diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index e7ae85e..406e59b 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ EXTVERSION = 0.7.4
 MODULE_big = vector
 DATA = $(wildcard sql/*--*--*.sql)
 DATA_built = sql/$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
-OBJS = src/bitutils.o src/bitvec.o src/halfutils.o src/halfvec.o src/hnsw.o src/hnswbuild.o src/hnswinsert.o src/hnswscan.o src/hnswutils.o src/hnswvacuum.o src/ivfbuild.o src/ivfflat.o src/ivfinsert.o src/ivfkmeans.o src/ivfscan.o src/ivfutils.o src/ivfvacuum.o src/sparsevec.o src/vector.o
-HEADERS = src/halfvec.h src/sparsevec.h src/vector.h
+OBJS = src/bitutils.o src/bitvec.o src/halfutils.o src/halfvec.o src/hnsw.o src/hnswbuild.o src/hnswinsert.o src/hnswscan.o src/hnswutils.o src/hnswvacuum.o src/ivfbuild.o src/ivfflat.o src/ivfinsert.o src/ivfkmeans.o src/ivfscan.o src/ivfutils.o src/minivec.o src/ivfvacuum.o src/sparsevec.o src/vector.o
+HEADERS = src/halfvec.h src/minivec.h src/sparsevec.h src/vector.h
 
 TESTS = $(wildcard test/sql/*.sql)
 REGRESS = $(patsubst test/sql/%.sql,%,$(TESTS))
diff --git a/Makefile.win b/Makefile.win
index c44cb1f..e75287a 100644
--- a/Makefile.win
+++ b/Makefile.win
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ EXTENSION = vector
 EXTVERSION = 0.7.4
 
 DATA_built = sql\$(EXTENSION)--$(EXTVERSION).sql
-OBJS = src\bitutils.obj src\bitvec.obj src\halfutils.obj src\halfvec.obj src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\sparsevec.obj src\vector.obj
-HEADERS = src\halfvec.h src\sparsevec.h src\vector.h
+OBJS = src\bitutils.obj src\bitvec.obj src\halfutils.obj src\halfvec.obj src\hnsw.obj src\hnswbuild.obj src\hnswinsert.obj src\hnswscan.obj src\hnswutils.obj src\hnswvacuum.obj src\ivfbuild.obj src\ivfflat.obj src\ivfinsert.obj src\ivfkmeans.obj src\ivfscan.obj src\ivfutils.obj src\ivfvacuum.obj src\minivec.obj src\sparsevec.obj src\vector.obj
+HEADERS = src\halfvec.h src\minivec.h src\sparsevec.h src\vector.h
 
-REGRESS = bit btree cast copy halfvec hnsw_bit hnsw_halfvec hnsw_sparsevec hnsw_vector ivfflat_bit ivfflat_halfvec ivfflat_vector sparsevec vector_type
+REGRESS = bit btree cast copy halfvec hnsw_bit hnsw_halfvec hnsw_sparsevec hnsw_vector ivfflat_bit ivfflat_halfvec ivfflat_vector minivec sparsevec vector_type
 REGRESS_OPTS = --inputdir=test --load-extension=$(EXTENSION)
 
 # For /arch flags
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 7439964..dd9d260 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -934,6 +934,37 @@ Function | Description | Added
 avg(halfvec) → halfvec | average | 0.7.0
 sum(halfvec) → halfvec | sum | 0.7.0
 
+### Minivec Type
+
+Each mini vector takes `dimensions + 8` bytes of storage. Each element is a E4M3 8-bit floating-point number, and all elements must be finite (no `NaN`). Mini vectors can have up to 16,000 dimensions.
+
+### Minivec Operators
+
+Operator | Description | Added
+--- | --- | ---
+\+ | element-wise addition | 0.8.0
+\- | element-wise subtraction | 0.8.0
+\* | element-wise multiplication | 0.8.0
+\|\| | concatenate | 0.8.0
+<-> | Euclidean distance | 0.8.0
+<#> | negative inner product | 0.8.0
+<=> | cosine distance | 0.8.0
+<+> | taxicab distance | 0.8.0
+
+### Minivec Functions
+
+Function | Description | Added
+--- | --- | ---
+binary_quantize(minivec) → bit | binary quantize | 0.8.0
+cosine_distance(minivec, minivec) → double precision | cosine distance | 0.8.0
+inner_product(minivec, minivec) → double precision | inner product | 0.8.0
+l1_distance(minivec, minivec) → double precision | taxicab distance | 0.8.0
+l2_distance(minivec, minivec) → double precision | Euclidean distance | 0.8.0
+l2_norm(minivec) → double precision | Euclidean norm | 0.8.0
+l2_normalize(minivec) → minivec | Normalize with Euclidean norm | 0.8.0
+subvector(minivec, integer, integer) → minivec | subvector | 0.8.0
+vector_dims(minivec) → integer | number of dimensions | 0.8.0
+
 ### Bit Type
 
 Each bit vector takes `dimensions / 8 + 8` bytes of storage. See the [Postgres docs](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype-bit.html) for more info.
diff --git a/sql/vector--0.7.4--0.8.0.sql b/sql/vector--0.7.4--0.8.0.sql
index e00348d..84b711e 100644
--- a/sql/vector--0.7.4--0.8.0.sql
+++ b/sql/vector--0.7.4--0.8.0.sql
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 -- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
 \echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION vector UPDATE TO '0.8.0'" to load this file. \quit
 
+-- TODO minivec functions
+
 CREATE FUNCTION array_to_sparsevec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS sparsevec
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
 
diff --git a/sql/vector.sql b/sql/vector.sql
index 7fc3671..15f484c 100644
--- a/sql/vector.sql
+++ b/sql/vector.sql
@@ -272,6 +272,9 @@ CREATE FUNCTION ivfflat_bit_support(internal) RETURNS internal
 CREATE FUNCTION hnsw_halfvec_support(internal) RETURNS internal
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
 
+CREATE FUNCTION hnsw_minivec_support(internal) RETURNS internal
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
+
 CREATE FUNCTION hnsw_bit_support(internal) RETURNS internal
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
 
@@ -647,6 +650,268 @@ CREATE OPERATOR CLASS halfvec_l1_ops
 	FUNCTION 1 l1_distance(halfvec, halfvec),
 	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_halfvec_support(internal);
 
+-- minivec type
+
+CREATE TYPE minivec;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_in(cstring, oid, integer) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_out(minivec) RETURNS cstring
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_typmod_in(cstring[]) RETURNS integer
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_recv(internal, oid, integer) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_send(minivec) RETURNS bytea
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE TYPE minivec (
+	INPUT     = minivec_in,
+	OUTPUT    = minivec_out,
+	TYPMOD_IN = minivec_typmod_in,
+	RECEIVE   = minivec_recv,
+	SEND      = minivec_send,
+	STORAGE   = external
+);
+
+-- minivec functions
+
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_distance(minivec, minivec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_l2_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION inner_product(minivec, minivec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_inner_product' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION cosine_distance(minivec, minivec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_cosine_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION l1_distance(minivec, minivec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_l1_distance' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION vector_dims(minivec) RETURNS integer
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_vector_dims' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_norm(minivec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_l2_norm' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION l2_normalize(minivec) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_l2_normalize' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION binary_quantize(minivec) RETURNS bit
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_binary_quantize' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION subvector(minivec, int, int) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'minivec_subvector' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- minivec private functions
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_add(minivec, minivec) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_sub(minivec, minivec) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_mul(minivec, minivec) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_concat(minivec, minivec) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_lt(minivec, minivec) RETURNS bool
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_le(minivec, minivec) RETURNS bool
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_eq(minivec, minivec) RETURNS bool
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_ne(minivec, minivec) RETURNS bool
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_ge(minivec, minivec) RETURNS bool
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_gt(minivec, minivec) RETURNS bool
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_cmp(minivec, minivec) RETURNS int4
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_l2_squared_distance(minivec, minivec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_negative_inner_product(minivec, minivec) RETURNS float8
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- minivec cast functions
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec(minivec, integer, boolean) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_to_vector(minivec, integer, boolean) RETURNS vector
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION vector_to_minivec(vector, integer, boolean) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_minivec(integer[], integer, boolean) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_minivec(real[], integer, boolean) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_minivec(double precision[], integer, boolean) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION array_to_minivec(numeric[], integer, boolean) RETURNS minivec
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION minivec_to_float4(minivec, integer, boolean) RETURNS real[]
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- minivec casts
+
+CREATE CAST (minivec AS minivec)
+	WITH FUNCTION minivec(minivec, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE CAST (minivec AS vector)
+	WITH FUNCTION minivec_to_vector(minivec, integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (vector AS minivec)
+	WITH FUNCTION vector_to_minivec(vector, integer, boolean) AS IMPLICIT;
+
+CREATE CAST (minivec AS real[])
+	WITH FUNCTION minivec_to_float4(minivec, integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (integer[] AS minivec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_minivec(integer[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (real[] AS minivec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_minivec(real[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (double precision[] AS minivec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_minivec(double precision[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+CREATE CAST (numeric[] AS minivec)
+	WITH FUNCTION array_to_minivec(numeric[], integer, boolean) AS ASSIGNMENT;
+
+-- minivec operators
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <-> (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = l2_distance,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<->'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <#> (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_negative_inner_product,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<#>'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <=> (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = cosine_distance,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<=>'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <+> (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = l1_distance,
+	COMMUTATOR = '<+>'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR + (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_add,
+	COMMUTATOR = +
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR - (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_sub
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR * (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_mul,
+	COMMUTATOR = *
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR || (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_concat
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR < (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_lt,
+	COMMUTATOR = > , NEGATOR = >= ,
+	RESTRICT = scalarltsel, JOIN = scalarltjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <= (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_le,
+	COMMUTATOR = >= , NEGATOR = > ,
+	RESTRICT = scalarlesel, JOIN = scalarlejoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR = (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_eq,
+	COMMUTATOR = = , NEGATOR = <> ,
+	RESTRICT = eqsel, JOIN = eqjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <> (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_ne,
+	COMMUTATOR = <> , NEGATOR = = ,
+	RESTRICT = eqsel, JOIN = eqjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR >= (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_ge,
+	COMMUTATOR = <= , NEGATOR = < ,
+	RESTRICT = scalargesel, JOIN = scalargejoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR > (
+	LEFTARG = minivec, RIGHTARG = minivec, PROCEDURE = minivec_gt,
+	COMMUTATOR = < , NEGATOR = <= ,
+	RESTRICT = scalargtsel, JOIN = scalargtjoinsel
+);
+
+-- minivec op classes
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS minivec_ops
+	DEFAULT FOR TYPE minivec USING btree AS
+	OPERATOR 1 < ,
+	OPERATOR 2 <= ,
+	OPERATOR 3 = ,
+	OPERATOR 4 >= ,
+	OPERATOR 5 > ,
+	FUNCTION 1 minivec_cmp(minivec, minivec);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS minivec_l2_ops
+	FOR TYPE minivec USING hnsw AS
+	OPERATOR 1 <-> (minivec, minivec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	FUNCTION 1 minivec_l2_squared_distance(minivec, minivec),
+	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_minivec_support(internal);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS minivec_ip_ops
+	FOR TYPE minivec USING hnsw AS
+	OPERATOR 1 <#> (minivec, minivec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	FUNCTION 1 minivec_negative_inner_product(minivec, minivec),
+	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_minivec_support(internal);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS minivec_cosine_ops
+	FOR TYPE minivec USING hnsw AS
+	OPERATOR 1 <=> (minivec, minivec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	FUNCTION 1 minivec_negative_inner_product(minivec, minivec),
+	FUNCTION 2 l2_norm(minivec),
+	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_minivec_support(internal);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS minivec_l1_ops
+	FOR TYPE minivec USING hnsw AS
+	OPERATOR 1 <+> (minivec, minivec) FOR ORDER BY float_ops,
+	FUNCTION 1 l1_distance(minivec, minivec),
+	FUNCTION 3 hnsw_minivec_support(internal);
+
 -- bit functions
 
 CREATE FUNCTION hamming_distance(bit, bit) RETURNS float8
diff --git a/src/hnswutils.c b/src/hnswutils.c
index ac1e7de..0b465ee 100644
--- a/src/hnswutils.c
+++ b/src/hnswutils.c
@@ -1327,6 +1327,7 @@ HnswFindElementNeighbors(char *base, HnswElement element, HnswElement entryPoint
 
 PGDLLEXPORT Datum l2_normalize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
 PGDLLEXPORT Datum halfvec_l2_normalize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+PGDLLEXPORT Datum minivec_l2_normalize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
 PGDLLEXPORT Datum sparsevec_l2_normalize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
 
 static void
@@ -1375,6 +1376,19 @@ hnsw_halfvec_support(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(&typeInfo);
 };
 
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(hnsw_minivec_support);
+Datum
+hnsw_minivec_support(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	static const HnswTypeInfo typeInfo = {
+		.maxDimensions = HNSW_MAX_DIM * 4,
+		.normalize = minivec_l2_normalize,
+		.checkValue = NULL
+	};
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(&typeInfo);
+};
+
 FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(hnsw_bit_support);
 Datum
 hnsw_bit_support(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
diff --git a/src/minivec.c b/src/minivec.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f73ab3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/minivec.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1075 @@
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include "bitvec.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
+#include "common/shortest_dec.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
+#include "minivec.h"
+#include "lib/stringinfo.h"
+#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
+#include "port.h"				/* for strtof() */
+#include "sparsevec.h"
+#include "utils/array.h"
+#include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/float.h"
+#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
+#include "utils/numeric.h"
+#include "vector.h"
+
+/*
+ * Ensure same dimensions
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckDims(MiniVector * a, MiniVector * b)
+{
+	if (a->dim != b->dim)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("different minivec dimensions %d and %d", a->dim, b->dim)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ensure expected dimensions
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckExpectedDim(int32 typmod, int dim)
+{
+	if (typmod != -1 && typmod != dim)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("expected %d dimensions, not %d", typmod, dim)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ensure valid dimensions
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckDim(int dim)
+{
+	if (dim < 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("minivec must have at least 1 dimension")));
+
+	if (dim > MINIVEC_MAX_DIM)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("minivec cannot have more than %d dimensions", MINIVEC_MAX_DIM)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ensure finite element
+ */
+static inline void
+CheckElement(fp8 value)
+{
+	if (Fp8IsNan(value))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("NaN not allowed in minivec")));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Allocate and initialize a new fp8 vector
+ */
+MiniVector *
+InitMiniVector(int dim)
+{
+	MiniVector *result;
+	int			size;
+
+	size = MINIVEC_SIZE(dim);
+	result = (MiniVector *) palloc0(size);
+	SET_VARSIZE(result, size);
+	result->dim = dim;
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check for whitespace, since array_isspace() is static
+ */
+static inline bool
+minivec_isspace(char ch)
+{
+	if (ch == ' ' ||
+		ch == '\t' ||
+		ch == '\n' ||
+		ch == '\r' ||
+		ch == '\v' ||
+		ch == '\f')
+		return true;
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert textual representation to internal representation
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_in);
+Datum
+minivec_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	char	   *lit = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
+	fp8			x[MINIVEC_MAX_DIM];
+	int			dim = 0;
+	char	   *pt = lit;
+	MiniVector *result;
+
+	while (minivec_isspace(*pt))
+		pt++;
+
+	if (*pt != '[')
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+				 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type minivec: \"%s\"", lit),
+				 errdetail("Vector contents must start with \"[\".")));
+
+	pt++;
+
+	while (minivec_isspace(*pt))
+		pt++;
+
+	if (*pt == ']')
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("minivec must have at least 1 dimension")));
+
+	for (;;)
+	{
+		float		val;
+		char	   *stringEnd;
+
+		if (dim == MINIVEC_MAX_DIM)
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+					 errmsg("minivec cannot have more than %d dimensions", MINIVEC_MAX_DIM)));
+
+		while (minivec_isspace(*pt))
+			pt++;
+
+		/* Check for empty string like float4in */
+		if (*pt == '\0')
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type minivec: \"%s\"", lit)));
+
+		errno = 0;
+
+		/* Postgres sets LC_NUMERIC to C on startup */
+		val = strtof(pt, &stringEnd);
+
+		if (stringEnd == pt)
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type minivec: \"%s\"", lit)));
+
+		x[dim] = Float4ToFp8Unchecked(val);
+
+		/* Check for range error like float4in */
+		if ((errno == ERANGE && isinf(val)) || (Fp8IsNan(x[dim]) && !isnan(val)))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+					 errmsg("\"%s\" is out of range for type minivec", pnstrdup(pt, stringEnd - pt))));
+
+		CheckElement(x[dim]);
+		dim++;
+
+		pt = stringEnd;
+
+		while (minivec_isspace(*pt))
+			pt++;
+
+		if (*pt == ',')
+			pt++;
+		else if (*pt == ']')
+		{
+			pt++;
+			break;
+		}
+		else
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+					 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type minivec: \"%s\"", lit)));
+	}
+
+	/* Only whitespace is allowed after the closing brace */
+	while (minivec_isspace(*pt))
+		pt++;
+
+	if (*pt != '\0')
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+				 errmsg("invalid input syntax for type minivec: \"%s\"", lit),
+				 errdetail("Junk after closing right brace.")));
+
+	CheckDim(dim);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);
+
+	result = InitMiniVector(dim);
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+		result->x[i] = x[i];
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+#define AppendChar(ptr, c) (*(ptr)++ = (c))
+#define AppendFloat(ptr, f) ((ptr) += float_to_shortest_decimal_bufn((f), (ptr)))
+
+/*
+ * Convert internal representation to textual representation
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_out);
+Datum
+minivec_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *vector = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	int			dim = vector->dim;
+	char	   *buf;
+	char	   *ptr;
+
+	/*
+	 * Need:
+	 *
+	 * dim * (FLOAT_SHORTEST_DECIMAL_LEN - 1) bytes for
+	 * float_to_shortest_decimal_bufn
+	 *
+	 * dim - 1 bytes for separator
+	 *
+	 * 3 bytes for [, ], and \0
+	 */
+	buf = (char *) palloc(FLOAT_SHORTEST_DECIMAL_LEN * dim + 2);
+	ptr = buf;
+
+	AppendChar(ptr, '[');
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			AppendChar(ptr, ',');
+
+		/*
+		 * Use shortest decimal representation of single-precision float for
+		 * simplicity
+		 */
+		AppendFloat(ptr, Fp8ToFloat4(vector->x[i]));
+	}
+
+	AppendChar(ptr, ']');
+	*ptr = '\0';
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(vector, 0);
+	PG_RETURN_CSTRING(buf);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert type modifier
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_typmod_in);
+Datum
+minivec_typmod_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *ta = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	int32	   *tl;
+	int			n;
+
+	tl = ArrayGetIntegerTypmods(ta, &n);
+
+	if (n != 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("invalid type modifier")));
+
+	if (*tl < 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("dimensions for type minivec must be at least 1")));
+
+	if (*tl > MINIVEC_MAX_DIM)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("dimensions for type minivec cannot exceed %d", MINIVEC_MAX_DIM)));
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(*tl);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert external binary representation to internal representation
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_recv);
+Datum
+minivec_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	StringInfo	buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
+	MiniVector *result;
+	int16		dim;
+	int16		unused;
+
+	dim = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int16));
+	unused = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(int16));
+
+	CheckDim(dim);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, dim);
+
+	if (unused != 0)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("expected unused to be 0, not %d", unused)));
+
+	result = InitMiniVector(dim);
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+	{
+		result->x[i] = pq_getmsgint(buf, sizeof(uint8));
+		CheckElement(result->x[i]);
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert internal representation to the external binary representation
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_send);
+Datum
+minivec_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *vec = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	StringInfoData buf;
+
+	pq_begintypsend(&buf);
+	pq_sendint(&buf, vec->dim, sizeof(int16));
+	pq_sendint(&buf, vec->unused, sizeof(int16));
+	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
+		pq_sendint8(&buf, vec->x[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(pq_endtypsend(&buf));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert fp8 vector to fp8 vector
+ * This is needed to check the type modifier
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec);
+Datum
+minivec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *vec = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, vec->dim);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(vec);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert array to fp8 vector
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(array_to_minivec);
+Datum
+array_to_minivec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *array = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	MiniVector *result;
+	int16		typlen;
+	bool		typbyval;
+	char		typalign;
+	Datum	   *elemsp;
+	int			nelemsp;
+
+	if (ARR_NDIM(array) > 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("array must be 1-D")));
+
+	if (ARR_HASNULL(array) && array_contains_nulls(array))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NULL_VALUE_NOT_ALLOWED),
+				 errmsg("array must not contain nulls")));
+
+	get_typlenbyvalalign(ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), &typlen, &typbyval, &typalign);
+	deconstruct_array(array, ARR_ELEMTYPE(array), typlen, typbyval, typalign, &elemsp, NULL, &nelemsp);
+
+	CheckDim(nelemsp);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, nelemsp);
+
+	result = InitMiniVector(nelemsp);
+
+	if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == INT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			result->x[i] = Float4ToFp8(DatumGetInt32(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT8OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			result->x[i] = Float4ToFp8(DatumGetFloat8(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == FLOAT4OID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			result->x[i] = Float4ToFp8(DatumGetFloat4(elemsp[i]));
+	}
+	else if (ARR_ELEMTYPE(array) == NUMERICOID)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < nelemsp; i++)
+			result->x[i] = Float4ToFp8(DatumGetFloat4(DirectFunctionCall1(numeric_float4, elemsp[i])));
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("unsupported array type")));
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Free allocation from deconstruct_array. Do not free individual elements
+	 * when pass-by-reference since they point to original array.
+	 */
+	pfree(elemsp);
+
+	/* Check elements */
+	for (int i = 0; i < result->dim; i++)
+		CheckElement(result->x[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert fp8 vector to float4[]
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_to_float4);
+Datum
+minivec_to_float4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *vec = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	Datum	   *datums;
+	ArrayType  *result;
+
+	datums = (Datum *) palloc(sizeof(Datum) * vec->dim);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
+		datums[i] = Float4GetDatum(Fp8ToFloat4(vec->x[i]));
+
+	/* Use TYPALIGN_INT for float4 */
+	result = construct_array(datums, vec->dim, FLOAT4OID, sizeof(float4), true, TYPALIGN_INT);
+
+	pfree(datums);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert vector to fp8 vector
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(vector_to_minivec);
+Datum
+vector_to_minivec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Vector	   *vec = PG_GETARG_VECTOR_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	MiniVector *result;
+
+	CheckDim(vec->dim);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, vec->dim);
+
+	result = InitMiniVector(vec->dim);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
+		result->x[i] = Float4ToFp8(vec->x[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+static float
+MinivecL2SquaredDistance(int dim, fp8 * ax, fp8 * bx)
+{
+	float		distance = 0.0;
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+	{
+		float		diff = Fp8ToFloat4(ax[i]) - Fp8ToFloat4(bx[i]);
+
+		distance += diff * diff;
+	}
+
+	return distance;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the L2 distance between fp8 vectors
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_l2_distance);
+Datum
+minivec_l2_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(sqrt((double) MinivecL2SquaredDistance(a->dim, a->x, b->x)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the L2 squared distance between fp8 vectors
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_l2_squared_distance);
+Datum
+minivec_l2_squared_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) MinivecL2SquaredDistance(a->dim, a->x, b->x));
+}
+
+static float
+MinivecInnerProduct(int dim, fp8 * ax, fp8 * bx)
+{
+	float		distance = 0.0;
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+		distance += Fp8ToFloat4(ax[i]) * Fp8ToFloat4(bx[i]);
+
+	return distance;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the inner product of two fp8 vectors
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_inner_product);
+Datum
+minivec_inner_product(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) MinivecInnerProduct(a->dim, a->x, b->x));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the negative inner product of two fp8 vectors
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_negative_inner_product);
+Datum
+minivec_negative_inner_product(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) -MinivecInnerProduct(a->dim, a->x, b->x));
+}
+
+static double
+MinivecCosineSimilarity(int dim, fp8 * ax, fp8 * bx)
+{
+	float		similarity = 0.0;
+	float		norma = 0.0;
+	float		normb = 0.0;
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+	{
+		float		axi = Fp8ToFloat4(ax[i]);
+		float		bxi = Fp8ToFloat4(bx[i]);
+
+		similarity += axi * bxi;
+		norma += axi * axi;
+		normb += bxi * bxi;
+	}
+
+	/* Use sqrt(a * b) over sqrt(a) * sqrt(b) */
+	return (double) similarity / sqrt((double) norma * (double) normb);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the cosine distance between two fp8 vectors
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_cosine_distance);
+Datum
+minivec_cosine_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+	double		similarity;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	similarity = MinivecCosineSimilarity(a->dim, a->x, b->x);
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+	/* /fp:fast may not propagate NaN */
+	if (isnan(similarity))
+		PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(NAN);
+#endif
+
+	/* Keep in range */
+	if (similarity > 1)
+		similarity = 1;
+	else if (similarity < -1)
+		similarity = -1;
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(1 - similarity);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the distance for spherical k-means
+ * Currently uses angular distance since needs to satisfy triangle inequality
+ * Assumes inputs are unit vectors (skips norm)
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_spherical_distance);
+Datum
+minivec_spherical_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+	double		distance;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	distance = (double) MinivecInnerProduct(a->dim, a->x, b->x);
+
+	/* Prevent NaN with acos with loss of precision */
+	if (distance > 1)
+		distance = 1;
+	else if (distance < -1)
+		distance = -1;
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(acos(distance) / M_PI);
+}
+
+static float
+MinivecL1Distance(int dim, fp8 * ax, fp8 * bx)
+{
+	float		distance = 0.0;
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+		distance += fabsf(Fp8ToFloat4(ax[i]) - Fp8ToFloat4(bx[i]));
+
+	return distance;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the L1 distance between two fp8 vectors
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_l1_distance);
+Datum
+minivec_l1_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((double) MinivecL1Distance(a->dim, a->x, b->x));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the dimensions of a fp8 vector
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_vector_dims);
+Datum
+minivec_vector_dims(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(a->dim);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the L2 norm of a fp8 vector
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_l2_norm);
+Datum
+minivec_l2_norm(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	fp8		   *ax = a->x;
+	double		norm = 0.0;
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+	{
+		double		axi = (double) Fp8ToFloat4(ax[i]);
+
+		norm += axi * axi;
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(sqrt(norm));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Normalize a fp8 vector with the L2 norm
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_l2_normalize);
+Datum
+minivec_l2_normalize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	fp8		   *ax = a->x;
+	double		norm = 0;
+	MiniVector *result;
+	fp8		   *rx;
+
+	result = InitMiniVector(a->dim);
+	rx = result->x;
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+		norm += (double) Fp8ToFloat4(ax[i]) * (double) Fp8ToFloat4(ax[i]);
+
+	norm = sqrt(norm);
+
+	/* Return zero vector for zero norm */
+	if (norm > 0)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+			rx[i] = Float4ToFp8Unchecked(Fp8ToFloat4(ax[i]) / norm);
+
+		/* Check for overflow */
+		for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+		{
+			if (Fp8IsNan(rx[i]))
+				float_overflow_error();
+		}
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Add fp8 vectors
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_add);
+Datum
+minivec_add(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+	fp8		   *ax = a->x;
+	fp8		   *bx = b->x;
+	MiniVector *result;
+	fp8		   *rx;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	result = InitMiniVector(a->dim);
+	rx = result->x;
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0, imax = a->dim; i < imax; i++)
+	{
+#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
+		rx[i] = ax[i] + bx[i];
+#else
+		rx[i] = Float4ToFp8Unchecked(Fp8ToFloat4(ax[i]) + Fp8ToFloat4(bx[i]));
+#endif
+	}
+
+	/* Check for overflow */
+	for (int i = 0, imax = a->dim; i < imax; i++)
+	{
+		if (Fp8IsNan(rx[i]))
+			float_overflow_error();
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Subtract fp8 vectors
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_sub);
+Datum
+minivec_sub(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+	fp8		   *ax = a->x;
+	fp8		   *bx = b->x;
+	MiniVector *result;
+	fp8		   *rx;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	result = InitMiniVector(a->dim);
+	rx = result->x;
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0, imax = a->dim; i < imax; i++)
+	{
+#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
+		rx[i] = ax[i] - bx[i];
+#else
+		rx[i] = Float4ToFp8Unchecked(Fp8ToFloat4(ax[i]) - Fp8ToFloat4(bx[i]));
+#endif
+	}
+
+	/* Check for overflow */
+	for (int i = 0, imax = a->dim; i < imax; i++)
+	{
+		if (Fp8IsNan(rx[i]))
+			float_overflow_error();
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Multiply fp8 vectors
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_mul);
+Datum
+minivec_mul(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+	fp8		   *ax = a->x;
+	fp8		   *bx = b->x;
+	MiniVector *result;
+	fp8		   *rx;
+
+	CheckDims(a, b);
+
+	result = InitMiniVector(a->dim);
+	rx = result->x;
+
+	/* Auto-vectorized */
+	for (int i = 0, imax = a->dim; i < imax; i++)
+	{
+#ifdef FLT16_SUPPORT
+		rx[i] = ax[i] * bx[i];
+#else
+		rx[i] = Float4ToFp8Unchecked(Fp8ToFloat4(ax[i]) * Fp8ToFloat4(bx[i]));
+#endif
+	}
+
+	/* Check for overflow and underflow */
+	for (int i = 0, imax = a->dim; i < imax; i++)
+	{
+		if (Fp8IsNan(rx[i]))
+			float_overflow_error();
+
+		if (Fp8IsZero(rx[i]) && !(Fp8IsZero(ax[i]) || Fp8IsZero(bx[i])))
+			float_underflow_error();
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Concatenate fp8 vectors
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_concat);
+Datum
+minivec_concat(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+	MiniVector *result;
+	int			dim = a->dim + b->dim;
+
+	CheckDim(dim);
+	result = InitMiniVector(dim);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+		result->x[i] = a->x[i];
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < b->dim; i++)
+		result->x[i + a->dim] = b->x[i];
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Quantize a fp8 vector
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_binary_quantize);
+Datum
+minivec_binary_quantize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	fp8		   *ax = a->x;
+	VarBit	   *result = InitBitVector(a->dim);
+	unsigned char *rx = VARBITS(result);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
+		rx[i / 8] |= (Fp8ToFloat4(ax[i]) > 0) << (7 - (i % 8));
+
+	PG_RETURN_VARBIT_P(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get a subvector
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_subvector);
+Datum
+minivec_subvector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	int32		start = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	int32		count = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
+	int32		end;
+	fp8		   *ax = a->x;
+	MiniVector *result;
+	int32		dim;
+
+	if (count < 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("minivec must have at least 1 dimension")));
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if (start + count > a->dim), avoiding integer overflow. a->dim
+	 * and count are both positive, so a->dim - count won't overflow.
+	 */
+	if (start > a->dim - count)
+		end = a->dim + 1;
+	else
+		end = start + count;
+
+	/* Indexing starts at 1, like substring */
+	if (start < 1)
+		start = 1;
+	else if (start > a->dim)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_EXCEPTION),
+				 errmsg("minivec must have at least 1 dimension")));
+
+	dim = end - start;
+	CheckDim(dim);
+	result = InitMiniVector(dim);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+		result->x[i] = ax[start - 1 + i];
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Internal helper to compare fp8 vectors
+ */
+static int
+minivec_cmp_internal(MiniVector * a, MiniVector * b)
+{
+	int			dim = Min(a->dim, b->dim);
+
+	/* Check values before dimensions to be consistent with Postgres arrays */
+	for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
+	{
+		if (Fp8ToFloat4(a->x[i]) < Fp8ToFloat4(b->x[i]))
+			return -1;
+
+		if (Fp8ToFloat4(a->x[i]) > Fp8ToFloat4(b->x[i]))
+			return 1;
+	}
+
+	if (a->dim < b->dim)
+		return -1;
+
+	if (a->dim > b->dim)
+		return 1;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Less than
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_lt);
+Datum
+minivec_lt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(minivec_cmp_internal(a, b) < 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Less than or equal
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_le);
+Datum
+minivec_le(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(minivec_cmp_internal(a, b) <= 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Equal
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_eq);
+Datum
+minivec_eq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(minivec_cmp_internal(a, b) == 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Not equal
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_ne);
+Datum
+minivec_ne(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(minivec_cmp_internal(a, b) != 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Greater than or equal
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_ge);
+Datum
+minivec_ge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(minivec_cmp_internal(a, b) >= 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Greater than
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_gt);
+Datum
+minivec_gt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(minivec_cmp_internal(a, b) > 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compare fp8 vectors
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_cmp);
+Datum
+minivec_cmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *a = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	MiniVector *b = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(1);
+
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(minivec_cmp_internal(a, b));
+}
diff --git a/src/minivec.h b/src/minivec.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddca3fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/minivec.h
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+#ifndef MINIVEC_H
+#define MINIVEC_H
+
+#include <float.h>
+
+#define MINIVEC_MAX_DIM 16000
+
+#define fp8 uint8
+
+#define MINIVEC_SIZE(_dim)		(offsetof(MiniVector, x) + sizeof(fp8)*(_dim))
+#define DatumGetMiniVector(x)		((MiniVector *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(x))
+#define PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(x)	DatumGetMiniVector(PG_GETARG_DATUM(x))
+#define PG_RETURN_MINIVEC_P(x)	PG_RETURN_POINTER(x)
+
+typedef struct MiniVector
+{
+	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
+	int16		dim;			/* number of dimensions */
+	int16		unused;			/* reserved for future use, always zero */
+	fp8			x[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
+}			MiniVector;
+
+MiniVector *InitMiniVector(int dim);
+
+/*
+ * Check if fp8 is NaN
+ */
+static inline bool
+Fp8IsNan(fp8 num)
+{
+	return (num & 0x7F) == 0x7F;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check if fp8 is zero
+ */
+static inline bool
+Fp8IsZero(fp8 num)
+{
+	return num == 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert a fp8 to a float4
+ */
+static inline float
+Fp8ToFloat4(fp8 num)
+{
+	float		lookup[128] = {0, 0.00195312, 0.00390625, 0.00585938, 0.0078125, 0.00976562, 0.0117188, 0.0136719, 0.015625, 0.0175781, 0.0195312, 0.0214844, 0.0234375, 0.0253906, 0.0273438, 0.0292969, 0.03125, 0.0351562, 0.0390625, 0.0429688, 0.046875, 0.0507812, 0.0546875, 0.0585938, 0.0625, 0.0703125, 0.078125, 0.0859375, 0.09375, 0.101562, 0.109375, 0.117188, 0.125, 0.140625, 0.15625, 0.171875, 0.1875, 0.203125, 0.21875, 0.234375, 0.25, 0.28125, 0.3125, 0.34375, 0.375, 0.40625, 0.4375, 0.46875, 0.5, 0.5625, 0.625, 0.6875, 0.75, 0.8125, 0.875, 0.9375, 1, 1.125, 1.25, 1.375, 1.5, 1.625, 1.75, 1.875, 2, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 104, 112, 120, 128, 144, 160, 176, 192, 208, 224, 240, 256, 288, 320, 352, 384, 416, 448, NAN};
+	float		v = lookup[num & 0x7F];
+
+	return (num & 0x80) == 0x80 ? -v : v;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert a float4 to a fp8
+ */
+static inline fp8
+Float4ToFp8Unchecked(float num)
+{
+	union
+	{
+		float		f;
+		uint32		i;
+	}			swapfloat;
+
+	uint32		bin;
+	int			exponent;
+	int			mantissa;
+	uint8		result;
+
+	swapfloat.f = num;
+	bin = swapfloat.i;
+	exponent = (bin & 0x7F800000) >> 23;
+	mantissa = bin & 0x007FFFFF;
+
+	/* Sign */
+	result = (bin & 0x80000000) >> 24;
+
+	if (isinf(num) || isnan(num))
+	{
+		/* NaN */
+		result |= 0x7F;
+	}
+	else if (exponent > 116)
+	{
+		int			m;
+		int			gr;
+		int			s;
+
+		exponent -= 127;
+		s = mantissa & 0x000FFFFF;
+
+		/* Subnormal */
+		if (exponent < -6)
+		{
+			int			diff = -exponent - 6;
+
+			mantissa >>= diff;
+			mantissa += 1 << (23 - diff);
+			s |= mantissa & 0x000FFFFF;
+		}
+
+		m = mantissa >> 20;
+
+		/* Round */
+		gr = (mantissa >> 19) % 4;
+		if (gr == 3 || (gr == 1 && s != 0))
+			m += 1;
+
+		if (m == 8)
+		{
+			m = 0;
+			exponent += 1;
+		}
+
+		if (exponent > 8)
+		{
+			/* Infinite, which is NaN */
+			result |= 0x7F;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (exponent >= -7)
+				result |= (exponent + 7) << 3;
+
+			result |= m;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert a float4 to a fp8
+ */
+static inline fp8
+Float4ToFp8(float num)
+{
+	fp8			result = Float4ToFp8Unchecked(num);
+
+	if (unlikely(Fp8IsNan(result)) && !isnan(num))
+	{
+		char	   *buf = palloc(FLOAT_SHORTEST_DECIMAL_LEN);
+
+		float_to_shortest_decimal_buf(num, buf);
+
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+				 errmsg("\"%s\" is out of range for type minivec", buf)));
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/vector.c b/src/vector.c
index a5b2aac..2c421c9 100644
--- a/src/vector.c
+++ b/src/vector.c
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include "ivfflat.h"
 #include "lib/stringinfo.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
+#include "minivec.h"
 #include "port.h"				/* for strtof() */
 #include "sparsevec.h"
 #include "utils/array.h"
@@ -542,6 +543,28 @@ halfvec_to_vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Convert fp8 vector to vector
+ */
+FUNCTION_PREFIX PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(minivec_to_vector);
+Datum
+minivec_to_vector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	MiniVector *vec = PG_GETARG_MINIVEC_P(0);
+	int32		typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	Vector	   *result;
+
+	CheckDim(vec->dim);
+	CheckExpectedDim(typmod, vec->dim);
+
+	result = InitVector(vec->dim);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < vec->dim; i++)
+		result->x[i] = Fp8ToFloat4(vec->x[i]);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
 VECTOR_TARGET_CLONES static float
 VectorL2SquaredDistance(int dim, float *ax, float *bx)
 {
diff --git a/test/expected/btree.out b/test/expected/btree.out
index 999a160..e90008d 100644
--- a/test/expected/btree.out
+++ b/test/expected/btree.out
@@ -38,6 +38,26 @@ SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val;
  
 (4 rows)
 
+DROP TABLE t;
+-- minivec
+CREATE TABLE t (val minivec(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t (val);
+SELECT * FROM t WHERE val = '[1,2,3]';
+   val   
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val;
+   val   
+---------
+ [0,0,0]
+ [1,1,1]
+ [1,2,3]
+ 
+(4 rows)
+
 DROP TABLE t;
 -- sparsevec
 CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));
diff --git a/test/expected/cast.out b/test/expected/cast.out
index c180fe6..34a57c3 100644
--- a/test/expected/cast.out
+++ b/test/expected/cast.out
@@ -140,6 +140,64 @@ SELECT '{1e-8,-1e-8}'::real[]::halfvec;
  [0,-0]
 (1 row)
 
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::minivec(3);
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::minivec(2);
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
+SELECT '[465]'::vector::minivec;
+ERROR:  "465" is out of range for type minivec
+SELECT '[1e-8]'::vector::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [0]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec::vector;
+ vector  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec::vector(3);
+ vector  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec::vector(2);
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
+SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::minivec(3);
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::minivec(2);
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
+SELECT '{465,-465}'::real[]::minivec;
+ERROR:  "465" is out of range for type minivec
+SELECT '{1e-8,-1e-8}'::real[]::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [0,-0]
+(1 row)
+
 SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::vector::sparsevec;
     sparsevec    
 -----------------
diff --git a/test/expected/copy.out b/test/expected/copy.out
index 9b4ebc0..59393a8 100644
--- a/test/expected/copy.out
+++ b/test/expected/copy.out
@@ -30,6 +30,23 @@ SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY val;
  
 (4 rows)
 
+DROP TABLE t;
+DROP TABLE t2;
+-- minivec
+CREATE TABLE t (val minivec(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE TABLE t2 (val minivec(3));
+\copy t TO 'results/minivec.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
+\copy t2 FROM 'results/minivec.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
+SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY val;
+   val   
+---------
+ [0,0,0]
+ [1,1,1]
+ [1,2,3]
+ 
+(4 rows)
+
 DROP TABLE t;
 DROP TABLE t2;
 -- sparsevec
diff --git a/test/expected/minivec.out b/test/expected/minivec.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab5224c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/expected/minivec.out
@@ -0,0 +1,588 @@
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[-1,-2,-3]'::minivec;
+  minivec   
+------------
+ [-1,-2,-3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1.,2.,3.]'::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ' [ 1,  2 ,    3  ] '::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1.23456]'::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1.25]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[hello,1]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[hello,1]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[hello,1]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[NaN,1]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  NaN not allowed in minivec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[NaN,1]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  "Infinity" is out of range for type minivec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  "-Infinity" is out of range for type minivec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[65519,-65519]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  "65519" is out of range for type minivec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[65519,-65519]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[65520,-65520]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  "65520" is out of range for type minivec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[65520,-65520]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1e-8,-1e-8]'::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [0,-0]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[4e38,1]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  "4e38" is out of range for type minivec
+LINE 1: SELECT '[4e38,1]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1e-46,1]'::minivec;
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [0,1]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[1,2,3"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[1,2,3]9"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::minivec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Junk after closing right brace.
+SELECT '1,2,3'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "1,2,3"
+LINE 1: SELECT '1,2,3'::minivec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
+SELECT ''::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: ""
+LINE 1: SELECT ''::minivec;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Vector contents must start with "[".
+SELECT '['::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "["
+LINE 1: SELECT '['::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[ '::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[ "
+LINE 1: SELECT '[ '::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[,'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[,"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[,'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  minivec must have at least 1 dimension
+LINE 1: SELECT '[]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[ ]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  minivec must have at least 1 dimension
+LINE 1: SELECT '[ ]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[,]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[,]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[,]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[1,]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1a]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[1a]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1a]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,,3]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[1,,3]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,,3]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1, ,3]'::minivec;
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type minivec: "[1, ,3]"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1, ,3]'::minivec;
+               ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(3);
+ minivec 
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(2);
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(3, 2);
+ERROR:  invalid type modifier
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(3, 2);
+                          ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec('a');
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "a"
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec('a');
+                          ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(0);
+ERROR:  dimensions for type minivec must be at least 1
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(0);
+                          ^
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(16001);
+ERROR:  dimensions for type minivec cannot exceed 16000
+LINE 1: SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(16001);
+                          ^
+SELECT unnest('{"[1,2,3]", "[4,5,6]"}'::minivec[]);
+ unnest  
+---------
+ [1,2,3]
+ [4,5,6]
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT '{"[1,2,3]"}'::minivec(2)[];
+ERROR:  expected 2 dimensions, not 3
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec + '[4,5,6]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ [5,7,9]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[448]'::minivec + '[448]';
+ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec + '[3]';
+ERROR:  different minivec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec - '[4,5,6]';
+  ?column?  
+------------
+ [-3,-3,-3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[-448]'::minivec - '[448]';
+ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec - '[3]';
+ERROR:  different minivec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec * '[4,5,6]';
+ ?column?  
+-----------
+ [4,10,18]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[448]'::minivec * '[448]';
+ERROR:  value out of range: overflow
+SELECT '[1e-7]'::minivec * '[1e-7]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ [0]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec * '[3]';
+ERROR:  different minivec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec || '[4,5]';
+  ?column?   
+-------------
+ [1,2,3,4,5]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT array_fill(0, ARRAY[16000])::minivec || '[1]';
+ERROR:  minivec cannot have more than 16000 dimensions
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec < '[1,2,3]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec < '[1,2]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec <= '[1,2,3]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec <= '[1,2]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec = '[1,2,3]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec = '[1,2]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec != '[1,2,3]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec != '[1,2]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec >= '[1,2,3]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec >= '[1,2]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec > '[1,2,3]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec > '[1,2]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
+ minivec_cmp 
+-------------
+           0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[0,0,0]');
+ minivec_cmp 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[0,0,0]', '[1,2,3]');
+ minivec_cmp 
+-------------
+          -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2]', '[1,2,3]');
+ minivec_cmp 
+-------------
+          -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2]');
+ minivec_cmp 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2]', '[2,3,4]');
+ minivec_cmp 
+-------------
+          -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
+ minivec_cmp 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT vector_dims('[1,2,3]'::minivec);
+ vector_dims 
+-------------
+           3
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT round(l2_norm('[1,1]'::minivec)::numeric, 5);
+  round  
+---------
+ 1.41421
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_norm('[3,4]'::minivec);
+ l2_norm 
+---------
+       5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_norm('[0,1]'::minivec);
+ l2_norm 
+---------
+       1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_norm('[0,0]'::minivec);
+ l2_norm 
+---------
+       0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_norm('[2]'::minivec);
+ l2_norm 
+---------
+       2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::minivec, '[3,4]');
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+           5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::minivec, '[0,1]');
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different minivec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]'::minivec, '[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,4,5]');
+ l2_distance 
+-------------
+           5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[0,0]'::minivec <-> '[3,4]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3,4]');
+ inner_product 
+---------------
+            11
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different minivec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT inner_product('[448]'::minivec, '[448]');
+ inner_product 
+---------------
+        200704
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT inner_product('[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]'::minivec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
+ inner_product 
+---------------
+            45
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec <#> '[3,4]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+      -11
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[2,4]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[0,0]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+             NaN
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::minivec, '[1,1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::minivec, '[0,2]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::minivec, '[-1,-1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different minivec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::minivec, '[1.1,1.1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::minivec, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::minivec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::minivec, '[-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6,-7,-8,-9]');
+ cosine_distance 
+-----------------
+               2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec <=> '[2,4]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::minivec, '[3,4]');
+ l1_distance 
+-------------
+           7
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::minivec, '[0,1]');
+ l1_distance 
+-------------
+           1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3]');
+ERROR:  different minivec dimensions 2 and 1
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::minivec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
+ l1_distance 
+-------------
+           0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::minivec, '[0,3,2,5,4,7,6,9,8]');
+ l1_distance 
+-------------
+           9
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '[0,0]'::minivec <+> '[3,4]';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+        7
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_normalize('[3,4]'::minivec);
+  l2_normalize  
+----------------
+ [0.625,0.8125]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_normalize('[3,0]'::minivec);
+ l2_normalize 
+--------------
+ [1,0]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_normalize('[0,0.1]'::minivec);
+ l2_normalize 
+--------------
+ [0,1]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_normalize('[0,0]'::minivec);
+ l2_normalize 
+--------------
+ [0,0]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT l2_normalize('[448]'::minivec);
+ l2_normalize 
+--------------
+ [1]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT binary_quantize('[1,0,-1]'::minivec);
+ binary_quantize 
+-----------------
+ 100
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT binary_quantize('[0,0.1,-0.2,-0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,-0.7,0.8,-0.9,1]'::minivec);
+ binary_quantize 
+-----------------
+ 01001110101
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 1, 3);
+ subvector 
+-----------
+ [1,2,3]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 3, 2);
+ subvector 
+-----------
+ [3,4]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, -1, 3);
+ subvector 
+-----------
+ [1]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 3, 9);
+ subvector 
+-----------
+ [3,4,5]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 1, 0);
+ERROR:  minivec must have at least 1 dimension
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 3, -1);
+ERROR:  minivec must have at least 1 dimension
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, -1, 2);
+ERROR:  minivec must have at least 1 dimension
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 2147483647, 10);
+ERROR:  minivec must have at least 1 dimension
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 3, 2147483647);
+ subvector 
+-----------
+ [3,4,5]
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, -2147483644, 2147483647);
+ subvector 
+-----------
+ [1,2]
+(1 row)
+
diff --git a/test/sql/btree.sql b/test/sql/btree.sql
index de583c3..6a4c69c 100644
--- a/test/sql/btree.sql
+++ b/test/sql/btree.sql
@@ -22,6 +22,17 @@ SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val;
 
 DROP TABLE t;
 
+-- minivec
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val minivec(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+CREATE INDEX ON t (val);
+
+SELECT * FROM t WHERE val = '[1,2,3]';
+SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY val;
+
+DROP TABLE t;
+
 -- sparsevec
 
 CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));
diff --git a/test/sql/cast.sql b/test/sql/cast.sql
index fe83931..5db8436 100644
--- a/test/sql/cast.sql
+++ b/test/sql/cast.sql
@@ -38,6 +38,22 @@ SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::halfvec(2);
 SELECT '{65520,-65520}'::real[]::halfvec;
 SELECT '{1e-8,-1e-8}'::real[]::halfvec;
 
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::minivec;
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::minivec(3);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::vector::minivec(2);
+SELECT '[465]'::vector::minivec;
+SELECT '[1e-8]'::vector::minivec;
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec::vector;
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec::vector(3);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec::vector(2);
+
+SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::minivec;
+SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::minivec(3);
+SELECT '{1,2,3}'::real[]::minivec(2);
+SELECT '{465,-465}'::real[]::minivec;
+SELECT '{1e-8,-1e-8}'::real[]::minivec;
+
 SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::vector::sparsevec;
 SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::vector::sparsevec(5);
 SELECT '[0,1.5,0,3.5,0]'::vector::sparsevec(4);
diff --git a/test/sql/copy.sql b/test/sql/copy.sql
index 2dff3ff..1012801 100644
--- a/test/sql/copy.sql
+++ b/test/sql/copy.sql
@@ -28,6 +28,21 @@ SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY val;
 DROP TABLE t;
 DROP TABLE t2;
 
+-- minivec
+
+CREATE TABLE t (val minivec(3));
+INSERT INTO t (val) VALUES ('[0,0,0]'), ('[1,2,3]'), ('[1,1,1]'), (NULL);
+
+CREATE TABLE t2 (val minivec(3));
+
+\copy t TO 'results/minivec.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
+\copy t2 FROM 'results/minivec.bin' WITH (FORMAT binary)
+
+SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY val;
+
+DROP TABLE t;
+DROP TABLE t2;
+
 -- sparsevec
 
 CREATE TABLE t (val sparsevec(3));
diff --git a/test/sql/minivec.sql b/test/sql/minivec.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22f67d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/sql/minivec.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[-1,-2,-3]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1.,2.,3.]'::minivec;
+SELECT ' [ 1,  2 ,    3  ] '::minivec;
+SELECT '[1.23456]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[hello,1]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[NaN,1]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[Infinity,1]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[-Infinity,1]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[65519,-65519]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[65520,-65520]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1e-8,-1e-8]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[4e38,1]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1e-46,1]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1,2,3'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1,2,3]9'::minivec;
+SELECT '1,2,3'::minivec;
+SELECT ''::minivec;
+SELECT '['::minivec;
+SELECT '[ '::minivec;
+SELECT '[,'::minivec;
+SELECT '[]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[ ]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[,]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1,]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1a]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1,,3]'::minivec;
+SELECT '[1, ,3]'::minivec;
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(3);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(2);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(3, 2);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec('a');
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(0);
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec(16001);
+
+SELECT unnest('{"[1,2,3]", "[4,5,6]"}'::minivec[]);
+SELECT '{"[1,2,3]"}'::minivec(2)[];
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec + '[4,5,6]';
+SELECT '[448]'::minivec + '[448]';
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec + '[3]';
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec - '[4,5,6]';
+SELECT '[-448]'::minivec - '[448]';
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec - '[3]';
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec * '[4,5,6]';
+SELECT '[448]'::minivec * '[448]';
+SELECT '[1e-7]'::minivec * '[1e-7]';
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec * '[3]';
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec || '[4,5]';
+SELECT array_fill(0, ARRAY[16000])::minivec || '[1]';
+
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec < '[1,2,3]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec < '[1,2]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec <= '[1,2,3]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec <= '[1,2]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec = '[1,2,3]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec = '[1,2]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec != '[1,2,3]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec != '[1,2]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec >= '[1,2,3]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec >= '[1,2]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec > '[1,2,3]';
+SELECT '[1,2,3]'::minivec > '[1,2]';
+
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[0,0,0]');
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[0,0,0]', '[1,2,3]');
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2]', '[1,2,3]');
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2,3]', '[1,2]');
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[1,2]', '[2,3,4]');
+SELECT minivec_cmp('[2,3]', '[1,2,3]');
+
+SELECT vector_dims('[1,2,3]'::minivec);
+
+SELECT round(l2_norm('[1,1]'::minivec)::numeric, 5);
+SELECT l2_norm('[3,4]'::minivec);
+SELECT l2_norm('[0,1]'::minivec);
+SELECT l2_norm('[0,0]'::minivec);
+SELECT l2_norm('[2]'::minivec);
+
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::minivec, '[3,4]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[0,0]'::minivec, '[0,1]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3]');
+SELECT l2_distance('[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]'::minivec, '[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,4,5]');
+SELECT '[0,0]'::minivec <-> '[3,4]';
+
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3,4]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3]');
+SELECT inner_product('[448]'::minivec, '[448]');
+SELECT inner_product('[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]'::minivec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec <#> '[3,4]';
+
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[2,4]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[0,0]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::minivec, '[1,1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,0]'::minivec, '[0,2]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::minivec, '[-1,-1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::minivec, '[1.1,1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,1]'::minivec, '[-1.1,-1.1]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::minivec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
+SELECT cosine_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::minivec, '[-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6,-7,-8,-9]');
+SELECT '[1,2]'::minivec <=> '[2,4]';
+
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::minivec, '[3,4]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[0,0]'::minivec, '[0,1]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2]'::minivec, '[3]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::minivec, '[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]');
+SELECT l1_distance('[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]'::minivec, '[0,3,2,5,4,7,6,9,8]');
+SELECT '[0,0]'::minivec <+> '[3,4]';
+
+SELECT l2_normalize('[3,4]'::minivec);
+SELECT l2_normalize('[3,0]'::minivec);
+SELECT l2_normalize('[0,0.1]'::minivec);
+SELECT l2_normalize('[0,0]'::minivec);
+SELECT l2_normalize('[448]'::minivec);
+
+SELECT binary_quantize('[1,0,-1]'::minivec);
+SELECT binary_quantize('[0,0.1,-0.2,-0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,-0.7,0.8,-0.9,1]'::minivec);
+
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 1, 3);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 3, 2);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, -1, 3);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 3, 9);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 1, 0);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 3, -1);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, -1, 2);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 2147483647, 10);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, 3, 2147483647);
+SELECT subvector('[1,2,3,4,5]'::minivec, -2147483644, 2147483647);
diff --git a/test/t/039_hnsw_minivec_build_recall.pl b/test/t/039_hnsw_minivec_build_recall.pl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60cbaf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/t/039_hnsw_minivec_build_recall.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+use strict;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
+use Test::More;
+
+my $node;
+my @queries = ();
+my @expected;
+my $limit = 20;
+my $dim = 10;
+my $array_sql = join(",", ('2 * random() * random()') x $dim);
+
+sub test_recall
+{
+	my ($min, $operator) = @_;
+	my $correct = 0;
+	my $total = 0;
+
+	my $explain = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+		SET enable_seqscan = off;
+		EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v $operator '$queries[0]' LIMIT $limit;
+	));
+	like($explain, qr/Index Scan/);
+
+	for my $i (0 .. $#queries)
+	{
+		my $actual = $node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+			SET enable_seqscan = off;
+			SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v $operator '$queries[$i]' LIMIT $limit;
+		));
+		my @actual_ids = split("\n", $actual);
+		my %actual_set = map { $_ => 1 } @actual_ids;
+
+		my @expected_ids = split("\n", $expected[$i]);
+
+		foreach (@expected_ids)
+		{
+			if (exists($actual_set{$_}))
+			{
+				$correct++;
+			}
+			$total++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	cmp_ok($correct / $total, ">=", $min, $operator);
+}
+
+# Initialize node
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
+$node->init;
+$node->start;
+
+# Create table
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE EXTENSION vector;");
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CREATE TABLE tst (i int4, v minivec($dim));");
+$node->safe_psql("postgres",
+	"INSERT INTO tst SELECT i, ARRAY[$array_sql] FROM generate_series(1, 10000) i;"
+);
+
+# Generate queries
+for (1 .. 20)
+{
+	my @r = ();
+	for (1 .. $dim)
+	{
+		push(@r, rand());
+	}
+	push(@queries, "[" . join(",", @r) . "]");
+}
+
+# Check each index type
+my @operators = ("<->", "<#>", "<=>", "<+>");
+my @opclasses = ("minivec_l2_ops", "minivec_ip_ops", "minivec_cosine_ops", "minivec_l1_ops");
+
+for my $i (0 .. $#operators)
+{
+	my $operator = $operators[$i];
+	my $opclass = $opclasses[$i];
+
+	# Get exact results
+	@expected = ();
+	foreach (@queries)
+	{
+		my $res = $node->safe_psql("postgres", "SELECT i FROM tst ORDER BY v $operator '$_' LIMIT $limit;");
+		push(@expected, $res);
+	}
+
+	# Build index serially
+	$node->safe_psql("postgres", qq(
+		SET max_parallel_maintenance_workers = 0;
+		CREATE INDEX idx ON tst USING hnsw (v $opclass);
+	));
+
+	# Test approximate results
+	my $min = 0.98;
+	if ($operator eq '<=>')
+	{
+		$min = 0.65;
+	}
+	test_recall($min, $operator);
+
+	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DROP INDEX idx;");
+
+	# Build index in parallel in memory
+	my ($ret, $stdout, $stderr) = $node->psql("postgres", qq(
+		SET client_min_messages = DEBUG;
+		SET min_parallel_table_scan_size = 1;
+		CREATE INDEX idx ON tst USING hnsw (v $opclass);
+	));
+	is($ret, 0, $stderr);
+	like($stderr, qr/using \d+ parallel workers/);
+
+	# Test approximate results
+	test_recall($min, $operator);
+
+	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DROP INDEX idx;");
+
+	# Build index in parallel on disk
+	# Set parallel_workers on table to use workers with low maintenance_work_mem
+	($ret, $stdout, $stderr) = $node->psql("postgres", qq(
+		ALTER TABLE tst SET (parallel_workers = 2);
+		SET client_min_messages = DEBUG;
+		SET maintenance_work_mem = '4MB';
+		CREATE INDEX idx ON tst USING hnsw (v $opclass);
+		ALTER TABLE tst RESET (parallel_workers);
+	));
+	is($ret, 0, $stderr);
+	like($stderr, qr/using \d+ parallel workers/);
+	like($stderr, qr/hnsw graph no longer fits into maintenance_work_mem/);
+
+	$node->safe_psql("postgres", "DROP INDEX idx;");
+}
+
+done_testing();