                    .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).isEmpty)
             }
             Text(
                 "Direct mode requires wss:// for remote hosts. ws:// is only allowed for localhost/127.0.0.1.")
@@ -291,20 +311,6 @@ struct GeneralSettings: View {
         }
     }
 
-    private func remoteTestButton(disabled: Bool) -> some View {
-        Button {
-            Task { await self.testRemote() }
-        } label: {
-            if self.remoteStatus == .checking {
-                ProgressView().controlSize(.small)
-            } else {
-                Text("Test remote")
-            }
-        }
-        .buttonStyle(.borderedProminent)
-        .disabled(self.remoteStatus == .checking || disabled)
-    }
-
     private var controlStatusLine: String {
         switch ControlChannel.shared.state {
         case .connected: "Connected"
@@ -666,7 +672,19 @@ extension GeneralSettings {
 
     private func applyDiscoveredGateway(_ gateway: GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway) {
         MacNodeModeCoordinator.shared.setPreferredGatewayStableID(gateway.stableID)
-        GatewayDiscoverySelectionSupport.applyRemoteSelection(gateway: gateway, state: self.state)
+
+        if self.state.remoteTransport == .direct {
+            self.state.remoteUrl = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.directUrl(for: gateway) ?? ""
+        } else {
+            self.state.remoteTarget = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.sshTarget(for: gateway) ?? ""
+        }
+        if let endpoint = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.serviceEndpoint(for: gateway) {
+            OpenClawConfigFile.setRemoteGatewayUrl(
+                host: endpoint.host,
+                port: endpoint.port)
+        } else {
+            OpenClawConfigFile.clearRemoteGatewayUrl()
+        }
     }
 }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/HoverHUD.swift

@@ -100,8 +100,17 @@ final class HoverHUDController {
             return
         }
 
-        OverlayPanelFactory.animateDismissAndHide(window: window, offsetX: 0, offsetY: 6, duration: 0.14) {
-            self.model.isVisible = false
+        let target = window.frame.offsetBy(dx: 0, dy: 6)
+        NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
+            context.duration = 0.14
+            context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
+            window.animator().setFrame(target, display: true)
+            window.animator().alphaValue = 0
+        } completionHandler: {
+            Task { @MainActor in
+                window.orderOut(nil)
+                self.model.isVisible = false
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -131,7 +140,15 @@ final class HoverHUDController {
         if !self.model.isVisible {
             self.model.isVisible = true
             let start = target.offsetBy(dx: 0, dy: 8)
-            OverlayPanelFactory.animatePresent(window: window, from: start, to: target)
+            window.setFrame(start, display: true)
+            window.alphaValue = 0
+            window.orderFrontRegardless()
+            NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
+                context.duration = 0.18
+                context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
+                window.animator().setFrame(target, display: true)
+                window.animator().alphaValue = 1
+            }
         } else {
             window.orderFrontRegardless()
             self.updateWindowFrame(animate: true)
@@ -140,10 +157,22 @@ final class HoverHUDController {
 
     private func ensureWindow() {
         if self.window != nil { return }
-        let panel = OverlayPanelFactory.makePanel(
+        let panel = NSPanel(
             contentRect: NSRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: self.width, height: self.height),
-            level: .statusBar,
-            hasShadow: true)
+            styleMask: [.nonactivatingPanel, .borderless],
+            backing: .buffered,
+            defer: false)
+        panel.isOpaque = false
+        panel.backgroundColor = .clear
+        panel.hasShadow = true
+        panel.level = .statusBar
+        panel.collectionBehavior = [.canJoinAllSpaces, .fullScreenAuxiliary, .transient]
+        panel.hidesOnDeactivate = false
+        panel.isMovable = false
+        panel.isFloatingPanel = true
+        panel.becomesKeyOnlyIfNeeded = true
+        panel.titleVisibility = .hidden
+        panel.titlebarAppearsTransparent = true
 
         let host = NSHostingView(rootView: HoverHUDView(controller: self))
         host.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
@@ -172,7 +201,17 @@ final class HoverHUDController {
     }
 
     private func updateWindowFrame(animate: Bool = false) {
-        OverlayPanelFactory.applyFrame(window: self.window, target: self.targetFrame(), animate: animate)
+        guard let window else { return }
+        let frame = self.targetFrame()
+        if animate {
+            NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
+                context.duration = 0.12
+                context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
+                window.animator().setFrame(frame, display: true)
+            }
+        } else {
+            window.setFrame(frame, display: true)
+        }
     }
 
     private func installDismissMonitor() {
@@ -192,7 +231,10 @@ final class HoverHUDController {
     }
 
     private func removeDismissMonitor() {
-        OverlayPanelFactory.clearGlobalEventMonitor(&self.dismissMonitor)
+        if let monitor = self.dismissMonitor {
+            NSEvent.removeMonitor(monitor)
+            self.dismissMonitor = nil
+        }
     }
 }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/InstancesSettings.swift

@@ -43,8 +43,16 @@ struct InstancesSettings: View {
                     .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
             }
             Spacer()
-            SettingsRefreshButton(isLoading: self.store.isLoading) {
-                Task { await self.store.refresh() }
+            if self.store.isLoading {
+                ProgressView()
+            } else {
+                Button {
+                    Task { await self.store.refresh() }
+                } label: {
+                    Label("Refresh", systemImage: "arrow.clockwise")
+                }
+                .buttonStyle(.bordered)
+                .help("Refresh")
             }
         }
     }
@@ -268,7 +276,7 @@ struct InstancesSettings: View {
     }
 
     private func platformIcon(_ raw: String) -> String {
-        let (prefix, _) = PlatformLabelFormatter.parse(raw)
+        let (prefix, _) = self.parsePlatform(raw)
         switch prefix {
         case "macos":
             return "laptopcomputer"
@@ -286,7 +294,31 @@ struct InstancesSettings: View {
     }
 
     private func prettyPlatform(_ raw: String) -> String? {
-        PlatformLabelFormatter.pretty(raw)
+        let (prefix, version) = self.parsePlatform(raw)
+        if prefix.isEmpty { return nil }
+        let name: String = switch prefix {
+        case "macos": "macOS"
+        case "ios": "iOS"
+        case "ipados": "iPadOS"
+        case "tvos": "tvOS"
+        case "watchos": "watchOS"
+        default: prefix.prefix(1).uppercased() + prefix.dropFirst()
+        }
+        guard let version, !version.isEmpty else { return name }
+        let parts = version.split(separator: ".").map(String.init)
+        if parts.count >= 2 {
+            return "\(name) \(parts[0]).\(parts[1])"
+        }
+        return "\(name) \(version)"
+    }
+
+    private func parsePlatform(_ raw: String) -> (prefix: String, version: String?) {
+        let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        if trimmed.isEmpty { return ("", nil) }
+        let parts = trimmed.split(whereSeparator: { $0 == " " || $0 == "\t" }).map(String.init)
+        let prefix = parts.first?.lowercased() ?? ""
+        let versionToken = parts.dropFirst().first
+        return (prefix, versionToken)
     }
 
     private func presenceUpdateSourceShortText(_ reason: String) -> String? {
@@ -418,8 +450,8 @@ extension InstancesSettings {
         _ = view.prettyPlatform("ipados 17.1")
         _ = view.prettyPlatform("linux")
         _ = view.prettyPlatform("   ")
-        _ = PlatformLabelFormatter.parse("macOS 14.1")
-        _ = PlatformLabelFormatter.parse(" ")
+        _ = view.parsePlatform("macOS 14.1")
+        _ = view.parsePlatform(" ")
         _ = view.presenceUpdateSourceShortText("self")
         _ = view.presenceUpdateSourceShortText("instances-refresh")
         _ = view.presenceUpdateSourceShortText("seq gap")

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/InstancesStore.swift

@@ -62,11 +62,14 @@ final class InstancesStore {
         self.startCount += 1
         guard self.startCount == 1 else { return }
         guard self.task == nil else { return }
-        GatewayPushSubscription.restartTask(task: &self.eventTask) { [weak self] push in
-            self?.handle(push: push)
-        }
-        SimpleTaskSupport.startDetachedLoop(task: &self.task, interval: self.interval) { [weak self] in
-            await self?.refresh()
+        self.startGatewaySubscription()
+        self.task = Task.detached { [weak self] in
+            guard let self else { return }
+            await self.refresh()
+            while !Task.isCancelled {
+                try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: UInt64(self.interval * 1_000_000_000))
+                await self.refresh()
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -81,6 +84,20 @@ final class InstancesStore {
         self.eventTask = nil
     }
 
+    private func startGatewaySubscription() {
+        self.eventTask?.cancel()
+        self.eventTask = Task { [weak self] in
+            guard let self else { return }
+            let stream = await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe()
+            for await push in stream {
+                if Task.isCancelled { return }
+                await MainActor.run { [weak self] in
+                    self?.handle(push: push)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     private func handle(push: GatewayPush) {
         switch push {
         case let .event(evt) where evt.event == "presence":

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/JSONObjectExtractionSupport.swift

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-import Foundation
-
-enum JSONObjectExtractionSupport {
-    static func extract(from raw: String) -> (text: String, object: [String: Any])? {
-        let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        guard let start = trimmed.firstIndex(of: "{"),
-              let end = trimmed.lastIndex(of: "}")
-        else {
-            return nil
-        }
-        let jsonText = String(trimmed[start...end])
-        guard let data = jsonText.data(using: .utf8) else { return nil }
-        guard let object = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as? [String: Any] else { return nil }
-        return (jsonText, object)
-    }
-}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/Logging/OpenClawLogging.swift

@@ -98,42 +98,23 @@ extension Logger.Message.StringInterpolation {
     }
 }
 
-private func stringifyLogMetadataValue(_ value: Logger.Metadata.Value) -> String {
-    switch value {
-    case let .string(text):
-        text
-    case let .stringConvertible(value):
-        String(describing: value)
-    case let .array(values):
-        "[" + values.map { stringifyLogMetadataValue($0) }.joined(separator: ",") + "]"
-    case let .dictionary(entries):
-        "{" + entries.map { "\($0.key)=\(stringifyLogMetadataValue($0.value))" }.joined(separator: ",") + "}"
-    }
-}
+struct OpenClawOSLogHandler: LogHandler {
+    private let osLogger: os.Logger
+    var metadata: Logger.Metadata = [:]
 
-private protocol AppLogLevelBackedHandler: LogHandler {
-    var metadata: Logger.Metadata { get set }
-}
-
-extension AppLogLevelBackedHandler {
     var logLevel: Logger.Level {
         get { AppLogSettings.logLevel() }
         set { AppLogSettings.setLogLevel(newValue) }
     }
 
+    init(subsystem: String, category: String) {
+        self.osLogger = os.Logger(subsystem: subsystem, category: category)
+    }
+
     subscript(metadataKey key: String) -> Logger.Metadata.Value? {
         get { self.metadata[key] }
         set { self.metadata[key] = newValue }
     }
-}
-
-struct OpenClawOSLogHandler: AppLogLevelBackedHandler {
-    private let osLogger: os.Logger
-    var metadata: Logger.Metadata = [:]
-
-    init(subsystem: String, category: String) {
-        self.osLogger = os.Logger(subsystem: subsystem, category: category)
-    }
 
     func log(
         level: Logger.Level,
@@ -176,16 +157,39 @@ struct OpenClawOSLogHandler: AppLogLevelBackedHandler {
         guard !metadata.isEmpty else { return message.description }
         let meta = metadata
             .sorted(by: { $0.key < $1.key })
-            .map { "\($0.key)=\(stringifyLogMetadataValue($0.value))" }
+            .map { "\($0.key)=\(self.stringify($0.value))" }
             .joined(separator: " ")
         return "\(message.description) [\(meta)]"
     }
+
+    private static func stringify(_ value: Logger.Metadata.Value) -> String {
+        switch value {
+        case let .string(text):
+            text
+        case let .stringConvertible(value):
+            String(describing: value)
+        case let .array(values):
+            "[" + values.map { self.stringify($0) }.joined(separator: ",") + "]"
+        case let .dictionary(entries):
+            "{" + entries.map { "\($0.key)=\(self.stringify($0.value))" }.joined(separator: ",") + "}"
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-struct OpenClawFileLogHandler: AppLogLevelBackedHandler {
+struct OpenClawFileLogHandler: LogHandler {
     let label: String
     var metadata: Logger.Metadata = [:]
 
+    var logLevel: Logger.Level {
+        get { AppLogSettings.logLevel() }
+        set { AppLogSettings.setLogLevel(newValue) }
+    }
+
+    subscript(metadataKey key: String) -> Logger.Metadata.Value? {
+        get { self.metadata[key] }
+        set { self.metadata[key] = newValue }
+    }
+
     func log(
         level: Logger.Level,
         message: Logger.Message,
@@ -208,8 +212,21 @@ struct OpenClawFileLogHandler: AppLogLevelBackedHandler {
         ]
         let merged = self.metadata.merging(metadata ?? [:], uniquingKeysWith: { _, new in new })
         for (key, value) in merged {
-            fields["meta.\(key)"] = stringifyLogMetadataValue(value)
+            fields["meta.\(key)"] = Self.stringify(value)
         }
         DiagnosticsFileLog.shared.log(category: category, event: message.description, fields: fields)
     }
+
+    private static func stringify(_ value: Logger.Metadata.Value) -> String {
+        switch value {
+        case let .string(text):
+            text
+        case let .stringConvertible(value):
+            String(describing: value)
+        case let .array(values):
+            "[" + values.map { self.stringify($0) }.joined(separator: ",") + "]"
+        case let .dictionary(entries):
+            "{" + entries.map { "\($0.key)=\(self.stringify($0.value))" }.joined(separator: ",") + "}"
+        }
+    }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/MenuBar.swift

@@ -228,7 +228,17 @@ private final class StatusItemMouseHandlerView: NSView {
 
     override func updateTrackingAreas() {
         super.updateTrackingAreas()
-        TrackingAreaSupport.resetMouseTracking(on: self, tracking: &self.tracking, owner: self)
+        if let tracking {
+            self.removeTrackingArea(tracking)
+        }
+        let options: NSTrackingArea.Options = [
+            .mouseEnteredAndExited,
+            .activeAlways,
+            .inVisibleRect,
+        ]
+        let area = NSTrackingArea(rect: self.bounds, options: options, owner: self, userInfo: nil)
+        self.addTrackingArea(area)
+        self.tracking = area
     }
 
     override func mouseEntered(with event: NSEvent) {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/MenuContentView.swift

@@ -170,11 +170,7 @@ struct MenuContent: View {
             await self.loadBrowserControlEnabled()
         }
         .onAppear {
-            MicRefreshSupport.startObserver(self.micObserver) {
-                MicRefreshSupport.schedule(refreshTask: &self.micRefreshTask) {
-                    await self.loadMicrophones(force: true)
-                }
-            }
+            self.startMicObserver()
         }
         .onDisappear {
             self.micRefreshTask?.cancel()
@@ -429,7 +425,11 @@ struct MenuContent: View {
     }
 
     private var voiceWakeBinding: Binding<Bool> {
-        MicRefreshSupport.voiceWakeBinding(for: self.state)
+        Binding(
+            get: { self.state.swabbleEnabled },
+            set: { newValue in
+                Task { await self.state.setVoiceWakeEnabled(newValue) }
+            })
     }
 
     private var showVoiceWakeMicPicker: Bool {
@@ -546,20 +546,46 @@ struct MenuContent: View {
             }
             .map { AudioInputDevice(uid: $0.uniqueID, name: $0.localizedName) }
         self.availableMics = self.filterAliveInputs(self.availableMics)
-        self.state.voiceWakeMicName = MicRefreshSupport.selectedMicName(
-            selectedID: self.state.voiceWakeMicID,
-            in: self.availableMics,
-            uid: \.uid,
-            name: \.name)
+        self.updateSelectedMicName()
         self.loadingMics = false
     }
 
+    private func startMicObserver() {
+        self.micObserver.start {
+            Task { @MainActor in
+                self.scheduleMicRefresh()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @MainActor
+    private func scheduleMicRefresh() {
+        self.micRefreshTask?.cancel()
+        self.micRefreshTask = Task { @MainActor in
+            try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 300_000_000)
+            guard !Task.isCancelled else { return }
+            await self.loadMicrophones(force: true)
+        }
+    }
+
     private func filterAliveInputs(_ inputs: [AudioInputDevice]) -> [AudioInputDevice] {
         let aliveUIDs = AudioInputDeviceObserver.aliveInputDeviceUIDs()
         guard !aliveUIDs.isEmpty else { return inputs }
         return inputs.filter { aliveUIDs.contains($0.uid) }
     }
 
+    @MainActor
+    private func updateSelectedMicName() {
+        let selected = self.state.voiceWakeMicID
+        if selected.isEmpty {
+            self.state.voiceWakeMicName = ""
+            return
+        }
+        if let match = self.availableMics.first(where: { $0.uid == selected }) {
+            self.state.voiceWakeMicName = match.name
+        }
+    }
+
     private struct AudioInputDevice: Identifiable, Equatable {
         let uid: String
         let name: String

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/MenuHeaderCard.swift

@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-import SwiftUI
-
-struct MenuHeaderCard<Content: View>: View {
-    let title: String
-    let subtitle: String
-    let statusText: String?
-    let paddingBottom: CGFloat
-    @ViewBuilder var content: Content
-
-    init(
-        title: String,
-        subtitle: String,
-        statusText: String? = nil,
-        paddingBottom: CGFloat = 6,
-        @ViewBuilder content: () -> Content = { EmptyView() })
-    {
-        self.title = title
-        self.subtitle = subtitle
-        self.statusText = statusText
-        self.paddingBottom = paddingBottom
-        self.content = content()
-    }
-
-    var body: some View {
-        VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 6) {
-            HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline) {
-                Text(self.title)
-                    .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-                Spacer(minLength: 10)
-                Text(self.subtitle)
-                    .font(.caption)
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-            }
-
-            if let statusText, !statusText.isEmpty {
-                Text(statusText)
-                    .font(.caption)
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-                    .lineLimit(1)
-                    .truncationMode(.tail)
-            }
-            self.content
-        }
-        .padding(.top, 8)
-        .padding(.bottom, self.paddingBottom)
-        .padding(.leading, 20)
-        .padding(.trailing, 10)
-        .frame(minWidth: 300, maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .leading)
-        .transaction { txn in txn.animation = nil }
-    }
-}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/MenuHighlightedHostView.swift

@@ -33,7 +33,17 @@ final class HighlightedMenuItemHostView: NSView {
 
     override func updateTrackingAreas() {
         super.updateTrackingAreas()
-        TrackingAreaSupport.resetMouseTracking(on: self, tracking: &self.tracking, owner: self)
+        if let tracking {
+            self.removeTrackingArea(tracking)
+        }
+        let options: NSTrackingArea.Options = [
+            .mouseEnteredAndExited,
+            .activeAlways,
+            .inVisibleRect,
+        ]
+        let area = NSTrackingArea(rect: self.bounds, options: options, owner: self, userInfo: nil)
+        self.addTrackingArea(area)
+        self.tracking = area
     }
 
     override func mouseEntered(with event: NSEvent) {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/MenuItemHighlightColors.swift

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-import SwiftUI
-
-enum MenuItemHighlightColors {
-    struct Palette {
-        let primary: Color
-        let secondary: Color
-    }
-
-    static func primary(_ highlighted: Bool) -> Color {
-        highlighted ? Color(nsColor: .selectedMenuItemTextColor) : .primary
-    }
-
-    static func secondary(_ highlighted: Bool) -> Color {
-        highlighted ? Color(nsColor: .selectedMenuItemTextColor).opacity(0.85) : .secondary
-    }
-
-    static func palette(_ highlighted: Bool) -> Palette {
-        Palette(
-            primary: self.primary(highlighted),
-            secondary: self.secondary(highlighted))
-    }
-}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/MenuSessionsHeaderView.swift

@@ -4,11 +4,37 @@ struct MenuSessionsHeaderView: View {
     let count: Int
     let statusText: String?
 
+    private let paddingTop: CGFloat = 8
+    private let paddingBottom: CGFloat = 6
+    private let paddingTrailing: CGFloat = 10
+    private let paddingLeading: CGFloat = 20
+
     var body: some View {
-        MenuHeaderCard(
-            title: "Context",
-            subtitle: self.subtitle,
-            statusText: self.statusText)
+        VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 6) {
+            HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline) {
+                Text("Context")
+                    .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
+                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                Spacer(minLength: 10)
+                Text(self.subtitle)
+                    .font(.caption)
+                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+            }
+
+            if let statusText, !statusText.isEmpty {
+                Text(statusText)
+                    .font(.caption)
+                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                    .lineLimit(1)
+                    .truncationMode(.tail)
+            }
+        }
+        .padding(.top, self.paddingTop)
+        .padding(.bottom, self.paddingBottom)
+        .padding(.leading, self.paddingLeading)
+        .padding(.trailing, self.paddingTrailing)
+        .frame(minWidth: 300, maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .leading)
+        .transaction { txn in txn.animation = nil }
     }
 
     private var subtitle: String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/MenuUsageHeaderView.swift

@@ -3,10 +3,29 @@ import SwiftUI
 struct MenuUsageHeaderView: View {
     let count: Int
 
+    private let paddingTop: CGFloat = 8
+    private let paddingBottom: CGFloat = 6
+    private let paddingTrailing: CGFloat = 10
+    private let paddingLeading: CGFloat = 20
+
     var body: some View {
-        MenuHeaderCard(
-            title: "Usage",
-            subtitle: self.subtitle)
+        VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 6) {
+            HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline) {
+                Text("Usage")
+                    .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
+                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                Spacer(minLength: 10)
+                Text(self.subtitle)
+                    .font(.caption)
+                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+            }
+        }
+        .padding(.top, self.paddingTop)
+        .padding(.bottom, self.paddingBottom)
+        .padding(.leading, self.paddingLeading)
+        .padding(.trailing, self.paddingTrailing)
+        .frame(minWidth: 300, maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .leading)
+        .transaction { txn in txn.animation = nil }
     }
 
     private var subtitle: String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/MicRefreshSupport.swift

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-import Foundation
-import SwiftUI
-
-enum MicRefreshSupport {
-    private static let refreshDelayNs: UInt64 = 300_000_000
-
-    static func startObserver(_ observer: AudioInputDeviceObserver, triggerRefresh: @escaping @MainActor () -> Void) {
-        observer.start {
-            Task { @MainActor in
-                triggerRefresh()
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    @MainActor
-    static func schedule(
-        refreshTask: inout Task<Void, Never>?,
-        action: @escaping @MainActor () async -> Void)
-    {
-        refreshTask?.cancel()
-        refreshTask = Task { @MainActor in
-            try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: self.refreshDelayNs)
-            guard !Task.isCancelled else { return }
-            await action()
-        }
-    }
-
-    static func selectedMicName<T>(
-        selectedID: String,
-        in devices: [T],
-        uid: KeyPath<T, String>,
-        name: KeyPath<T, String>) -> String
-    {
-        guard !selectedID.isEmpty else { return "" }
-        return devices.first(where: { $0[keyPath: uid] == selectedID })?[keyPath: name] ?? ""
-    }
-
-    @MainActor
-    static func voiceWakeBinding(for state: AppState) -> Binding<Bool> {
-        Binding(
-            get: { state.swabbleEnabled },
-            set: { newValue in
-                Task { await state.setVoiceWakeEnabled(newValue) }
-            })
-    }
-}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/NodeMode/MacNodeLocationService.swift

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import Foundation
 import OpenClawKit
 
 @MainActor
-final class MacNodeLocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate, LocationServiceCommon {
+final class MacNodeLocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate {
     enum Error: Swift.Error {
         case timeout
         case unavailable
@@ -12,18 +12,21 @@ final class MacNodeLocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate, Locatio
     private let manager = CLLocationManager()
     private var locationContinuation: CheckedContinuation<CLLocation, Swift.Error>?
 
-    var locationManager: CLLocationManager {
-        self.manager
-    }
-
-    var locationRequestContinuation: CheckedContinuation<CLLocation, Swift.Error>? {
-        get { self.locationContinuation }
-        set { self.locationContinuation = newValue }
-    }
-
     override init() {
         super.init()
-        self.configureLocationManager()
+        self.manager.delegate = self
+        self.manager.desiredAccuracy = kCLLocationAccuracyBest
+    }
+
+    func authorizationStatus() -> CLAuthorizationStatus {
+        self.manager.authorizationStatus
+    }
+
+    func accuracyAuthorization() -> CLAccuracyAuthorization {
+        if #available(macOS 11.0, *) {
+            return self.manager.accuracyAuthorization
+        }
+        return .fullAccuracy
     }
 
     func currentLocation(
@@ -34,15 +37,26 @@ final class MacNodeLocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate, Locatio
         guard CLLocationManager.locationServicesEnabled() else {
             throw Error.unavailable
         }
-        return try await LocationCurrentRequest.resolve(
-            manager: self.manager,
-            desiredAccuracy: desiredAccuracy,
-            maxAgeMs: maxAgeMs,
-            timeoutMs: timeoutMs,
-            request: { try await self.requestLocationOnce() }) { timeoutMs, operation in
-                try await self.withTimeout(timeoutMs: timeoutMs) {
-                    try await operation()
-                }
+
+        let now = Date()
+        if let maxAgeMs,
+           let cached = self.manager.location,
+           now.timeIntervalSince(cached.timestamp) * 1000 <= Double(maxAgeMs)
+        {
+            return cached
+        }
+
+        self.manager.desiredAccuracy = Self.accuracyValue(desiredAccuracy)
+        let timeout = max(0, timeoutMs ?? 10000)
+        return try await self.withTimeout(timeoutMs: timeout) {
+            try await self.requestLocation()
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func requestLocation() async throws -> CLLocation {
+        try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
+            self.locationContinuation = cont
+            self.manager.requestLocation()
         }
     }
 
@@ -89,6 +103,17 @@ final class MacNodeLocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate, Locatio
         }
     }
 
+    private static func accuracyValue(_ accuracy: OpenClawLocationAccuracy) -> CLLocationAccuracy {
+        switch accuracy {
+        case .coarse:
+            kCLLocationAccuracyKilometer
+        case .balanced:
+            kCLLocationAccuracyHundredMeters
+        case .precise:
+            kCLLocationAccuracyBest
+        }
+    }
+
     // MARK: - CLLocationManagerDelegate (nonisolated for Swift 6 compatibility)
 
     nonisolated func locationManager(_ manager: CLLocationManager, didUpdateLocations locations: [CLLocation]) {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/NodePairingApprovalPrompter.swift

@@ -32,7 +32,9 @@ final class NodePairingApprovalPrompter {
     private var queue: [PendingRequest] = []
     var pendingCount: Int = 0
     var pendingRepairCount: Int = 0
-    private let alertState = PairingAlertState()
+    private var activeAlert: NSAlert?
+    private var activeRequestId: String?
+    private var alertHostWindow: NSWindow?
     private var remoteResolutionsByRequestId: [String: PairingResolution] = [:]
     private var autoApproveAttempts: Set<String> = []
 
@@ -66,43 +68,55 @@ final class NodePairingApprovalPrompter {
         }
     }
 
-    private typealias PairingResolvedEvent = PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolvedEvent
-    private typealias PairingResolution = PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolution
-
-    func start() {
-        self.reconcileTask?.cancel()
-        self.reconcileTask = nil
-        self.startPushTask()
+    private struct PairingResolvedEvent: Codable {
+        let requestId: String
+        let nodeId: String
+        let decision: String
+        let ts: Double
     }
 
-    private func startPushTask() {
-        PairingAlertSupport.startPairingPushTask(
-            task: &self.task,
-            isStopping: &self.isStopping,
-            loadPending: self.loadPendingRequestsFromGateway,
-            handlePush: self.handle(push:))
+    private enum PairingResolution: String {
+        case approved
+        case rejected
+    }
+
+    func start() {
+        guard self.task == nil else { return }
+        self.isStopping = false
+        self.reconcileTask?.cancel()
+        self.reconcileTask = nil
+        self.task = Task { [weak self] in
+            guard let self else { return }
+            _ = try? await GatewayConnection.shared.refresh()
+            await self.loadPendingRequestsFromGateway()
+            let stream = await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe(bufferingNewest: 200)
+            for await push in stream {
+                if Task.isCancelled { return }
+                await MainActor.run { [weak self] in self?.handle(push: push) }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     func stop() {
-        self.stopPushTask()
+        self.isStopping = true
+        self.endActiveAlert()
+        self.task?.cancel()
+        self.task = nil
         self.reconcileTask?.cancel()
         self.reconcileTask = nil
         self.reconcileOnceTask?.cancel()
         self.reconcileOnceTask = nil
+        self.queue.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
         self.updatePendingCounts()
+        self.isPresenting = false
+        self.activeRequestId = nil
+        self.alertHostWindow?.orderOut(nil)
+        self.alertHostWindow?.close()
+        self.alertHostWindow = nil
         self.remoteResolutionsByRequestId.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
         self.autoApproveAttempts.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
     }
 
-    private func stopPushTask() {
-        PairingAlertSupport.stopPairingPrompter(
-            isStopping: &self.isStopping,
-            task: &self.task,
-            queue: &self.queue,
-            isPresenting: &self.isPresenting,
-            state: self.alertState)
-    }
-
     private func loadPendingRequestsFromGateway() async {
         // The gateway process may start slightly after the app. Retry a bit so
         // pending pairing prompts are still shown on launch.
@@ -176,7 +190,7 @@ final class NodePairingApprovalPrompter {
             if pendingById[req.requestId] != nil { continue }
             let resolution = self.inferResolution(for: req, list: list)
 
-            if self.alertState.activeRequestId == req.requestId, self.alertState.activeAlert != nil {
+            if self.activeRequestId == req.requestId, self.activeAlert != nil {
                 self.remoteResolutionsByRequestId[req.requestId] = resolution
                 self.logger.info(
                     """
@@ -218,7 +232,11 @@ final class NodePairingApprovalPrompter {
     }
 
     private func endActiveAlert() {
-        PairingAlertSupport.endActiveAlert(state: self.alertState)
+        PairingAlertSupport.endActiveAlert(activeAlert: &self.activeAlert, activeRequestId: &self.activeRequestId)
+    }
+
+    private func requireAlertHostWindow() -> NSWindow {
+        PairingAlertSupport.requireAlertHostWindow(alertHostWindow: &self.alertHostWindow)
     }
 
     private func handle(push: GatewayPush) {
@@ -275,13 +293,47 @@ final class NodePairingApprovalPrompter {
 
     private func presentAlert(for req: PendingRequest) {
         self.logger.info("presenting node pairing alert requestId=\(req.requestId, privacy: .public)")
-        PairingAlertSupport.presentPairingAlert(
-            request: req,
-            requestId: req.requestId,
-            messageText: "Allow node to connect?",
-            informativeText: Self.describe(req),
-            state: self.alertState,
-            onResponse: self.handleAlertResponse)
+        NSApp.activate(ignoringOtherApps: true)
+
+        let alert = NSAlert()
+        alert.alertStyle = .warning
+        alert.messageText = "Allow node to connect?"
+        alert.informativeText = Self.describe(req)
+        // Fail-safe ordering: if the dialog can't be presented, default to "Later".
+        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Later")
+        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Approve")
+        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Reject")
+        if #available(macOS 11.0, *), alert.buttons.indices.contains(2) {
+            alert.buttons[2].hasDestructiveAction = true
+        }
+
+        self.activeAlert = alert
+        self.activeRequestId = req.requestId
+        let hostWindow = self.requireAlertHostWindow()
+
+        // Position the hidden host window so the sheet appears centered on screen.
+        // (Sheets attach to the top edge of their parent window; if the parent is tiny, it looks "anchored".)
+        let sheetSize = alert.window.frame.size
+        if let screen = hostWindow.screen ?? NSScreen.main {
+            let bounds = screen.visibleFrame
+            let x = bounds.midX - (sheetSize.width / 2)
+            let sheetOriginY = bounds.midY - (sheetSize.height / 2)
+            let hostY = sheetOriginY + sheetSize.height - hostWindow.frame.height
+            hostWindow.setFrameOrigin(NSPoint(x: x, y: hostY))
+        } else {
+            hostWindow.center()
+        }
+
+        hostWindow.makeKeyAndOrderFront(nil)
+        alert.beginSheetModal(for: hostWindow) { [weak self] response in
+            Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
+                guard let self else { return }
+                self.activeRequestId = nil
+                self.activeAlert = nil
+                await self.handleAlertResponse(response, request: req)
+                hostWindow.orderOut(nil)
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     private func handleAlertResponse(_ response: NSApplication.ModalResponse, request: PendingRequest) async {
@@ -321,22 +373,24 @@ final class NodePairingApprovalPrompter {
     }
 
     private func approve(requestId: String) async -> Bool {
-        await PairingAlertSupport.approveRequest(
-            requestId: requestId,
-            kind: "node",
-            logger: self.logger)
-        {
+        do {
             try await GatewayConnection.shared.nodePairApprove(requestId: requestId)
+            self.logger.info("approved node pairing requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
+            return true
+        } catch {
+            self.logger.error("approve failed requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
+            self.logger.error("approve failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
+            return false
         }
     }
 
     private func reject(requestId: String) async {
-        await PairingAlertSupport.rejectRequest(
-            requestId: requestId,
-            kind: "node",
-            logger: self.logger)
-        {
+        do {
             try await GatewayConnection.shared.nodePairReject(requestId: requestId)
+            self.logger.info("rejected node pairing requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
+        } catch {
+            self.logger.error("reject failed requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
+            self.logger.error("reject failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
         }
     }
 
@@ -365,7 +419,8 @@ final class NodePairingApprovalPrompter {
     private static func prettyPlatform(_ platform: String?) -> String? {
         let raw = platform?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
         guard let raw, !raw.isEmpty else { return nil }
-        if let pretty = PlatformLabelFormatter.pretty(raw) { return pretty }
+        if raw.lowercased() == "ios" { return "iOS" }
+        if raw.lowercased() == "macos" { return "macOS" }
         return raw
     }
 
@@ -561,7 +616,7 @@ final class NodePairingApprovalPrompter {
         let resolution: PairingResolution =
             resolved.decision == PairingResolution.approved.rawValue ? .approved : .rejected
 
-        if self.alertState.activeRequestId == resolved.requestId, self.alertState.activeAlert != nil {
+        if self.activeRequestId == resolved.requestId, self.activeAlert != nil {
             self.remoteResolutionsByRequestId[resolved.requestId] = resolution
             self.logger.info(
                 """

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/NodeServiceManager.swift

@@ -103,9 +103,15 @@ extension NodeServiceManager {
     }
 
     private static func parseServiceJson(from raw: String) -> ParsedServiceJson? {
-        guard let parsed = JSONObjectExtractionSupport.extract(from: raw) else { return nil }
-        let jsonText = parsed.text
-        let object = parsed.object
+        let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        guard let start = trimmed.firstIndex(of: "{"),
+              let end = trimmed.lastIndex(of: "}")
+        else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        let jsonText = String(trimmed[start...end])
+        guard let data = jsonText.data(using: .utf8) else { return nil }
+        guard let object = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as? [String: Any] else { return nil }
         let ok = object["ok"] as? Bool
         let result = object["result"] as? String
         let message = object["message"] as? String
@@ -133,6 +139,12 @@ extension NodeServiceManager {
     }
 
     private static func summarize(_ text: String) -> String? {
-        TextSummarySupport.summarizeLastLine(text)
+        let lines = text
+            .split(whereSeparator: \.isNewline)
+            .map { $0.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) }
+            .filter { !$0.isEmpty }
+        guard let last = lines.last else { return nil }
+        let normalized = last.replacingOccurrences(of: "\\s+", with: " ", options: .regularExpression)
+        return normalized.count > 200 ? String(normalized.prefix(199)) + "…" : normalized
     }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/NodesMenu.swift

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ struct NodeMenuEntryFormatter {
 
     static func platformText(_ entry: NodeInfo) -> String? {
         if let raw = entry.platform?.nonEmpty {
-            return PlatformLabelFormatter.pretty(raw) ?? raw
+            return self.prettyPlatform(raw) ?? raw
         }
         if let family = entry.deviceFamily?.lowercased() {
             if family.contains("mac") { return "macOS" }
@@ -79,6 +79,34 @@ struct NodeMenuEntryFormatter {
         return nil
     }
 
+    private static func prettyPlatform(_ raw: String) -> String? {
+        let (prefix, version) = self.parsePlatform(raw)
+        if prefix.isEmpty { return nil }
+        let name: String = switch prefix {
+        case "macos": "macOS"
+        case "ios": "iOS"
+        case "ipados": "iPadOS"
+        case "tvos": "tvOS"
+        case "watchos": "watchOS"
+        default: prefix.prefix(1).uppercased() + prefix.dropFirst()
+        }
+        guard let version, !version.isEmpty else { return name }
+        let parts = version.split(separator: ".").map(String.init)
+        if parts.count >= 2 {
+            return "\(name) \(parts[0]).\(parts[1])"
+        }
+        return "\(name) \(version)"
+    }
+
+    private static func parsePlatform(_ raw: String) -> (prefix: String, version: String?) {
+        let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        if trimmed.isEmpty { return ("", nil) }
+        let parts = trimmed.split(whereSeparator: { $0 == " " || $0 == "\t" }).map(String.init)
+        let prefix = parts.first?.lowercased() ?? ""
+        let versionToken = parts.dropFirst().first
+        return (prefix, versionToken)
+    }
+
     private static func compactVersion(_ raw: String) -> String {
         let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
         guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return trimmed }
@@ -173,8 +201,12 @@ struct NodeMenuRowView: View {
     let width: CGFloat
     @Environment(\.menuItemHighlighted) private var isHighlighted
 
-    private var palette: MenuItemHighlightColors.Palette {
-        MenuItemHighlightColors.palette(self.isHighlighted)
+    private var primaryColor: Color {
+        self.isHighlighted ? Color(nsColor: .selectedMenuItemTextColor) : .primary
+    }
+
+    private var secondaryColor: Color {
+        self.isHighlighted ? Color(nsColor: .selectedMenuItemTextColor).opacity(0.85) : .secondary
     }
 
     var body: some View {
@@ -184,9 +216,9 @@ struct NodeMenuRowView: View {
 
             VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 2) {
                 HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline, spacing: 8) {
-                        Text(NodeMenuEntryFormatter.primaryName(self.entry))
-                            .font(.callout.weight(NodeMenuEntryFormatter.isConnected(self.entry) ? .semibold : .regular))
-                            .foregroundStyle(self.palette.primary)
+                    Text(NodeMenuEntryFormatter.primaryName(self.entry))
+                        .font(.callout.weight(NodeMenuEntryFormatter.isConnected(self.entry) ? .semibold : .regular))
+                        .foregroundStyle(self.primaryColor)
                         .lineLimit(1)
                         .truncationMode(.middle)
                         .layoutPriority(1)
@@ -195,9 +227,9 @@ struct NodeMenuRowView: View {
 
                     HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline, spacing: 6) {
                         if let right = NodeMenuEntryFormatter.headlineRight(self.entry) {
-                                Text(right)
-                                    .font(.caption.monospacedDigit())
-                                    .foregroundStyle(self.palette.secondary)
+                            Text(right)
+                                .font(.caption.monospacedDigit())
+                                .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryColor)
                                 .lineLimit(1)
                                 .truncationMode(.middle)
                                 .layoutPriority(2)
@@ -205,7 +237,7 @@ struct NodeMenuRowView: View {
 
                         Image(systemName: "chevron.right")
                             .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
-                            .foregroundStyle(self.palette.secondary)
+                            .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryColor)
                             .padding(.leading, 2)
                     }
                 }
@@ -213,7 +245,7 @@ struct NodeMenuRowView: View {
                 HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline, spacing: 8) {
                     Text(NodeMenuEntryFormatter.detailLeft(self.entry))
                         .font(.caption)
-                        .foregroundStyle(self.palette.secondary)
+                        .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryColor)
                         .lineLimit(1)
                         .truncationMode(.middle)
 
@@ -222,7 +254,7 @@ struct NodeMenuRowView: View {
                     if let version = NodeMenuEntryFormatter.detailRightVersion(self.entry) {
                         Text(version)
                             .font(.caption.monospacedDigit())
-                            .foregroundStyle(self.palette.secondary)
+                            .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryColor)
                             .lineLimit(1)
                             .truncationMode(.middle)
                     }
@@ -241,11 +273,11 @@ struct NodeMenuRowView: View {
     private var leadingIcon: some View {
         if NodeMenuEntryFormatter.isAndroid(self.entry) {
             AndroidMark()
-                .foregroundStyle(self.palette.secondary)
+                .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryColor)
         } else {
             Image(systemName: NodeMenuEntryFormatter.leadingSymbol(self.entry))
                 .font(.system(size: 18, weight: .regular))
-                .foregroundStyle(self.palette.secondary)
+                .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryColor)
         }
     }
 }
@@ -273,19 +305,23 @@ struct NodeMenuMultilineView: View {
     let width: CGFloat
     @Environment(\.menuItemHighlighted) private var isHighlighted
 
-    private var palette: MenuItemHighlightColors.Palette {
-        MenuItemHighlightColors.palette(self.isHighlighted)
+    private var primaryColor: Color {
+        self.isHighlighted ? Color(nsColor: .selectedMenuItemTextColor) : .primary
+    }
+
+    private var secondaryColor: Color {
+        self.isHighlighted ? Color(nsColor: .selectedMenuItemTextColor).opacity(0.85) : .secondary
     }
 
     var body: some View {
         VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
             Text("\(self.label):")
                 .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
-                .foregroundStyle(self.palette.secondary)
+                .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryColor)
 
             Text(self.value)
                 .font(.caption)
-                .foregroundStyle(self.palette.primary)
+                .foregroundStyle(self.primaryColor)
                 .multilineTextAlignment(.leading)
                 .fixedSize(horizontal: false, vertical: true)
         }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/NodesStore.swift

@@ -54,8 +54,14 @@ final class NodesStore {
     func start() {
         self.startCount += 1
         guard self.startCount == 1 else { return }
-        SimpleTaskSupport.startDetachedLoop(task: &self.task, interval: self.interval) { [weak self] in
-            await self?.refresh()
+        guard self.task == nil else { return }
+        self.task = Task.detached { [weak self] in
+            guard let self else { return }
+            await self.refresh()
+            while !Task.isCancelled {
+                try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: UInt64(self.interval * 1_000_000_000))
+                await self.refresh()
+            }
         }
     }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/NotifyOverlay.swift

@@ -50,8 +50,17 @@ final class NotifyOverlayController {
         self.dismissTask = nil
         guard let window else { return }
 
-        OverlayPanelFactory.animateDismissAndHide(window: window, offsetX: 8, offsetY: 6) {
-            self.model.isVisible = false
+        let target = window.frame.offsetBy(dx: 8, dy: 6)
+        NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
+            context.duration = 0.16
+            context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
+            window.animator().setFrame(target, display: true)
+            window.animator().alphaValue = 0
+        } completionHandler: {
+            Task { @MainActor in
+                window.orderOut(nil)
+                self.model.isVisible = false
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -61,21 +70,44 @@ final class NotifyOverlayController {
         self.ensureWindow()
         self.hostingView?.rootView = NotifyOverlayView(controller: self)
         let target = self.targetFrame()
-        OverlayPanelFactory.present(
-            window: self.window,
-            isVisible: &self.model.isVisible,
-            target: target) { window in
-                self.updateWindowFrame(animate: true)
-                window.orderFrontRegardless()
+
+        guard let window else { return }
+        if !self.model.isVisible {
+            self.model.isVisible = true
+            let start = target.offsetBy(dx: 0, dy: -6)
+            window.setFrame(start, display: true)
+            window.alphaValue = 0
+            window.orderFrontRegardless()
+            NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
+                context.duration = 0.18
+                context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
+                window.animator().setFrame(target, display: true)
+                window.animator().alphaValue = 1
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.updateWindowFrame(animate: true)
+            window.orderFrontRegardless()
         }
     }
 
     private func ensureWindow() {
         if self.window != nil { return }
-        let panel = OverlayPanelFactory.makePanel(
+        let panel = NSPanel(
             contentRect: NSRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: self.width, height: self.minHeight),
-            level: .statusBar,
-            hasShadow: true)
+            styleMask: [.nonactivatingPanel, .borderless],
+            backing: .buffered,
+            defer: false)
+        panel.isOpaque = false
+        panel.backgroundColor = .clear
+        panel.hasShadow = true
+        panel.level = .statusBar
+        panel.collectionBehavior = [.canJoinAllSpaces, .fullScreenAuxiliary, .transient]
+        panel.hidesOnDeactivate = false
+        panel.isMovable = false
+        panel.isFloatingPanel = true
+        panel.becomesKeyOnlyIfNeeded = true
+        panel.titleVisibility = .hidden
+        panel.titlebarAppearsTransparent = true
 
         let host = NSHostingView(rootView: NotifyOverlayView(controller: self))
         host.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
@@ -94,7 +126,17 @@ final class NotifyOverlayController {
     }
 
     private func updateWindowFrame(animate: Bool = false) {
-        OverlayPanelFactory.applyFrame(window: self.window, target: self.targetFrame(), animate: animate)
+        guard let window else { return }
+        let frame = self.targetFrame()
+        if animate {
+            NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
+                context.duration = 0.12
+                context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
+                window.animator().setFrame(frame, display: true)
+            }
+        } else {
+            window.setFrame(frame, display: true)
+        }
     }
 
     private func measuredHeight() -> CGFloat {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/OnboardingView+Actions.swift

@@ -24,7 +24,19 @@ extension OnboardingView {
         Task { await self.onboardingWizard.cancelIfRunning() }
         self.preferredGatewayID = gateway.stableID
         GatewayDiscoveryPreferences.setPreferredStableID(gateway.stableID)
-        GatewayDiscoverySelectionSupport.applyRemoteSelection(gateway: gateway, state: self.state)
+
+        if self.state.remoteTransport == .direct {
+            self.state.remoteUrl = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.directUrl(for: gateway) ?? ""
+        } else {
+            self.state.remoteTarget = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.sshTarget(for: gateway) ?? ""
+        }
+        if let endpoint = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.serviceEndpoint(for: gateway) {
+            OpenClawConfigFile.setRemoteGatewayUrl(
+                host: endpoint.host,
+                port: endpoint.port)
+        } else {
+            OpenClawConfigFile.clearRemoteGatewayUrl()
+        }
 
         self.state.connectionMode = .remote
         MacNodeModeCoordinator.shared.setPreferredGatewayStableID(gateway.stableID)

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/OnboardingView+Layout.swift

@@ -189,7 +189,19 @@ extension OnboardingView {
     }
 
     func featureRow(title: String, subtitle: String, systemImage: String) -> some View {
-        self.featureRowContent(title: title, subtitle: subtitle, systemImage: systemImage)
+        HStack(alignment: .top, spacing: 12) {
+            Image(systemName: systemImage)
+                .font(.title3.weight(.semibold))
+                .foregroundStyle(Color.accentColor)
+                .frame(width: 26)
+            VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
+                Text(title).font(.headline)
+                Text(subtitle)
+                    .font(.subheadline)
+                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+            }
+        }
+        .padding(.vertical, 4)
     }
 
     func featureActionRow(
@@ -198,22 +210,6 @@ extension OnboardingView {
         systemImage: String,
         buttonTitle: String,
         action: @escaping () -> Void) -> some View
-    {
-        self.featureRowContent(
-            title: title,
-            subtitle: subtitle,
-            systemImage: systemImage,
-            action: AnyView(
-                Button(buttonTitle, action: action)
-                    .buttonStyle(.link)
-                    .padding(.top, 2)))
-    }
-
-    private func featureRowContent(
-        title: String,
-        subtitle: String,
-        systemImage: String,
-        action: AnyView? = nil) -> some View
     {
         HStack(alignment: .top, spacing: 12) {
             Image(systemName: systemImage)
@@ -225,9 +221,9 @@ extension OnboardingView {
                 Text(subtitle)
                     .font(.subheadline)
                     .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-                if let action {
-                    action
-                }
+                Button(buttonTitle, action: action)
+                    .buttonStyle(.link)
+                    .padding(.top, 2)
             }
             Spacer(minLength: 0)
         }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/OnboardingView+Monitoring.swift

@@ -17,9 +17,14 @@ extension OnboardingView {
     }
 
     func updatePermissionMonitoring(for pageIndex: Int) {
-        PermissionMonitoringSupport.setMonitoring(
-            pageIndex == self.permissionsPageIndex,
-            monitoring: &self.monitoringPermissions)
+        let shouldMonitor = pageIndex == self.permissionsPageIndex
+        if shouldMonitor, !self.monitoringPermissions {
+            self.monitoringPermissions = true
+            PermissionMonitor.shared.register()
+        } else if !shouldMonitor, self.monitoringPermissions {
+            self.monitoringPermissions = false
+            PermissionMonitor.shared.unregister()
+        }
     }
 
     func updateDiscoveryMonitoring(for pageIndex: Int) {
@@ -46,7 +51,9 @@ extension OnboardingView {
     }
 
     func stopPermissionMonitoring() {
-        PermissionMonitoringSupport.stopMonitoring(&self.monitoringPermissions)
+        guard self.monitoringPermissions else { return }
+        self.monitoringPermissions = false
+        PermissionMonitor.shared.unregister()
     }
 
     func stopDiscovery() {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/OnboardingView+Pages.swift

@@ -311,13 +311,29 @@ extension OnboardingView {
                             .font(.caption.monospaced())
                             .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
                             .lineLimit(1)
-                        .truncationMode(.middle)
+                            .truncationMode(.middle)
                     }
                 }
                 Spacer(minLength: 0)
-                SelectionStateIndicator(selected: selected)
+                if selected {
+                    Image(systemName: "checkmark.circle.fill")
+                        .foregroundStyle(Color.accentColor)
+                } else {
+                    Image(systemName: "arrow.right.circle")
+                        .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                }
             }
-            .openClawSelectableRowChrome(selected: selected)
+            .padding(.horizontal, 10)
+            .padding(.vertical, 8)
+            .frame(maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .leading)
+            .background(
+                RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 10, style: .continuous)
+                    .fill(selected ? Color.accentColor.opacity(0.12) : Color.clear))
+            .overlay(
+                RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 10, style: .continuous)
+                    .strokeBorder(
+                        selected ? Color.accentColor.opacity(0.45) : Color.clear,
+                        lineWidth: 1))
         }
         .buttonStyle(.plain)
     }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/OnboardingView+Workspace.swift

@@ -69,7 +69,9 @@ extension OnboardingView {
 
     private func loadAgentWorkspace() async -> String? {
         let root = await ConfigStore.load()
-        return AgentWorkspaceConfig.workspace(from: root)
+        let agents = root["agents"] as? [String: Any]
+        let defaults = agents?["defaults"] as? [String: Any]
+        return defaults?["workspace"] as? String
     }
 
     @discardableResult
@@ -85,7 +87,24 @@ extension OnboardingView {
     @MainActor
     private static func buildAndSaveWorkspace(_ workspace: String?) async -> (Bool, String?) {
         var root = await ConfigStore.load()
-        AgentWorkspaceConfig.setWorkspace(in: &root, workspace: workspace)
+        var agents = root["agents"] as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
+        var defaults = agents["defaults"] as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
+        let trimmed = workspace?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+        if trimmed.isEmpty {
+            defaults.removeValue(forKey: "workspace")
+        } else {
+            defaults["workspace"] = trimmed
+        }
+        if defaults.isEmpty {
+            agents.removeValue(forKey: "defaults")
+        } else {
+            agents["defaults"] = defaults
+        }
+        if agents.isEmpty {
+            root.removeValue(forKey: "agents")
+        } else {
+            root["agents"] = agents
+        }
         do {
             try await ConfigStore.save(root)
             return (true, nil)

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/OpenClawConfigFile.swift

@@ -127,15 +127,34 @@ enum OpenClawConfigFile {
     }
 
     static func agentWorkspace() -> String? {
-        AgentWorkspaceConfig.workspace(from: self.loadDict())
+        let root = self.loadDict()
+        let agents = root["agents"] as? [String: Any]
+        let defaults = agents?["defaults"] as? [String: Any]
+        return defaults?["workspace"] as? String
     }
 
     static func setAgentWorkspace(_ workspace: String?) {
         var root = self.loadDict()
-        AgentWorkspaceConfig.setWorkspace(in: &root, workspace: workspace)
+        var agents = root["agents"] as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
+        var defaults = agents["defaults"] as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
+        let trimmed = workspace?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+        if trimmed.isEmpty {
+            defaults.removeValue(forKey: "workspace")
+        } else {
+            defaults["workspace"] = trimmed
+        }
+        if defaults.isEmpty {
+            agents.removeValue(forKey: "defaults")
+        } else {
+            agents["defaults"] = defaults
+        }
+        if agents.isEmpty {
+            root.removeValue(forKey: "agents")
+        } else {
+            root["agents"] = agents
+        }
         self.saveDict(root)
-        let hasWorkspace = !(workspace?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).isEmpty ?? true)
-        self.logger.debug("agents.defaults.workspace updated set=\(hasWorkspace)")
+        self.logger.debug("agents.defaults.workspace updated set=\(!trimmed.isEmpty)")
     }
 
     static func gatewayPassword() -> String? {
@@ -230,7 +249,7 @@ enum OpenClawConfigFile {
         return url
     }
 
-    static func hostKey(_ host: String) -> String {
+    private static func hostKey(_ host: String) -> String {
         let trimmed = host.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased()
         guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return "" }
         if trimmed.contains(":") { return trimmed }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/OverlayPanelFactory.swift

@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-import AppKit
-import QuartzCore
-
-enum OverlayPanelFactory {
-    @MainActor
-    static func makePanel(
-        contentRect: NSRect,
-        level: NSWindow.Level,
-        hasShadow: Bool,
-        acceptsMouseMovedEvents: Bool = false) -> NSPanel
-    {
-        let panel = NSPanel(
-            contentRect: contentRect,
-            styleMask: [.nonactivatingPanel, .borderless],
-            backing: .buffered,
-            defer: false)
-        panel.isOpaque = false
-        panel.backgroundColor = .clear
-        panel.hasShadow = hasShadow
-        panel.level = level
-        panel.collectionBehavior = [.canJoinAllSpaces, .fullScreenAuxiliary, .transient]
-        panel.hidesOnDeactivate = false
-        panel.isMovable = false
-        panel.isFloatingPanel = true
-        panel.becomesKeyOnlyIfNeeded = true
-        panel.titleVisibility = .hidden
-        panel.titlebarAppearsTransparent = true
-        panel.acceptsMouseMovedEvents = acceptsMouseMovedEvents
-        return panel
-    }
-
-    @MainActor
-    static func animatePresent(window: NSWindow, from start: NSRect, to target: NSRect, duration: TimeInterval = 0.18) {
-        window.setFrame(start, display: true)
-        window.alphaValue = 0
-        window.orderFrontRegardless()
-        NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
-            context.duration = duration
-            context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
-            window.animator().setFrame(target, display: true)
-            window.animator().alphaValue = 1
-        }
-    }
-
-    @MainActor
-    static func animateFrame(window: NSWindow, to frame: NSRect, duration: TimeInterval = 0.12) {
-        NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
-            context.duration = duration
-            context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
-            window.animator().setFrame(frame, display: true)
-        }
-    }
-
-    @MainActor
-    static func applyFrame(window: NSWindow?, target: NSRect, animate: Bool) {
-        guard let window else { return }
-        if animate {
-            self.animateFrame(window: window, to: target)
-        } else {
-            window.setFrame(target, display: true)
-        }
-    }
-
-    @MainActor
-    static func present(
-        window: NSWindow?,
-        isVisible: inout Bool,
-        target: NSRect,
-        startOffsetY: CGFloat = -6,
-        onFirstPresent: (() -> Void)? = nil,
-        onAlreadyVisible: (NSWindow) -> Void)
-    {
-        guard let window else { return }
-        if !isVisible {
-            isVisible = true
-            onFirstPresent?()
-            let start = target.offsetBy(dx: 0, dy: startOffsetY)
-            self.animatePresent(window: window, from: start, to: target)
-        } else {
-            onAlreadyVisible(window)
-        }
-    }
-
-    @MainActor
-    static func animateDismiss(
-        window: NSWindow,
-        offsetX: CGFloat = 6,
-        offsetY: CGFloat = 6,
-        duration: TimeInterval = 0.16,
-        completion: @escaping () -> Void)
-    {
-        let target = window.frame.offsetBy(dx: offsetX, dy: offsetY)
-        NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
-            context.duration = duration
-            context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
-            window.animator().setFrame(target, display: true)
-            window.animator().alphaValue = 0
-        } completionHandler: {
-            completion()
-        }
-    }
-
-    @MainActor
-    static func animateDismissAndHide(
-        window: NSWindow,
-        offsetX: CGFloat = 6,
-        offsetY: CGFloat = 6,
-        duration: TimeInterval = 0.16,
-        onHidden: @escaping @MainActor () -> Void)
-    {
-        self.animateDismiss(window: window, offsetX: offsetX, offsetY: offsetY, duration: duration) {
-            Task { @MainActor in
-                window.orderOut(nil)
-                onHidden()
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    @MainActor
-    static func clearGlobalEventMonitor(_ monitor: inout Any?) {
-        if let current = monitor {
-            NSEvent.removeMonitor(current)
-            monitor = nil
-        }
-    }
-}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/PairingAlertSupport.swift

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 import AppKit
-import OpenClawKit
-import OSLog
 
 final class PairingAlertHostWindow: NSWindow {
     override var canBecomeKey: Bool {
@@ -12,26 +10,8 @@ final class PairingAlertHostWindow: NSWindow {
     }
 }
 
-@MainActor
-final class PairingAlertState {
-    var activeAlert: NSAlert?
-    var activeRequestId: String?
-    var alertHostWindow: NSWindow?
-}
-
 @MainActor
 enum PairingAlertSupport {
-    enum PairingResolution: String {
-        case approved
-        case rejected
-    }
-
-    struct PairingResolvedEvent: Codable {
-        let requestId: String
-        let decision: String
-        let ts: Double
-    }
-
     static func endActiveAlert(activeAlert: inout NSAlert?, activeRequestId: inout String?) {
         guard let alert = activeAlert else { return }
         if let parent = alert.window.sheetParent {
@@ -41,10 +21,6 @@ enum PairingAlertSupport {
         activeRequestId = nil
     }
 
-    static func endActiveAlert(state: PairingAlertState) {
-        self.endActiveAlert(activeAlert: &state.activeAlert, activeRequestId: &state.activeRequestId)
-    }
-
     static func requireAlertHostWindow(alertHostWindow: inout NSWindow?) -> NSWindow {
         if let alertHostWindow {
             return alertHostWindow
@@ -67,237 +43,4 @@ enum PairingAlertSupport {
         alertHostWindow = window
         return window
     }
-
-    static func configureDefaultPairingAlert(
-        _ alert: NSAlert,
-        messageText: String,
-        informativeText: String)
-    {
-        alert.alertStyle = .warning
-        alert.messageText = messageText
-        alert.informativeText = informativeText
-        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Later")
-        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Approve")
-        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Reject")
-        if #available(macOS 11.0, *), alert.buttons.indices.contains(2) {
-            alert.buttons[2].hasDestructiveAction = true
-        }
-    }
-
-    static func beginCenteredSheet(
-        alert: NSAlert,
-        hostWindow: NSWindow,
-        completionHandler: @escaping (NSApplication.ModalResponse) -> Void)
-    {
-        let sheetSize = alert.window.frame.size
-        if let screen = hostWindow.screen ?? NSScreen.main {
-            let bounds = screen.visibleFrame
-            let x = bounds.midX - (sheetSize.width / 2)
-            let sheetOriginY = bounds.midY - (sheetSize.height / 2)
-            let hostY = sheetOriginY + sheetSize.height - hostWindow.frame.height
-            hostWindow.setFrameOrigin(NSPoint(x: x, y: hostY))
-        } else {
-            hostWindow.center()
-        }
-        hostWindow.makeKeyAndOrderFront(nil)
-        alert.beginSheetModal(for: hostWindow, completionHandler: completionHandler)
-    }
-
-    static func runPairingPushTask(
-        bufferingNewest: Int = 200,
-        loadPending: @escaping @MainActor () async -> Void,
-        handlePush: @escaping @MainActor (GatewayPush) -> Void) async
-    {
-        _ = try? await GatewayConnection.shared.refresh()
-        await loadPending()
-        await GatewayPushSubscription.consume(bufferingNewest: bufferingNewest, onPush: handlePush)
-    }
-
-    static func startPairingPushTask(
-        task: inout Task<Void, Never>?,
-        isStopping: inout Bool,
-        bufferingNewest: Int = 200,
-        loadPending: @escaping @MainActor () async -> Void,
-        handlePush: @escaping @MainActor (GatewayPush) -> Void)
-    {
-        guard task == nil else { return }
-        isStopping = false
-        task = Task {
-            await self.runPairingPushTask(
-                bufferingNewest: bufferingNewest,
-                loadPending: loadPending,
-                handlePush: handlePush)
-        }
-    }
-
-    static func beginPairingAlert(
-        messageText: String,
-        informativeText: String,
-        alertHostWindow: inout NSWindow?,
-        completion: @escaping (NSApplication.ModalResponse, NSWindow) -> Void) -> NSAlert {
-        NSApp.activate(ignoringOtherApps: true)
-
-        let alert = NSAlert()
-        self.configureDefaultPairingAlert(alert, messageText: messageText, informativeText: informativeText)
-
-        let hostWindow = self.requireAlertHostWindow(alertHostWindow: &alertHostWindow)
-        self.beginCenteredSheet(alert: alert, hostWindow: hostWindow) { response in
-            completion(response, hostWindow)
-        }
-        return alert
-    }
-
-    static func presentPairingAlert(
-        requestId: String,
-        messageText: String,
-        informativeText: String,
-        activeAlert: inout NSAlert?,
-        activeRequestId: inout String?,
-        alertHostWindow: inout NSWindow?,
-        completion: @escaping (NSApplication.ModalResponse, NSWindow) -> Void)
-    {
-        activeRequestId = requestId
-        activeAlert = self.beginPairingAlert(
-            messageText: messageText,
-            informativeText: informativeText,
-            alertHostWindow: &alertHostWindow,
-            completion: completion)
-    }
-
-    static func presentPairingAlert<Request>(
-        request: Request,
-        requestId: String,
-        messageText: String,
-        informativeText: String,
-        activeAlert: inout NSAlert?,
-        activeRequestId: inout String?,
-        alertHostWindow: inout NSWindow?,
-        clearActive: @escaping @MainActor (NSWindow) -> Void,
-        onResponse: @escaping @MainActor (NSApplication.ModalResponse, Request) async -> Void)
-    {
-        self.presentPairingAlert(
-            requestId: requestId,
-            messageText: messageText,
-            informativeText: informativeText,
-            activeAlert: &activeAlert,
-            activeRequestId: &activeRequestId,
-            alertHostWindow: &alertHostWindow)
-        { response, hostWindow in
-            Task { @MainActor in
-                clearActive(hostWindow)
-                await onResponse(response, request)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    static func presentPairingAlert<Request>(
-        request: Request,
-        requestId: String,
-        messageText: String,
-        informativeText: String,
-        state: PairingAlertState,
-        onResponse: @escaping @MainActor (NSApplication.ModalResponse, Request) async -> Void)
-    {
-        self.presentPairingAlert(
-            request: request,
-            requestId: requestId,
-            messageText: messageText,
-            informativeText: informativeText,
-            activeAlert: &state.activeAlert,
-            activeRequestId: &state.activeRequestId,
-            alertHostWindow: &state.alertHostWindow)
-        { response, hostWindow in
-            Task { @MainActor in
-                self.clearActivePairingAlert(state: state, hostWindow: hostWindow)
-                await onResponse(response, request)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    static func clearActivePairingAlert(
-        activeAlert: inout NSAlert?,
-        activeRequestId: inout String?,
-        hostWindow: NSWindow)
-    {
-        activeRequestId = nil
-        activeAlert = nil
-        hostWindow.orderOut(nil)
-    }
-
-    static func clearActivePairingAlert(state: PairingAlertState, hostWindow: NSWindow) {
-        self.clearActivePairingAlert(
-            activeAlert: &state.activeAlert,
-            activeRequestId: &state.activeRequestId,
-            hostWindow: hostWindow)
-    }
-
-    static func stopPairingPrompter<Request>(
-        isStopping: inout Bool,
-        activeAlert: inout NSAlert?,
-        activeRequestId: inout String?,
-        task: inout Task<Void, Never>?,
-        queue: inout [Request],
-        isPresenting: inout Bool,
-        alertHostWindow: inout NSWindow?)
-    {
-        isStopping = true
-        self.endActiveAlert(activeAlert: &activeAlert, activeRequestId: &activeRequestId)
-        task?.cancel()
-        task = nil
-        queue.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
-        isPresenting = false
-        activeRequestId = nil
-        alertHostWindow?.orderOut(nil)
-        alertHostWindow?.close()
-        alertHostWindow = nil
-    }
-
-    static func stopPairingPrompter<Request>(
-        isStopping: inout Bool,
-        task: inout Task<Void, Never>?,
-        queue: inout [Request],
-        isPresenting: inout Bool,
-        state: PairingAlertState)
-    {
-        self.stopPairingPrompter(
-            isStopping: &isStopping,
-            activeAlert: &state.activeAlert,
-            activeRequestId: &state.activeRequestId,
-            task: &task,
-            queue: &queue,
-            isPresenting: &isPresenting,
-            alertHostWindow: &state.alertHostWindow)
-    }
-
-    static func approveRequest(
-        requestId: String,
-        kind: String,
-        logger: Logger,
-        action: @escaping () async throws -> Void) async -> Bool
-    {
-        do {
-            try await action()
-            logger.info("approved \(kind, privacy: .public) pairing requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-            return true
-        } catch {
-            logger.error("approve failed requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-            logger.error("approve failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
-            return false
-        }
-    }
-
-    static func rejectRequest(
-        requestId: String,
-        kind: String,
-        logger: Logger,
-        action: @escaping () async throws -> Void) async
-    {
-        do {
-            try await action()
-            logger.info("rejected \(kind, privacy: .public) pairing requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-        } catch {
-            logger.error("reject failed requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-            logger.error("reject failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
-        }
-    }
 }