Adjust index scan cost based on selectivity [skip ci]

Co-authored-by: Narek Galstyan <narekg@berkeley.edu>
Co-authored-by: Di Qi <di@lantern.dev>

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
+          # - postgres: 18
+          #   os: ubuntu-24.04
           - postgres: 17
             os: ubuntu-24.04
           - postgres: 16
-            os: ubuntu-24.04
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
           - postgres: 15
             os: ubuntu-22.04
           - postgres: 14
-            os: ubuntu-22.04
-          - postgres: 13
             os: ubuntu-20.04
-          - postgres: 12
+          - postgres: 13
             os: ubuntu-20.04
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+## 0.8.0 (unreleased)
+
+- Added casts for arrays to `sparsevec`
+- Reduced memory usage for HNSW index scans
+- Dropped support for Postgres 12
+
 ## 0.7.4 (2024-08-05)
 
 - Fixed locking for parallel HNSW index builds

README.md

@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ Insert vectors
 INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES ('[1,2,3]'), ('[4,5,6]');
 ```
 
-Or load vectors in bulk using `COPY` ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/bulk_loading.py))
+Or load vectors in bulk using `COPY` ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/loading/example.py))
 
 ```sql
 COPY items (embedding) FROM STDIN WITH (FORMAT BINARY);
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ You can add an index to use approximate nearest neighbor search, which trades so
 
 Supported index types are:
 
-- [HNSW](#hnsw) - added in 0.5.0
+- [HNSW](#hnsw)
 - [IVFFlat](#ivfflat)
 
 ## HNSW
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding::halfvec(3) <-> '[1,2,3]' LIMIT 5;
 
 ## Binary Vectors
 
-Use the `bit` type to store binary vectors ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hash_image_search.py))
+Use the `bit` type to store binary vectors ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/imagehash/example.py))
 
 ```sql
 CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding bit(3));
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ SELECT id, content FROM items, plainto_tsquery('hello search') query
     WHERE textsearch @@ query ORDER BY ts_rank_cd(textsearch, query) DESC LIMIT 5;
 ```
 
-You can use [Reciprocal Rank Fusion](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search_rrf.py) or a [cross-encoder](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search.py) to combine results.
+You can use [Reciprocal Rank Fusion](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search/rrf.py) or a [cross-encoder](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/hybrid_search/cross_encoder.py) to combine results.
 
 ## Indexing Subvectors
 
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ Be sure to restart Postgres for changes to take effect.
 
 ### Loading
 
-Use `COPY` for bulk loading data ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/bulk_loading.py)).
+Use `COPY` for bulk loading data ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/loading/example.py)).
 
 ```sql
 COPY items (embedding) FROM STDIN WITH (FORMAT BINARY);
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ Scale pgvector the same way you scale Postgres.
 
 Scale vertically by increasing memory, CPU, and storage on a single instance. Use existing tools to [tune parameters](#tuning) and [monitor performance](#monitoring).
 
-Scale horizontally with [replicas](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/hot-standby.html), or use [Citus](https://github.com/citusdata/citus) or another approach for sharding ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/citus.py)).
+Scale horizontally with [replicas](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/hot-standby.html), or use [Citus](https://github.com/citusdata/citus) or another approach for sharding ([example](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-python/blob/master/examples/citus/example.py)).
 
 ## Languages
 

sql/vector--0.7.4--0.8.0.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.8.0'" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(real[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(double precision[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE CAST (integer[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (real[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(real[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(double precision[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;

sql/vector.sql

@@ -782,6 +782,18 @@ CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_sparsevec(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS sparseve
 CREATE FUNCTION sparsevec_to_halfvec(sparsevec, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(real[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(double precision[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
 -- sparsevec casts
 
 CREATE CAST (sparsevec AS sparsevec)
@@ -799,6 +811,18 @@ CREATE CAST (sparsevec AS halfvec)
 CREATE CAST (halfvec AS sparsevec)
 	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_sparsevec(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
 
+CREATE CAST (integer[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (real[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(real[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(double precision[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS sparsevec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
 -- sparsevec operators
 
 CREATE OPERATOR <-> (

src/bitutils.h

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 #include "postgres.h"
 
 /* Check version in first header */
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120000
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-#error "Requires PostgreSQL 12+"
+#error "Requires PostgreSQL 13+"
 #endif
 
 extern uint64 (*BitHammingDistance) (uint32 bytes, unsigned char *ax, unsigned char *bx, uint64 distance);

src/halfvec.c

@@ -19,11 +19,6 @@
 #include "utils/numeric.h"
 #include "vector.h"
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-#define TYPALIGN_DOUBLE 'd'
-#define TYPALIGN_INT 'i'
-#endif
-
 #define STATE_DIMS(x) (ARR_DIMS(x)[0] - 1)
 #define CreateStateDatums(dim) palloc(sizeof(Datum) * (dim + 1))
 

src/hnsw.c

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "utils/float.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/selfuncs.h"
 
@@ -59,17 +60,9 @@ HnswInit(void)
 
 	hnsw_relopt_kind = add_reloption_kind();
 	add_int_reloption(hnsw_relopt_kind, "m", "Max number of connections",
-					  HNSW_DEFAULT_M, HNSW_MIN_M, HNSW_MAX_M
+					  HNSW_DEFAULT_M, HNSW_MIN_M, HNSW_MAX_M, AccessExclusiveLock);
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-					  ,AccessExclusiveLock
-#endif
-		);
 	add_int_reloption(hnsw_relopt_kind, "ef_construction", "Size of the dynamic candidate list for construction",
-					  HNSW_DEFAULT_EF_CONSTRUCTION, HNSW_MIN_EF_CONSTRUCTION, HNSW_MAX_EF_CONSTRUCTION
+					  HNSW_DEFAULT_EF_CONSTRUCTION, HNSW_MIN_EF_CONSTRUCTION, HNSW_MAX_EF_CONSTRUCTION, AccessExclusiveLock);
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-					  ,AccessExclusiveLock
-#endif
-		);
 
 	DefineCustomIntVariable("hnsw.ef_search", "Sets the size of the dynamic candidate list for search",
 							"Valid range is 1..1000.", &hnsw_ef_search,
@@ -112,8 +105,8 @@ hnswcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 	/* Never use index without order */
 	if (path->indexorderbys == NULL)
 	{
-		*indexStartupCost = DBL_MAX;
+		*indexStartupCost = get_float8_infinity();
-		*indexTotalCost = DBL_MAX;
+		*indexTotalCost = get_float8_infinity();
 		*indexSelectivity = 0;
 		*indexCorrelation = 0;
 		*indexPages = 0;
@@ -154,23 +147,10 @@ hnswoptions(Datum reloptions, bool validate)
 		{"ef_construction", RELOPT_TYPE_INT, offsetof(HnswOptions, efConstruction)},
 	};
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	return (bytea *) build_reloptions(reloptions, validate,
 									  hnsw_relopt_kind,
 									  sizeof(HnswOptions),
 									  tab, lengthof(tab));
-#else
-	relopt_value *options;
-	int			numoptions;
-	HnswOptions *rdopts;
-
-	options = parseRelOptions(reloptions, validate, hnsw_relopt_kind, &numoptions);
-	rdopts = allocateReloptStruct(sizeof(HnswOptions), options, numoptions);
-	fillRelOptions((void *) rdopts, sizeof(HnswOptions), options, numoptions,
-				   validate, tab, lengthof(tab));
-
-	return (bytea *) rdopts;
-#endif
 }
 
 /*
@@ -195,9 +175,7 @@ hnswhandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 
 	amroutine->amstrategies = 0;
 	amroutine->amsupport = 3;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	amroutine->amoptsprocnum = 0;
-#endif
 	amroutine->amcanorder = false;
 	amroutine->amcanorderbyop = true;
 	amroutine->amcanbackward = false;	/* can change direction mid-scan */
@@ -210,17 +188,24 @@ hnswhandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	amroutine->amclusterable = false;
 	amroutine->ampredlocks = false;
 	amroutine->amcanparallel = false;
-	amroutine->amcaninclude = false;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
+	amroutine->amcanbuildparallel = true;
-	amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false; /* not used during VACUUM */
-	amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL;
 #endif
+	amroutine->amcaninclude = false;
+	amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false; /* not used during VACUUM */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+	amroutine->amsummarizing = false;
+#endif
+	amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL;
 	amroutine->amkeytype = InvalidOid;
 
 	/* Interface functions */
 	amroutine->ambuild = hnswbuild;
 	amroutine->ambuildempty = hnswbuildempty;
 	amroutine->aminsert = hnswinsert;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
+	amroutine->aminsertcleanup = NULL;
+#endif
 	amroutine->ambulkdelete = hnswbulkdelete;
 	amroutine->amvacuumcleanup = hnswvacuumcleanup;
 	amroutine->amcanreturn = NULL;

src/hnsw.h

@@ -76,11 +76,6 @@
 #define SeedRandom(seed) srandom(seed)
 #endif
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-#define list_delete_last(list) list_truncate(list, list_length(list) - 1)
-#define list_sort(list, cmp) ((list) = list_qsort(list, cmp))
-#endif
-
 #define HnswIsElementTuple(tup) ((tup)->type == HNSW_ELEMENT_TUPLE_TYPE)
 #define HnswIsNeighborTuple(tup) ((tup)->type == HNSW_NEIGHBOR_TUPLE_TYPE)
 
@@ -160,11 +155,13 @@ struct HnswNeighborArray
 	HnswCandidate items[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
 };
 
-typedef struct HnswPairingHeapNode
+typedef struct HnswSearchCandidate
 {
-	pairingheap_node ph_node;
+	pairingheap_node c_node;
-	HnswCandidate *inner;
+	pairingheap_node w_node;
-}			HnswPairingHeapNode;
+	HnswElementPtr element;
+	float		distance;
+}			HnswSearchCandidate;
 
 /* HNSW index options */
 typedef struct HnswOptions
@@ -385,7 +382,7 @@ void	   *HnswAlloc(HnswAllocator * allocator, Size size);
 HnswElement HnswInitElement(char *base, ItemPointer tid, int m, double ml, int maxLevel, HnswAllocator * alloc);
 HnswElement HnswInitElementFromBlock(BlockNumber blkno, OffsetNumber offno);
 void		HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, int m, int efConstruction, bool existing);
-HnswCandidate *HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement em, Datum q, Relation rel, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec);
+HnswSearchCandidate *HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement em, Datum q, Relation rel, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec);
 void		HnswUpdateMetaPage(Relation index, int updateEntry, HnswElement entryPoint, BlockNumber insertPage, ForkNumber forkNum, bool building);
 void		HnswSetNeighborTuple(char *base, HnswNeighborTuple ntup, HnswElement e, int m);
 void		HnswAddHeapTid(HnswElement element, ItemPointer heaptid);

src/hnswbuild.c

@@ -60,12 +60,6 @@
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #endif
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-#define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER ItemPointer tid
-#else
-#define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER HeapTuple hup
-#endif
-
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 #include "utils/backend_status.h"
 #include "utils/wait_event.h"
@@ -75,10 +69,6 @@
 #define PARALLEL_KEY_HNSW_AREA			UINT64CONST(0xA000000000000002)
 #define PARALLEL_KEY_QUERY_TEXT			UINT64CONST(0xA000000000000003)
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-#define GENERATIONCHUNK_RAWSIZE (SIZEOF_SIZE_T + SIZEOF_VOID_P * 2)
-#endif
-
 /*
  * Create the metapage
  */
@@ -192,7 +182,9 @@ CreateGraphPages(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 
 		/* Initial size check */
 		if (etupSize > HNSW_TUPLE_ALLOC_SIZE)
-			elog(ERROR, "index tuple too large");
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+					 errmsg("index tuple too large")));
 
 		HnswSetElementTuple(base, etup, element);
 
@@ -583,17 +575,13 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid, Hn
  * Callback for table_index_build_scan
  */
 static void
-BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
+BuildCallback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values,
 			  bool *isnull, bool tupleIsAlive, void *state)
 {
 	HnswBuildState *buildstate = (HnswBuildState *) state;
 	HnswGraph  *graph = buildstate->graph;
 	MemoryContext oldCtx;
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-	ItemPointer tid = &hup->t_self;
-#endif
-
 	/* Skip nulls */
 	if (isnull[0])
 		return;
@@ -656,11 +644,7 @@ HnswMemoryContextAlloc(Size size, void *state)
 	HnswBuildState *buildstate = (HnswBuildState *) state;
 	void	   *chunk = MemoryContextAlloc(buildstate->graphCtx, size);
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	buildstate->graphData.memoryUsed = MemoryContextMemAllocated(buildstate->graphCtx, false);
-#else
-	buildstate->graphData.memoryUsed += MAXALIGN(size);
-#endif
 
 	return chunk;
 }
@@ -696,17 +680,25 @@ InitBuildState(HnswBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, Index
 
 	/* Disallow varbit since require fixed dimensions */
 	if (TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypid == VARBITOID)
-		elog(ERROR, "type not supported for hnsw index");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("type not supported for hnsw index")));
 
 	/* Require column to have dimensions to be indexed */
 	if (buildstate->dimensions < 0)
-		elog(ERROR, "column does not have dimensions");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("column does not have dimensions")));
 
 	if (buildstate->dimensions > buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions)
-		elog(ERROR, "column cannot have more than %d dimensions for hnsw index", buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions);
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("column cannot have more than %d dimensions for hnsw index", buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions)));
 
 	if (buildstate->efConstruction < 2 * buildstate->m)
-		elog(ERROR, "ef_construction must be greater than or equal to 2 * m");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("ef_construction must be greater than or equal to 2 * m")));
 
 	buildstate->reltuples = 0;
 	buildstate->indtuples = 0;

src/hnswinsert.c

@@ -379,8 +379,12 @@ HnswUpdateNeighborsOnDisk(Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Hns
 			HnswElement neighborElement = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
 			OffsetNumber offno = neighborElement->neighborOffno;
 
-			/* Get latest neighbors since they may have changed */
+			/*
-			/* Do not lock yet since selecting neighbors can take time */
+			 * Get latest neighbors since they may have changed. Do not lock
+			 * yet since selecting neighbors can take time. Could use
+			 * optimistic locking to retry if another update occurs before
+			 * getting exclusive lock.
+			 */
 			HnswLoadNeighbors(neighborElement, index, m);
 
 			/*

src/hnswscan.c

@@ -160,15 +160,15 @@ hnswgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 
 		so->first = false;
 
-#if defined(HNSW_MEMORY) && PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
+#if defined(HNSW_MEMORY)
-		elog(INFO, "memory: %zu MB", MemoryContextMemAllocated(so->tmpCtx, false) / (1024 * 1024));
+		elog(INFO, "memory: %zu KB", MemoryContextMemAllocated(so->tmpCtx, false) / 1024);
 #endif
 	}
 
 	while (list_length(so->w) > 0)
 	{
 		char	   *base = NULL;
-		HnswCandidate *hc = llast(so->w);
+		HnswSearchCandidate *hc = llast(so->w);
 		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
 		ItemPointer heaptid;
 

src/hnswutils.c

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "access/generic_xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_type_d.h"
+#include "common/hashfn.h"
 #include "fmgr.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "lib/pairingheap.h"
@@ -14,12 +15,6 @@
 #include "utils/memdebug.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-#include "common/hashfn.h"
-#else
-#include "utils/hashutils.h"
-#endif
-
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM < 170000
 static inline uint64
 murmurhash64(uint64 data)
@@ -112,6 +107,12 @@ typedef union
 	tidhash_hash *tids;
 }			visited_hash;
 
+typedef union
+{
+	HnswElement element;
+	ItemPointerData indextid;
+}			HnswUnvisited;
+
 /*
  * Get the max number of connections in an upper layer for each element in the index
  */
@@ -547,19 +548,19 @@ HnswLoadElementFromTuple(HnswElement element, HnswElementTuple etup, bool loadHe
 /*
  * Load an element and optionally get its distance from q
  */
-void
+static void
-HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, Datum *q, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec, float *maxDistance)
+HnswLoadElementImpl(BlockNumber blkno, OffsetNumber offno, float *distance, Datum *q, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec, float *maxDistance, HnswElement * element)
 {
 	Buffer		buf;
 	Page		page;
 	HnswElementTuple etup;
 
 	/* Read vector */
-	buf = ReadBuffer(index, element->blkno);
+	buf = ReadBuffer(index, blkno);
 	LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
 	page = BufferGetPage(buf);
 
-	etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, element->offno));
+	etup = (HnswElementTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offno));
 
 	Assert(HnswIsElementTuple(etup));
 
@@ -574,19 +575,32 @@ HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, Datum *q, Relation index,
 
 	/* Load element */
 	if (distance == NULL || maxDistance == NULL || *distance < *maxDistance)
-		HnswLoadElementFromTuple(element, etup, true, loadVec);
+	{
+		if (*element == NULL)
+			*element = HnswInitElementFromBlock(blkno, offno);
+
+		HnswLoadElementFromTuple(*element, etup, true, loadVec);
+	}
 
 	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
 }
 
 /*
- * Get the distance for a candidate
+ * Load an element and optionally get its distance from q
+ */
+void
+HnswLoadElement(HnswElement element, float *distance, Datum *q, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec, float *maxDistance)
+{
+	HnswLoadElementImpl(element->blkno, element->offno, distance, q, index, procinfo, collation, loadVec, maxDistance, &element);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the distance for an element
  */
 static float
-GetCandidateDistance(char *base, HnswCandidate * hc, Datum q, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation)
+GetElementDistance(char *base, HnswElement element, Datum q, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation)
 {
-	HnswElement hce = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
+	Datum		value = HnswGetValue(base, element);
-	Datum		value = HnswGetValue(base, hce);
 
 	return DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo, collation, q, value));
 }
@@ -594,29 +608,32 @@ GetCandidateDistance(char *base, HnswCandidate * hc, Datum q, FmgrInfo *procinfo
 /*
  * Create a candidate for the entry point
  */
-HnswCandidate *
+HnswSearchCandidate *
 HnswEntryCandidate(char *base, HnswElement entryPoint, Datum q, Relation index, FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, bool loadVec)
 {
-	HnswCandidate *hc = palloc(sizeof(HnswCandidate));
+	HnswSearchCandidate *hc = palloc(sizeof(HnswSearchCandidate));
 
 	HnswPtrStore(base, hc->element, entryPoint);
 	if (index == NULL)
-		hc->distance = GetCandidateDistance(base, hc, q, procinfo, collation);
+		hc->distance = GetElementDistance(base, entryPoint, q, procinfo, collation);
 	else
 		HnswLoadElement(entryPoint, &hc->distance, &q, index, procinfo, collation, loadVec, NULL);
 	return hc;
 }
 
+#define HnswGetSearchCandidate(membername, ptr) pairingheap_container(HnswSearchCandidate, membername, ptr)
+#define HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(membername, ptr) pairingheap_const_container(HnswSearchCandidate, membername, ptr)
+
 /*
  * Compare candidate distances
  */
 static int
 CompareNearestCandidates(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b, void *arg)
 {
-	if (((const HnswPairingHeapNode *) a)->inner->distance < ((const HnswPairingHeapNode *) b)->inner->distance)
+	if (HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(c_node, a)->distance < HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(c_node, b)->distance)
 		return 1;
 
-	if (((const HnswPairingHeapNode *) a)->inner->distance > ((const HnswPairingHeapNode *) b)->inner->distance)
+	if (HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(c_node, a)->distance > HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(c_node, b)->distance)
 		return -1;
 
 	return 0;
@@ -628,27 +645,15 @@ CompareNearestCandidates(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b, v
 static int
 CompareFurthestCandidates(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b, void *arg)
 {
-	if (((const HnswPairingHeapNode *) a)->inner->distance < ((const HnswPairingHeapNode *) b)->inner->distance)
+	if (HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(w_node, a)->distance < HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(w_node, b)->distance)
 		return -1;
 
-	if (((const HnswPairingHeapNode *) a)->inner->distance > ((const HnswPairingHeapNode *) b)->inner->distance)
+	if (HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(w_node, a)->distance > HnswGetSearchCandidateConst(w_node, b)->distance)
 		return 1;
 
 	return 0;
 }
 
-/*
- * Create a pairing heap node for a candidate
- */
-static HnswPairingHeapNode *
-CreatePairingHeapNode(HnswCandidate * c)
-{
-	HnswPairingHeapNode *node = palloc(sizeof(HnswPairingHeapNode));
-
-	node->inner = c;
-	return node;
-}
-
 /*
  * Init visited
  */
@@ -667,11 +672,11 @@ InitVisited(char *base, visited_hash * v, Relation index, int ef, int m)
  * Add to visited
  */
 static inline void
-AddToVisited(char *base, visited_hash * v, HnswCandidate * hc, Relation index, bool *found)
+AddToVisited(char *base, visited_hash * v, HnswElementPtr elementPtr, Relation index, bool *found)
 {
 	if (index != NULL)
 	{
-		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
+		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, elementPtr);
 		ItemPointerData indextid;
 
 		ItemPointerSet(&indextid, element->blkno, element->offno);
@@ -679,23 +684,15 @@ AddToVisited(char *base, visited_hash * v, HnswCandidate * hc, Relation index, b
 	}
 	else if (base != NULL)
 	{
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
+		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, elementPtr);
-		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
 
-		offsethash_insert_hash(v->offsets, HnswPtrOffset(hc->element), element->hash, found);
+		offsethash_insert_hash(v->offsets, HnswPtrOffset(elementPtr), element->hash, found);
-#else
-		offsethash_insert(v->offsets, HnswPtrOffset(hc->element), found);
-#endif
 	}
 	else
 	{
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
+		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, elementPtr);
-		HnswElement element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
 
-		pointerhash_insert_hash(v->pointers, (uintptr_t) HnswPtrPointer(hc->element), element->hash, found);
+		pointerhash_insert_hash(v->pointers, (uintptr_t) HnswPtrPointer(elementPtr), element->hash, found);
-#else
-		pointerhash_insert(v->pointers, (uintptr_t) HnswPtrPointer(hc->element), found);
-#endif
 	}
 }
 
@@ -703,20 +700,89 @@ AddToVisited(char *base, visited_hash * v, HnswCandidate * hc, Relation index, b
  * Count element towards ef
  */
 static inline bool
-CountElement(char *base, HnswElement skipElement, HnswCandidate * hc)
+CountElement(HnswElement skipElement, HnswElement e)
 {
-	HnswElement e;
-
 	if (skipElement == NULL)
 		return true;
 
 	/* Ensure does not access heaptidsLength during in-memory build */
 	pg_memory_barrier();
 
-	e = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
+	/* Keep scan-build happy on Mac x86-64 */
+	Assert(e);
+
 	return e->heaptidsLength != 0;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Load unvisited neighbors from memory
+ */
+static void
+HnswLoadUnvisitedFromMemory(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswUnvisited * unvisited, int *unvisitedLength, visited_hash * v, int lc, HnswNeighborArray * localNeighborhood, Size neighborhoodSize)
+{
+	/* Get the neighborhood at layer lc */
+	HnswNeighborArray *neighborhood = HnswGetNeighbors(base, element, lc);
+
+	/* Copy neighborhood to local memory */
+	LWLockAcquire(&element->lock, LW_SHARED);
+	memcpy(localNeighborhood, neighborhood, neighborhoodSize);
+	LWLockRelease(&element->lock);
+
+	*unvisitedLength = 0;
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < localNeighborhood->length; i++)
+	{
+		HnswCandidate *hc = &localNeighborhood->items[i];
+		bool		found;
+
+		AddToVisited(base, v, hc->element, NULL, &found);
+
+		if (!found)
+			unvisited[(*unvisitedLength)++].element = HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Load unvisited neighbors from disk
+ */
+static void
+HnswLoadUnvisitedFromDisk(HnswElement element, HnswUnvisited * unvisited, int *unvisitedLength, visited_hash * v, Relation index, int m, int lm, int lc)
+{
+	Buffer		buf;
+	Page		page;
+	HnswNeighborTuple ntup;
+	int			start;
+	ItemPointerData indextids[HNSW_MAX_M * 2];
+
+	buf = ReadBuffer(index, element->neighborPage);
+	LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
+	page = BufferGetPage(buf);
+
+	ntup = (HnswNeighborTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, element->neighborOffno));
+	start = (element->level - lc) * m;
+
+	/* Copy to minimize lock time */
+	memcpy(&indextids, ntup->indextids + start, lm * sizeof(ItemPointerData));
+
+	UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
+
+	*unvisitedLength = 0;
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < lm; i++)
+	{
+		ItemPointer indextid = &indextids[i];
+		bool		found;
+
+		if (!ItemPointerIsValid(indextid))
+			break;
+
+		tidhash_insert(v->tids, *indextid, &found);
+
+		if (!found)
+			unvisited[(*unvisitedLength)++].indextid = *indextid;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * Algorithm 2 from paper
  */
@@ -729,43 +795,45 @@ HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, F
 	int			wlen = 0;
 	visited_hash v;
 	ListCell   *lc2;
-	HnswNeighborArray *neighborhoodData = NULL;
+	HnswNeighborArray *localNeighborhood = NULL;
-	Size		neighborhoodSize;
+	Size		neighborhoodSize = 0;
+	int			lm = HnswGetLayerM(m, lc);
+	HnswUnvisited *unvisited = palloc(lm * sizeof(HnswUnvisited));
+	int			unvisitedLength;
 
 	InitVisited(base, &v, index, ef, m);
 
 	/* Create local memory for neighborhood if needed */
 	if (index == NULL)
 	{
-		neighborhoodSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_ARRAY_SIZE(HnswGetLayerM(m, lc));
+		neighborhoodSize = HNSW_NEIGHBOR_ARRAY_SIZE(lm);
-		neighborhoodData = palloc(neighborhoodSize);
+		localNeighborhood = palloc(neighborhoodSize);
 	}
 
 	/* Add entry points to v, C, and W */
 	foreach(lc2, ep)
 	{
-		HnswCandidate *hc = (HnswCandidate *) lfirst(lc2);
+		HnswSearchCandidate *hc = (HnswSearchCandidate *) lfirst(lc2);
 		bool		found;
 
-		AddToVisited(base, &v, hc, index, &found);
+		AddToVisited(base, &v, hc->element, index, &found);
 
-		pairingheap_add(C, &(CreatePairingHeapNode(hc)->ph_node));
+		pairingheap_add(C, &hc->c_node);
-		pairingheap_add(W, &(CreatePairingHeapNode(hc)->ph_node));
+		pairingheap_add(W, &hc->w_node);
 
 		/*
 		 * Do not count elements being deleted towards ef when vacuuming. It
 		 * would be ideal to do this for inserts as well, but this could
 		 * affect insert performance.
 		 */
-		if (CountElement(base, skipElement, hc))
+		if (CountElement(skipElement, HnswPtrAccess(base, hc->element)))
 			wlen++;
 	}
 
 	while (!pairingheap_is_empty(C))
 	{
-		HnswNeighborArray *neighborhood;
+		HnswSearchCandidate *c = HnswGetSearchCandidate(c_node, pairingheap_remove_first(C));
-		HnswCandidate *c = ((HnswPairingHeapNode *) pairingheap_remove_first(C))->inner;
+		HnswSearchCandidate *f = HnswGetSearchCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_first(W));
-		HnswCandidate *f = ((HnswPairingHeapNode *) pairingheap_first(W))->inner;
 		HnswElement cElement;
 
 		if (c->distance > f->distance)
@@ -773,44 +841,41 @@ HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, F
 
 		cElement = HnswPtrAccess(base, c->element);
 
-		if (HnswPtrIsNull(base, cElement->neighbors))
-			HnswLoadNeighbors(cElement, index, m);
-
-		/* Get the neighborhood at layer lc */
-		neighborhood = HnswGetNeighbors(base, cElement, lc);
-
-		/* Copy neighborhood to local memory if needed */
 		if (index == NULL)
-		{
+			HnswLoadUnvisitedFromMemory(base, cElement, unvisited, &unvisitedLength, &v, lc, localNeighborhood, neighborhoodSize);
-			LWLockAcquire(&cElement->lock, LW_SHARED);
+		else
-			memcpy(neighborhoodData, neighborhood, neighborhoodSize);
+			HnswLoadUnvisitedFromDisk(cElement, unvisited, &unvisitedLength, &v, index, m, lm, lc);
-			LWLockRelease(&cElement->lock);
-			neighborhood = neighborhoodData;
-		}
 
-		for (int i = 0; i < neighborhood->length; i++)
+		for (int i = 0; i < unvisitedLength; i++)
-		{
-			HnswCandidate *e = &neighborhood->items[i];
-			bool		visited;
-
-			AddToVisited(base, &v, e, index, &visited);
-
-			if (!visited)
 		{
+			HnswElement eElement;
+			HnswSearchCandidate *e;
 			float		eDistance;
-				HnswElement eElement = HnswPtrAccess(base, e->element);
 			bool		alwaysAdd = wlen < ef;
 
-				f = ((HnswPairingHeapNode *) pairingheap_first(W))->inner;
+			f = HnswGetSearchCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_first(W));
 
 			if (index == NULL)
-					eDistance = GetCandidateDistance(base, e, q, procinfo, collation);
-				else
-					HnswLoadElement(eElement, &eDistance, &q, index, procinfo, collation, inserting, alwaysAdd ? NULL : &f->distance);
-
-				if (eDistance < f->distance || alwaysAdd)
 			{
-					HnswCandidate *ec;
+				eElement = unvisited[i].element;
+				eDistance = GetElementDistance(base, eElement, q, procinfo, collation);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				ItemPointer indextid = &unvisited[i].indextid;
+				BlockNumber blkno = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(indextid);
+				OffsetNumber offno = ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(indextid);
+
+				/* Avoid any allocations if not adding */
+				eElement = NULL;
+				HnswLoadElementImpl(blkno, offno, &eDistance, &q, index, procinfo, collation, inserting, alwaysAdd ? NULL : &f->distance, &eElement);
+
+				if (eElement == NULL)
+					continue;
+			}
+
+			if (!(eDistance < f->distance || alwaysAdd))
+				continue;
 
 			Assert(!eElement->deleted);
 
@@ -818,20 +883,19 @@ HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, F
 			if (eElement->level < lc)
 				continue;
 
-					/* Copy e */
+			/* Create a new candidate */
-					ec = palloc(sizeof(HnswCandidate));
+			e = palloc(sizeof(HnswSearchCandidate));
-					HnswPtrStore(base, ec->element, eElement);
+			HnswPtrStore(base, e->element, eElement);
-					ec->distance = eDistance;
+			e->distance = eDistance;
-
+			pairingheap_add(C, &e->c_node);
-					pairingheap_add(C, &(CreatePairingHeapNode(ec)->ph_node));
+			pairingheap_add(W, &e->w_node);
-					pairingheap_add(W, &(CreatePairingHeapNode(ec)->ph_node));
 
 			/*
-					 * Do not count elements being deleted towards ef when
+			 * Do not count elements being deleted towards ef when vacuuming.
-					 * vacuuming. It would be ideal to do this for inserts as
+			 * It would be ideal to do this for inserts as well, but this
-					 * well, but this could affect insert performance.
+			 * could affect insert performance.
 			 */
-					if (CountElement(base, skipElement, e))
+			if (CountElement(skipElement, eElement))
 			{
 				wlen++;
 
@@ -841,13 +905,11 @@ HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, F
 			}
 		}
 	}
-		}
-	}
 
 	/* Add each element of W to w */
 	while (!pairingheap_is_empty(W))
 	{
-		HnswCandidate *hc = ((HnswPairingHeapNode *) pairingheap_remove_first(W))->inner;
+		HnswSearchCandidate *hc = HnswGetSearchCandidate(w_node, pairingheap_remove_first(W));
 
 		w = lappend(w, hc);
 	}
@@ -859,17 +921,10 @@ HnswSearchLayer(char *base, Datum q, List *ep, int ef, int lc, Relation index, F
  * Compare candidate distances with pointer tie-breaker
  */
 static int
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 CompareCandidateDistances(const ListCell *a, const ListCell *b)
 {
 	HnswCandidate *hca = lfirst(a);
 	HnswCandidate *hcb = lfirst(b);
-#else
-CompareCandidateDistances(const void *a, const void *b)
-{
-	HnswCandidate *hca = lfirst(*(ListCell **) a);
-	HnswCandidate *hcb = lfirst(*(ListCell **) b);
-#endif
 
 	if (hca->distance < hcb->distance)
 		return 1;
@@ -890,17 +945,10 @@ CompareCandidateDistances(const void *a, const void *b)
  * Compare candidate distances with offset tie-breaker
  */
 static int
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 CompareCandidateDistancesOffset(const ListCell *a, const ListCell *b)
 {
 	HnswCandidate *hca = lfirst(a);
 	HnswCandidate *hcb = lfirst(b);
-#else
-CompareCandidateDistancesOffset(const void *a, const void *b)
-{
-	HnswCandidate *hca = lfirst(*(ListCell **) a);
-	HnswCandidate *hcb = lfirst(*(ListCell **) b);
-#endif
 
 	if (hca->distance < hcb->distance)
 		return 1;
@@ -1110,7 +1158,7 @@ HnswUpdateConnection(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswCandidate * hc, int lm
 				if (HnswPtrIsNull(base, hc3Element->value))
 					HnswLoadElement(hc3Element, &hc3->distance, &q, index, procinfo, collation, true, NULL);
 				else
-					hc3->distance = GetCandidateDistance(base, hc3, q, procinfo, collation);
+					hc3->distance = GetElementDistance(base, hc3Element, q, procinfo, collation);
 
 				/* Prune element if being deleted */
 				if (hc3Element->heaptidsLength == 0)
@@ -1182,7 +1230,6 @@ RemoveElements(char *base, List *w, HnswElement skipElement)
 	return w2;
 }
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 /*
  * Precompute hash
  */
@@ -1198,7 +1245,6 @@ PrecomputeHash(char *base, HnswElement element)
 	else
 		element->hash = hash_offset(HnswPtrOffset(ptr));
 }
-#endif
 
 /*
  * Algorithm 1 from paper
@@ -1213,11 +1259,9 @@ HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint
 	Datum		q = HnswGetValue(base, element);
 	HnswElement skipElement = existing ? element : NULL;
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	/* Precompute hash */
 	if (index == NULL)
 		PrecomputeHash(base, element);
-#endif
 
 	/* No neighbors if no entry point */
 	if (entryPoint == NULL)
@@ -1246,16 +1290,27 @@ HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint
 	{
 		int			lm = HnswGetLayerM(m, lc);
 		List	   *neighbors;
-		List	   *lw;
+		List	   *lw = NIL;
+		ListCell   *lc2;
 
 		w = HnswSearchLayer(base, q, ep, efConstruction, lc, index, procinfo, collation, m, true, skipElement);
 
+		/* Convert search candidates to candidates */
+		foreach(lc2, w)
+		{
+			HnswSearchCandidate *sc = lfirst(lc2);
+			HnswCandidate *hc = palloc(sizeof(HnswCandidate));
+
+			hc->element = sc->element;
+			hc->distance = sc->distance;
+
+			lw = lappend(lw, hc);
+		}
+
 		/* Elements being deleted or skipped can help with search */
 		/* but should be removed before selecting neighbors */
 		if (index != NULL)
-			lw = RemoveElements(base, w, skipElement);
+			lw = RemoveElements(base, lw, skipElement);
-		else
-			lw = w;
 
 		/*
 		 * Candidates are sorted, but not deterministically. Could set
@@ -1280,7 +1335,9 @@ SparsevecCheckValue(Pointer v)
 	SparseVector *vec = (SparseVector *) v;
 
 	if (vec->nnz > HNSW_MAX_NNZ)
-		elog(ERROR, "sparsevec cannot have more than %d non-zero elements for hnsw index", HNSW_MAX_NNZ);
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("sparsevec cannot have more than %d non-zero elements for hnsw index", HNSW_MAX_NNZ)));
 }
 
 /*

src/ivfbuild.c

@@ -26,12 +26,6 @@
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #endif
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-#define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER ItemPointer tid
-#else
-#define CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER HeapTuple hup
-#endif
-
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
 #include "utils/backend_status.h"
 #include "utils/wait_event.h"
@@ -96,7 +90,7 @@ AddSample(Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
  * Callback for sampling
  */
 static void
-SampleCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
+SampleCallback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values,
 			   bool *isnull, bool tupleIsAlive, void *state)
 {
 	IvfflatBuildState *buildstate = (IvfflatBuildState *) state;
@@ -207,16 +201,12 @@ AddTupleToSort(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values, IvfflatBuildState
  * Callback for table_index_build_scan
  */
 static void
-BuildCallback(Relation index, CALLBACK_ITEM_POINTER, Datum *values,
+BuildCallback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid, Datum *values,
 			  bool *isnull, bool tupleIsAlive, void *state)
 {
 	IvfflatBuildState *buildstate = (IvfflatBuildState *) state;
 	MemoryContext oldCtx;
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-	ItemPointer tid = &hup->t_self;
-#endif
-
 	/* Skip nulls */
 	if (isnull[0])
 		return;
@@ -335,14 +325,20 @@ InitBuildState(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, In
 
 	/* Disallow varbit since require fixed dimensions */
 	if (TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypid == VARBITOID)
-		elog(ERROR, "type not supported for ivfflat index");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("type not supported for ivfflat index")));
 
 	/* Require column to have dimensions to be indexed */
 	if (buildstate->dimensions < 0)
-		elog(ERROR, "column does not have dimensions");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("column does not have dimensions")));
 
 	if (buildstate->dimensions > buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions)
-		elog(ERROR, "column cannot have more than %d dimensions for ivfflat index", buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions);
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("column cannot have more than %d dimensions for ivfflat index", buildstate->typeInfo->maxDimensions)));
 
 	buildstate->reltuples = 0;
 	buildstate->indtuples = 0;
@@ -355,7 +351,9 @@ InitBuildState(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, In
 
 	/* Require more than one dimension for spherical k-means */
 	if (buildstate->kmeansnormprocinfo != NULL && buildstate->dimensions == 1)
-		elog(ERROR, "dimensions must be greater than one for this opclass");
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("dimensions must be greater than one for this opclass")));
 
 	/* Create tuple description for sorting */
 	buildstate->tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(3);
@@ -562,6 +560,20 @@ PrintKmeansMetrics(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 }
 #endif
 
+/*
+ * Initialize build sort state
+ */
+static Tuplesortstate *
+InitBuildSortState(TupleDesc tupdesc, int memory, SortCoordinate coordinate)
+{
+	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
+	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Int4LessOperator};
+	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
+	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
+
+	return tuplesort_begin_heap(tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, memory, coordinate, false);
+}
+
 /*
  * Within leader, wait for end of heap scan
  */
@@ -609,12 +621,6 @@ IvfflatParallelScanAndSort(IvfflatSpool * ivfspool, IvfflatShared * ivfshared, S
 	double		reltuples;
 	IndexInfo  *indexInfo;
 
-	/* Sort options, which must match AssignTuples */
-	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
-	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Int4LessOperator};
-	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
-	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
-
 	/* Initialize local tuplesort coordination state */
 	coordinate = palloc0(sizeof(SortCoordinateData));
 	coordinate->isWorker = true;
@@ -627,7 +633,7 @@ IvfflatParallelScanAndSort(IvfflatSpool * ivfspool, IvfflatShared * ivfshared, S
 	InitBuildState(&buildstate, ivfspool->heap, ivfspool->index, indexInfo);
 	memcpy(buildstate.centers->items, ivfcenters, buildstate.centers->itemsize * buildstate.centers->maxlen);
 	buildstate.centers->length = buildstate.centers->maxlen;
-	ivfspool->sortstate = tuplesort_begin_heap(buildstate.tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, sortmem, coordinate, false);
+	ivfspool->sortstate = InitBuildSortState(buildstate.tupdesc, sortmem, coordinate);
 	buildstate.sortstate = ivfspool->sortstate;
 	scan = table_beginscan_parallel(ivfspool->heap,
 									ParallelTableScanFromIvfflatShared(ivfshared));
@@ -924,12 +930,6 @@ AssignTuples(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	int			parallel_workers = 0;
 	SortCoordinate coordinate = NULL;
 
-	/* Sort options, which must match IvfflatParallelScanAndSort */
-	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
-	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Int4LessOperator};
-	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
-	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
-
 	pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE, PROGRESS_IVFFLAT_PHASE_ASSIGN);
 
 	/* Calculate parallel workers */
@@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ AssignTuples(IvfflatBuildState * buildstate)
 	}
 
 	/* Begin serial/leader tuplesort */
-	buildstate->sortstate = tuplesort_begin_heap(buildstate->tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, maintenance_work_mem, coordinate, false);
+	buildstate->sortstate = InitBuildSortState(buildstate->tupdesc, maintenance_work_mem, coordinate);
 
 	/* Add tuples to sort */
 	if (buildstate->heap != NULL)

src/ivfflat.c

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
+#include "utils/float.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/selfuncs.h"
 #include "utils/spccache.h"
@@ -26,11 +27,7 @@ IvfflatInit(void)
 {
 	ivfflat_relopt_kind = add_reloption_kind();
 	add_int_reloption(ivfflat_relopt_kind, "lists", "Number of inverted lists",
-					  IVFFLAT_DEFAULT_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MIN_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MAX_LISTS
+					  IVFFLAT_DEFAULT_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MIN_LISTS, IVFFLAT_MAX_LISTS, AccessExclusiveLock);
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
-					  ,AccessExclusiveLock
-#endif
-		);
 
 	DefineCustomIntVariable("ivfflat.probes", "Sets the number of probes",
 							"Valid range is 1..lists.", &ivfflat_probes,
@@ -60,6 +57,39 @@ ivfflatbuildphasename(int64 phasenum)
 	}
 }
 
+/*
+ * Estimate the number of probes needed to get requested tuples
+ */
+static int
+EstimateProbes(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, int lists)
+{
+	double		selectivity = 1;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	double		tuplesPerList;
+
+	/* Cannot estimate without limit */
+	/* limit_tuples includes offset */
+	if (root->limit_tuples < 0)
+		return 0;
+
+	/* Get the selectivity of non-index conditions */
+	foreach(lc, path->indexinfo->indrestrictinfo)
+	{
+		RestrictInfo *rinfo = lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* Skip DEFAULT_INEQ_SEL since it may be a distance filter */
+		if (rinfo->norm_selec >= 0 && rinfo->norm_selec <= 1 && rinfo->norm_selec != (Selectivity) DEFAULT_INEQ_SEL)
+			selectivity *= rinfo->norm_selec;
+	}
+
+	tuplesPerList = path->indexinfo->tuples * selectivity / (double) lists;
+	if (tuplesPerList == 0)
+		return lists;
+
+	/* No need to cap at this point */
+	return root->limit_tuples / tuplesPerList;
+}
+
 /*
  * Estimate the cost of an index scan
  */
@@ -71,6 +101,7 @@ ivfflatcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 {
 	GenericCosts costs;
 	int			lists;
+	int			probes;
 	double		ratio;
 	double		spc_seq_page_cost;
 	Relation	index;
@@ -78,8 +109,8 @@ ivfflatcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 	/* Never use index without order */
 	if (path->indexorderbys == NULL)
 	{
-		*indexStartupCost = DBL_MAX;
+		*indexStartupCost = get_float8_infinity();
-		*indexTotalCost = DBL_MAX;
+		*indexTotalCost = get_float8_infinity();
 		*indexSelectivity = 0;
 		*indexCorrelation = 0;
 		*indexPages = 0;
@@ -92,8 +123,10 @@ ivfflatcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 	IvfflatGetMetaPageInfo(index, &lists, NULL);
 	index_close(index, NoLock);
 
+	probes = Max(ivfflat_probes, EstimateProbes(root, path, lists));
+
 	/* Get the ratio of lists that we need to visit */
-	ratio = ((double) ivfflat_probes) / lists;
+	ratio = ((double) probes) / lists;
 	if (ratio > 1.0)
 		ratio = 1.0;
 
@@ -148,23 +181,10 @@ ivfflatoptions(Datum reloptions, bool validate)
 		{"lists", RELOPT_TYPE_INT, offsetof(IvfflatOptions, lists)},
 	};
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	return (bytea *) build_reloptions(reloptions, validate,
 									  ivfflat_relopt_kind,
 									  sizeof(IvfflatOptions),
 									  tab, lengthof(tab));
-#else
-	relopt_value *options;
-	int			numoptions;
-	IvfflatOptions *rdopts;
-
-	options = parseRelOptions(reloptions, validate, ivfflat_relopt_kind, &numoptions);
-	rdopts = allocateReloptStruct(sizeof(IvfflatOptions), options, numoptions);
-	fillRelOptions((void *) rdopts, sizeof(IvfflatOptions), options, numoptions,
-				   validate, tab, lengthof(tab));
-
-	return (bytea *) rdopts;
-#endif
 }
 
 /*
@@ -189,9 +209,7 @@ ivfflathandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 
 	amroutine->amstrategies = 0;
 	amroutine->amsupport = 5;
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	amroutine->amoptsprocnum = 0;
-#endif
 	amroutine->amcanorder = false;
 	amroutine->amcanorderbyop = true;
 	amroutine->amcanbackward = false;	/* can change direction mid-scan */
@@ -204,17 +222,24 @@ ivfflathandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	amroutine->amclusterable = false;
 	amroutine->ampredlocks = false;
 	amroutine->amcanparallel = false;
-	amroutine->amcaninclude = false;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
+	amroutine->amcanbuildparallel = true;
-	amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false; /* not used during VACUUM */
-	amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL;
 #endif
+	amroutine->amcaninclude = false;
+	amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false; /* not used during VACUUM */
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+	amroutine->amsummarizing = false;
+#endif
+	amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions = VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL;
 	amroutine->amkeytype = InvalidOid;
 
 	/* Interface functions */
 	amroutine->ambuild = ivfflatbuild;
 	amroutine->ambuildempty = ivfflatbuildempty;
 	amroutine->aminsert = ivfflatinsert;
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 170000
+	amroutine->aminsertcleanup = NULL;
+#endif
 	amroutine->ambulkdelete = ivfflatbulkdelete;
 	amroutine->amvacuumcleanup = ivfflatvacuumcleanup;
 	amroutine->amcanreturn = NULL;	/* tuple not included in heapsort */

src/ivfflat.h

@@ -253,8 +253,9 @@ typedef struct IvfflatScanOpaqueData
 	/* Sorting */
 	Tuplesortstate *sortstate;
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
-	TupleTableSlot *slot;
+	TupleTableSlot *vslot;
-	bool		isnull;
+	TupleTableSlot *mslot;
+	BufferAccessStrategy bas;
 
 	/* Support functions */
 	FmgrInfo   *procinfo;

src/ivfkmeans.c

@@ -151,12 +151,8 @@ RandomCenters(Relation index, VectorArray centers, const IvfflatTypeInfo * typeI
 static void
 ShowMemoryUsage(MemoryContext context, Size estimatedSize)
 {
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	elog(INFO, "total memory: %zu MB",
 		 MemoryContextMemAllocated(context, true) / (1024 * 1024));
-#else
-	MemoryContextStats(context);
-#endif
 	elog(INFO, "estimated memory: %zu MB", estimatedSize / (1024 * 1024));
 }
 #endif
@@ -327,7 +323,7 @@ ElkanKmeans(Relation index, VectorArray samples, VectorArray centers, const Ivff
 	newCenters->length = numCenters;
 
 #ifdef IVFFLAT_MEMORY
-	ShowMemoryUsage(MemoryContextGetParent(CurrentMemoryContext));
+	ShowMemoryUsage(MemoryContextGetParent(CurrentMemoryContext), totalSize);
 #endif
 
 	/* Pick initial centers */

src/ivfscan.c

@@ -11,16 +11,23 @@
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 
+#ifdef IVFFLAT_MEMORY
+#include "utils/memutils.h"
+#endif
+
+#define GetScanList(ptr) pairingheap_container(IvfflatScanList, ph_node, ptr)
+#define GetScanListConst(ptr) pairingheap_const_container(IvfflatScanList, ph_node, ptr)
+
 /*
  * Compare list distances
  */
 static int
 CompareLists(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b, void *arg)
 {
-	if (((const IvfflatScanList *) a)->distance > ((const IvfflatScanList *) b)->distance)
+	if (GetScanListConst(a)->distance > GetScanListConst(b)->distance)
 		return 1;
 
-	if (((const IvfflatScanList *) a)->distance < ((const IvfflatScanList *) b)->distance)
+	if (GetScanListConst(a)->distance < GetScanListConst(b)->distance)
 		return -1;
 
 	return 0;
@@ -72,14 +79,14 @@ GetScanLists(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 
 				/* Calculate max distance */
 				if (listCount == so->probes)
-					maxDistance = ((IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_first(so->listQueue))->distance;
+					maxDistance = GetScanList(pairingheap_first(so->listQueue))->distance;
 			}
 			else if (distance < maxDistance)
 			{
 				IvfflatScanList *scanlist;
 
 				/* Remove */
-				scanlist = (IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue);
+				scanlist = GetScanList(pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue));
 
 				/* Reuse */
 				scanlist->startPage = list->startPage;
@@ -87,7 +94,7 @@ GetScanLists(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 				pairingheap_add(so->listQueue, &scanlist->ph_node);
 
 				/* Update max distance */
-				maxDistance = ((IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_first(so->listQueue))->distance;
+				maxDistance = GetScanList(pairingheap_first(so->listQueue))->distance;
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -106,19 +113,12 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(scan->indexRelation);
 	double		tuples = 0;
-	TupleTableSlot *slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual);
+	TupleTableSlot *slot = so->vslot;
-
-	/*
-	 * Reuse same set of shared buffers for scan
-	 *
-	 * See postgres/src/backend/storage/buffer/README for description
-	 */
-	BufferAccessStrategy bas = GetAccessStrategy(BAS_BULKREAD);
 
 	/* Search closest probes lists */
 	while (!pairingheap_is_empty(so->listQueue))
 	{
-		BlockNumber searchPage = ((IvfflatScanList *) pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue))->startPage;
+		BlockNumber searchPage = GetScanList(pairingheap_remove_first(so->listQueue))->startPage;
 
 		/* Search all entry pages for list */
 		while (BlockNumberIsValid(searchPage))
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 			Page		page;
 			OffsetNumber maxoffno;
 
-			buf = ReadBufferExtended(scan->indexRelation, MAIN_FORKNUM, searchPage, RBM_NORMAL, bas);
+			buf = ReadBufferExtended(scan->indexRelation, MAIN_FORKNUM, searchPage, RBM_NORMAL, so->bas);
 			LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
 			page = BufferGetPage(buf);
 			maxoffno = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
@@ -166,8 +166,6 @@ GetScanItems(IndexScanDesc scan, Datum value)
 		}
 	}
 
-	FreeAccessStrategy(bas);
-
 	if (tuples < 100)
 		ereport(DEBUG1,
 				(errmsg("index scan found few tuples"),
@@ -217,6 +215,20 @@ GetScanValue(IndexScanDesc scan)
 	return value;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Initialize scan sort state
+ */
+static Tuplesortstate *
+InitScanSortState(TupleDesc tupdesc)
+{
+	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
+	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Float8LessOperator};
+	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
+	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
+
+	return tuplesort_begin_heap(tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, work_mem, NULL, false);
+}
+
 /*
  * Prepare for an index scan
  */
@@ -227,10 +239,6 @@ ivfflatbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so;
 	int			lists;
 	int			dimensions;
-	AttrNumber	attNums[] = {1};
-	Oid			sortOperators[] = {Float8LessOperator};
-	Oid			sortCollations[] = {InvalidOid};
-	bool		nullsFirstFlags[] = {false};
 	int			probes = ivfflat_probes;
 
 	scan = RelationGetIndexScan(index, nkeys, norderbys);
@@ -258,9 +266,18 @@ ivfflatbeginscan(Relation index, int nkeys, int norderbys)
 	TupleDescInitEntry(so->tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 2, "heaptid", TIDOID, -1, 0);
 
 	/* Prep sort */
-	so->sortstate = tuplesort_begin_heap(so->tupdesc, 1, attNums, sortOperators, sortCollations, nullsFirstFlags, work_mem, NULL, false);
+	so->sortstate = InitScanSortState(so->tupdesc);
 
-	so->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsMinimalTuple);
+	/* Need separate slots for puttuple and gettuple */
+	so->vslot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual);
+	so->mslot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(so->tupdesc, &TTSOpsMinimalTuple);
+
+	/*
+	 * Reuse same set of shared buffers for scan
+	 *
+	 * See postgres/src/backend/storage/buffer/README for description
+	 */
+	so->bas = GetAccessStrategy(BAS_BULKREAD);
 
 	so->listQueue = pairingheap_allocate(CompareLists, scan);
 
@@ -277,10 +294,8 @@ ivfflatrescan(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanKey keys, int nkeys, ScanKey orderbys, int
 {
 	IvfflatScanOpaque so = (IvfflatScanOpaque) scan->opaque;
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
 	if (!so->first)
 		tuplesort_reset(so->sortstate);
-#endif
 
 	so->first = true;
 	pairingheap_reset(so->listQueue);
@@ -327,14 +342,19 @@ ivfflatgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
 		IvfflatBench("GetScanItems", GetScanItems(scan, value));
 		so->first = false;
 
+#if defined(IVFFLAT_MEMORY)
+		elog(INFO, "memory: %zu MB", MemoryContextMemAllocated(CurrentMemoryContext, true) / (1024 * 1024));
+#endif
+
 		/* Clean up if we allocated a new value */
 		if (value != scan->orderByData->sk_argument)
 			pfree(DatumGetPointer(value));
 	}
 
-	if (tuplesort_gettupleslot(so->sortstate, true, false, so->slot, NULL))
+	if (tuplesort_gettupleslot(so->sortstate, true, false, so->mslot, NULL))
 	{
-		ItemPointer heaptid = (ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(slot_getattr(so->slot, 2, &so->isnull));
+		bool		isnull;
+		ItemPointer heaptid = (ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(slot_getattr(so->mslot, 2, &isnull));
 
 		scan->xs_heaptid = *heaptid;
 		scan->xs_recheck = false;
@@ -355,6 +375,10 @@ ivfflatendscan(IndexScanDesc scan)
 
 	pairingheap_free(so->listQueue);
 	tuplesort_end(so->sortstate);
+	FreeAccessStrategy(so->bas);
+	FreeTupleDesc(so->tupdesc);
+
+	/* TODO Free vslot and mslot without freeing TupleDesc */
 
 	pfree(so);
 	scan->opaque = NULL;

src/sparsevec.c

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <math.h>
 
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "common/string.h"
 #include "fmgr.h"
 #include "halfutils.h"
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "sparsevec.h"
 #include "utils/array.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "vector.h"
 
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
@@ -670,6 +672,137 @@ halfvec_to_sparsevec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Convert array to sparse vector
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(array_to_sparsevec);
+Datum
+array_to_sparsevec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *array = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	SparseVector *result;
+	int16		typlen;
+	bool		typbyval;
+	char		typalign;
+	Datum	   *elemsp;
+	int			nelemsp;
+	int			nnz = 0;
+	float	   *values;
+	int			j = 0;
+
+	if (ARR_NDIM(array) > 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("array must be 1-D")));
+
+	if (ARR_HASNULL(array) && array_contains_nulls(array))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NULL_VALUE_NOT_ALLOWED),
+				 errmsg("array must not contain nulls")));
+
+	get_typlenbyvalalign(ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), &typlen, &typbyval, &typalign);
+	deconstruct_array(array, ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), typlen, typbyval, typalign, &elemsp, NULL, &nelemsp);
+
+	CheckDim(nelemsp);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, nelemsp);
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+/* /fp:fast may not propagate +/-Infinity or NaN */
+#define IS_NOT_ZERO(v) (isnan((float) (v)) || isinf((float) (v)) || ((float) (v)) != 0)
+#else
+#define IS_NOT_ZERO(v) (((float) (v)) != 0)
+#endif
+
+	if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == INT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			nnz += IS_NOT_ZERO(DatumGetInt32(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT8OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			nnz += IS_NOT_ZERO(DatumGetFloat8(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			nnz += IS_NOT_ZERO(DatumGetFloat4(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == NUMERICOID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			nnz += IS_NOT_ZERO(DirectFunctionCall1(numeric_float4, elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("unsupported array type")));
+	}
+
+	result = InitSparseVector(nelemsp, nnz);
+	values = SPARSEVEC_VALUES(result);
+
+#define PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM(elem) \
+	do { \
+		float v = (float) (elem); \
+		if (IS_NOT_ZERO(v)) { \
+			/* Safety check */ \
+			if (j >= result->nnz) \
+				elog(ERROR, "safety check failed"); \
+			result->indices[j] = i; \
+			values[j] = v; \
+			j++; \
+		} \
+	} while (0)
+
+	if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == INT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM(DatumGetInt32(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT8OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM(DatumGetFloat8(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM(DatumGetFloat4(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == NUMERICOID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM(DatumGetFloat4(DirectFunctionCall1(numeric_float4, elemsp[i])));
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("unsupported array type")));
+	}
+
+#undef PROCESS_ARRAY_ELEM
+#undef IS_NOT_ZERO
+
+	/*
+	 * Free allocation from deconstruct_array. Do not free individual elements
+	 * when pass-by-reference since they point to original array.
+	 */
+	pfree(elemsp);
+
+	if (j != result->nnz)
+		elog(ERROR, "correctness check failed");
+
+	/* Check elements */
+	for (int i = 0; i < result->nnz; i++)
+		CheckElement(values[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
 /*
  * Get the L2 squared distance between sparse vectors
  */

src/vector.c

@@ -26,11 +26,6 @@
 #include "varatt.h"
 #endif
 
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-#define TYPALIGN_DOUBLE 'd'
-#define TYPALIGN_INT 'i'
-#endif
-
 #define STATE_DIMS(x) (ARR_DIMS(x)[0] - 1)
 #define CreateStateDatums(dim) palloc(sizeof(Datum) * (dim + 1))
 

test/expected/cast.out

@@ -208,6 +208,62 @@ SELECT '{1:1e-8}/1'::sparsevec::halfvec;
  [0]
 (1 row)
 
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::sparsevec;
+      array      
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ARRAY[1.0,0.0,2.0,0.0,3.0,0.0]::sparsevec;
+      array      
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::float4[]::sparsevec;
+      array      
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::float8[]::sparsevec;
+      array      
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::numeric[]::sparsevec;
+      array      
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+    sparsevec    
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec(6);
+    sparsevec    
+-----------------
+ {1:1,3:2,5:3}/6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec(5);
+ERROR:  expected 5 dimensions, not 6
+SELECT '{NULL}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  array must not contain nulls
+SELECT '{NaN}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  NaN not allowed in sparsevec
+SELECT '{Infinity}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in sparsevec
+SELECT '{-Infinity}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in sparsevec
+SELECT '{}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  sparsevec must have at least 1 dimension
+SELECT '{{1}}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+ERROR:  array must be 1-D
 SELECT array_agg(n)::vector FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 ERROR:  vector cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
 SELECT array_to_vector(array_agg(n), 16001, false) FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;

test/sql/cast.sql

@@ -58,6 +58,22 @@ SELECT '{}/16001'::sparsevec::halfvec;
 SELECT '{1:65520}/1'::sparsevec::halfvec;
 SELECT '{1:1e-8}/1'::sparsevec::halfvec;
 
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::sparsevec;
+SELECT ARRAY[1.0,0.0,2.0,0.0,3.0,0.0]::sparsevec;
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::float4[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::float8[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT ARRAY[1,0,2,0,3,0]::numeric[]::sparsevec;
+
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec(6);
+SELECT '{1,0,2,0,3,0}'::real[]::sparsevec(5);
+SELECT '{NULL}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{NaN}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{Infinity}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{-Infinity}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+SELECT '{{1}}'::real[]::sparsevec;
+
 SELECT array_agg(n)::vector FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 SELECT array_to_vector(array_agg(n), 16001, false) FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 

test/t/009_ivfflat_filtering.pl

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
 use Test::More;
 
 my $dim = 3;
-my $nc = 50;
+my $nc = 100;
 my $limit = 20;
 
 my $array_sql = join(",", ('random()') x $dim);
@@ -102,15 +102,13 @@ $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX attribute_idx ON tst (c);");
 $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
 	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c = $c ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
 ));
-# TODO Use attribute index
+like($explain, qr/Index Scan on attribute_idx/);
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
 
 # Test partial index
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE INDEX partial_idx ON tst USING ivfflat (v vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 5) WHERE (c = $c);");
 $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
 	EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst WHERE c = $c ORDER BY v <-> '$query' LIMIT $limit;
 ));
-# TODO Use partial index
+like($explain, qr/Index Scan using partial_idx/);
-like($explain, qr/Index Scan using idx/);
 
 done_testing();