Moved bit functions to separate file

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -8,8 +8,16 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
+          - postgres: 17
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
           - postgres: 16
             os: ubuntu-22.04
+          - postgres: 15
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
+          - postgres: 14
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
+          - postgres: 13
+            os: ubuntu-20.04
           - postgres: 12
             os: ubuntu-20.04
     steps:
@@ -24,6 +32,37 @@ jobs:
       - run: |
           export PG_CONFIG=`which pg_config`
           sudo --preserve-env=PG_CONFIG make install
+      - run: make installcheck
+      - if: ${{ failure() }}
+        run: cat regression.diffs
+      - run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install libipc-run-perl
+      - run: make prove_installcheck
+  mac:
+    runs-on: macos-latest
+    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'windows') }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: ankane/setup-postgres@v1
+        with:
+          postgres-version: 14
+      - run: make
+        env:
+          PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter
+      - run: make install
+      - run: make installcheck
+      - if: ${{ failure() }}
+        run: cat regression.diffs
+      - run: |
+          brew install cpanm
+          cpanm --notest IPC::Run
+          wget -q https://github.com/postgres/postgres/archive/refs/tags/REL_14_10.tar.gz
+          tar xf REL_14_10.tar.gz
+      - run: make prove_installcheck PROVE_FLAGS="-I ./postgres-REL_14_10/src/test/perl" PERL5LIB="/Users/runner/perl5/lib/perl5"
+      - run: make clean && /usr/local/opt/llvm@15/bin/scan-build --status-bugs make
+        env:
+          PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING
   windows:
     runs-on: windows-latest
     if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'mac') }}
@@ -56,5 +95,20 @@ jobs:
           git fetch origin ${{ github.ref }}
           git reset --hard FETCH_HEAD
           make
+          make install
+          chown -R postgres .
+          sudo -u postgres make installcheck
+          sudo -u postgres make prove_installcheck
         env:
           PG_CFLAGS: -DUSE_ASSERT_CHECKING -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-sign-compare
+  valgrind:
+    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'mac') && !startsWith(github.ref_name, 'windows') }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: ankane/setup-postgres-valgrind@v1
+        with:
+          postgres-version: 16
+      - run: make
+      - run: sudo --preserve-env=PG_CONFIG make install
+      - run: make installcheck

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 ## 0.7.0 (unreleased)
 
-- Added `halfvec` type
+- Added support for binary vectors to HNSW
+- Added `hamming_distance` function
+- Added `jaccard_distance` function
+- Added `quantize_binary` function
 
 ## 0.6.2 (2024-03-18)
 

Makefile

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ EXTVERSION = 0.6.2
 
 MODULE_big = vector
 DATA = $(wildcard sql/*--*.sql)
-OBJS = src/halfvec.o src/hnsw.o src/hnswbuild.o src/hnswinsert.o src/hnswscan.o src/hnswutils.o src/hnswvacuum.o src/ivfbuild.o src/ivfflat.o src/ivfinsert.o src/ivfkmeans.o src/ivfscan.o src/ivfutils.o src/ivfvacuum.o src/vector.o
+OBJS = src/bitvector.o src/hnsw.o src/hnswbuild.o src/hnswinsert.o src/hnswscan.o src/hnswutils.o src/hnswvacuum.o src/ivfbuild.o src/ivfflat.o src/ivfinsert.o src/ivfkmeans.o src/ivfscan.o src/ivfutils.o src/ivfvacuum.o src/vector.o
-HEADERS = src/halfvec.h src/vector.h
+HEADERS = src/vector.h
 
 TESTS = $(wildcard test/sql/*.sql)
 REGRESS = $(patsubst test/sql/%.sql,%,$(TESTS))

Makefile.win

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 EXTENSION = vector
 EXTVERSION = 0.6.2
 
-OBJS = src\halfvec.obj src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\vector.obj
+OBJS = src\bitvector.obj src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\vector.obj
-HEADERS = src\halfvec.h src\vector.h
+HEADERS = src\vector.h
 
 REGRESS = btree cast copy functions input ivfflat_cosine ivfflat_ip ivfflat_l2 ivfflat_options ivfflat_unlogged
 REGRESS_OPTS = --inputdir=test --load-extension=$(EXTENSION)

README.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Open-source vector similarity search for Postgres
 Store your vectors with the rest of your data. Supports:
 
 - exact and approximate nearest neighbor search
-- L2 distance, inner product, and cosine distance
+- L2 distance, inner product, cosine distance, and more
 - any [language](#languages) with a Postgres client
 
 Plus [ACID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID) compliance, point-in-time recovery, JOINs, and all of the other [great features](https://www.postgresql.org/about/) of Postgres
@@ -221,7 +221,19 @@ Cosine distance
 CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_cosine_ops);
 ```
 
-Vectors with up to 2,000 dimensions can be indexed.
+Hamming distance - added in 0.7.0
+
+```sql
+CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding bit_hamming_ops);
+```
+
+Jaccard distance - added in 0.7.0
+
+```sql
+CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding bit_jaccard_ops);
+```
+
+Vectors with up to 2,000 dimensions can be indexed, or bit vectors with up to 64,000 dimensions.
 
 ### Index Options
 
@@ -671,8 +683,6 @@ ALTER TABLE items ALTER COLUMN embedding SET STORAGE PLAIN;
 
 Results are limited by the size of the dynamic candidate list (`hnsw.ef_search`). There may be even less results due to dead tuples or filtering conditions in the query. We recommend setting `hnsw.ef_search` to at least twice the `LIMIT` of the query. If you need more than 500 results, use an IVFFlat index instead.
 
-Also, note that `NULL` vectors are not indexed (as well as zero vectors for cosine distance).
-
 #### Why are there less results for a query after adding an IVFFlat index?
 
 The index was likely created with too little data for the number of lists. Drop the index until the table has more data.
@@ -683,8 +693,6 @@ DROP INDEX index_name;
 
 Results can also be limited by the number of probes (`ivfflat.probes`).
 
-Also, note that `NULL` vectors are not indexed (as well as zero vectors for cosine distance).
-
 ## Reference
 
 ### Vector Type
@@ -710,6 +718,7 @@ cosine_distance(vector, vector) → double precision | cosine distance |
 inner_product(vector, vector) → double precision | inner product |
 l2_distance(vector, vector) → double precision | Euclidean distance |
 l1_distance(vector, vector) → double precision | taxicab distance | 0.5.0
+quantize_binary(vector) → bit | quantize | 0.7.0
 vector_dims(vector) → integer | number of dimensions |
 vector_norm(vector) → double precision | Euclidean norm |
 
@@ -720,26 +729,19 @@ Function | Description | Added
 avg(vector) → vector | average |
 sum(vector) → vector | sum | 0.5.0
 
-### Halfvec Type
+### Bit Operators
-
-Each half vector takes `2 * dimensions + 8` bytes of storage. Each element is a half-precision floating-point number, and all elements must be finite (no `NaN`, `Infinity` or `-Infinity`). Half vectors can have up to 16,000 dimensions.
-
-### Halfvec Operators
 
 Operator | Description | Added
 --- | --- | ---
-<-> | Euclidean distance | 0.7.0
+<~> | Hamming distance | 0.7.0
-<#> | negative inner product | 0.7.0
+<%> | Jaccard distance | 0.7.0
-<=> | cosine distance | 0.7.0
 
-### Halfvec Functions
+### Bit Functions
 
 Function | Description | Added
 --- | --- | ---
-cosine_distance(halfvec, halfvec) → double precision | cosine distance | 0.7.0
+hamming_distance(bit, bit) → double precision | Hamming distance | 0.7.0
-inner_product(halfvec, halfvec) → double precision | inner product | 0.7.0
+jaccard_distance(bit, bit) → double precision | Jaccard distance | 0.7.0
-l2_distance(halfvec, halfvec) → double precision | Euclidean distance | 0.7.0
-l1_distance(halfvec, halfvec) → double precision | taxicab distance | 0.7.0
 
 ## Installation Notes - Linux and Mac
 

sql/vector--0.6.2--0.7.0.sql

@@ -1,128 +1,31 @@
 -- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
 \echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.7.0'" to load this file. \quit
 
-CREATE TYPE halfvec;
+CREATE FUNCTION quantize_binary(vector) RETURNS bit
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS halfvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_out(halfvec) RETURNS cstring
+CREATE FUNCTION hamming_distance(bit, bit) RETURNS float8
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_typmod_in(cstring[]) RETURNS integer
+CREATE FUNCTION jaccard_distance(bit, bit) RETURNS float8
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS halfvec
+CREATE OPERATOR <~> (
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+	LEFTARG = bit, RIGHTARG = bit, PROCEDURE = hamming_distance,
-
+	COMMUTATOR = '<~>'
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_send(halfvec) RETURNS bytea
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE TYPE halfvec (
-	INPUT     = halfvec_in,
-	OUTPUT    = halfvec_out,
-	TYPMOD_IN = halfvec_typmod_in,
-	RECEIVE   = halfvec_recv,
-	SEND      = halfvec_send,
-	STORAGE   = external
 );
 
-CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
+CREATE OPERATOR <%> (
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+	LEFTARG = bit, RIGHTARG = bit, PROCEDURE = jaccard_distance,
-
+	COMMUTATOR = '<%>'
-CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION l1_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_l1_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_norm(halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_l2_squared_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(real[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(double precision[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_float4(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS real[]
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE CAST (halfvec AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION halfvec(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
-
-CREATE CAST (halfvec AS real[])
-	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_float4(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
-
-CREATE CAST (integer[] AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (real[] AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(real[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(double precision[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<->'
 );
 
-CREATE OPERATOR <#> (
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS bit_hamming_ops
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_negative_inner_product,
+	FOR TYPE bit USING hnsw AS
-	COMMUTATOR = '<#>'
+	OPERATOR 1 <~> (bit, bit) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-);
+	FUNCTION 1 hamming_distance(bit, bit);
 
-CREATE OPERATOR <=> (
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS bit_jaccard_ops
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
+	FOR TYPE bit USING hnsw AS
-	COMMUTATOR = '<=>'
+	OPERATOR 1 <%> (bit, bit) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-);
+	FUNCTION 1 jaccard_distance(bit, bit);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_l2_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <-> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_l2_squared_distance(halfvec, halfvec);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_ip_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <#> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_cosine_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <=> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 2 halfvec_norm(halfvec);
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_vector(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS vector
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION vector_to_halfvec(vector, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE CAST (halfvec AS vector)
-	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_vector(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (vector AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION vector_to_halfvec(vector, integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;

sql/vector.sql

@@ -58,6 +58,9 @@ CREATE FUNCTION vector_sub(vector, vector) RETURNS vector
 CREATE FUNCTION vector_mul(vector, vector) RETURNS vector
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
+CREATE FUNCTION quantize_binary(vector) RETURNS bit
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
 -- private functions
 
 CREATE FUNCTION vector_lt(vector, vector) RETURNS bool
@@ -288,144 +291,30 @@ CREATE OPERATOR CLASS vector_cosine_ops
 	FUNCTION 1 vector_negative_inner_product(vector, vector),
 	FUNCTION 2 vector_norm(vector);
 
--- halfvec type
+-- bit functions
 
-CREATE TYPE halfvec;
+CREATE FUNCTION hamming_distance(bit, bit) RETURNS float8
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS halfvec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_out(halfvec) RETURNS cstring
+CREATE FUNCTION jaccard_distance(bit, bit) RETURNS float8
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_typmod_in(cstring[]) RETURNS integer
+CREATE OPERATOR <~> (
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+	LEFTARG = bit, RIGHTARG = bit, PROCEDURE = hamming_distance,
-
+	COMMUTATOR = '<~>'
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_send(halfvec) RETURNS bytea
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE TYPE halfvec (
-	INPUT     = halfvec_in,
-	OUTPUT    = halfvec_out,
-	TYPMOD_IN = halfvec_typmod_in,
-	RECEIVE   = halfvec_recv,
-	SEND      = halfvec_send,
-	STORAGE   = external
 );
 
--- halfvec functions
+CREATE OPERATOR <%> (
-
+	LEFTARG = bit, RIGHTARG = bit, PROCEDURE = jaccard_distance,
-CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
+	COMMUTATOR = '<%>'
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION l1_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'halfvec_l1_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_norm(halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
--- halfvec private functions
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_l2_squared_distance(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec) RETURNS float8
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
--- halfvec cast functions
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(real[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(double precision[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_float4(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS real[]
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
--- halfvec casts
-
-CREATE CAST (halfvec AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION halfvec(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
-
-CREATE CAST (halfvec AS real[])
-	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_float4(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
-
-CREATE CAST (integer[] AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (real[] AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(real[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(double precision[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
-CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION array_to_halfvec(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
-
--- halfvec operators
-
-CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
-	COMMUTATOR = '<->'
 );
 
-CREATE OPERATOR <#> (
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS bit_hamming_ops
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = halfvec_negative_inner_product,
+	FOR TYPE bit USING hnsw AS
-	COMMUTATOR = '<#>'
+	OPERATOR 1 <~> (bit, bit) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-);
+	FUNCTION 1 hamming_distance(bit, bit);
 
-CREATE OPERATOR <=> (
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS bit_jaccard_ops
-	LEFTARG = halfvec, RIGHTARG = halfvec, PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
+	FOR TYPE bit USING hnsw AS
-	COMMUTATOR = '<=>'
+	OPERATOR 1 <%> (bit, bit) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-);
+	FUNCTION 1 jaccard_distance(bit, bit);
-
--- halfvec opclasses
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_l2_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <-> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_l2_squared_distance(halfvec, halfvec);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_ip_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <#> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec);
-
-CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_cosine_ops
-	FOR TYPE halfvec USING hnsw AS
-	OPERATOR 1 <=> (halfvec, halfvec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
-	FUNCTION 1 halfvec_negative_inner_product(halfvec, halfvec),
-	FUNCTION 2 halfvec_norm(halfvec);
-
--- extension casts
-
-CREATE FUNCTION halfvec_to_vector(halfvec, integer, boolean) RETURNS vector
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE FUNCTION vector_to_halfvec(vector, integer, boolean) RETURNS halfvec
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
-
-CREATE CAST (halfvec AS vector)
-	WITH FUNCTION halfvec_to_vector(halfvec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
-
-CREATE CAST (vector AS halfvec)
-	WITH FUNCTION vector_to_halfvec(vector, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;

src/bitvector.c

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include "bitvector.h"
+#include "port/pg_bitutils.h"
+#include "utils/varbit.h"
+
+#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
+#include "varatt.h"
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Allocate and initialize a new bit vector
+ */
+VarBit *
+InitBitVector(int dim)
+{
+	VarBit	   *result;
+	int			size;
+
+	size = VARBITTOTALLEN(dim);
+	result = (VarBit *) palloc0(size);
+	SET_VARSIZE(result, size);
+	VARBITLEN(result) = dim;
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ensure same number of bits
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckBitLengths(uint32 aLen, uint32 bLen)
+{
+	if (aLen != bLen)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("different bit lengths %u and %u", aLen, bLen)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the Hamming distance between two bit strings
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(hamming_distance);
+Datum
+hamming_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	VarBit	   *a = PG_GETARG_VARBIT_P(0);
+	VarBit	   *b = PG_GETARG_VARBIT_P(1);
+	unsigned char *ax = VARBITS(a);
+	unsigned char *bx = VARBITS(b);
+	uint64		distance = 0;
+
+	CheckBitLengths(VARBITLEN(a), VARBITLEN(b));
+
+	/* TODO Improve performance */
+	for (uint32 i = 0; i < VARBITBYTES(a); i++)
+		distance += pg_number_of_ones[ax[i] ^ bx[i]];
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the Jaccard distance between two bit strings
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(jaccard_distance);
+Datum
+jaccard_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	VarBit	   *a = PG_GETARG_VARBIT_P(0);
+	VarBit	   *b = PG_GETARG_VARBIT_P(1);
+	unsigned char *ax = VARBITS(a);
+	unsigned char *bx = VARBITS(b);
+	uint64		ab = 0;
+	uint64		aa;
+	uint64		bb;
+
+	CheckBitLengths(VARBITLEN(a), VARBITLEN(b));
+
+	/* TODO Improve performance */
+	for (uint32 i = 0; i < VARBITBYTES(a); i++)
+		ab += pg_number_of_ones[ax[i] & bx[i]];
+
+	if (ab == 0)
+		PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(1);
+
+	aa = pg_popcount((char *) ax, VARBITBYTES(a));
+	bb = pg_popcount((char *) bx, VARBITBYTES(b));
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(1 - (ab / ((double) (aa + bb - ab))));
+}

src/bitvector.h

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef BITVECTOR_H
+#define BITVECTOR_H
+
+#include "utils/varbit.h"
+
+VarBit	   *InitBitVector(int dim);
+
+#endif

src/halfvec.c

@@ -1,934 +0,0 @@
-#include "postgres.h"
-
-#include <math.h>
-
-#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
-#include "common/shortest_dec.h"
-#include "fmgr.h"
-#include "halfvec.h"
-#include "lib/stringinfo.h"
-#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
-#include "port.h"				/* for strtof() */
-#include "utils/array.h"
-#include "utils/builtins.h"
-#include "utils/float.h"
-#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
-#include "utils/numeric.h"
-#include "vector.h"
-
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 130000
-#define TYPALIGN_DOUBLE 'd'
-#define TYPALIGN_INT 'i'
-#endif
-
-/*
- * Check if half is NaN
- */
-static inline bool
-HalfIsNan(half num)
-{
-#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
-	return isnan(num);
-#else
-	return (num & 0x7C00) == 0x7C00 && (num & 0x7FFF) != 0x7C00;
-#endif
-}
-
-/*
- * Check if half is infinite
- */
-static inline bool
-HalfIsInf(half num)
-{
-#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
-	return isinf(num);
-#else
-	return (num & 0x7FFF) == 0x7C00;
-#endif
-}
-
-/*
- * Check if half is zero
- */
-static inline bool
-HalfIsZero(half num)
-{
-#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
-	return num == 0;
-#else
-	return (num & 0x7FFF) == 0x0000;
-#endif
-}
-
-/*
- * Get a half from a message buffer
- */
-static half
-pq_getmsghalf(StringInfo msg)
-{
-	union
-	{
-		half		h;
-		uint16		i;
-	}			swap;
-
-	swap.i = pq_getmsgint(msg, 2);
-	return swap.h;
-}
-
-/*
- * Append a half to a StringInfo buffer
- */
-static void
-pq_sendhalf(StringInfo buf, half h)
-{
-	union
-	{
-		half		h;
-		uint16		i;
-	}			swap;
-
-	swap.h = h;
-	pq_sendint16(buf, swap.i);
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert a half to a float4
- */
-float
-HalfToFloat4(half num)
-{
-#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
-	return (float) num;
-#else
-	/* TODO Improve performance */
-
-	/* Assumes same endianness for floats and integers */
-	/* TODO Use union to swap */
-	uint16		bin = *((uint16 *) &num);
-	uint32		exponent = (bin & 0x7C00) >> 10;
-	uint32		mantissa = bin & 0x03FF;
-
-	/* Sign */
-	uint32		result = (bin & 0x8000) << 16;
-
-	if (exponent == 31)
-	{
-		if (mantissa == 0)
-		{
-			/* Infinite */
-			result |= 0x7F800000;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			/* NaN */
-			result |= 0x7FC00000;
-			result |= mantissa << 13;
-		}
-	}
-	else if (exponent == 0)
-	{
-		/* Subnormal */
-		if (mantissa != 0)
-		{
-			exponent = -14;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
-			{
-				mantissa <<= 1;
-				exponent -= 1;
-
-				if ((mantissa >> 10) % 2 == 1)
-				{
-					mantissa &= 0x03ff;
-					break;
-				}
-			}
-
-			result |= (exponent + 127) << 23;
-			result |= mantissa << 13;
-		}
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		/* Normal */
-		result |= (exponent - 15 + 127) << 23;
-		result |= mantissa << 13;
-	}
-
-	/* TODO Use union to swap */
-	return *((float *) &result);
-#endif
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert a float4 to a half
- */
-half
-Float4ToHalfUnchecked(float num)
-{
-#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
-	return (_Float16) num;
-#else
-	/* TODO Improve performance */
-
-	/* Assumes same endianness for floats and integers */
-	/* TODO Use union to swap */
-	uint32		bin = *((uint32 *) &num);
-	int			exponent = (bin & 0x7F800000) >> 23;
-	int			mantissa = bin & 0x007FFFFF;
-
-	/* Sign */
-	uint16		result = (bin & 0x80000000) >> 16;
-
-	if (isinf(num))
-	{
-		/* Infinite */
-		result |= 0x7C00;
-	}
-	else if (isnan(num))
-	{
-		/* NaN */
-		result |= 0x7E00;
-		result |= mantissa >> 13;
-	}
-	else if (exponent > 98)
-	{
-		int			m;
-		int			gr;
-		int			s;
-
-		exponent -= 127;
-		s = mantissa & 0x00000FFF;
-
-		/* Subnormal */
-		if (exponent < -14)
-		{
-			int			diff = -exponent - 14;
-
-			mantissa >>= diff;
-			mantissa += 1 << (23 - diff);
-			s |= mantissa & 0x00000FFF;
-		}
-
-		m = mantissa >> 13;
-
-		/* Round */
-		gr = (mantissa >> 12) % 4;
-		if (gr == 3 || (gr == 1 && s != 0))
-			m += 1;
-
-		if (m == 1024)
-		{
-			m = 0;
-			exponent += 1;
-		}
-
-		if (exponent > 15)
-		{
-			/* Infinite */
-			result |= 0x7C00;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			if (exponent >= -14)
-				result |= (exponent + 15) << 10;
-
-			result |= m;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/* TODO Use union to swap */
-	return *((half *) & result);
-#endif
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert a float4 to a half
- */
-half
-Float4ToHalf(float num)
-{
-	half		result = Float4ToHalfUnchecked(num);
-
-	if (unlikely(HalfIsInf(result)) && !isinf(num))
-		float_overflow_error();
-	if (unlikely(HalfIsZero(result)) && num != 0.0)
-		float_underflow_error();
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-/*
- * Ensure same dimensions
- */
-static inline void
-CheckDims(HalfVector * a, HalfVector * b)
-{
-	if (a->dim != b->dim)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("different halfvec dimensions %d and %d", a->dim, b->dim)));
-}
-
-/*
- * Ensure expected dimensions
- */
-static inline void
-CheckExpectedDim(int32 typmod, int dim)
-{
-	if (typmod != -1 && typmod != dim)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("expected %d dimensions, not %d", typmod, dim)));
-}
-
-/*
- * Ensure valid dimensions
- */
-static inline void
-CheckDim(int dim)
-{
-	if (dim < 1)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("halfvec must have at least 1 dimension")));
-
-	if (dim > HALFVEC_MAX_DIM)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
-				 errmsg("halfvec cannot have more than %d dimensions", HALFVEC_MAX_DIM)));
-}
-
-/*
- * Ensure finite element
- */
-static inline void
-CheckElement(half value)
-{
-	if (HalfIsNan(value))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("NaN not allowed in halfvec")));
-
-	if (HalfIsInf(value))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("infinite value not allowed in halfvec")));
-}
-
-/*
- * Allocate and initialize a new half vector
- */
-HalfVector *
-InitHalfVector(int dim)
-{
-	HalfVector *result;
-	int			size;
-
-	size = HALFVEC_SIZE(dim);
-	result = (HalfVector *) palloc0(size);
-	SET_VARSIZE(result, size);
-	result->dim = dim;
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-/*
- * Check for whitespace, since array_isspace() is static
- */
-static inline bool
-halfvec_isspace(char ch)
-{
-	if (ch == ' ' ||
-		ch == '\t' ||
-		ch == '\n' ||
-		ch == '\r' ||
-		ch == '\v' ||
-		ch == '\f')
-		return true;
-	return false;
-}
-
-#if PG_VERSION_NUM < 120003
-static pg_noinline void
-float_overflow_error(void)
-{
-	ereport(ERROR,
-			(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-			 errmsg("value out of range: overflow")));
-}
-
-static pg_noinline void
-float_underflow_error(void)
-{
-	ereport(ERROR,
-			(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
-			 errmsg("value out of range: underflow")));
-}
-#endif
-
-/*
- * Convert textual representation to internal representation
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_in);
-Datum
-halfvec_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	char	   *lit = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
-	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
-	half		x[HALFVEC_MAX_DIM];
-	int			dim = 0;
-	char	   *pt;
-	char	   *stringEnd;
-	HalfVector *result;
-	char	   *litcopy = pstrdup(lit);
-	char	   *str = litcopy;
-
-	while (halfvec_isspace(*str))
-		str++;
-
-	if (*str != '[')
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-				 errmsg("malformed halfvec literal: \"%s\"", lit),
-				 errdetail("Vector contents must start with \"[\".")));
-
-	str++;
-	pt = strtok(str, ",");
-	stringEnd = pt;
-
-	while (pt != NULL && *stringEnd != ']')
-	{
-		if (dim == HALFVEC_MAX_DIM)
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
-					 errmsg("halfvec cannot have more than %d dimensions", HALFVEC_MAX_DIM)));
-
-		while (halfvec_isspace(*pt))
-			pt++;
-
-		/* Check for empty string like float4in */
-		if (*pt == '\0')
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type halfvec: \"%s\"", lit)));
-
-		/* Use strtof like float4in to avoid a double-rounding problem */
-		x[dim] = Float4ToHalf(strtof(pt, &stringEnd));
-		CheckElement(x[dim]);
-		dim++;
-
-		if (stringEnd == pt)
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type halfvec: \"%s\"", lit)));
-
-		while (halfvec_isspace(*stringEnd))
-			stringEnd++;
-
-		if (*stringEnd != '\0' && *stringEnd != ']')
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type halfvec: \"%s\"", lit)));
-
-		pt = strtok(NULL, ",");
-	}
-
-	if (stringEnd == NULL || *stringEnd != ']')
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-				 errmsg("malformed halfvec literal: \"%s\"", lit),
-				 errdetail("Unexpected end of input.")));
-
-	stringEnd++;
-
-	/* Only whitespace is allowed after the closing brace */
-	while (halfvec_isspace(*stringEnd))
-		stringEnd++;
-
-	if (*stringEnd != '\0')
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-				 errmsg("malformed halfvec literal: \"%s\"", lit),
-				 errdetail("Junk after closing right brace.")));
-
-	/* Ensure no consecutive delimiters since strtok skips */
-	for (pt = lit + 1; *pt != '\0'; pt++)
-	{
-		if (pt[-1] == ',' && *pt == ',')
-			ereport(ERROR,
-					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
-					 errmsg("malformed halfvec literal: \"%s\"", lit)));
-	}
-
-	if (dim < 1)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("halfvec must have at least 1 dimension")));
-
-	pfree(litcopy);
-
-	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);
-
-	result = InitHalfVector(dim);
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-		result->x[i] = x[i];
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert internal representation to textual representation
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_out);
-Datum
-halfvec_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	HalfVector *vector = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
-	int			dim = vector->dim;
-	char	   *buf;
-	char	   *ptr;
-	int			n;
-
-	/*
-	 * Need:
-	 *
-	 * dim * (FLOAT_SHORTEST_DECIMAL_LEN - 1) bytes for
-	 * float_to_shortest_decimal_bufn
-	 *
-	 * dim - 1 bytes for separator
-	 *
-	 * 3 bytes for [, ], and \0
-	 */
-	buf = (char *) palloc(FLOAT_SHORTEST_DECIMAL_LEN * dim + 2);
-	ptr = buf;
-
-	*ptr = '[';
-	ptr++;
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-	{
-		if (i > 0)
-		{
-			*ptr = ',';
-			ptr++;
-		}
-
-		n = float_to_shortest_decimal_bufn(HalfToFloat4(vector->x[i]), ptr);
-		ptr += n;
-	}
-	*ptr = ']';
-	ptr++;
-	*ptr = '\0';
-
-	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(vector, 0);
-	PG_RETURN_CSTRING(buf);
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert type modifier
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_typmod_in);
-Datum
-halfvec_typmod_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	ArrayType  *ta = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
-	int32	   *tl;
-	int			n;
-
-	tl = ArrayGetIntegerTypmods(ta, &n);
-
-	if (n != 1)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
-				 errmsg("invalid type modifier")));
-
-	if (*tl < 1)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
-				 errmsg("dimensions for type halfvec must be at least 1")));
-
-	if (*tl > HALFVEC_MAX_DIM)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
-				 errmsg("dimensions for type halfvec cannot exceed %d", HALFVEC_MAX_DIM)));
-
-	PG_RETURN_INT32(*tl);
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert external binary representation to internal representation
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_recv);
-Datum
-halfvec_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	StringInfo	buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
-	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
-	HalfVector *result;
-	int16		dim;
-	int16		unused;
-
-	dim = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int16));
-	unused = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int16));
-
-	CheckDim(dim);
-	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);
-
-	if (unused != 0)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("expected unused to be 0, not %d", unused)));
-
-	result = InitHalfVector(dim);
-	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
-	{
-		result->x[i] = pq_getmsghalf(buf);
-		CheckElement(result->x[i]);
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert internal representation to the external binary representation
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_send);
-Datum
-halfvec_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	HalfVector *vec = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
-	StringInfoData buf;
-
-	pq_begintypsend(&buf);
-	pq_sendint(&buf, vec->dim, sizeof(int16));
-	pq_sendint(&buf, vec->unused, sizeof(int16));
-	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
-		pq_sendhalf(&buf, vec->x[i]);
-
-	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(pq_endtypsend(&buf));
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert half vector to half vector
- * This is needed to check the type modifier
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec);
-Datum
-halfvec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	HalfVector *vec = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
-	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
-
-	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, vec->dim);
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(vec);
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert array to half vector
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(array_to_halfvec);
-Datum
-array_to_halfvec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	ArrayType  *array = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
-	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
-	HalfVector *result;
-	int16		typlen;
-	bool		typbyval;
-	char		typalign;
-	Datum	   *elemsp;
-	int			nelemsp;
-
-	if (ARR_NDIM(array) > 1)
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("array must be 1-D")));
-
-	if (ARR_HASNULL(array) && array_contains_nulls(array))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_NULL_VALUE_NOT_ALLOWED),
-				 errmsg("array must not contain nulls")));
-
-	get_typlenbyvalalign(ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), &typlen, &typbyval, &typalign);
-	deconstruct_array(array, ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), typlen, typbyval, typalign, &elemsp, NULL, &nelemsp);
-
-	CheckDim(nelemsp);
-	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, nelemsp);
-
-	result = InitHalfVector(nelemsp);
-
-	if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == INT4OID)
-	{
-		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
-			result->x[i] = Float4ToHalf(DatumGetInt32(elemsp[i]));
-	}
-	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT8OID)
-	{
-		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
-			result->x[i] = Float4ToHalf(DatumGetFloat8(elemsp[i]));
-	}
-	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT4OID)
-	{
-		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
-			result->x[i] = Float4ToHalf(DatumGetFloat4(elemsp[i]));
-	}
-	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == NUMERICOID)
-	{
-		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
-			result->x[i] = Float4ToHalf(DatumGetFloat4(DirectFunctionCall1(numeric_float4, elemsp[i])));
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
-				 errmsg("unsupported array type")));
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * Free allocation from deconstruct_array. Do not free individual elements
-	 * when pass-by-reference since they point to original array.
-	 */
-	pfree(elemsp);
-
-	/* Check elements */
-	for (int i = 0; i < result->dim; i++)
-		CheckElement(result->x[i]);
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert half vector to float4[]
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_to_float4);
-Datum
-halfvec_to_float4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	HalfVector *vec = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
-	Datum	   *datums;
-	ArrayType  *result;
-
-	datums = (Datum *) palloc(sizeof(Datum) * vec->dim);
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
-		datums[i] = Float4GetDatum(HalfToFloat4(vec->x[i]));
-
-	/* Use TYPALIGN_INT for float4 */
-	result = construct_array(datums, vec->dim, FLOAT4OID, sizeof(float4), true, TYPALIGN_INT);
-
-	pfree(datums);
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert vector to half vec
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_to_halfvec);
-Datum
-vector_to_halfvec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	Vector	   *vec = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
-	HalfVector *result;
-
-	CheckDim(vec->dim);
-
-	result = InitHalfVector(vec->dim);
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
-	{
-		result->x[i] = Float4ToHalfUnchecked(vec->x[i]);
-		CheckElement(result->x[i]);
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the L2 distance between half vectors
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_l2_distance);
-Datum
-halfvec_l2_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	HalfVector *a = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
-	HalfVector *b = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(1);
-	half	   *ax = a->x;
-	half	   *bx = b->x;
-	float		distance = 0.0;
-
-	CheckDims(a, b);
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-	{
-		float		diff = HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) - HalfToFloat4(bx[i]);
-
-		distance += diff * diff;
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(sqrt((double) distance));
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the L2 squared distance between half vectors
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_l2_squared_distance);
-Datum
-halfvec_l2_squared_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	HalfVector *a = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
-	HalfVector *b = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(1);
-	half	   *ax = a->x;
-	half	   *bx = b->x;
-	float		distance = 0.0;
-
-	CheckDims(a, b);
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-	{
-		float		diff = HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) - HalfToFloat4(bx[i]);
-
-		distance += diff * diff;
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the inner product of two half vectors
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_inner_product);
-Datum
-halfvec_inner_product(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	HalfVector *a = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
-	HalfVector *b = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(1);
-	half	   *ax = a->x;
-	half	   *bx = b->x;
-	float		distance = 0.0;
-
-	CheckDims(a, b);
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-		distance += HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) * HalfToFloat4(bx[i]);
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the negative inner product of two half vectors
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_negative_inner_product);
-Datum
-halfvec_negative_inner_product(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	HalfVector *a = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
-	HalfVector *b = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(1);
-	half	   *ax = a->x;
-	half	   *bx = b->x;
-	float		distance = 0.0;
-
-	CheckDims(a, b);
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-		distance += HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) * HalfToFloat4(bx[i]);
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance * -1);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the cosine distance between two half vectors
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_cosine_distance);
-Datum
-halfvec_cosine_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	HalfVector *a = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
-	HalfVector *b = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(1);
-	half	   *ax = a->x;
-	half	   *bx = b->x;
-	float		distance = 0.0;
-	float		norma = 0.0;
-	float		normb = 0.0;
-	double		similarity;
-
-	CheckDims(a, b);
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-	{
-		float		axi = HalfToFloat4(ax[i]);
-		float		bxi = HalfToFloat4(bx[i]);
-
-		distance += axi * bxi;
-		norma += axi * axi;
-		normb += bxi * bxi;
-	}
-
-	/* Use sqrt(a * b) over sqrt(a) * sqrt(b) */
-	similarity = (double) distance / sqrt((double) norma * (double) normb);
-
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-	/* /fp:fast may not propagate NaN */
-	if (isnan(similarity))
-		PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(NAN);
-#endif
-
-	/* Keep in range */
-	if (similarity > 1)
-		similarity = 1;
-	else if (similarity < -1)
-		similarity = -1;
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(1 - similarity);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the L1 distance between two half vectors
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_l1_distance);
-Datum
-halfvec_l1_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	HalfVector *a = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
-	HalfVector *b = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(1);
-	half	   *ax = a->x;
-	half	   *bx = b->x;
-	float		distance = 0.0;
-
-	CheckDims(a, b);
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-		distance += fabsf(HalfToFloat4(ax[i]) - HalfToFloat4(bx[i]));
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) distance);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the L2 norm of a half vector
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_norm);
-Datum
-halfvec_norm(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	HalfVector *a = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
-	half	   *ax = a->x;
-	double		norm = 0.0;
-
-	/* Auto-vectorized */
-	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
-	{
-		double		axi = (double) HalfToFloat4(ax[i]);
-
-		norm += axi * axi;
-	}
-
-	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(sqrt(norm));
-}

src/halfvec.h

@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef HALFVEC_H
-#define HALFVEC_H
-
-#define __STDC_WANT_IEC_60559_TYPES_EXT__
-
-#include <float.h>
-
-#ifdef __FLT16_MAX__
-#define FLT16_SUPPORT
-#endif
-
-#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
-#define half _Float16
-#define HALF_MAX FLT16_MAX
-#else
-/* TODO #pragma message("")? */
-#define half __fp16
-#define HALF_MAX 65504
-#endif
-
-#define HALFVEC_MAX_DIM 16000
-
-#define HALFVEC_SIZE(_dim)		(offsetof(HalfVector, x) + sizeof(half)*(_dim))
-#define DatumGetHalfVector(x)	((HalfVector *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(x))
-#define PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(x)	DatumGetHalfVector(PG_GETARG_DATUM(x))
-#define PG_RETURN_HALFVEC_P(x)	PG_RETURN_POINTER(x)
-
-typedef struct HalfVector
-{
-	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
-	int16		dim;			/* number of dimensions */
-	int16		unused;
-	half		x[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
-}			HalfVector;
-
-HalfVector *InitHalfVector(int dim);
-float		HalfToFloat4(half num);
-half		Float4ToHalf(float num);
-half		Float4ToHalfUnchecked(float num);
-
-#endif

src/hnsw.h

@@ -55,10 +55,6 @@
 #define HNSW_UPDATE_ENTRY_GREATER 1
 #define HNSW_UPDATE_ENTRY_ALWAYS 2
 
-/* Data types */
-#define HNSW_TYPE_VECTOR 1
-#define HNSW_TYPE_HALFVEC 2
-
 /* Build phases */
 /* PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE_INITIALIZE is 1 */
 #define PROGRESS_HNSW_PHASE_LOAD		2
@@ -246,7 +242,6 @@ typedef struct HnswBuildState
 	Relation	index;
 	IndexInfo  *indexInfo;
 	ForkNumber	forkNum;
-	int			type;
 
 	/* Settings */
 	int			dimensions;
@@ -267,6 +262,7 @@ typedef struct HnswBuildState
 	HnswGraph  *graph;
 	double		ml;
 	int			maxLevel;
+	Vector	   *normvec;
 
 	/* Memory */
 	MemoryContext graphCtx;
@@ -371,8 +367,7 @@ typedef struct HnswVacuumState
 int			HnswGetM(Relation index);
 int			HnswGetEfConstruction(Relation index);
 FmgrInfo   *HnswOptionalProcInfo(Relation index, uint16 procnum);
-int			HnswGetType(Relation index);
+bool		HnswNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value, Vector * result);
-bool		HnswNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value, int type);
 Buffer		HnswNewBuffer(Relation index, ForkNumber forkNum);
 void		HnswInitPage(Buffer buf, Page page);
 void		HnswInit(void);

src/hnswbuild.c

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xloginsert.h"
 #include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type_d.h"
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
@@ -489,7 +490,7 @@ InsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heaptid, Hn
 	/* Normalize if needed */
 	if (buildstate->normprocinfo != NULL)
 	{
-		if (!HnswNormValue(buildstate->normprocinfo, buildstate->collation, &value, buildstate->type))
+		if (!HnswNormValue(buildstate->normprocinfo, buildstate->collation, &value, buildstate->normvec))
 			return false;
 	}
 
@@ -672,20 +673,20 @@ static void
 InitBuildState(HnswBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, IndexInfo *indexInfo, ForkNumber forkNum)
 {
 	int			maxDimensions = HNSW_MAX_DIM;
+	Oid			typid = TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypid;
+
+	if (typid == BITOID || typid == VARBITOID)
+		maxDimensions *= 32;
 
 	buildstate->heap = heap;
 	buildstate->index = index;
 	buildstate->indexInfo = indexInfo;
 	buildstate->forkNum = forkNum;
-	buildstate->type = HnswGetType(index);
 
 	buildstate->m = HnswGetM(index);
 	buildstate->efConstruction = HnswGetEfConstruction(index);
 	buildstate->dimensions = TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypmod;
 
-	if (buildstate->type == HNSW_TYPE_HALFVEC)
-		maxDimensions *= 2;
-
 	/* Require column to have dimensions to be indexed */
 	if (buildstate->dimensions < 0)
 		elog(ERROR, "column does not have dimensions");
@@ -709,6 +710,9 @@ InitBuildState(HnswBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, Index
 	buildstate->ml = HnswGetMl(buildstate->m);
 	buildstate->maxLevel = HnswGetMaxLevel(buildstate->m);
 
+	/* Reuse for each tuple */
+	buildstate->normvec = InitVector(buildstate->dimensions);
+
 	buildstate->graphCtx = GenerationContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
 												   "Hnsw build graph context",
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 150000
@@ -732,6 +736,7 @@ InitBuildState(HnswBuildState * buildstate, Relation heap, Relation index, Index
 static void
 FreeBuildState(HnswBuildState * buildstate)
 {
+	pfree(buildstate->normvec);
 	MemoryContextDelete(buildstate->graphCtx);
 	MemoryContextDelete(buildstate->tmpCtx);
 }

src/hnswinsert.c

@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ HnswInsertTuple(Relation index, Datum *values, bool *isnull, ItemPointer heap_ti
 	normprocinfo = HnswOptionalProcInfo(index, HNSW_NORM_PROC);
 	if (normprocinfo != NULL)
 	{
-		if (!HnswNormValue(normprocinfo, collation, &value, HnswGetType(index)))
+		if (!HnswNormValue(normprocinfo, collation, &value, NULL))
 			return;
 	}
 

src/hnswscan.c

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 #include "postgres.h"
 
 #include "access/relscan.h"
-#include "halfvec.h"
+#include "bitvector.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type_d.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
@@ -75,10 +76,11 @@ GetScanValue(IndexScanDesc scan)
 
 	if (scan->orderByData->sk_flags & SK_ISNULL)
 	{
+		Oid			typid = TupleDescAttr(scan->indexRelation->rd_att, 0)->atttypid;
 		int			dimensions = GetDimensions(scan->indexRelation);
 
-		if (HnswGetType(scan->indexRelation) == HNSW_TYPE_HALFVEC)
+		if (typid == BITOID || typid == VARBITOID)
-			value = PointerGetDatum(InitHalfVector(dimensions));
+			value = PointerGetDatum(InitBitVector(dimensions));
 		else
 			value = PointerGetDatum(InitVector(dimensions));
 	}
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ GetScanValue(IndexScanDesc scan)
 
 		/* Fine if normalization fails */
 		if (so->normprocinfo != NULL)
-			HnswNormValue(so->normprocinfo, so->collation, &value, HnswGetType(scan->indexRelation));
+			HnswNormValue(so->normprocinfo, so->collation, &value, NULL);
 	}
 
 	return value;

src/hnswutils.c

@@ -3,15 +3,12 @@
 #include <math.h>
 
 #include "access/generic_xlog.h"
-#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
-#include "halfvec.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "lib/pairingheap.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "utils/datum.h"
 #include "utils/memdebug.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
-#include "utils/syscache.h"
 #include "vector.h"
 
 #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 130000
@@ -152,32 +149,6 @@ HnswOptionalProcInfo(Relation index, uint16 procnum)
 	return index_getprocinfo(index, 1, procnum);
 }
 
-/*
- * Get type
- */
-int
-HnswGetType(Relation index)
-{
-	Oid			typeOid = TupleDescAttr(index->rd_att, 0)->atttypid;
-	HeapTuple	tuple;
-	Form_pg_type type;
-	int			result;
-
-	tuple = SearchSysCache1(TYPEOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(typeOid));
-	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
-		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u", typeOid);
-
-	type = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(tuple);
-	if (strcmp(NameStr(type->typname), "halfvec") == 0)
-		result = HNSW_TYPE_HALFVEC;
-	else
-		result = HNSW_TYPE_VECTOR;
-
-	ReleaseSysCache(tuple);
-
-	return result;
-}
-
 /*
  * Divide by the norm
  *
@@ -187,37 +158,21 @@ HnswGetType(Relation index)
  * if it's different than the original value
  */
 bool
-HnswNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value, int type)
+HnswNormValue(FmgrInfo *procinfo, Oid collation, Datum *value, Vector * result)
 {
 	double		norm = DatumGetFloat8(FunctionCall1Coll(procinfo, collation, *value));
 
 	if (norm > 0)
-	{
-		if (type == HNSW_TYPE_HALFVEC)
-		{
-			HalfVector *v = DatumGetHalfVector(*value);
-			HalfVector *result = InitHalfVector(v->dim);
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < v->dim; i++)
-			{
-				/* TODO Fix */
-				result->x[i] = Float4ToHalfUnchecked(HalfToFloat4(v->x[i]) / norm);
-			}
-
-			*value = PointerGetDatum(result);
-		}
-		else if (type == HNSW_TYPE_VECTOR)
 	{
 		Vector	   *v = DatumGetVector(*value);
-			Vector	   *result = InitVector(v->dim);
+
+		if (result == NULL)
+			result = InitVector(v->dim);
 
 		for (int i = 0; i < v->dim; i++)
 			result->x[i] = v->x[i] / norm;
 
 		*value = PointerGetDatum(result);
-		}
-		else
-			elog(ERROR, "Unsupported type");
 
 		return true;
 	}

src/vector.c

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 
 #include <math.h>
 
+#include "bitvector.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "common/shortest_dec.h"
 #include "fmgr.h"
-#include "halfvec.h"
 #include "hnsw.h"
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "lib/stringinfo.h"
@@ -533,26 +533,6 @@ vector_to_float4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
 }
 
-/*
- * Convert half vector to vector
- */
-PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(halfvec_to_vector);
-Datum
-halfvec_to_vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
-{
-	HalfVector *vec = PG_GETARG_HALFVEC_P(0);
-	Vector	   *result;
-
-	CheckDim(vec->dim);
-
-	result = InitVector(vec->dim);
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
-		result->x[i] = HalfToFloat4(vec->x[i]);
-
-	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
-}
-
 /*
  * Get the L2 distance between vectors
  */
@@ -881,6 +861,26 @@ vector_mul(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Quantize a vector
+ */
+PGDLLEXPORT PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(quantize_binary);
+Datum
+quantize_binary(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Vector	   *a = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
+	float	   *ax = a->x;
+	VarBit	   *result = InitBitVector(a->dim);
+	unsigned char *rx = VARBITS(result);
+
+	/* TODO Improve */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+		rx[i / 8] |= (ax[i] > 0) << (7 - (i % 8));
+
+	PG_RETURN_VARBIT_P(result);
+}
+
+
 /*
  * Internal helper to compare vectors
  */

test/expected/bit_functions.out

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+SELECT hamming_distance(B'111', B'111');
+ hamming_distance 
+------------------
+                0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT hamming_distance(B'111', B'110');
+ hamming_distance 
+------------------
+                1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT hamming_distance(B'111', B'100');
+ hamming_distance 
+------------------
+                2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT hamming_distance(B'111', B'000');
+ hamming_distance 
+------------------
+                3
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT hamming_distance(B'111', B'00');
+ERROR:  different bit lengths 3 and 2
+SELECT jaccard_distance(B'1111', B'1111');
+ jaccard_distance 
+------------------
+                0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT jaccard_distance(B'1111', B'1110');
+ jaccard_distance 
+------------------
+             0.25
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT jaccard_distance(B'1111', B'1100');
+ jaccard_distance 
+------------------
+              0.5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT jaccard_distance(B'1111', B'1000');
+ jaccard_distance 
+------------------
+             0.75
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT jaccard_distance(B'1111', B'0000');
+ jaccard_distance 
+------------------
+                1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT jaccard_distance(B'1100', B'1000');
+ jaccard_distance 
+------------------
+              0.5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT jaccard_distance(B'1111', B'000');
+ERROR:  different bit lengths 4 and 3

test/expected/cast.out

@@ -46,24 +46,6 @@ SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::real[];
  {1,2,3}
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::halfvec;
- halfvec 
----------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec::vector;
- vector  
----------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1e-8]'::vector::halfvec;
- halfvec 
----------
- [0]
-(1 row)
-
 SELECT array_agg(n)::vector FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 ERROR:  vector cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
 SELECT array_to_vector(array_agg(n), 16001, false) FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;

test/expected/copy.out

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3), val2 halfvec(3));
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val, val2) VALUES ('[0,0,0]', '[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]', '[1,1,1]'), (NULL, NULL);
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE TABLE t2 (val vector(3), val2 halfvec(3));
+CREATE TABLE t2 (val vector(3));
 \copy t TO 'results/data.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
 \copy t2 FROM 'results/data.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
 SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY val;
-   val   |  val2   
+   val   
----------+---------
+---------
- [0,0,0] | [0,0,0]
+ [0,0,0]
- [1,1,1] | [1,1,1]
+ [1,1,1]
- [1,2,3] | [1,2,3]
+ [1,2,3]
-         | 
+ 
 (4 rows)
 
 DROP TABLE t;

test/expected/functions.out

@@ -104,110 +104,122 @@ SELECT vector_norm('[3e37,4e37]')::real;
        5e+37
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[3,4]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]', '[3,4]');
  l2_distance 
 -------------
            5
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[0,1]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]', '[0,1]');
  l2_distance 
 -------------
            1
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]', '[3]');
 ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT l2_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[-3e38]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[3e38]', '[-3e38]');
  l2_distance 
 -------------
     Infinity
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3,4]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]', '[3,4]');
  inner_product 
 ---------------
             11
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]', '[3]');
 ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT inner_product('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');
+SELECT inner_product('[3e38]', '[3e38]');
  inner_product 
 ---------------
       Infinity
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[2,4]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[2,4]');
  cosine_distance 
 -----------------
                0
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[0,0]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[0,0]');
  cosine_distance 
 -----------------
              NaN
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1,1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[1,1]');
  cosine_distance 
 -----------------
                0
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::vector, '[0,2]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]', '[0,2]');
  cosine_distance 
 -----------------
                1
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1,-1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[-1,-1]');
  cosine_distance 
 -----------------
                2
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[3]');
 ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1.1,1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[1.1,1.1]');
  cosine_distance 
 -----------------
                0
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[-1.1,-1.1]');
  cosine_distance 
 -----------------
                2
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[3e38]', '[3e38]');
  cosine_distance 
 -----------------
              NaN
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[3,4]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]', '[3,4]');
  l1_distance 
 -------------
            7
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[0,1]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]', '[0,1]');
  l1_distance 
 -------------
            1
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]', '[3]');
 ERROR:  different vector dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT l1_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[-3e38]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[3e38]', '[-3e38]');
  l1_distance 
 -------------
     Infinity
 (1 row)
 
+SELECT quantize_binary('[1,0,-1]');
+ quantize_binary 
+-----------------
+ 100
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT quantize_binary('[0,0.1,-0.2,-0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,-0.7,0.8,-0.9,1]');
+ quantize_binary 
+-----------------
+ 01001110101
+(1 row)
+
 SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::vector, '[3,5,7]']) v;
     avg    
 -----------

test/expected/halfvec_functions.out

@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
- l2_distance 
--------------
-           5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[0,1]');
- l2_distance 
--------------
-           1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
-ERROR:  different halfvec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT '[0,0]'::halfvec <-> '[3,4]';
- ?column? 
-----------
-        5
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
- inner_product 
----------------
-            11
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
-ERROR:  different halfvec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT inner_product('[65504]'::halfvec, '[65504]');
- inner_product 
----------------
-    4290774016
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec <#> '[3,4]';
- ?column? 
-----------
-      -11
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[2,4]');
- cosine_distance 
------------------
-               0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[0,0]');
- cosine_distance 
------------------
-             NaN
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[1,1]');
- cosine_distance 
------------------
-               0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::halfvec, '[0,2]');
- cosine_distance 
------------------
-               1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[-1,-1]');
- cosine_distance 
------------------
-               2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
-ERROR:  different halfvec dimensions 2 and 1
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[1.1,1.1]');
- cosine_distance 
------------------
-               0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
- cosine_distance 
------------------
-               2
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec <=> '[2,4]';
- ?column? 
-----------
-        0
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
- l1_distance 
--------------
-           7
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[0,1]');
- l1_distance 
--------------
-           1
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
-ERROR:  different halfvec dimensions 2 and 1

test/expected/halfvec_input.out

@@ -1,147 +0,0 @@
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec;
- halfvec 
----------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[-1,-2,-3]'::halfvec;
-  halfvec   
-------------
- [-1,-2,-3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1.,2.,3.]'::halfvec;
- halfvec 
----------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT ' [ 1,  2 ,    3  ] '::halfvec;
- halfvec 
----------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1.23456]'::halfvec;
-  halfvec   
-------------
- [1.234375]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[hello,1]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[hello,1]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[hello,1]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[NaN,1]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  NaN not allowed in halfvec
-LINE 1: SELECT '[NaN,1]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in halfvec
-LINE 1: SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in halfvec
-LINE 1: SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[65519,-65519]'::halfvec;
-    halfvec     
-----------------
- [65504,-65504]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[65520,-65520]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
-LINE 1: SELECT '[65520,-65520]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1e-8,-1e-8]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  value out of range: underflow
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1e-8,-1e-8]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[4e38,1]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  infinite value not allowed in halfvec
-LINE 1: SELECT '[4e38,1]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  malformed halfvec literal: "[1,2,3"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3'::halfvec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
-SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  malformed halfvec literal: "[1,2,3]9"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::halfvec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Junk after closing right brace.
-SELECT '1,2,3'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  malformed halfvec literal: "1,2,3"
-LINE 1: SELECT '1,2,3'::halfvec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
-SELECT ''::halfvec;
-ERROR:  malformed halfvec literal: ""
-LINE 1: SELECT ''::halfvec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
-SELECT '['::halfvec;
-ERROR:  malformed halfvec literal: "["
-LINE 1: SELECT '['::halfvec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
-SELECT '[,'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  malformed halfvec literal: "[,"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[,'::halfvec;
-               ^
-DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
-SELECT '[]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  halfvec must have at least 1 dimension
-LINE 1: SELECT '[]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1,]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[1,]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1a]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[1a]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1a]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1,,3]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  malformed halfvec literal: "[1,,3]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,,3]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1, ,3]'::halfvec;
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type halfvec: "[1, ,3]"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1, ,3]'::halfvec;
-               ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(3);
- halfvec 
----------
- [1,2,3]
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(2);
-ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(3, 2);
-ERROR:  invalid type modifier
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(3, 2);
-                          ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec('a');
-ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "a"
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec('a');
-                          ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(0);
-ERROR:  dimensions for type halfvec must be at least 1
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(0);
-                          ^
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(16001);
-ERROR:  dimensions for type halfvec cannot exceed 16000
-LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(16001);
-                          ^
-SELECT unnest('{"[1,2,3]", "[4,5,6]"}'::halfvec[]);
- unnest  
----------
- [1,2,3]
- [4,5,6]
-(2 rows)
-
-SELECT '{"[1,2,3]"}'::halfvec(2)[];
-ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3

test/expected/hnsw_halfvec_cosine.out

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-SET enable_seqscan = off;
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_cosine_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
----------
- [1,1,1]
- [1,2,3]
- [1,2,4]
-(3 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[0,0,0]') t2;
- count 
--------
-     3
-(1 row)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
- count 
--------
-     3
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;

test/expected/hnsw_halfvec_ip.out

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-SET enable_seqscan = off;
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_ip_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
----------
- [1,2,4]
- [1,2,3]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
- count 
--------
-     4
-(1 row)
-
-DROP TABLE t;

test/expected/hnsw_halfvec_l2.out

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-SET enable_seqscan = off;
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_l2_ops);
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-   val   
----------
- [1,2,3]
- [1,2,4]
- [1,1,1]
- [0,0,0]
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::halfvec);
-   val   
----------
- [0,0,0]
- [1,1,1]
- [1,2,3]
- [1,2,4]
-(4 rows)
-
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
- count 
--------
-     5
-(1 row)
-
-TRUNCATE t;
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
- val 
------
-(0 rows)
-
-DROP TABLE t;

test/expected/hnsw_hamming.out

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'000'), (B'100'), (B'111'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_hamming_ops);
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'110');
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <~> B'111';
+ val 
+-----
+ 111
+ 110
+ 100
+ 000
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <~> (SELECT NULL::bit)) t2;
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TABLE t;

test/expected/hnsw_jaccard.out

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(4));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'0000'), (B'1100'), (B'1111'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_jaccard_ops);
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'1110');
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <%> B'1111';
+ val  
+------
+ 1111
+ 1110
+ 1100
+ 0000
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <%> (SELECT NULL::bit)) t2;
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TABLE t;

test/sql/bit_functions.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+SELECT hamming_distance(B'111', B'111');
+SELECT hamming_distance(B'111', B'110');
+SELECT hamming_distance(B'111', B'100');
+SELECT hamming_distance(B'111', B'000');
+SELECT hamming_distance(B'111', B'00');
+
+SELECT jaccard_distance(B'1111', B'1111');
+SELECT jaccard_distance(B'1111', B'1110');
+SELECT jaccard_distance(B'1111', B'1100');
+SELECT jaccard_distance(B'1111', B'1000');
+SELECT jaccard_distance(B'1111', B'0000');
+SELECT jaccard_distance(B'1100', B'1000');
+SELECT jaccard_distance(B'1111', B'000');

test/sql/cast.sql

@@ -10,9 +10,6 @@ SELECT '{-Infinity}'::real[]::vector;
 SELECT '{}'::real[]::vector;
 SELECT '{{1}}'::real[]::vector;
 SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::real[];
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec::vector;
-SELECT '[1e-8]'::vector::halfvec;
 SELECT array_agg(n)::vector FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 SELECT array_to_vector(array_agg(n), 16001, false) FROM generate_series(1, 16001) n;
 

test/sql/copy.sql

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3), val2 halfvec(3));
+CREATE TABLE t (val vector(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val, val2) VALUES ('[0,0,0]', '[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]', '[1,1,1]'), (NULL, NULL);
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
 
-CREATE TABLE t2 (val vector(3), val2 halfvec(3));
+CREATE TABLE t2 (val vector(3));
 
 \copy t TO 'results/data.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
 \copy t2 FROM 'results/data.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)

test/sql/functions.sql

@@ -24,29 +24,32 @@ SELECT vector_norm('[3,4]');
 SELECT vector_norm('[0,1]');
 SELECT vector_norm('[3e37,4e37]')::real;
 
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[3,4]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]', '[3,4]');
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[0,1]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]', '[0,1]');
-SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]', '[3]');
-SELECT l2_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[-3e38]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[3e38]', '[-3e38]');
 
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3,4]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]', '[3,4]');
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]', '[3]');
-SELECT inner_product('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');
+SELECT inner_product('[3e38]', '[3e38]');
 
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[2,4]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[2,4]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[0,0]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[0,0]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1,1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[1,1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::vector, '[0,2]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]', '[0,2]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1,-1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[-1,-1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]', '[3]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[1.1,1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[1.1,1.1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::vector, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]', '[-1.1,-1.1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[3e38]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[3e38]', '[3e38]');
 
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[3,4]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]', '[3,4]');
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::vector, '[0,1]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]', '[0,1]');
-SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::vector, '[3]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]', '[3]');
-SELECT l1_distance('[3e38]'::vector, '[-3e38]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[3e38]', '[-3e38]');
+
+SELECT quantize_binary('[1,0,-1]');
+SELECT quantize_binary('[0,0.1,-0.2,-0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,-0.7,0.8,-0.9,1]');
 
 SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::vector, '[3,5,7]']) v;
 SELECT avg(v) FROM unnest(ARRAY['[1,2,3]'::vector, '[3,5,7]', NULL]) v;

test/sql/halfvec_functions.sql

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
-SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[0,1]');
-SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
-SELECT '[0,0]'::halfvec <-> '[3,4]';
-
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
-SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
-SELECT inner_product('[65504]'::halfvec, '[65504]');
-SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec <#> '[3,4]';
-
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[2,4]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[0,0]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[1,1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::halfvec, '[0,2]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[-1,-1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[1.1,1.1]');
-SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::halfvec, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
-SELECT '[1,2]'::halfvec <=> '[2,4]';
-
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[3,4]');
-SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::halfvec, '[0,1]');
-SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::halfvec, '[3]');

test/sql/halfvec_input.sql

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[-1,-2,-3]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1.,2.,3.]'::halfvec;
-SELECT ' [ 1,  2 ,    3  ] '::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1.23456]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[hello,1]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[NaN,1]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[65519,-65519]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[65520,-65520]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1e-8,-1e-8]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[4e38,1]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1,2,3'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::halfvec;
-SELECT '1,2,3'::halfvec;
-SELECT ''::halfvec;
-SELECT '['::halfvec;
-SELECT '[,'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1,]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1a]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1,,3]'::halfvec;
-SELECT '[1, ,3]'::halfvec;
-
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(3);
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(2);
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(3, 2);
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec('a');
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(0);
-SELECT '[1,2,3]'::halfvec(16001);
-
-SELECT unnest('{"[1,2,3]", "[4,5,6]"}'::halfvec[]);
-SELECT '{"[1,2,3]"}'::halfvec(2)[];

test/sql/hnsw_halfvec_cosine.sql

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-SET enable_seqscan = off;
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_cosine_ops);
-
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[3,3,3]';
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> '[0,0,0]') t2;
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <=> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
-
-DROP TABLE t;

test/sql/hnsw_halfvec_ip.sql

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-SET enable_seqscan = off;
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_ip_ops);
-
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> '[3,3,3]';
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <#> (SELECT NULL::halfvec)) t2;
-
-DROP TABLE t;

test/sql/hnsw_halfvec_l2.sql

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-SET enable_seqscan = off;
-
-CREATE TABLE t (val halfvec(3));
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
-CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val halfvec_l2_ops);
-
-INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[1,2,4]');
-
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> (SELECT NULL::halfvec);
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;
-
-TRUNCATE t;
-SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <-> '[3,3,3]';
-
-DROP TABLE t;

test/sql/hnsw_hamming.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'000'), (B'100'), (B'111'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_hamming_ops);
+
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'110');
+
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <~> B'111';
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <~> (SELECT NULL::bit)) t2;
+
+DROP TABLE t;

test/sql/hnsw_jaccard.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+SET enable_seqscan = off;
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val bit(4));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'0000'), (B'1100'), (B'1111'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t USING hnsw (val bit_jaccard_ops);
+
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES (B'1110');
+
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <%> B'1111';
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val <%> (SELECT NULL::bit)) t2;
+
+DROP TABLE t;

test/t/020_hnsw_bit_build_recall.pl

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ my $node;
 my @queries = ();
 my @expected;
 my $limit = 20;
+my $dim = 52;
+my $max = 2**$dim;
 
 sub test_recall
 {
@@ -17,7 +19,8 @@ sub test_recall
 
 	my $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
 		SET enable_seqscan = off;
-		EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v $operator '$queries[0]' LIMIT $limit;
+		SET hnsw.ef_search = 100;
+		EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v $operator $queries[0] LIMIT $limit;
 	));
 	like($explain, qr/Index Scan/);
 
@@ -25,21 +28,23 @@ sub test_recall
 	{
 		my $actual = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
 			SET enable_seqscan = off;
-			SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v $operator '$queries[$i]' LIMIT $limit;
+			SET hnsw.ef_search = 100;
+			SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v $operator $queries[$i] LIMIT $limit;
 		));
 		my @actual_ids = split("\n", $actual);
-		my %actual_set = map { $_ => 1 } @actual_ids;
 
 		my @expected_ids = split("\n", $expected[$i]);
+		my %expected_set = map { $_ => 1 } @expected_ids;
 
-		foreach (@expected_ids)
+		foreach (@actual_ids)
 		{
-			if (exists($actual_set{$_}))
+			if (exists($expected_set{$_}))
 			{
 				$correct++;
 			}
-			$total++;
 		}
+
+		$total += $limit;
 	}
 
 	cmp_ok($correct / $total, ">=", $min, $operator);
@@ -52,23 +57,21 @@ $node->start;
 
 # Create table
 $node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
-$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i int4, v halfvec(3));");
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i int4, v bit($dim));");
 $node->safe_psql("postgres",
-	"INSERT INTO tst SELECT i, ARRAY[random(), random(), random()] FROM generate_series(1, 10000) i;"
+	"INSERT INTO tst SELECT i, (random() * $max)::bigint::bit($dim) FROM generate_series(1, 10000) i;"
 );
 
 # Generate queries
 for (1 .. 20)
 {
-	my $r1 = rand();
+	my $r = int(rand() * $max);
-	my $r2 = rand();
+	push(@queries, "${r}::bigint::bit($dim)");
-	my $r3 = rand();
-	push(@queries, "[$r1,$r2,$r3]");
 }
 
 # Check each index type
-my @operators = ("<->", "<#>", "<=>");
+my @operators = ("<~>", "<\%>");
-my @opclasses = ("halfvec_l2_ops", "halfvec_ip_ops", "halfvec_cosine_ops");
+my @opclasses = ("bit_hamming_ops", "bit_jaccard_ops");
 
 for my $i (0 .. $#operators)
 {
@@ -79,7 +82,13 @@ for my $i (0 .. $#operators)
 	@expected = ();
 	foreach (@queries)
 	{
-		my $res = $node->safe_psql("postgres", "SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v $operator '$_' LIMIT $limit;");
+		# Handle ties
+		my $res = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+			WITH top AS (
+				SELECT v $operator $_ AS distance FROM tst ORDER BY v $operator $_ LIMIT $limit
+			)
+			SELECT i FROM tst WHERE (v $operator $_) <= (SELECT MAX(distance) FROM top)
+		));
 		push(@expected, $res);
 	}
 
@@ -90,7 +99,7 @@ for my $i (0 .. $#operators)
 	));
 
 	# Test approximate results
-	my $min = $operator eq "<#>" ? 0.80 : ($operator eq "<=>" ? 0.80 : 0.99);
+	my $min = $operator eq "<\%>" ? 0.96 : 0.99;
 	test_recall($min, $operator);
 
 	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DROP INDEX idx;");